Article(id=1215701012569047986, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1215701006780908352, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202404072, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1713110400000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-15, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1767775308028, onlineDateStr=2026-01-07, pubDate=1724515200000, pubDateStr=2024-08-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1767775308028, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1767775308028, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767775308028, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1215701006780908352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2024', volume='53', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='162', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1767775306649, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767839655334, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1215970904794906790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1215701006780908352, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1215970904794906791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1215701006780908352, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=124, endPage=134, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1215701013764424637, articleId=1215701012569047986, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Grid connection testing methods for grid-forming energy storage power stations covering multiple levels and all scenarios, columnId=1215701010807444080, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Application scenarios of grid-forming energy storage technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With the increasing proportion of new energy in power grid system, the domestic capacity of peak regulation, frequency regulation and voltage regulation is increasing, which greatly affects the flexibility of the power grid. In this regard, the focus is on analyzing and researching the related fields of grid-forming energy storage. Firstly, the technical characteristics of grid-following and grid-forming control are compared and analyzed, and the development status of grid-forming energy storage in Xinjiang is summarized. At the same time, a demonstration project of a grid-forming energy storage power station in Xinjiang is selected to test the low voltage ride-through, inertia response and damping characteristics, and a grid-connected test method for grid-forming energy storage power stations covering multi-level and full-scale scenarios is proposed. The test results can provide reference for grid-connected performance evaluation of grid-forming energy storage. Finally, the development of grid-forming energy storage in Xinjiang is predicted and analyzed, and the development advantages of grid-forming energy storage in new energy-rich areas are summarized.

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随着新能源占比在电网系统中不断增加,国内调峰、调频与调压能力日益增大,电网灵活性受到较大影响。对此,重点围绕构网型储能相关领域进行分析研究。首先,对构网型与跟网型控制的技术特点进行对比分析,总结了新疆地区构网型储能的发展现状;同时,选取新疆某构网型储能电站示范工程对低电压穿越、惯量响应与阻尼特性方面进行相关性能测试,并提出了一种覆盖多层级全场景的构网型储能电站并网测试方法,测试结果可为构网型储能并网性能评估提供借鉴参考;最后,针对新疆地区构网型储能发展进行预测分析,总结了构网型储能在新能源富足地区的发展优势。

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李明(1990),男,硕士,工程师,主要研究方向为新能源及储能并网运行与检测技术研究,

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李明(1990),男,硕士,工程师,主要研究方向为新能源及储能并网运行与检测技术研究,

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articleId=1215701012569047986, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Waveform diagram when the three-phase symmetrical voltage falls to 0.50Un, figureFileSmall=odkrvJ06t+EMzYPI/OVbBA==, figureFileBig=54n0m+gAtQpuslsmEuEW2Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215701025705607617, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215701012569047986, language=CN, label=图7, caption=三相对称电压跌落至0.50Un时波形, figureFileSmall=odkrvJ06t+EMzYPI/OVbBA==, figureFileBig=54n0m+gAtQpuslsmEuEW2Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215701025781105091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215701012569047986, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Waveform diagram when the three-phase symmetrical voltage falls to 0.25Un, figureFileSmall=vvP0dRKB7+rNrh6Y8nvz4A==, figureFileBig=rtYLq6gVysDxZwvq+LLcVA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215701027051979205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215701012569047986, language=CN, 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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215701027769205216, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215701012569047986, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=Test waveform diagram when the three-phase voltage rises to 1.1Un, figureFileSmall=YhwiFPmrHGRGe/u1fh1fcg==, figureFileBig=UQy/b1ot/zvEOGVVHQOqCA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215701027848896996, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215701012569047986, language=CN, label=图12, caption=三相电压抬升至1.1Un时测试波形, figureFileSmall=YhwiFPmrHGRGe/u1fh1fcg==, figureFileBig=UQy/b1ot/zvEOGVVHQOqCA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215701027916005864, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215701012569047986, language=EN, label=Fig.13, caption=Test waveform diagram when the three-phase voltage rises to 1.2Un, figureFileSmall=Ur3EJFDy1JK8xaZussnhvw==, figureFileBig=Y5grAhfkDm0eDlt82dck1g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215701028029252076, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215701012569047986, language=CN, label=图13, caption=三相电压抬升至1.2Un时测试波形, figureFileSmall=Ur3EJFDy1JK8xaZussnhvw==, figureFileBig=Y5grAhfkDm0eDlt82dck1g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215701028096360946, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215701012569047986, language=EN, label=Fig.14, caption=Test waveform diagram when the three-phase voltage rises to 1.3Un, figureFileSmall=n41iwdrtlPD8LR2Jw0s/gg==, figureFileBig=a/XJYnmet3BvDqjxeU5FpQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215701028171858420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215701012569047986, language=CN, label=图14, caption=三相电压抬升至1.3Un时测试波形, figureFileSmall=n41iwdrtlPD8LR2Jw0s/gg==, figureFileBig=a/XJYnmet3BvDqjxeU5FpQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215701028255744503, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215701012569047986, language=EN, label=Fig.15, caption=Waveforms of primary frequency modulation test when the frequency steps following 50.0→49.5→50.5→50.0 Hz, figureFileSmall=bBiK+8jVHTBlQOyVdIxuQA==, figureFileBig=u+UuqwZ7Vt/gYn41zzvBBQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215701028339630587, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215701012569047986, language=CN, label=图15, caption=50.0→49.5→50.5→50.0 Hz频率阶跃工况下一次调频测试波形, figureFileSmall=bBiK+8jVHTBlQOyVdIxuQA==, figureFileBig=u+UuqwZ7Vt/gYn41zzvBBQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215701028419322368, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215701012569047986, language=EN, label=Fig.16, caption=Waveforms of primary frequency modulation test when the frequency steps following 50.0→50.5→49.5→50.0 Hz, figureFileSmall=8fJ0ZUIdB2eqaf12n9Yz4A==, figureFileBig=EXIeHzY158U8OCPaeojvlg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215701028528374273, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, 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language=EN, label=Fig.18, caption=Waveforms of primary frequency modulation test when the frequency steps following 50.0→52.0→48.0→50.0 Hz, figureFileSmall=gqdMMfvusAnquBd0bpKpug==, figureFileBig=jEN0stZdb17bloN46IfW0Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215701028981359123, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215701012569047986, language=CN, label=图18, caption=50.0→52.0→48.0→50.0 Hz频率阶跃工况下一次调频测试波形, figureFileSmall=gqdMMfvusAnquBd0bpKpug==, figureFileBig=jEN0stZdb17bloN46IfW0Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215701029052662294, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215701012569047986, language=EN, label=Fig.19, caption=Test waveform of energy storage inertia response when the inertia time constant is 3 s, figureFileSmall=ypsC03fsGpcixAOfQUFUag==, figureFileBig=jYC3vnvcz3PWVkWeSKFhbw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215701029140742682, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, 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Comparison of characteristics between grid-forming converter and grid-following converter

