Article(id=1215701013017838515, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1215701006780908352, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202405120, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1717084800000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-31, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1767775308135, onlineDateStr=2026-01-07, pubDate=1724515200000, pubDateStr=2024-08-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1767775308135, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1767775308135, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767775308135, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1215701006780908352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2024', volume='53', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='162', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1767775306649, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767839655334, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1215970904794906790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1215701006780908352, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1215970904794906791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1215701006780908352, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=51, endPage=58, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1215701014217409501, articleId=1215701013017838515, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Standby control strategy for PV generation based on grid-forming inverter, columnId=1215701007804322379, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Operation control technology of grid-forming energy storage technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The use of grid-forming inverters for grid-connection of photovoltaic units is the key to stable operation of the new energy grid in desert and gobi. The conventional PV load-shedding operation is greatly affected by irradiance and inaccurate power retention. To solve these problems, a PV active standby control strategy based on grid-configuration inverter is proposed. Firstly, a PV grid-connected structure containing reference and backup arrays is designed. Secondly, based on the two-stage PV topology, an active backup control is introduced at the front stage DC/DC and a grid-forming control strategy is introduced at the back stage DC/AC to realize active participation of PV units in grid frequency regulation. The control strategy introduces a constant DC capacitor voltage control to maintain the DC voltage while enhancing the inertia characteristics of the PV unit. Finally, the PV small signal model of the grid-forming inverter is established, and the influence of DC capacitor value on the PV frequency response is analyzed through the root trajectory. The simulation results verify the correctness and feasibility of the proposed control strategy.

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光伏机组采用构网型逆变器并网是戈壁荒漠新能源电网稳定运行的关键。为解决传统光伏减载运行受辐照度影响大、保留功率不精准等问题,提出了基于构网型逆变器的光伏有功备用控制策略。首先,设计了含参考阵列和备用阵列的光伏并网结构。其次以双级式光伏拓扑结构为基础,在前级DC/DC引入有功备用控制,在后级DC/AC引入构网型控制策略,实现光伏机组主动参与电网频率调节;控制策略引入直流电容电压恒定控制,维持直流电压的同时,增强光伏机组的惯量特性。最后建立构网型光伏逆变器小信号模型,通过根轨迹分析了直流电容值对光伏频率响应的影响。仿真结果验证了所提控制策略的正确性和可行性。

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苏小玲(1986),女,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为新能源发电并网稳定性分析及控制,
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付雪姣(1993),女,硕士研究生,工程师,主要研究方向为构网型换流器并网控制,

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付雪姣(1993),女,硕士研究生,工程师,主要研究方向为构网型换流器并网控制,

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付雪姣(1993),女,硕士研究生,工程师,主要研究方向为构网型换流器并网控制,

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Main parameters of the photovoltaic system

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参数数值参数数值
光照强度/(W·m–2)1 000阻尼D/(Ns·m–1)40
温度/℃25电压ec/V380
转动惯量J/(kg·m2)2无功下垂系数Kq500
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光伏系统主要参数

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参数数值参数数值
光照强度/(W·m–2)1 000阻尼D/(Ns·m–1)40
温度/℃25电压ec/V380
转动惯量J/(kg·m2)2无功下垂系数Kq500
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基于构网型逆变器的光伏有功备用控制策略
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付雪姣 1 , 胡登辉 2 , 刘占彪 1 , 陈来军 2, 3 , 张扬帆 1 , 苏小玲 2
热力发电 | 构网型储能运行控制技术研究 2024,53(8): 51-58
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热力发电 | 构网型储能运行控制技术研究 2024, 53(8): 51-58
基于构网型逆变器的光伏有功备用控制策略
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付雪姣1 , 胡登辉2, 刘占彪1, 陈来军2, 3, 张扬帆1, 苏小玲2
作者信息
  • 1.国网冀北电力有限公司电力科学研究院,北京 100045
  • 2.青海大学新能源电力系统智慧运行教育部重点实验室,青海 西宁 810016
  • 3.清华大学电机工程与应用电子技术系,北京 100084
  • 付雪姣(1993),女,硕士研究生,工程师,主要研究方向为构网型换流器并网控制,

通讯作者:

