Article(id=1215701012137034661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1215701006780908352, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202402030, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1708876800000, receivedDateStr=2024-02-26, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1767775307925, onlineDateStr=2026-01-07, pubDate=1724515200000, pubDateStr=2024-08-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1767775307925, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1767775307925, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767775307925, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1215701006780908352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2024', volume='53', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='162', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1767775306649, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767839655334, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1215970904794906790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1215701006780908352, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1215970904794906791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1215701006780908352, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=143, endPage=151, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1215701012388692911, articleId=1215701012137034661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Power system transient stability assessment based on Powershap feature selection, columnId=1215701010807444080, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Application scenarios of grid-forming energy storage technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To further improve the accuracy and reliability of transient stability assessment (TSA), a feature selection method (Powershap) based on the combination of statistics and Shapley values is proposed, and a power system transient stability assessment model is established. Firstly, the input feature set is constructed based on the steady-state components during the operation of the power system. Powershap is used to divide the dataset into multiple subsets for training, and key feature sets are selected. Then, multiple CatBoost models are trained using key feature sets and transient stability assessments are conduct to generate transient stability assessment models. Finally, simulation experiments are conducted on the New England 10-machine 39-node system and the New England 54-machine 118-node system with the addition of new energy generation, and evaluation results are provided. The experiments show that, in the 10-machine 39-node system in New England, using the Powershap feature selection method for classification can achieve an accuracy of 99.79%. On the improved New England 54-machine 118-node system, its accuracy can reach 99.49%, indicating that the method can effectively perform transient stability assessment of power systems. It is verified that the proposed TSA model has good robustness and generalization ability.

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为进一步提高暂态稳定评估(transient stability assessment,TSA)的精准度和可靠性,提出一种基于统计学与Shapley值结合的特征选择方法(Powershap),并建立电力系统TSA模型。首先,根据电力系统运行时的稳态分量构建输入特征集,采用Powershap将数据集分为多个数据子集进行训练,筛选出关键特征集;其次,利用关键特征集训练多个CatBoost模型并进行TSA,生成TSA模型;最后,在新英格兰10机39节点系统和加入新能源发电的新英格兰54机118节点系统上进行仿真实验,并给出评估结果。实验得出:在新英格兰10机39节点系统中采用基于Powershap特征选择的方法进行分类,其准确率能够达到99.79%;在改进的新英格兰54机118节点系统上,其准确率能够达到99.49%,说明该方法能够有效进行电力系统暂态稳定评估,并且验证了所提TSA模型具有较好的鲁棒性与泛化能力。

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余成波(1965),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为信息获取与处理技术、远程测试与控制技术(无线传感网络)及电气设备物联网技术,
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陈超(1997),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为电力系统智能运行与控制,

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label=Fig.6, caption=The accuracy and F1 value of noise for each model, figureFileSmall=R4i9mWwnDSeRt3qNgPUM5g==, figureFileBig=z7Qz36USkMRLcadj4jA0rg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215701020815049008, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215701012137034661, language=CN, label=图6, caption=各模型受噪的精确度和F1, figureFileSmall=R4i9mWwnDSeRt3qNgPUM5g==, figureFileBig=z7Qz36USkMRLcadj4jA0rg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215701020924100916, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215701012137034661, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Comparison of accuracy and F1 value under missing feature data with different proportions, figureFileSmall=bKYliXXB29J1JcprWJ7pOA==, figureFileBig=pRNTDPuVObU4I0Tubd7a7Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215701021041541434, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215701012137034661, language=CN, label=图7, caption=缺失不同比例特征数据下的精确度和F1值对比, figureFileSmall=bKYliXXB29J1JcprWJ7pOA==, figureFileBig=pRNTDPuVObU4I0Tubd7a7Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215701021125427519, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215701012137034661, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

The input feature set

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序号输入特征序号输入特征
1母线电压幅值11负荷端电流
2发电机功角12交流传输线i侧电压
3发电机端电压13交流传输线j侧电压
4发电机端电流14交流传输线i侧相角
5发电机角速度15交流传输线j侧相角
6发电机有功功率16交流线传输线i-j侧有功功率
7发电机无功功率17交流线传输线j-i侧有功功率
8负荷有功功率18交流线传输线i-j侧无功功率
9负荷无功功率19交流线传输线j-i侧无功功率
10负荷端电压
), ArticleFig(id=1215701021247062340, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215701012137034661, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