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
构网型变流器跟网型变流器
等效为受控电压源等效为受控电流源
功率自同步,不需要PLL锁相环依赖于锁相环PLL
可支撑并稳定系统电压,但存在过流风险存在系统电压失稳风险,但无过流风险
并离网皆可运行,并可实现黑启动只能并网运行,不能离网运行
输出阻抗小,为可提供惯量支撑和调频灵活性输出阻抗大,需要电网强度足够大才能稳定运行
能实现100%新能源接入不能实现100%新能源接入
), ArticleFig(id=1215701030050906689, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215701012569047986, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

构网型变流器与跟网型变流器特点对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
构网型变流器跟网型变流器
等效为受控电压源等效为受控电流源
功率自同步,不需要PLL锁相环依赖于锁相环PLL
可支撑并稳定系统电压,但存在过流风险存在系统电压失稳风险,但无过流风险
并离网皆可运行,并可实现黑启动只能并网运行,不能离网运行
输出阻抗小,为可提供惯量支撑和调频灵活性输出阻抗大,需要电网强度足够大才能稳定运行
能实现100%新能源接入不能实现100%新能源接入
), ArticleFig(id=1215701030118015556, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215701012569047986, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Technical indexes of grid-forming and conventional energy storage as well as the conventional synchronous unit

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
技术指标电网需求构网型储能常规同步机组常规储能
频率一次调频较强
同步惯量支撑(减小频率变化率)较强较弱
二次调频(AGC)较强
电压暂态/动态电压调节较弱
稳态无功调节(AVC)较弱
其他黑启动较弱
阻抗特性较强较弱
), ArticleFig(id=1215701030180930119, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215701012569047986, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

构网型储能、常规储能与常规同步机组技术指标对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
技术指标电网需求构网型储能常规同步机组常规储能
频率一次调频较强
同步惯量支撑(减小频率变化率)较强较弱
二次调频(AGC)较强
电压暂态/动态电压调节较弱
稳态无功调节(AVC)较弱
其他黑启动较弱
阻抗特性较强较弱
), ArticleFig(id=1215701030294176330, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215701012569047986, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Measuring points and test results of the three-phase symmetrical low voltage ride through test

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
空载降压幅值/
kV
实际降压幅值/
kV
故障持续时间/
s
无功电流响应时间/ms无功电流值/A是否未脱网连续运行
29.7530.0510.230.90810.71
26.2527.281.8665.28032.01
17.5019.801.3340.37048.09
8.7511.080.7580.77459.69
1.754.8610.1520.29056.57
), ArticleFig(id=1215701031577633357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215701012569047986, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

