Article(id=1215701011369476986, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1215701006780908352, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202401008, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1704902400000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-11, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1767775307743, onlineDateStr=2026-01-07, pubDate=1724515200000, pubDateStr=2024-08-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1767775307743, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1767775307743, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767775307743, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1215701006780908352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2024', volume='53', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='162', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1767775306649, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767839655334, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1215970904794906790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1215701006780908352, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1215970904794906791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1215701006780908352, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=105, endPage=115, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1215701011616940934, articleId=1215701011369476986, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Study on joint control of integrated energy microgrid based on stepped carbon trading, columnId=1215701007804322379, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Operation control technology of grid-forming energy storage technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Under the “dual-carbon” background, in order to realize low-carbon emission and maximize wind power consumption of the microgrid system, an optimal scheduling strategy with a two-layer model of integrated energy system (IES) containing carbon capture power plant (CCPP) and power-to-gas (P2G) coupling and vehicle into the grid (V2G) is proposed. Firstly, at the low-carbon technology level, to address the problem that the CCPP and P2G equipment operate out of sync in time, a liquid storage tank is added as a CO2 buffer station in the middle of the CCPP and the P2G equipment, and a mathematical model containing the CCPP, the P2G equipment and the gas turbine is established. Moreover, a laddered carbon transaction is established to impose low-carbon emission constraints on the IES. Secondly, in order to fully utilize the dual characteristics of EV load and energy storage, strategies are formulated to guide EV charging and discharging during wind abandonment hours and peak hours of the IES to carry out energy time shifting. Finally, at the level of economic efficiency, the integrated operating cost minimization is taken as the objective function, and MATLAB is used to invoke the GUROBI solver to solve the problem. By setting up different scenarios for comparison, the results show that the scheduling strategy can improve the level of microgrid wind power consumption while realizing the low-carbon economic operation of the system.

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在“双碳”目标背景下,为实现微电网系统的低碳排放和风电消纳最大化,提出了一种含碳捕集电厂(carbon capture power plant,CCPP)及电转气(power-to-gas,P2G)耦合的综合能源系统(integrated energy system,IES)和电车入网(vehicle to grid,V2G)的双层模型优化调度策略。首先,在低碳技术层面上,针对CCPP和P2G设备在时间上运行不同步的问题,在CCPP和P2G设备中间加设储液罐作为CO2的缓冲站,建立含CCPP、P2G设备、燃气轮机的数学模型并建立阶梯碳交易对IES进行低碳排放约束;其次,为了充分发挥电动汽车负荷和储能的双重特性,以IES的弃风时段和高峰时段制定策略引导电动汽车进行充放电,来进行能量时移;最后,在经济效益层面上,以综合运行成本最低为目标函数,采用MATLAB调用GUROBI求解器进行求解。通过设置不同场景进行对比,结果表明,该调度策略能在提高微电网风电消纳水平的同时,实现系统的低碳经济运行。

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许雅淋(1999),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为电力系统及其自动化,

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许雅淋(1999),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为电力系统及其自动化,

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许雅淋(1999),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为电力系统及其自动化,

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Other parameters’ values

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数值项目数值
cf25w/(kW·km–1)0.15
ρCO2/(kgm3)1.964Cev/kW24
wb/(kW·kg–1)269r0.25
nP2G0.85ccur/(元·kW–1)0.6
HCH4/(MJkg1)5.071×104c/(元·t–1)50
q/(kJ·kW–1)3.6×106cbuy/(元·m–3)3.5
Pp2gmaxPp2gmin/kW7 000、0PchpmaxPchpmin/kW10 000、0
PGmaxPGmin/kW2 000、400
), ArticleFig(id=1215701020810854703, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215701011369476986, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

其他参数值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数值项目数值
cf25w/(kW·km–1)0.15
ρCO2/(kgm3)1.964Cev/kW24
wb/(kW·kg–1)269r0.25
nP2G0.85ccur/(元·kW–1)0.6
HCH4/(MJkg1)5.071×104c/(元·t–1)50
q/(kJ·kW–1)3.6×106cbuy/(元·m–3)3.5
Pp2gmaxPp2gmin/kW7 000、0PchpmaxPchpmin/kW10 000、0
PGmaxPGmin/kW2 000、400
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Optimized scheduling results for different scenarios