输入特征集

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号输入特征序号输入特征
1母线电压幅值11负荷端电流
2发电机功角12交流传输线i侧电压
3发电机端电压13交流传输线j侧电压
4发电机端电流14交流传输线i侧相角
5发电机角速度15交流传输线j侧相角
6发电机有功功率16交流线传输线i-j侧有功功率
7发电机无功功率17交流线传输线j-i侧有功功率
8负荷有功功率18交流线传输线i-j侧无功功率
9负荷无功功率19交流线传输线j-i侧无功功率
10负荷端电压
), ArticleFig(id=1215701021339337035, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215701012137034661, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Confusion matrix of TSA

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评估模型真实结果
稳定失稳
稳定TPFP
失稳FNTN
), ArticleFig(id=1215701022656348493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215701012137034661, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

TSA混淆矩阵

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评估模型真实结果
稳定失稳
稳定TPFP
失稳FNTN
), ArticleFig(id=1215701022757011793, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215701012137034661, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Comparison of feature selection methods

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法Ac/%F1/%特征选择时间/s
Fisher99.4999.340.22
MIC99.4199.28557.84
递归特征消除99.6499.534 133.88
LR嵌入法99.5599.427.31
Powershap99.7999.7270.69
), ArticleFig(id=1215701022895423829, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215701012137034661, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

特征选择方法对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法Ac/%F1/%特征选择时间/s
Fisher99.4999.340.22
MIC99.4199.28557.84
递归特征消除99.6499.534 133.88
LR嵌入法99.5599.427.31
Powershap99.7999.7270.69
), ArticleFig(id=1215701023008670042, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215701012137034661, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Top 10 contribution rankings

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排名特征名贡献度
1发电机_BUS-31_δ(deg.)1.098 392 248
2发电机_BUS-38_It(p.u.)0.742 980 361
3发电机_BUS-38_δ(deg.)0.568 831 861
4支路_AC2_Pij(p.u.)0.541 546 583
5支路_AC1_Pij(p.u.)0.513 051 391
6支路_AC1_Pji(p.u.)0.501 971 364
7支路_AC2_Pji(p.u.)0.496 336 877
8发电机_BUS-31_It(p.u.)0.337 646 335
9支路_AC14_Pij(p.u.)0.252 183 586
10发电机_BUS-38_ω(p.u.)0.225 379 854
), ArticleFig(id=1215701023109333342, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215701012137034661, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

贡献度前10排名

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排名特征名贡献度
1发电机_BUS-31_δ(deg.)1.098 392 248
2发电机_BUS-38_It(p.u.)0.742 980 361
3发电机_BUS-38_δ(deg.)0.568 831 861
4支路_AC2_Pij(p.u.)0.541 546 583
5支路_AC1_Pij(p.u.)0.513 051 391
6支路_AC1_Pji(p.u.)0.501 971 364
7支路_AC2_Pji(p.u.)0.496 336 877
8发电机_BUS-31_It(p.u.)0.337 646 335
9支路_AC14_Pij(p.u.)0.252 183 586
10发电机_BUS-38_ω(p.u.)0.225 379 854
), ArticleFig(id=1215701023239356770, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215701012137034661, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Evaluation results for different topologies

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拓扑拓扑结构Ac/%F1/%
1线路9-39断开98.7897.79
23号发电机退出运行99.6098.89
3线路6-7断开;线路25-26断开98.4297.38
44号发电机退出运行;线路23-24断开98.6597.67
5线路2-3、线路16-19、线路28-29断开97.4196.36
69号发电机退出运行;线路4-5、线路17-18断开97.6396.55
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不同拓扑的评估结果

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拓扑拓扑结构Ac/%F1/%
1线路9-39断开98.7897.79
23号发电机退出运行99.6098.89
3线路6-7断开;线路25-26断开98.4297.38
44号发电机退出运行;线路23-24断开98.6597.67
5线路2-3、线路16-19、线路28-29断开97.4196.36
69号发电机退出运行;线路4-5、线路17-18断开97.6396.55
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Comparison of model evaluation results