三相对称低电压穿越测试点及结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
空载降压幅值/
kV
实际降压幅值/
kV
故障持续时间/
s
无功电流响应时间/ms无功电流值/A是否未脱网连续运行
29.7530.0510.230.90810.71
26.2527.281.8665.28032.01
17.5019.801.3340.37048.09
8.7511.080.7580.77459.69
1.754.8610.1520.29056.57
), ArticleFig(id=1215701031669908047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215701012569047986, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Measuring points and test results of the three-phase symmetrical high voltage ride through test

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
空载升压幅值/kV实际升压幅值/kV故障持续时间/s无功电流响应时间/ms无功电流值/A是否未脱网连续运行
38.5037.64015.111.82–11.37
40.2539.35012.091.23–15.45
42.0041.20010.154.65–12.98
43.7541.6161.266.98–27.55
45.5043.1520.536.26–34.82
), ArticleFig(id=1215701031766377041, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215701012569047986, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

三相对称高电压穿越测试点及结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
空载升压幅值/kV实际升压幅值/kV故障持续时间/s无功电流响应时间/ms无功电流值/A是否未脱网连续运行
38.5037.64015.111.82–11.37
40.2539.35012.091.23–15.45
42.0041.20010.154.65–12.98
43.7541.6161.266.98–27.55
45.5043.1520.536.26–34.82
), ArticleFig(id=1215701031871234645, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215701012569047986, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Test points and results of the primary frequency modulation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
频率变化前有功功率/MW频率设定值/Hz频率实测平均值/Hz频率变化后有功功率平均值/MW持续时间/s
-1.24950.0→49.5→50.5→50.049.498-1.6935.185
50.495-0.8275.553
-1.27850.0→50.5→49.5→50.050.4951.6945.971
49.498-0.8275.370
-1.24850.0→48.0→52.0→50.047.9940.5885.779
51.998-3.1735.104
-1.30750.0→52.0→48.0→50.051.998-3.2015.661
47.9940.6025.814
), ArticleFig(id=1215701031971897942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215701012569047986, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

一次调频测试点及结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
频率变化前有功功率/MW频率设定值/Hz频率实测平均值/Hz频率变化后有功功率平均值/MW持续时间/s
-1.24950.0→49.5→50.5→50.049.498-1.6935.185
50.495-0.8275.553
-1.27850.0→50.5→49.5→50.050.4951.6945.971
49.498-0.8275.370
-1.24850.0→48.0→52.0→50.047.9940.5885.779
51.998-3.1735.104
-1.30750.0→52.0→48.0→50.051.998-3.2015.661
47.9940.6025.814
), ArticleFig(id=1215701032072561241, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215701012569047986, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

Test points and results of inertia response

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
有功功率/
MW
频率设定值/
Hz
频率实测平均值/
Hz
持续时间/
s
–1.28850→48→52→5047.9902.289
51.9902.578
–1.25950→52→48→5051.9902.361
47.9942.497
1.20250→48→52→5047.9942.301
51.9992.814
1.19450→52→50→5047.9942.165
51.9992.682
), ArticleFig(id=1215701032181613148, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215701012569047986, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

惯量响应测试点及结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
有功功率/
MW
频率设定值/
Hz
频率实测平均值/
Hz
持续时间/
s
–1.28850→48→52→5047.9902.289
51.9902.578
–1.25950→52→48→5051.9902.361
47.9942.497
1.20250→48→52→5047.9942.301
51.9992.814
1.19450→52→50→5047.9942.165
51.9992.682
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覆盖多层级全场景的构网型储能电站并网测试方法研究
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李明 1 , 亢朋朋 2 , 亚夏尔·吐尔洪 1 , 郑云平 1 , 贺成龙 3
热力发电 | 构网型储能应用场景研究 2024,53(8): 124-134
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热力发电 | 构网型储能应用场景研究 2024, 53(8): 124-134
覆盖多层级全场景的构网型储能电站并网测试方法研究
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李明1 , 亢朋朋2, 亚夏尔·吐尔洪1, 郑云平1, 贺成龙3
作者信息
  • 1.国网新疆电力有限公司电力科学研究院,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830011
  • 2.国网新疆电力有限公司,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830011
  • 3.国网新疆电力有限公司阿克苏供电公司,新疆 阿克苏 843000
  • 李明(1990),男,硕士,工程师,主要研究方向为新能源及储能并网运行与检测技术研究,