苏小玲(1986),女,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为新能源发电并网稳定性分析及控制,
Standby control strategy for PV generation based on grid-forming inverter
Xuejiao FU1 , Denghui HU2, Zhanbiao LIU1, Laijun CHEN2, 3, Yangfan ZHANG1, Xiaoling SU2
Affiliations
  • 1.State Grid Jibei Electric Power Co., Ltd. Electric Power Research Institute, Beijing 100045, China
  • 2.Key Laboratory of Smart operation of New Energy Power System, Ministry of Education, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
  • 3.Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
出版时间: 2024-08-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202405120
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光伏机组采用构网型逆变器并网是戈壁荒漠新能源电网稳定运行的关键。为解决传统光伏减载运行受辐照度影响大、保留功率不精准等问题,提出了基于构网型逆变器的光伏有功备用控制策略。首先,设计了含参考阵列和备用阵列的光伏并网结构。其次以双级式光伏拓扑结构为基础,在前级DC/DC引入有功备用控制,在后级DC/AC引入构网型控制策略,实现光伏机组主动参与电网频率调节;控制策略引入直流电容电压恒定控制,维持直流电压的同时,增强光伏机组的惯量特性。最后建立构网型光伏逆变器小信号模型,通过根轨迹分析了直流电容值对光伏频率响应的影响。仿真结果验证了所提控制策略的正确性和可行性。

光伏有功备用  /  构网型控制  /  直流电容电压控制  /  频率响应  /  稳定性控制

The use of grid-forming inverters for grid-connection of photovoltaic units is the key to stable operation of the new energy grid in desert and gobi. The conventional PV load-shedding operation is greatly affected by irradiance and inaccurate power retention. To solve these problems, a PV active standby control strategy based on grid-configuration inverter is proposed. Firstly, a PV grid-connected structure containing reference and backup arrays is designed. Secondly, based on the two-stage PV topology, an active backup control is introduced at the front stage DC/DC and a grid-forming control strategy is introduced at the back stage DC/AC to realize active participation of PV units in grid frequency regulation. The control strategy introduces a constant DC capacitor voltage control to maintain the DC voltage while enhancing the inertia characteristics of the PV unit. Finally, the PV small signal model of the grid-forming inverter is established, and the influence of DC capacitor value on the PV frequency response is analyzed through the root trajectory. The simulation results verify the correctness and feasibility of the proposed control strategy.