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方法Ac/%F1/%
KNN97.3595.53
SVM97.7295.81
DT97.9196.17
LGBM98.1396.82
CatBoost98.5696.99
Powershap99.4998.96
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模型评估结果对比

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方法Ac/%F1/%
KNN97.3595.53
SVM97.7295.81
DT97.9196.17
LGBM98.1396.82
CatBoost98.5696.99
Powershap99.4998.96
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Comparison of feature selection methods

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方法Ac/%F1/%特征选择时间/s
Fisher98.1097.120.35
MIC98.0597.011 640
递归特征消除99.2899.1512 721
LR嵌入法98.2497.3319.86
Powershap99.4998.96225.84
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特征选择方法对比

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方法Ac/%F1/%特征选择时间/s
Fisher98.1097.120.35
MIC98.0597.011 640
递归特征消除99.2899.1512 721
LR嵌入法98.2497.3319.86
Powershap99.4998.96225.84
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New topology structure of the 118-node system

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拓扑拓扑结构Ac/%F1/%
1线路8-30、49-51断开98.2797.14
27号发电机退出运行;线路15-33断开98.4597.39
314号32号发电机退出运行97.1696.12
4线路4-11、40-42、85-89断开97.2496.15
529号发电机退出运行;线路3-12、49-54断开97.2796.21
610号、26号发电机退出运行;线路59-61断开96.7895.63
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118节点系统的新拓扑结构

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拓扑拓扑结构Ac/%F1/%
1线路8-30、49-51断开98.2797.14
27号发电机退出运行;线路15-33断开98.4597.39
314号32号发电机退出运行97.1696.12
4线路4-11、40-42、85-89断开97.2496.15
529号发电机退出运行;线路3-12、49-54断开97.2796.21
610号、26号发电机退出运行;线路59-61断开96.7895.63
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基于Powershap特征选择的电力系统暂态稳定评估
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陈超 1, 2 , 余成波 1, 2 , 左立昕 1, 2
热力发电 | 构网型储能应用场景研究 2024,53(8): 143-151
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热力发电 | 构网型储能应用场景研究 2024, 53(8): 143-151
基于Powershap特征选择的电力系统暂态稳定评估
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陈超1, 2 , 余成波1, 2 , 左立昕1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.重庆理工大学电气与电子工程学院,重庆 400054
  • 2.重庆市能源互联网工程技术研究中心,重庆 400054
  • 陈超(1997),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为电力系统智能运行与控制,

通讯作者:

余成波(1965),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为信息获取与处理技术、远程测试与控制技术(无线传感网络)及电气设备物联网技术,
Power system transient stability assessment based on Powershap feature selection
Chao CHEN1, 2 , Chengbo YU1, 2 , Lixin ZUO1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China
  • 2.Chongqing Energy Internet Engineering Technology Research Center, Chongqing 400054, China
出版时间: 2024-08-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202402030
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为进一步提高暂态稳定评估(transient stability assessment,TSA)的精准度和可靠性,提出一种基于统计学与Shapley值结合的特征选择方法(Powershap),并建立电力系统TSA模型。首先,根据电力系统运行时的稳态分量构建输入特征集,采用Powershap将数据集分为多个数据子集进行训练,筛选出关键特征集;其次,利用关键特征集训练多个CatBoost模型并进行TSA,生成TSA模型;最后,在新英格兰10机39节点系统和加入新能源发电的新英格兰54机118节点系统上进行仿真实验,并给出评估结果。实验得出:在新英格兰10机39节点系统中采用基于Powershap特征选择的方法进行分类,其准确率能够达到99.79%;在改进的新英格兰54机118节点系统上,其准确率能够达到99.49%,说明该方法能够有效进行电力系统暂态稳定评估,并且验证了所提TSA模型具有较好的鲁棒性与泛化能力。