Grid connection testing methods for grid-forming energy storage power stations covering multiple levels and all scenarios
Ming LI1 , Pengpeng KANG2, YAXIAER·Turgun1, Yunping ZHENG1, Chenglong HE3
Affiliations
  • 1.Electric Power Research Institute of State Grid Xinjiang Electric Power Co., Ltd., Urumqi 830011, China
  • 2.State Grid Xinjiang Electric Power Co., Ltd., Urumqi 830011, China
  • 3.Aksu Power Supply Company, State Grid Xinjiang Electric Power Co., Ltd., Aksu 843000, China
出版时间: 2024-08-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202404072
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随着新能源占比在电网系统中不断增加,国内调峰、调频与调压能力日益增大,电网灵活性受到较大影响。对此,重点围绕构网型储能相关领域进行分析研究。首先,对构网型与跟网型控制的技术特点进行对比分析,总结了新疆地区构网型储能的发展现状;同时,选取新疆某构网型储能电站示范工程对低电压穿越、惯量响应与阻尼特性方面进行相关性能测试,并提出了一种覆盖多层级全场景的构网型储能电站并网测试方法,测试结果可为构网型储能并网性能评估提供借鉴参考;最后,针对新疆地区构网型储能发展进行预测分析,总结了构网型储能在新能源富足地区的发展优势。

构网型储能  /  示范工程  /  并网性能  /  测试分析

With the increasing proportion of new energy in power grid system, the domestic capacity of peak regulation, frequency regulation and voltage regulation is increasing, which greatly affects the flexibility of the power grid. In this regard, the focus is on analyzing and researching the related fields of grid-forming energy storage. Firstly, the technical characteristics of grid-following and grid-forming control are compared and analyzed, and the development status of grid-forming energy storage in Xinjiang is summarized. At the same time, a demonstration project of a grid-forming energy storage power station in Xinjiang is selected to test the low voltage ride-through, inertia response and damping characteristics, and a grid-connected test method for grid-forming energy storage power stations covering multi-level and full-scale scenarios is proposed. The test results can provide reference for grid-connected performance evaluation of grid-forming energy storage. Finally, the development of grid-forming energy storage in Xinjiang is predicted and analyzed, and the development advantages of grid-forming energy storage in new energy-rich areas are summarized.