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
场景场景1场景2场景3
总成本/元26 22818 90918 743
购气成本/元21 63718 88818 136
碳排放成本/元3 6483 9564 226
碳配额出售/元3 2965 2875 642
煤耗成本/元4001 0331 486
弃风成本/元3 810317275
碳封存成本/元00106
碳排放/t17.3213.9314.88
), ArticleFig(id=1215701021037347129, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215701011369476986, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同场景下的优化调度结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
场景场景1场景2场景3
总成本/元26 22818 90918 743
购气成本/元21 63718 88818 136
碳排放成本/元3 6483 9564 226
碳配额出售/元3 2965 2875 642
煤耗成本/元4001 0331 486
弃风成本/元3 810317275
碳封存成本/元00106
碳排放/t17.3213.9314.88
), ArticleFig(id=1215701021121233216, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215701011369476986, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Simulation results of EV under disordered charging and ordered charging/discharging strategies

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
场景场景3场景4场景5
总成本/元18 74320 12218 591
购气成本/元18 13618 21218 753
碳排放成本/元4 2264 6073 626
碳配额出售/元-5 642-4 806-5 296
煤耗成本/元1 4861 5651 218
弃风成本/元27527037
放电补贴成本/元00129
碳排放/t14.8815.0914.01
), ArticleFig(id=1215701021230285121, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215701011369476986, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

EV在无序充电和有序充放电策略下的仿真结果对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
场景场景3场景4场景5
总成本/元18 74320 12218 591
购气成本/元18 13618 21218 753
碳排放成本/元4 2264 6073 626
碳配额出售/元-5 642-4 806-5 296
煤耗成本/元1 4861 5651 218
弃风成本/元27527037
放电补贴成本/元00129
碳排放/t14.8815.0914.01
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基于阶梯碳交易的综合能源微电网联合控制研究
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许雅淋 1 , 段俊东 1, 2
热力发电 | 构网型储能运行控制技术研究 2024,53(8): 105-115
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热力发电 | 构网型储能运行控制技术研究 2024, 53(8): 105-115
基于阶梯碳交易的综合能源微电网联合控制研究
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许雅淋1 , 段俊东1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.河南理工大学电气工程与自动化学院,河南 焦作 454150
  • 2.河南省煤矿装备智能检测与控制重点实验室,河南 焦作 454003
  • 许雅淋(1999),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为电力系统及其自动化,

Study on joint control of integrated energy microgrid based on stepped carbon trading
Yalin XU1 , Jundong DUAN1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454150, China
  • 2.Henan Key Laboratory of Intelligent Detection and Control of Coal Mine Equipment, Jiaozuo 454003, China
出版时间: 2024-08-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202401008
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在“双碳”目标背景下,为实现微电网系统的低碳排放和风电消纳最大化,提出了一种含碳捕集电厂(carbon capture power plant,CCPP)及电转气(power-to-gas,P2G)耦合的综合能源系统(integrated energy system,IES)和电车入网(vehicle to grid,V2G)的双层模型优化调度策略。首先,在低碳技术层面上,针对CCPP和P2G设备在时间上运行不同步的问题,在CCPP和P2G设备中间加设储液罐作为CO2的缓冲站,建立含CCPP、P2G设备、燃气轮机的数学模型并建立阶梯碳交易对IES进行低碳排放约束;其次,为了充分发挥电动汽车负荷和储能的双重特性,以IES的弃风时段和高峰时段制定策略引导电动汽车进行充放电,来进行能量时移;最后,在经济效益层面上,以综合运行成本最低为目标函数,采用MATLAB调用GUROBI求解器进行求解。通过设置不同场景进行对比,结果表明,该调度策略能在提高微电网风电消纳水平的同时,实现系统的低碳经济运行。

低碳  /  微电网  /  储液罐  /  电动汽车  /  阶梯碳交易

Under the “dual-carbon” background, in order to realize low-carbon emission and maximize wind power consumption of the microgrid system, an optimal scheduling strategy with a two-layer model of integrated energy system (IES) containing carbon capture power plant (CCPP) and power-to-gas (P2G) coupling and vehicle into the grid (V2G) is proposed. Firstly, at the low-carbon technology level, to address the problem that the CCPP and P2G equipment operate out of sync in time, a liquid storage tank is added as a CO2 buffer station in the middle of the CCPP and the P2G equipment, and a mathematical model containing the CCPP, the P2G equipment and the gas turbine is established. Moreover, a laddered carbon transaction is established to impose low-carbon emission constraints on the IES. Secondly, in order to fully utilize the dual characteristics of EV load and energy storage, strategies are formulated to guide EV charging and discharging during wind abandonment hours and peak hours of the IES to carry out energy time shifting. Finally, at the level of economic efficiency, the integrated operating cost minimization is taken as the objective function, and MATLAB is used to invoke the GUROBI solver to solve the problem. By setting up different scenarios for comparison, the results show that the scheduling strategy can improve the level of microgrid wind power consumption while realizing the low-carbon economic operation of the system.