电力系统  /  暂态稳定评估  /  特征选择  /  Powershap  /  CatBoost

To further improve the accuracy and reliability of transient stability assessment (TSA), a feature selection method (Powershap) based on the combination of statistics and Shapley values is proposed, and a power system transient stability assessment model is established. Firstly, the input feature set is constructed based on the steady-state components during the operation of the power system. Powershap is used to divide the dataset into multiple subsets for training, and key feature sets are selected. Then, multiple CatBoost models are trained using key feature sets and transient stability assessments are conduct to generate transient stability assessment models. Finally, simulation experiments are conducted on the New England 10-machine 39-node system and the New England 54-machine 118-node system with the addition of new energy generation, and evaluation results are provided. The experiments show that, in the 10-machine 39-node system in New England, using the Powershap feature selection method for classification can achieve an accuracy of 99.79%. On the improved New England 54-machine 118-node system, its accuracy can reach 99.49%, indicating that the method can effectively perform transient stability assessment of power systems. It is verified that the proposed TSA model has good robustness and generalization ability.

power system  /  transient stability assessment  /  feature selection  /  Powershap  /  CatBoost
陈超, 余成波, 左立昕. 基于Powershap特征选择的电力系统暂态稳定评估. 热力发电, 2024 , 53 (8) : 143 -151 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202402030
Chao CHEN, Chengbo YU, Lixin ZUO. Power system transient stability assessment based on Powershap feature selection[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2024 , 53 (8) : 143 -151 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202402030
为实现高质量可持续发展,我国政府提出“双碳”发展的重大战略目标,以应对资源与环境压力。随着电力电子技术和新能源领域的发展,我国电网中接入大量电力电子与新能源设备的趋势日益普遍,这使得电网系统变得更加复杂[1]。因此,能够快速、精确地对电力系统暂态稳定进行评估,对于电力系统稳定运行具有重要意义。