grid-forming energy storage  /  demonstration project  /  grid connection performance  /  test analysis
李明, 亢朋朋, 亚夏尔·吐尔洪, 郑云平, 贺成龙. 覆盖多层级全场景的构网型储能电站并网测试方法研究. 热力发电, 2024 , 53 (8) : 124 -134 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202404072
Ming LI, Pengpeng KANG, YAXIAER·Turgun, Yunping ZHENG, Chenglong HE. Grid connection testing methods for grid-forming energy storage power stations covering multiple levels and all scenarios[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2024 , 53 (8) : 124 -134 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202404072
新疆是我国的主要能源生产基地,其风能储量和太阳能年辐射量在国内均名列前茅[1]。随着“双碳”计划的大力实施,新型电力系统正加速建设[2],新型储能需求空间广阔,装机规模迅猛攀升[3-4]。新疆的新能源开发规模也在不断扩大,展现出强劲的发展态势。同时,构建以新能源为主体的新型电力系统需要经历1个长期、不断改进和趋稳的长周期过程,构网型储能是其中1项关键支撑技术[5-6]。构网型储能技术具备电压、频率支撑能力,可有效缓解新能源波动与电网调峰调节能力的不足[7-8]
“十四五”期间新疆储能行业将迎来爆发式增长,新增300万kW储能设备,而配套的储能系统安全管理技术及储能电站安全管理规范相对滞后,新疆储能电站安全运行压力和安全隐患将明显增加[9]。规划储能电站需要充分考虑新疆各地区网架结构及规划、区域用电负荷特点、新能源资源布局等因素,布点建设与新能源及电网发展规划相结合,与储能应用场景相结合,确保新疆电力系统与储能电站的健康可持续发展[10-11]。因此,构网型储能电站的建设将为大规模新能源柔性并网和分布式新能源接入提供有力支持,显著提高电网灵活调节能力、综合效率和安全保障能力[12],对于新疆电网乃至全国新型电力系统发展建设起到极大的积极推动作用。基于此,本文首先对构网型储能的技术特点及应用进行分析,并以新疆地区某光伏储能电站并网现场测试为例,提出一种覆盖多层级全场景的构网型储能电站并网测试方法,在此基础上对于构网型储能系统的并网性能进行分析。
储能变流器是储能电池和交流电网之间的能量转换系统。储能变流器根据控制技术不同分为跟网型设备和构网型设备[13-15]。跟网型变流器利用锁相环获取电网电压的频率相位信息,进而以有功、无功功率为控制目标控制变换器的输出电流,其外部呈现电流源特性,可等效为1个可控电流源并联阻抗的电路[16]。该控制模式需要较强的电网支撑,难以离网运行,惯量小,无法完全满足高比例新能源接入需求[17]。而构网型变流器采用与同步发电机类似的控制策略,无需锁相环即可实现变换器与电网的自同步,其外部呈现电压源特性,可等效为1个可控电压流源串联阻抗的电路[18]。该控制模式无需较强的电网支撑,可以实现离网运行,惯量大,能够完全满足高比例新能源接入需求[19]。构网型变换器是相对于传统跟网型变换器的一种控制模式,二者控制特性各异,优缺点不同,适用于不同的应用场合[20]。与跟网型变流器相比,构网型变换器有以下优点:1)构网型变流器同步稳定性好,无需锁相环,在弱电网中同步稳定性比跟网型变流器更好;2)构网型变流器输出阻抗小,电压稳定性强,可等效为电压源,当系统电压发生故障时,可提供电压支撑和调频灵活性;3)可并网运行,也可以在无源网络运行,实现黑启动;4)输出阻抗小,惯量大,适用于阻抗较大的弱网,可以实现新能源的100%接入[21-22]。构网型、跟网型变流器特点对比见表1[23]。构网型变流器是一个表现为低输出阻抗的可控电压源,采用与同步发电机类似的功率同步策略,无需锁相环,能够有效提升弱网的惯量阻尼特性,并且为系统提供电压和频率支撑,在弱电网条件中可实现自同步和稳定运行,在高比例新能源和高比例电力电子设备的新型电力系统中有广阔的应用前景[24-25]
构网型储能技术需要能量来源才能够充分发挥其技术优势,目前较成熟的电化学储能技术正是这一应用的理想载体。基于储能变流器构建的构网型储能机组,可实现以下功能。
1)可模拟同步电机特性,为电力系统提供可靠的惯量及阻尼支撑,与跟网型控制相比,不需锁相环即可实现同步运行;
2)可实现调频、调压等功能,有效提高电网功角稳定水平;
3)改善系统谐波阻抗特性,降低电网次超同步、中高频振荡风险,具备一定的故障穿越能力。
构网型储能性能与常规机组相似,构网型储能、常规储能与常规同步机组技术指标对比见表2。构网型储能可以取代现有的调相机和常规储能,大量应用可缓解电网的暂态电压问题、频率问题等,能够增加电网对新能源接纳能力,增强电网的承载能力,同时可以减少初期投资及运行损耗费用,有望成为未来储能应用的技术方向。
随着新疆电网新能源占比不断提高,系统惯量不足问题进一步凸显,电网对于故障的抵御能力渐显不足。构网型储能可通过虚拟惯量控制等方式,对区域电网的频率和电压稳定起到有效支撑作用,是未来规模化储能的重要发展方向。