PV active standby  /  grid-forming control  /  DC capacitor voltage control  /  frequency response  /  stability control
付雪姣, 胡登辉, 刘占彪, 陈来军, 张扬帆, 苏小玲. 基于构网型逆变器的光伏有功备用控制策略. 热力发电, 2024 , 53 (8) : 51 -58 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202405120
Xuejiao FU, Denghui HU, Zhanbiao LIU, Laijun CHEN, Yangfan ZHANG, Xiaoling SU. Standby control strategy for PV generation based on grid-forming inverter[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2024 , 53 (8) : 51 -58 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202405120
戈壁荒漠地区风光新能源高比例并网导致电力系统等效惯量持续减小,电网过电压和频率越限风险增加[1-2]。同时新能源基地远离交流主网架,电网相对薄弱,基于锁相环的跟网型新能源并网逆变器控制存在易失稳、机组难以稳定运行的问题[3-4]。另一方面,新能源机组电压和频率耐受范围有限,增加了新能源机组的脱网风险。因此新能源机组具备主动支撑能力,是解决沙漠戈壁荒漠新能源送出的有效手段[5-7]
目前光伏发电参与调频主要有配置构网储能和光伏备用构网控制2种模式[8-10]。光伏加装储能设备不仅可以抑制辐照度变化所引起的电压波动,而且能使光伏机组参与一次调频,但储能设备增加了投资及运维成本[11-12]。光伏减载运行通过改变光伏机组最大功率运行点,使其保留一定的备用容量,无需配置储能,即可参与电力系统调频,经济效益优势明显[13-15]。从长期的电力经济考虑及电网侧平复波动来看,构网型光伏有功备用控制是有效解决方案[16]
光伏机组以有功备用方式并网主要有存在单极式和双级式2种模式[17-18]。单级式光伏发电主动参与电网调频,受辐照度波动及控制策略复杂等约束,直流侧电容电压稳定控制困难,有功备用控制策略难以实施[13]。文献[19-20]改进了光伏逆变器DC/DC环节电路,在调节光伏逆变器偏离最大功率点运行的同时引入虚拟同步机控制,其控制策略以最大功率运行点设置备用功率,但单个光伏机组采用有功备用控制时,其最大输出功率难以获得。
光伏备用模式下采用构网控制策略是保证光伏机组主动调频的关键,其在频率响应下具有较好的适应性[4,21],文献[22]将下垂控制应用到双级式光伏发电中,基于功率环小信号模型分析了频率响应稳定性;文献[15]分析了引入虚拟惯量的光伏机组频率响应特性;文献[23]提出了一种光伏最大输出功率估算方法,并引入虚拟惯量控制和下垂控制为电力系统提供频率支撑。文献[24-26]通过对比分析虚拟同步机与下垂控制,指出虚拟同步机控制在提高频率稳定性方面性能更优。文献[16]在下垂控制中引入虚拟惯量,利用光伏P-V曲线变化规律,采样直流侧电流来估算光伏最大输出功率,从而实现光伏有功精准留备用,但其方法把P-V曲线近似线性化,其推导过程相对复杂。上述文献说明了在频率调节方面,引入惯量的重要性。但无论是下垂控制还是虚拟同步机控制,其所输出的有功功率为初始指定功率,其有功备用量并不能随外部条件如光照强度改变。因此,需要新的控制策略解决光伏精准备用问题。
为了解决光伏有功备用指令难调整、不随外部环境变化等问题。本文提出了基于构网型逆变器的光伏发电系统精准有功备用控制策略,在辐照度波动下依然能跟随有功备用比例,实现精准留备用。构网型控制可实现光伏发电主动参与电力系统频率调节,为选取最优直流电容,建立有功备用控制策略的功率环小信号模型,分析光伏逆变器直流侧电容对构网型有功备用控制频率响应的影响,最后通过仿真实验验证理论分析与控制策略。
双级式光伏并网系统如图1所示。由图1可见,该系统主要包括光伏参考阵列、光伏备用阵列、DC/DC电路、光伏逆变器、滤波电路、送出汇集线路。图中:VrIrVsIs分别为光伏参考阵列和有功备用光伏阵列的输出电压和电流;Udc为光伏逆变器直流侧电容电压;RfLfCf分别为光伏逆变器寄生电阻、滤波电感及电容;LgRg分别为线路电感及电阻;Ug为电网电压;ec为交流滤波器电容电压;ifig分别为光伏备用阵列交流滤波器电感电流和电网侧输出电流。