电力系统暂态稳定评估(transient stability assessment,TSA)的常见方法有时域仿真法、直接法[2]和机器学习法[3]。其中,时域仿真法能够比较真实地模拟暂态响应过程,但计算复杂度较大,无法满足实时评估应用的需求。直接法计算速度较快,但对于我国目前大规模的电力网络系统,需要耗费大量计算资源并且难以构造精确的能量函数,因此该方法适用性较差。随着国内智能电网的发展和同步相量测量单元(phasor measurement unit,PMU)的广泛应用,机器学习法因其计算速度快、泛化能力强和评估精度高等优势,已然成为TSA研究中的热点领域。
TSA研究中常见的机器学习模型有循环神经网络(RNN)[4-5]、支持向量机(SVM)[6-7]、随机森林(RF)[8]、决策树(DT)[9-10]等。文献[11]将聚类思想融入人工神经网络中,通过调整参数提升电力系统TSA的准确度,但该方法并不具有普适性。文献[12]采用核支持向量机进行电力系统TSA,结果有更好的评估精度,对训练时长和内存占用较为友好。文献[13]选择所有发电机的功角数据作为输入特征数据集,实验结果表明在部分发电机数据缺失的情形下,所提方法能保持较高的准确度,但没有考虑节点上丢失数据的情况。文献[14]使用一种TCN-GAT的方法对电力系统暂态进行评估,对模型的损失函数进行了改进,减少了模型对失稳样本误判分类的数量,所得准确率较高。文献[15]提出使用Fisher score特征选择法,对电力系统暂态稳定进行评估,能够有效压缩数据特征集的规模,减少数据特征中包含的冗余信息和噪声干扰,但模型计算效率和准确度有待进一步提高。文献[16]提出一种KTBoost算法对特征关系进行探索,进而对电力系统暂态稳定裕度进行评估,其评估结果相较于部分传统模型更为精确。
在现有研究中,特征选择方法主要有过滤法、包装法、嵌入法3种[17]。其中,过滤法计算效率高,可以快速准确筛选出与目标变量相关性较高的特征,但同时可能会忽略特征与目标变量之间的复杂关系;包装法考虑了特征与学习器之间的相互关系,因此能够更精准地评估特征的重要性,但容易产生过拟合且在特征维度较高的情况下计算速度较慢;嵌入法结合了过滤法和包装法的优点,计算速度快,但对于不同算法需要设计对应的嵌入方法,普适性较低。
Powershap是一种基于统计学假设检验和Shapley值结合的包装器特征选择方法。Powershap由解释组件和核心组件2个部分组成,其核心假设是与已知的随机特征相比,有效信息特征对预测结果的影响更大。根据Powershap的基准测试和仿真结果得知,Powershap优于其他过滤法,预测性能与包装法相当,但其运行速度更快。因此Powershap在处理高维特征数据时能够快速直观地进行特征选择[18]
基于此,本文提出一种基于Powershap特征选择的电力系统TSA方法。首先使用Powershap进行特征选择;然后使用多层CatBoost[19]作为分类器,同时与其他分类器及特征选择方法进行了对比;最后,通过PSASP软件搭建IEEE-39节点和改进IEEE-118节点系统进行仿真实验,同时对模型进行鲁棒性测试和泛化能力测试,验证了该模型的精准度和可靠性。
Powershap算法由解释组件和核心组件2个部分组成。
1)在解释组件中使用不同的随机种子,在不同的数据子集上训练多个模型且每个子集都由所有原始特征和1个随机特征组成。模型训练完成后,在样本外数据集上使用Shapley值解释特征的平均影响。这种做法可以减少特征集的规模,降低时间复杂度。使用Shapley值在样本外数据子集上量化每个特征对输出的影响,以评估真正的无偏影响。最后,取所有Shapley值的绝对值并求平均值,以得到每个特征的总平均影响。
2)在核心组件中,把得到每个特征的总平均影响与核心组件中随机特征的影响进行比较量化,从而筛选出所有含有信息量的特征。
pv,x=inT(x>vi)n
式中:v为单个特征的Shapley平均值数组,其迭代次数和长度相同;x为单个值;i为迭代次数;vi为第i次迭代下,单个特征的Shapley平均值数组;nn组数据;T为指示函数;px值高于该次迭代的平均Shap值的百分比。
Powershap算法需要设置αi 2个超参数,αp值阈值,i为迭代次数。测试的统计功效为1-β,其中β是假阴性FN的概率。如果对测试样本的统计检验输出pα,则表示在当前数据条件下,测试样本可能被标记为显著的概率。如果统计检验中的数据较少,α值可能很低,但β值可能很大,进而导致输出结果不可信。因此,对于给定的α,统计功效应尽可能接近1,以避免假阴性FN出现。统计检验α的功效可以使用基础检验分布H1的累积分布函数F进行计算:
α(x)=FH0(x)
Power(α)=FH1(FH01(α))
式中:H0为随机特征影响分布;H1为经测试的特征影响分布。
为了避免用户手动调整超参数,Powershap提供了自动模式,这种自动模式通过计算α的统计功效,自动确定和优化迭代超参数i。本文使用Powershap自动模式来寻找最优参数,该模式下默认首先执行10次迭代计算,对于每个特征,Powershap使用student-t分布进行功效检验,进而计算效应量和统计功效。接着利用计算出的效应量,计算出达到预定功效要求所需的迭代次数。α值设定为0.01,如果所需的迭代次数大于已执行的迭代次数,Powershap将继续执行额外的迭代次数。之后,Powershap会重新计算所需的迭代次数,并不断重新执行,直至达到预定功效所需迭代次数。