近年国内积极出台相关政策,支持构网型储能电站建设。在构网型储能典型案例方面,新疆克州阿克陶为5 MW光伏电站配建5 MW/10 MW·h构网型储能系统,是国内首个具备高过流能力(3倍)构网型储能电站。其于2023年3月份完成了包括静态功率测试、惯量响应、一次调频、电压响应、相位跳变(有功瞬时分担)、过载能力验证等现场试验工作,满足对电网的支撑性能设计指标要求。
1)提高南疆电网电压支撑能力 为有力推动新疆千万千瓦级光伏发电在更大范围开发和消纳,南疆750 kV大电网已全部覆盖新疆南部四地州。但南疆电网网架输电距离长,故导致其电网电压支撑能力较弱。通过配置构网型储能系统,可以在其过载能力范围内提升附近区域的电压支撑水平及解决暂态故障问题,有效提升新疆电网的同步稳定性和支撑能力。
2)提升新能源消纳能力 在大规模新能源接入新疆区域电网后,系统为消纳和承载大规模新能源,必须配置大规模的储能。相对于传统发电机组,以构网型储能为代表的新型储能器其充放电策略更加多样,可更多地考虑满足本地需求。同时,通过构网型储能控制,可有效提高电网对新能源的接入容量,减少因新能源波动性大、间歇性等因素导致的电网调度和稳定性问题;在电网故障或突发负荷变化时,构网型储能电站可立即响应,减少停电时间和损失;可以采用灵活的运行策略,根据电网需求和新能源产能进行调度,实现最优化的能源配置和利用。
构网型储能技术的并网测试方法和评估指标,对构网型储能电站安全及并网运行可靠性起关键作用。传统储能电站测试方法只针对单一层级或场景进行,难以全面评估构网型储能电站在各种复杂环境和运行条件下的性能。因此,本文提出了一种覆盖多层级全场景的构网型储能电站并网测试方法,对验证构网型储能电站的性能以及提升电网运行可靠性具有重要意义。本测试方法具体包括:构网型储能单元级构网特性测试方法;构网型储能电站级基本并网性能测试方法;跟网型、构网型储能系统/电站联合运行测试方法。
1)频率适应性测试
要求构网型储能系统在±2 Hz频率偏差以内维持运行。分别在0.7PNPN为额定功率)以上及0.3PN~0.4PN的功率区间,充电工况或放电工况下开展测试,验证构网型储能系统耐受电网频率发生异常的能力。
2)一次调频测试
要求构网型储能系统适用于一次调频功率响应时间小于0.2 s,并能够根据所接入电网进行灵活调整。一次调频有功功率调节偏差不大于2%;分别在0.7PN以上及0.3PN~0.4PN的功率区间,充电工况或放电工况下开展测试,考察构网型储能系统在电网频率发生偏离时输出一次调频有功的能力。测试内容包括一次调频死区测试、频率阶跃扰动测试、一次调频限幅测试。
3)惯量响应测试
要求构网型储能系统惯性时间常数最大值不小于20 s,有功功率变化量∆PI不应低于10% PN,响应时间不应大于0.5 s,实际发出有功与有功指令之间的误差不应超过±2%PN,并能够根据接入系统的需要灵活调整。分别在0.7PN以上及0.3PN~0.4PN的功率区间,充电工况或放电工况下开展测试,以验证构网型储能系统在电网频率发生偏离时输出有功惯量响应的能力。测试惯量响应按照图1曲线控制构网型储能变流器输出频率值。
4)阻尼控制测试
《电化学储能电站并网运行与控制技术规范》要求构网型储能系统具有自主阻尼抑制功能。利用测试装置在测试点产生低频频率波动,测试构网型储能电站在并网点频率波动时对系统的阻尼控制能力。首先,打开构网型储能电站阻尼控制功能,连接电站和相关测试、测量设备;随后,调节电网模拟装置在标称电压下输出频率波动,设置波动保持时间不小于30 s,并以每20 ms为1点计算阻尼控制响应的有功功率平均值;当系统出现0.2~2.5 Hz的低频振荡,且并网点频率振荡幅值大于0.003 Hz时,储能应能够抑制振荡,有功功率变化量∆PD最大值不应低于10%PN,且不高于30%PN,响应时间不应大于0.5 s,分别在0.7PN~0.9PN和0.3PN~0.4PN的功率区间,充电工况或放电运行工况下开展测试;最终,验证构网型储能系统在电网低频振荡时对系统的阻尼控制能力。
5)相位跳变测试
要求构网型储能系统在稳态、暂态过程中构网变流器机端电压的幅值和相角应具有一定维持能力,能够分担电网不平衡功率,功率响应时间不大于5 ms;在20%PN~80%PN的功率区间,充电工况或放电工况下开展测试;验证构网型储能系统在电网相位跳变时快速注入有功的能力。
6)电压耐受能力测试
要求多个构网型储能单元机端电压能够在0~ 130%内,根据系统需要灵活调整;分别在0.1PN~ 0.3PN及大于0.7PN的功率区间,充电工况或放电工况下开展测试,考察多个构网型储能单元的低电压耐受能力、高电压耐受能力、连续高电压耐受能力、连续低电压耐受能力。其中,构网型储能应具备如图2所示的低电压穿越能力及如图3所示的高电压穿越能力。
1)有功功率控制测试
要求将构网型储能电站与公共电网相连,所有参数调至正常工作条件,在构网控制模式下进行有功功率调节能力测试,考察构网型储能电站有功功率控制精度、有功功率指令响应、调节时间。测试内容包括升功率测试、降功率测试。
2)自动发电控制(AGC)测试
要求构网型储能电站接收并响应调度发送的AGC指令,将构网型储能电站与公共电网相连,所有参数调至正常工作条件,在充电或放电状态下开展AGC测试,考察构网型储能电站有功功率控制精度、有功功率指令响应、调节时间。
3)无功功率调节能力测试
要求将构网型储能电站与公共电网相连,所有参数调至正常工作条件,在构网控制模式下进行无功功率调节能力测试以及功率因数调节能力测试,考察构网型储能电站在构网控制模式下的无功功率以及功率因数调节能力。测试内容包括无功功率调节能力测试、功率因数调节能力测试。