low carbon  /  microgrid  /  liquid storage tanks  /  electric vehicles  /  stepped carbon trading
许雅淋, 段俊东. 基于阶梯碳交易的综合能源微电网联合控制研究. 热力发电, 2024 , 53 (8) : 105 -115 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202401008
Yalin XU, Jundong DUAN. Study on joint control of integrated energy microgrid based on stepped carbon trading[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2024 , 53 (8) : 105 -115 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202401008
当前,为提升可再生能源消纳水平,我国提出了2030年前实现碳达峰,2060年前实现碳中和的目标。具有极大减排潜力的综合能源系统(integrated energy system,IES)以化石能源为主体结合可再生能源来实现多能互补,提高了能源利用率,为实现碳减排与可再生能源消纳提供了一条有效途径[1-2]
碳捕集、利用与封存技术(carbon capture, utilization and storage,CCUS)通过对火电厂进行低碳化改造成为碳捕集电厂(carbon capture power plant,CCPP),利用捕集到的CO2来作为电转气(power-to-gas,P2G)过程中的原料来实现高碳机组低碳化[3-4]。文献[5]利用CCPP能量时移特性与低碳特性充分探讨了CCPP参与碳交易并提供调峰辅助服务的低碳性能与经济效益。文献[6]将CCPP与P2G设备作为整体联合运行,来提高碳利用以及实现节能减排。文献[7]在CCPP与P2G设备间加设具有“能量时移”特性的储液罐作为CO2的“缓冲站”实现高效调峰的同时也解决了CCPP与P2G设备的耦合问题。
电动汽车(electric vehicle,EV)具有高效、绿色、清洁等特点,且可通过充放电与可再生能源出力联合调度实现系统的消纳与经济运行[8-9]。此外,随着电动汽车入网(vehicle to grid,V2G)技术逐渐成熟,EV与IES深度融合的低碳经济问题已成为研究热点[10-11]。文献[12]构建上层IES下层EV的双层优化模型,通过风光的不确定性与总负荷的匹配度来制定动态分时电价,从而引导EV进行充放电。文献[13]建立了包含对V2G负荷反馈修正的电热氢IES多层协调优化策略,在综合考虑车主不满意度和运营商利益的基础上,制定EV充放电计划并对系统进行滚动优化。文献[14]将EV负荷分为无序EV、单纯有序EV以及V2G充电负荷并与风光的不同场景结合来解决各因素不确定性的影响,进而提高可再生能源的消纳量。
在市场机制层面,为进一步挖掘IES的低碳特性,学者们开始研究碳交易机制。文献[15-17]建立了含阶梯碳交易机制虚拟电厂调度模型,并通过与统一型碳交易机制对比来分析对系统经济性与碳排放的影响。文献[18]通过建立提出了一种含阶梯碳交易的CCUS-P2G-CHP耦合的IES低碳经济调度模型,来分析各参数不同取值对于系统的影响。文献[19]在EV中引入动态电价与阶梯碳价来使用户集群响应并制定合理的充放电计划,并实现了碳排放量的降低。
基于上述背景,本文从微电网系统经济性、低碳性以及风电消纳最大化3个层面出发,建立含CCPP与P2G耦合的IES与EV的双层优化调度模型。首先,上层建立含储液罐的CCPP与P2G设备相连接的IES来优先消纳风电。下层根据用户出行习惯以及上层IES的弃风时段与高峰时段引导EV进行充放电,来进行能量时移。其次,引入阶梯碳交易机制来约束系统碳排放并且以综合成本最低为目标函数,综合考虑CCPP与P2G耦合、V2G、阶梯碳交易机制对于微电网系统的影响。最后,算例分析结果验证了本文所提策略的有效性。