CatBoost模型基于GBDT模型改进得来,是梯度提升框架的一个高效实现形式,其采用对称树作为基学习器,基本原理如下。
在给定一个含有m个样本的训练集中,xi=(xi1,xi2,xi3xin)代表含有n维特征的第i个数据;yi代表第i个数据映射的标签值,其中,标签值为0表示系统稳定,标签值为1表示系统不稳定。
使用CART初始化构建一个弱学习器f1(xi),并定义迭代数s∈[2,S],S表示总迭代数。在每一轮中,通过最小化损失函数来训练从CART集合空间H中选择的最优弱学习器,该损失函数基于前一轮输出的强学习器L(yifs-1(xi))。
hs=argminHi=1mL(yi,fs1(xi)+hs(xi))
式中:hs(xi)为输入为xi时,弱学习器fs(xi)的输出值。
s次迭代的第i个样本损失函数的负梯度为:
gsi=L(yi,fs-1(xi))fs-1(xi)
本轮弱学习器经过数据集(xi,gsi)拟合得出,它也表示第s棵CART。对于任意叶节点Qsj(j=1,2,3J)的数据样本,其中J表示叶节点数,经拟合后,叶节点最佳输出值为zsj
zsj=argminzxiQsjL(yi,fs1(xi)+z)
全部叶节点的最佳输出可由式(6)得出,z表示叶节点的输出值,进一步得出经历s次迭代后,CART拟合函数为:
hs(xi)=j=1JzsjT
式中:T表示指示函数;xiQsj。因此,第s次迭代完成后的强学习器为:
fs(xi)=fs1(xi)+j=1jcsjT
CatBoost能够自动处理类别特征,无需进行编码或转换。此外,CatBoost通过引入随机性和正则化技术来降低过拟合的风险,并使用随机负采样来平衡类别样本,并利用对称树结构和对特征的随机排序来减少过拟合,解决了预测偏移和梯度偏差的问题,进而保证了TSA模型的可靠性与时效性。
本文采用基于Powershap特征选择方法并使用CatBoost作为分类器,进一步提出TSA模型:Powershap将数据集分成多个数据子集进行训练,进而得出各个特征的Shapely值和特征贡献度排名。下一步将各个数据子集输入多层CatBoost模型进行训练,最后取平均值作为评估结果,其模型如图1所示。
电力系统TSA实质上为二分类问题,通过系统受扰动后,各发动机功角的暂态稳定指数(transient stability index,TSI)对数据进行标签:
ITSI=360°|Δδmax|360°+|Δδmax|
式中:Δδmax为仿真结束后任意2台发电机工作时的最大功角差。若ITSI>0,则判定系统处于稳定状态;若ITSI≤0,则判定系统失稳。样本集数据为模型训练的输入,其中可分为XY两大类数据:
X=[x1,x2xm]
Y=[y1,y2ym]T
式中:X为一组包含mn维的数据集合;n为特征数;Y为一组对应X的标签数据集,当Y=1时,标记样本为稳定;Y=0时,标记样本为失稳。
对于机器学习方法的TSA,其输入特征选取对模型评估性能的优劣有较大影响,因此选取一组合适的输入特征集非常关键。本文选取的特征量均可由PMU直接量测得来[20],进而可以保证实际中数据来源的准确性与实时性。为保证数据较为完整,数据集由故障前、故障时、故障后的样本所得,选取特征见表1
本文提出的基于Powershap特征选择的TSA综合模型的离线训练具体步骤如下。
1)通过PSASP仿真软件对搭建的IEEE-39节点、改进IEEE-118节点系统进行时域仿真,进行潮流计算后在系统中设置三相短路故障,计算出电力系统暂态稳定数据。
2)将仿真数据进行整理,并把数据打好稳定与不稳定标签;使用五折交叉验证的方式,将数据输入Powershap进行特征选择,筛选出关键特征集,并按照特征贡献度进行排序。
3)将Powershap特征选择后的数据集按照4:1比例分为训练集和测试集,训练多层CatBoost模型,完成TSA综合模型的构建,输出评价指标结果。
通过读取PMU量测的实时数据,结合Powershap进行特征选取,将结果输入进TSA模型,并输出评估结果。如果判定结果为不稳定,系统将提示工作人员对系统作出进一步操作,避免发生大规模故障。
在实际情况中,电网运行会受到各种因素影响,如检修计划、紧急事故等情况会导致电网拓扑结构发生变化。随着天气季节变化,负荷端需求也会随之变化。另外大规模新能源设备和分布式设备接入也会造成电能质量波动。因此,进行TSA模型更新是非常必要的,当电力系统运行工况发生显著变化时,PMU将上传实时电力系统运行数据,进一步重新选择特征,最后训练模型并进行评估,TSA流程框架如图2所示。
为做到TSA的全面性,本文引入混淆矩阵,采用准确率和F1分数进行评价。准确率(Ac)能够反映模型全局的正确率;查准率(precision)代表预测失稳样本的比例;召回率(recall)代表被正确预测的失稳样本占真实失稳样本的比例;F1分数能更好地反映模型对失稳样本的预测能力。各类指标定义见表2