4)充放电响应时间测试
要求将构网型储能电站调整至热备用状态后,在构网型储能电站充电或放电状态下分别开展测试,考察构网型储能电站在构网控制模式下的充放电响应时间。
5)过载能力测试
要求构网型储能电站交流侧电流在110%额定电流下,应能长期持续运行;在120%额定电流下,持续运行时间应不少于2 min;在150%额定电流下,持续运行时间应不少于1 min;且具备300%额定电流10 s短时过载能力。将构网型储能电站与公共电网相连,所有参数调至正常工作条件,分别在充电或放电状态下进行过载能力测试,以考察构网型储能电站的过载能力。
6)黑启动测试
要求构网型储能电站具备黑启动功能,在黑启动期间,各变流器间应无明显环流、振荡问题,电流有效值最大偏差应不大于5%,以验证构网型储能电站变流器的孤岛构网自启动能力。
1)有功功率控制测试
将跟/构网联合运行的储能电站与公共电网相连,所有参数调至正常工作条件,进行升功率、降功率测试,以考察跟/构网联合运行的储能电站的功率控制精度、响应时间和调节时间。
2)自动发电控制(AGC)测试
要求跟/构网联合运行的储能电站接收并响应调度发送的AGC指令,将跟/构网联合运行的储能电站与公共电网相连,所有参数调至正常工作条件,在充电或放电状态下开展AGC测试,以考察跟/构网联合运行的储能电站的AGC控制精度、响应时间和调节时间。
3)无功功率调节能力测试
将跟/构网联合运行的储能电站与公共电网相连,所有参数调至正常工作条件,充电或放电模式下进行无功功率调节能力测试,以考察跟/构网联合运行的储能电站无功功率控制精度、功率因数调节能力。
4)自动电压控制(AVC)测试
要求跟/构网联合运行的储能电站接收并响应调度发送的AVC指令,将跟/构网联合运行的储能电站与公共电网相连,所有参数调至正常工作条件,在充电或放电状态下开展AVC测试,以考察跟/构网联合运行的储能电站响应AVC系统的电压控制性能。
5)一次调频测试
要求多个跟/构网储能电站一次调频功率响应时间支持小于0.2 s,并能够根据接入系统的需要进行灵活调整,一次调频有功功率调节偏差不大于2%,分别在0.7PN及0.3PN~0.4PN的功率区间充电放电工况下开展测试,以考察多个跟/构网储能电站在电网频率发生偏离时输出一次调频有功的能力协调情况。
为了调整完善构网型储能电站的相关功能,验证构网型储能电站在不同控制模式下的响应情况。选取新疆地区某一构网型储能电站进行构网型储能相关性能测试。该储能项目容量为5 MW/10 MW·h,由4个1.25 MW/2.50 MW·h储能单元组成,每个1.25 MW/2.50 MW·h储能单元由2组1.25 MW·h电池堆分别经2台625 kW变流器逆变成交流630 V,2台变流器交流侧并联接入升压变的低压绕组,每台升压变的变比为37 kV/0.63 kV,容量3 150 kV·A,采用5 MV·A以模拟测试电网及油浸式变压器形式。图4为该构网型储能电站主接线示意。本项目配置8台PCS,PCS采用构网型(1.1倍长期和3倍10 s的过载能力),4套储能单元汇集至交流母线,并通过3513开关柜接入光伏电站35 kV母线。
通常在短路故障及过电压等暂态情况发生时,构网型储能系统由于其耐压、耐流能力不足,故难以完全模拟同步发电机类似的高过载、强同步能力,因此需要和常规新能源控制一样进行故障穿越,以及过压、过流保护。本节主要测试内容为构网型储能电站在低电压穿越期间的暂态性能。
被测对象构网型储能系统通过光纤接入储能变流器硬件在环测试系统,低电压穿越测试回路如图5所示。构网型储能系统通过变压器、串联电感和串联电阻与等值外电网连接。等值外电网为理想电压源,电网电压设置应保证储能系统空载时端口电压为额定电压。构网控制模式下三相对称低电压穿越测试电压值及持续时间见表3
测试三相对称电压跌落的工况,储能单元额定电压Un设置低电压穿越至0.75Un、0.50Un、0.25Un时测试得到AB线电压、A相电流、有功功率、无功功率、无功电流波形,结果如图6图8所示。
图6图8可看出,构网型储能系统在低电压穿越测试期间稳定未脱网,且在电压跌落期间提供无功电流,支撑电压恢复,最大可提供2.9倍的无功电流。故在三相对称电压故障工况下完成的低电压穿越测试中,所有测试点的电压扰动与恢复器件构网型储能系统均能不间断并网运行,具有机端电压幅值和相角维持能力。
测试构网控制下两相不对称电压跌落工况时的系统性能,依次记录AB线电压、A相电流、有功功率、无功功率、无功电流、BC线电压、CA线电压,结果如图9图11所示。
图9图11可见,在不对称电压跌落至0.75Un、0.50Un、0.25Un期间储能电站稳定运行未脱网,且在电压跌落期间提供无功电流支撑电压恢复,最大可提供2.6倍的无功电流。
本节主要测试内容为构网型储能电站在高电压穿越期间的暂态性能。构网控制模式下三相对称高电压穿越测试电压值及持续时间见表4
图12图14分别为设置高电压穿越至1.1Un、1.2Un、1.3Un时的AB线电压、A相电流、有功功率、无功功率、无功电流波形。由图12图14可见,高电压穿越测试中储能单元在三相对称电压升压至1.1Un、1.2Un、1.3Un期间稳定运行未脱网,且在电压升高期间能够提供无功电流,支撑电压恢复,最大提供2.2倍的无功电流。故在三相对称电压故障工况下完成的高电压穿越测试中,所有测试点的电压扰动与恢复器件构网型储能系统均能不间断并网运行,具有机端电压幅值和相角维持能力。