前级DC/DC为Boost电路,光伏参考阵列通常采用最大功率跟踪(MPPT)控制,运行在MPPT点,为光伏备用阵列提供最大功率参考值。图2为光伏电源输出P-V特性曲线。光伏备用阵列偏离MPPT点运行,即运行于减载备用模式,如图2所示,通常情况下,运行在MPPT点右侧,以维持直流电压稳定。对于后级DC/AC光伏逆变器,光伏参考整列可根据需要灵活设计控制策略。光伏备用阵列则采用构网型控制(grid-forming controlled),可根据电力系统频率变化实时调节输出功率,为电力系统提供一定的备用功率,在电网侧负荷波动及频率变化时,发出有功功率,主动支撑电网侧频率,维持电力系统的稳定。
构网型光伏发电以电压源型逆变器(VSC)并网,采用虚拟同步机功率同步控制,光伏备用阵列控制策略如图3所示。
构网型光伏控制主要包含2个部分:1)有功-频率控制引入同步机数学模型中的转子机械方程模拟同步机的惯量阻尼特性,同时引入直流电容电压控制,维持直流侧电压稳定;2)无功-电压控制模拟同步机励磁特性,让光伏机组具有电压调节能力。如式(1)和式(2)所示:
{Jω0dΔωdt=PsPesPUDω0(ωω0)PU=(kp+kis)(UcrefUdc)δ=(ωω0)dt
式中:JD分别为虚拟惯量和虚拟阻尼;ωω0分别为VSC输出角频率、额定角频率;Ps为光伏备用阵列有功功率;Pes为VSC的电网侧输出有功功率;PU为VSC的直流电容电压补偿值;kpki分别为有功环比例积分系数;UcrefUdc分别为直流电容电压指令值和实际测量值;δ为变流器输出电压相位,即参考相位。
E=1Kqs[QrefQ0+Dq(ecnec)]
式中:Kq为无功环积分系数;Qref为无功功率指令值;Q0为VSC输出无功功率;Dq为无功调压系数;ecn为电压幅值指令值;E为逆变器的内电势。
在有功控制环中引入直流电容电压恒定控制维持直流电压恒定,同时增强系统的惯量特性。根据传统同步机惯性常数计算方法[27],同步机惯性时间常数HSM可表示为:
HSM=ESMSN=12JSMωSMSN
式中:ESM为转子存储的动能;JSM为转子转动惯量;ωSM为转子机械转速;SN为发电机的额定容量。
与同步机的惯性定义类似,电容的惯性时间常数HC可表示为:
HC=ECSCN=12CdcUdc2SCN
式中:EC为电容存储的电能;SCN为直流电容的额定容量。
分析式(4)可知,直流电容的惯性常数与电容值相关,电容值越大,惯性时间常数就越大,即系统的惯性就越大。但过大的惯性时间常数在系统频率响应时,会导致系统有功输出不稳定,响应时间变慢[28],对于光伏有功备用系统而言选取合适的Cdc十分重要,满足频率响应要求的同时,也要维持频率响应下的稳定性。
为分析Cdc对构网型光伏有功备用控制的稳定性影响,建立其小信号模型,构网型光伏备用阵列频率响应小信号传递控制如图4所示。
图4解析可得ΔωP的闭环传递函数为:
G(s)=a1s4+a2s3+a3s2a4s5+a5s4+a6s3+a7s2+a8s+a9
式中:α1=0CdcUdcKgTα2=(J+DT) ω0CdcUdcKgα3=0CdcUdcKgα4=0CdcUdcTα5=(J+DT)ω0CdcUdcα6=CdcUdcKgTα7=kpKgT+CdcUdcKg-kgkpα8=kpSE+kiKgT-kgkiα9=kiKgT为延迟时间常数;Kg为功率同步系数。
额定频率为50 Hz、T=0.001 5 s、kf=104kp=60、ki=200,根据G(s)可绘制直流电容Cdc从10 mF增加到30 mF的根轨迹。图5为直流电容Cdc增大时的极点分布。由图5可见,随着直流电容Cdc逐渐增大,极点P1P2P3逐渐远离虚轴,极点P4逐渐靠近虚轴,极点P5先远离虚轴后靠近虚轴。对比分析Cdc取值对应的极点,Cdc取值偏高,尽管P1P2远离虚轴,但虚数过大,容易引发振荡,且P4P5靠近虚轴,进一步降低了控制系统的稳定裕度,极易造成失稳;Cdc取值偏小,P1P2P3P4均有虚部实数,振荡失稳风险依然存在,且P5离虚轴更近,稳定性进一步下降。分析计算结果可知Cdc为20 mF,系统达到最佳运行状态。
构网型光伏有功备用控制策略通过光伏阵列减载运行,参与电网调频。若电网频率无变化,光伏阵列运行在图2所示的有功备用点A。若电网频率出现偏移,光伏备用阵列调节输出功率参与调频,即:
Pd=PsPr1krkf(fnf)
式中:Pd为备用光伏输出电压调节值;Pr为光伏参考阵列有功功率,一般为最大输出功率;kr为有功备用指令值;kf为有功-频率下垂系数;fn为额定频率;f为光伏阵列实际输出频率。
图6为光伏备用阵列的有功备用控制。若光伏逆变器无有功备用要求,则闭合开关S1,光伏备用阵列输出最大功率;否则切换开关到S2,通过功率计算及备用指令kr得到备用阵列输出功率指令值。其中,光伏参考阵列运行于最大功率点,输出功率为Pr,光伏备用阵列根据调频需求设定备用容量。
根据图2所示光伏P-V曲线实现有功备用控制算法。若光伏备用阵列运行在0到M点之间,此时ΔPU>0,则光伏侧电压还需向电压增大的方向扰动,直到M点,此时ΔPU=0,为最大功率运行点,若A点为功率备用点,则光伏侧电压还需继续增加,运行在MN点之间,此时ΔPU<0,需要比较备用功率指令值与实际输出有功值Ps(i),得到扰动方向,调节光伏备用控制输出电压Vs,从而得到有功备用控制下占空比d图7为有功备用控制流程。