Ac=TP+TNTP+TN+FP+FN
δPrecision=TNTN+FN
δRecall=TNTN+FP
F1=2×δPrecision×δRecallδPrecision+δRecall
通过PSASP软件搭建新英格兰10机39节点系统。该系统中基准功率设置为100 MV·A,系统额定频率为50 Hz。系统中包括10台发电机、39条母线以及46条线路。在仿真过程中,模拟负荷以5%为步长,在70%~120%之间增长变化,共计11种负荷水平。为保证母线电压维持在0.95~1.05 p.u.范围内,根据负荷水平相应调整发电机出力情况。在输电线路上设置三相短路故障,故障位置设置在离输电线路首端的1%、25%、50%、75%、99%处。故障发生时刻为1 s时,仿真的故障持续时间分别为0.1、0.2、0.3 s,最终生成5 610个样本,其中稳定样本3 448个,不稳定样本2 162个。
为了选择一个性能更优的分类器,将数据集分别输入KNN[21]、DT、SVM、LightGBM[22]模型进行评估,并与CatBoost模型进行对比。其中KNN采用网格搜索确定k值为10;SVM采用网格搜索法设定最优惩罚程度C=10;DT与LightGBM同样采用网格搜索法寻找最优参数,DT算法中设置最大深度为5,最大叶节点数为10,最小样本数为2;LightGBM的最优学习率为0.1,最大深度为5,分类器数目为200;CatBoost模型采用早停法确定最优学习率为0.4,最大深度为6,分类器数目为50。上述模型均采用同一数据集且采用5折交叉验证,评估结果如图3所示。同时将Powershap与其他特征选择方法进行了对比,分类器均使用CatBoost,评估结果见表3
对于KNN模型,算法虽然较为简单且易理解,但在处理大规模数据集或高维数据时容易出现样本之间过于稀疏,导致结果较差;对于SVM模型,在小规模系统上表现较好,但应用到复杂的电力系统中将使计算开销变大;对于DT模型,当树的深度和分支较大时,容易造成模型过拟合;对于LightGBM模型,该模型使用直方图进行特征分割,在处理高维稀疏数据时直方图很难有效捕捉特征之间的关联。本文中使用CatBoost作为分类器能够有效解决梯度偏差问题且有效性高。采用Fisher特征选择方法时所需时间虽然短,但其对数据分布要求较高,否则容易导致结果失真和特征选择错误;MIC[23]特征选择方法在处理高维特征时会增加计算复杂度,导致计算时间较长;采用递归特征消除法[24]的评估结果虽然较好,但由于需要多次训练模型,因此在特征数量较多时会导致计算时间长;LR嵌入法[25]易受样本不平衡影响,会导致结果出现偏差;采用基于Powershap进行特征选择的TSA模型兼具着特征选择时间较短和评估精度高的优点,因而有着更加优异的评估性能,能够适用于大规模电力系统。表4为经过Powershap特征选择后输出的贡献度排名前10的特征,贡献度越高表示该特征对系统稳定性影响越大。
在实际电网运行中,PMU量测装置采集数据时可能会出现数据缺失或受到噪声干扰等情况,本文考虑了2种方式对系统进行测试。结果表明TSA模型在受到不同噪声和丢失不同比例的特征数据的情况下均能保持较高的评估精度,表明本文所提方法相较于其他模型有着更高的可靠性和有效性,表现出较好的鲁棒性,这是由于采用基于Powershap的特征选择方法能够筛选出影响度较大的信息特征且过滤掉无关特征,进而降低了结果对特征数据量的依赖性,因此TSA模型能够适应电网运行的特殊情况。
1)通过向初始数据集中加入5种信噪比的高斯白噪声,模拟实际数据受到干扰的情形。实验结果如图4所示。
2)通过Powershap特征选择并输出特征贡献度排名,从中删除影响度较小的5种不同比例的特征来模拟实际数据缺失的情况,实验结果如图5
在实际电网运行中,常常会出现电力系统故障以及日常检修维护等情形。为验证基于Powershap的TSA模型的泛化能力,对下面6种新拓扑场景进行测试,每一种拓扑结构的数据都根据第3.1节所述的方法,分别生成500组数据样本,并将对应数据样本分别输入TSA模型进行评估。表5为不同拓扑的评估结果。
表5可知,不同拓扑结构一定程度上会影响模型的精确度AcF1分数。在拓扑5与拓扑6结构中,模型精确度虽然下滑较大,但均能保持在可接受的评估结果内,进而说明本文TSA模型具有较好的泛化能力。
为进一步验证本文所提TSA方法在较大电网系统下的有效性,采用改进的新英格兰118节点系统进行测试。系统中基准功率设置为100 MV·A,系统额定频率为50 Hz,包含118条母线、179条线路、9台变压器、54台发电机(其中节点89、100、110处的发电机用单台1.5 MW风力发电机组成的风电场代替,节点66、104处的发电机采用单台1.5 MW光伏阵列组成的光伏电厂代替)和91个负荷。在仿真过程中,模拟负荷以5%为步长,在80%~120%之间增长变化,共计9种负荷水平。为保证母线电压维持在0.95~1.05 p.u.范围内,根据负荷水平相应调整发电机出力情况。在输电线路上设置三相短路故障,故障位置设置在离输电线路首端的1%、50%、99%处。故障发生时刻为1 s时,仿真的故障持续时间分别为0.1、0.2、0.3 s,生成9 558个样本,其中稳定样本7 236个,不稳定样本2 322个。