构网型储能控制是通过储能变流器构建支撑起大电网稳定运行的电压源,具有快速调频调压的作用。对构网型储能系统的一次调频进行测试,验证构网型储能的一次调频能力。构网控制模式下采用2种测试方法验证储能一次调频能力。
1)方法1 在构网控制模式下一次调频测试点见表5。设置频率变化率为1.0 Hz/s,储能单元调频死区为±0.5 Hz,有功调频系数Kf=38.5,惯性时间常数Tj=12,记录频率、有功、AB线电压、无功、电流。由于构网型控制中存在的有功功率-频率控制环节,导致频率变化时有功功率也会产生一定的波动影响,故在设置调频死区为±0.5 Hz时,产生一次调频功率响应。
2)方法2 将储能有功调频系数设置为Kf=20.0,频率变化率为1.0 Hz/s,惯性时间常数Tj=3,持续4 s,记录频率、有功、AB线电压、无功、电流。
图15图18为构网型储能系统分别在不同频率阶跃工况下的一次调频测试波形。由图15图18可知,构网控制下储能单元在设置的频率变化过程中能够稳定运行,且能主动进行频率支撑。同时将储能单元有功调频系数Kf由38.5减小为20.0,储能参与一次调频有功功率减小,一次调频能力与有功调频系数成正比。
构网型储能控制模拟同步发电机的特性,故可对电网的稳定运行进行有效支撑。对构网型储能系统的惯量支撑性能进行测试,验证储能惯量响应能力。构网控制模式下采用2种测试方法验证储能惯量响应能力。
1)方法1 惯量响应测试点见表6。设置频率变化率为1.0 Hz/s,关闭调频系数(只有惯量和阻尼),惯性时间常数Tj=12 s,记录频率、有功、AB端线电压、无功、电流。
2)方法2 对单台PCS修改其惯性时间常数,频率变化率为0.1 Hz/s,关闭调频系数(只有惯量和阻尼),记录频率、有功、AB线电压、无功、电流。
对于惯性时间常数为3、6、12 s时储能惯量响应测试结果如图19图21所示。由图19图21可知:构网型控制测试下储能单元在设置的频率变化过程中能够稳定运行,且能主动进行惯量支撑;且惯性时间常数越大,对应储能惯量支撑时提供的有功功率变化量越大,惯量响应能力越大。构网型储能表现出类似同步机惯量特性,可在频率发生变化期间持续提供有功抑制系统频率变化。
构网控制模式不同阻尼系数D下设置频率扰动,同时验证充电与放电时的阻尼效果。频率跌落1.0、0.5 Hz时有功功率响应波形如图22图23所示。由图22图23可得:在一定范围内阻尼系数越大,有功功率振荡幅值与周期越小,越能够快速稳定:构网型储能表现出类似同步机的阻尼控制能力,可有效抑制有功振荡,提升运行动态稳定性。
在以新能源高占比的新型电力系统不断建设的结构背景下,构网型储能系统具有调峰调频、电压稳定支撑等方面的技术优势,是解决大规模新能源消纳,提高新疆电网综合能效水平的有效途径。通过对构网型储能电站低电压穿越、惯量支撑与阻尼特性的实际测试得到以下结论。
1)被测构网型储能系统具备低电压穿越能力,可在故障期间为电网侧故障端提供有效的无功支撑,辅助电网恢复。
2)构网型储能表现出类似同步机惯量特性,可在频率发生变化期间持续提供有功抑制系统频率变化。
3)构网型储能表现出类似同步机的阻尼控制能力,可有效抑制有功振荡,提升运行动态稳定性。
另外,构网型储能电站运行模式尚未明确,亟待构建跟网和构网模式协同控制、表征跟网构网2种模式联合运行下的储能电站模型,基于执行调度或者主动支撑能力需求的跟网/构网模式转换过程控制等技术有待深入研究。构网型储能电站运行模式判定、跟网和构网模式协同控制等方面还有待分析。后续应进一步研究储能电站跟网/构网联合运行及动态重构技术,有效满足调度和电网安全稳定运行需求,充分发挥储能电站价值,提高储能电站并网运行和安全管理能力,增强储能电站的经济效益。
  • 国网新疆电科院科技类项目(SGXJDK00XXJS2400110)
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2024年第53卷第8期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202404072
  • 接收时间:2024-04-15
  • 首发时间:2026-01-07
  • 出版时间:2024-08-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-15
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Science and Technology Project of Power Research Institute of State Grid Xinjiang Electric Power Co., Ltd.(SGXJDK00XXJS2400110)
国网新疆电科院科技类项目(SGXJDK00XXJS2400110)
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    1.国网新疆电力有限公司电力科学研究院,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830011
    2.国网新疆电力有限公司,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830011
    3.国网新疆电力有限公司阿克苏供电公司,新疆 阿克苏 843000
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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