在MATLAB/Simulink中搭建图1的双级式有功备用光伏系统,系统主要参数见表1
设置多种运行工况,验证本文提出的基于构网型逆变器的光伏有功备用控制策略,运行工况包括:通过改变有功备用比例指令,验证备用比例指令的跟踪能力;设定辐照度变化工况,验证有功备用比例的精确性;设定频率扰动,分析不同直流侧Cdc值对光伏有功备用有功输出、频率、直流侧Udc稳定性的影响;构建典型运行场景,设定参考阵列为跟网型控制,验证本文所提控制策略的频率主动支撑能力。
图8为参考阵列与备用阵列有功输出,其中,PerPes分别为参考阵列和备用阵列输出功率。由图8a)可见,光伏备用指令在4 s时下达备用比例指令为20%,在6 s时下达备用比例指令为40%,在此过程中,参考整列稳定输出功率保持不变,备用阵列输出功率随备用比例指令调整输出。由图8b)可见,有功备用容量可随备用比例指令实时调整。
假设外界温度恒定,设定光照强度4~6 s内由1 000 W/m2降低到500 W/m2图9为辐照度变化下有功输出和备用占比。由图9可见:在3~4 s时辐照度不变,备用阵列保留20%的有功功率;4~6 s时,辐照度逐渐降低,PerPes均随辐照度降低而降低,在此期间,备用比例小于20%;到6 s时,辐照度稳定在500 W/m2;在7 s时PerPer稳定输出,备用比例始终稳定在20%。
图10为不同直流电容参数Cdc的仿真波形,光伏有功备用机组并网运行,备用指令为20%。在3.5 s时电网频率偏移。由图10a)可知,参考阵列输出功率有波动,但是没有增发有功功率参与调频,Cdc对参考功率输出无明显影响;图10b)为构网型光伏备用阵列输出功率,3.5~6.5 s时段,电网频率下降,有备用光伏机组增发有功功率参与调频,而且随着Cdc值增大,备用输出功率超调增加,稳定时间延长;图10c)为光伏系统频率响应曲线,随着Cdc值增加,频率下降的超调量减小,频率变化率降低;图10d)为光伏备用阵列频率响应下直流电压Udc波形,随着Cdc值增加,超调量减小,抑制了直流电压纹波。
为进一步验证本文控制策略的可行性,在MATLAB/Simulink中搭建图1所示光伏发电系统。其中,参考阵列前级DC/DC为MPPT控制,后级DC/AC为跟网型控制(电流矢量控制),备用阵列采用构网型光伏有功备用控制,备用指令为40%。
图11为频率扰动下的光伏阵列输出波形。由图11a)可见,3.5 s时电网侧频率扰动,备用阵列增发有功功率主动参与调频,而跟网型光伏参考阵列有功功率输出始终保持不变。由图11b)可见,备用阵列频率偏差及频率变化率均小于参考阵列对应的值。证明基于构网型逆变器的光伏有功备用控制策略适用于电网频率扰动的典型工况。
本文提出了基于构网型逆变器的光伏有功备用控制策略,通过光伏参考阵列与备用阵列组合的结构,调整光伏备用阵列在P-V曲线上的运行工作点,预留部分有功功率参与电力系统调频。此外,构网型光伏逆变器控制系统引入了直流电容电压恒定控制,在提高直流侧电压稳定性的同时,增强光伏备用机组的惯量特性。仿真验证表明,基于构网型逆变器的光伏有功备用控制可保证备用指令和辐照度变化情况下,光伏机组准确预留备用容量,并在电网频率变化工况下主动参与电网调频。
  • 国家电网有限公司总部管理科技项目(5108-202218280A-2-305-XG)
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2024年第53卷第8期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202405120
  • 接收时间:2024-05-31
  • 首发时间:2026-01-07
  • 出版时间:2024-08-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-31
基金
Science and Technology Project of Headquarters of State Grid Corporation of China(5108-202218280A-2-305-XG)
国家电网有限公司总部管理科技项目(5108-202218280A-2-305-XG)
作者信息
    1.国网冀北电力有限公司电力科学研究院,北京 100045
    2.青海大学新能源电力系统智慧运行教育部重点实验室,青海 西宁 810016
    3.清华大学电机工程与应用电子技术系,北京 100084

通讯作者:

苏小玲(1986),女,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为新能源发电并网稳定性分析及控制,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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