采用3.2节所述方法确定参数,并对各个模型进行对比,给出相应的评估结果见表6表7。结果表明:在较大测试系统下,采用基于Powershap的TSA模型进行暂态稳定评估相比其他模型同样能获得较高的精准度。
为进一步测试TSA模型在大系统下的鲁棒性,采用3.3节所述方法进行测试,图6图7分别为在118节点系统所得数据集中添加5种不同噪声干扰和随机删除5种不同比例特征数据时的结果对比。由图6图7可见,本文所提方法在大系统下,相较其他方法同样有着优异的评估结果。
为进一步测试TSA模型在大系统下的泛化能力,对6种新拓扑场景进行测试,每种拓扑结构生成500组数据样本,随后将数据输入模型进行测试,表8为118节点系统的新拓扑结构测试结果。由表8可见,本文所提模型在较大系统拓扑结构改变时,其评估精度不会出现较大幅度的下降,表明本文所提模型具有较好的泛化能力。
针对电力系统暂态稳定性问题,本文提出了一种基于Powershap特征选择的电力系统TSA,并在IEEE-39节点和改进的IEEE-118节点系统上进行了仿真验证,实验结果表明:
1)基于Powershap特征选择方法能够有效挖掘数据集中各个特征之间的关系,并且可以依据Shapley值得出特征贡献度,方便后续能够有效地进行可解释性分析研究。将其与Fisher、MIC、递归特征消除法以及LR嵌入法进行比较,本文所提特征选择方法评估结果更优。
2)通过比较KNN、SVM、DT、LightGBM、CatBoost的评估结果,在经Powershap特征选择后使用CatBoost分类器能够使TSA模型更加优越。
3)针对实际电网运行中可能遇到的噪声干扰、数据缺失以及拓扑结构改变的问题,本文所提TSA模型具有较好的鲁棒性和泛化能力。
本文所对比的模型部分是传统模型,不能完全体现出所提模型的优越性,如何采用改进模型加以对比以及基于Powershap的可解释性是下一步需要研究的内容。
  • 重庆市自然科学基金创新发展联合基金(2023CCZ082)
  • 重庆市教委科研基金(2023CYJH009)
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2024年第53卷第8期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202402030
  • 接收时间:2024-02-26
  • 首发时间:2026-01-07
  • 出版时间:2024-08-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-02-26
基金
Chongqing Natural Science Foundation Innovation and Development Joint Fund(2023CCZ082)
重庆市自然科学基金创新发展联合基金(2023CCZ082)
Research Fund of Chongqing Municipal Education Commission(2023CYJH009)
重庆市教委科研基金(2023CYJH009)
作者信息
    1.重庆理工大学电气与电子工程学院,重庆 400054
    2.重庆市能源互联网工程技术研究中心,重庆 400054

通讯作者:

余成波(1965),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为信息获取与处理技术、远程测试与控制技术(无线传感网络)及电气设备物联网技术,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
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species
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Percentage of
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种数
Number of
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Percentage of total
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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