本文所提出的含CCPP与P2G设备耦合和EV微电网结构如图1所示,包括由燃煤机组改造的CCPP、风电场、P2G设备、EV。该微电网系统上层由CCPP、风电场向电力网络供电,其中CCPP使用碳捕集设备捕集部分因发电产生的CO2,再经由风电场供电的P2G设备生成甲烷,供给燃气机组使之发电。
下层则根据上层的弃风时段来引导电动汽车充电,高峰时段引导放电,也就是所谓的“能量时移”,来达到风电消纳最大化以及系统低碳运行。
传统火电机组加装碳捕集设备进行低碳化改造就成为CCPP[20],CCPP总出力包括燃煤机组净出力、碳捕集运行能耗和碳捕集固定能耗。计算公式为:
{PG,t=PJ,t+PCCS,t+Pgu,tPCCS,t=wbWoutCO2,t
式中:PG,t为CCPP在t时刻的总输出功率;PJ,tt时刻碳捕集电厂净输出功率;PCCS,tt时刻碳捕集系统的运行能耗;Pgu,t为碳捕集系统的固定能耗;wb为捕集单位CO2所需要的能耗;WoutCO2,tt时刻碳捕集系统再生塔待处理的CO2质量。
因此相较于常规火电厂,CCPP提高了电厂的最小出力下限使其能够更好地参与电网的调度。碳捕集系统运行流程如图2所示。本文采用烟气分流式碳捕集,通过烟气旁路将电厂产生的烟气进入吸收塔,其中一部分排入大气,另一部分按照特定方式进入CO2再生塔。表达式为:
WinCO2,t=WG,tWq,ta2+b2
式中:WinCO2,tt时刻碳捕集电厂吸收的CO2质量;WG,tt时刻碳捕集电厂总的碳排量;Wq,tt时刻排入大气的CO2质量。
之后解析出的CO2由P2G设备制取CH4以供燃气机组使用或者通过碳封存设备进行封存处理。而综合运行方式则是在吸收塔和再生塔之间加装储液罐[21],来存储t时刻以CO2化合物形式存在的富液量VFU,t、贫液量WPIN,t,其表达式为:
{VFU,t=VFU,t1+vFUin,tvFUout,tVPIN,t=VPIN,t1+vPINin,tvPINout,tvFUin,t=vPINout,tvPINin,t=vFUout,t
式中:vFUin,tvFUout,t分别为t时刻流入和流出富液中的流量;vPINin,tvPINout,t分别为t时刻流入和流出贫液的流量。单位体积的富液与所能吸收的CO2体积之间的关系为:
{cfvFUin,t=WinCO2,t/ρCO2cfvFUout,t=WoutCO2,t/ρCO2
式中:cf为单位体积富液所能吸收的CO2体积的倍数;ρCO2为CO2密度。
储液罐作为CO2“缓冲站”,将机组高峰时段要捕集的CO2转换到弃风时段进行捕集处理,实现了CCPP的“能量时移”等价于高峰时段高碳机组所提供的碳捕集能耗被转移到弃风时段被大量便宜风电所代替。极大地提高了风电上网电量以及系统的低碳运行。
由于碳捕集能耗主要集中于再生塔,CCPP通过加封储液罐,在用电高峰时段通过吸收塔吸收部分CO2而不补集,使CO2以化合物形式存储在储液罐中,在弃风时段则把储液罐中的CO2送入再生塔处理,保证了电转气设备在弃风时段运行时有大量碳源合成CH4。以此完成CCPP与P2G设备的耦合。CCPP-P2G运行模型为:
WoutCO2,t=Wstorage,t+Wp2g,t
式中:Wstorage,tt时刻碳封存的CO2质量;Wp2g,t为P2G设备生产CH4所需要的CO2质量。
由甲烷化反应可知,制成的甲烷与所需要的二氧化碳体积相等,则有:
Wp2g=ρCO2VCO2=ρCO2VCH4=ρCO2ρCH4WCH4
WCH4,t=3.6×106nP2GPp2g,tHCH4
WCH4,t+Wbuy,t=WCH4chp,t
QCH4WCH4chp,t/q=Pchp,t
式中:ρCH4为CH4密度;VCO2为甲烷化所需要的CO2体积;VCH4WCH4分别为P2G设备所生成的CH4体积和质量;nP2G为燃气机组发电效率;QCH4为天燃气热值;Pp2g,tt时刻P2G设备输出的有功功率;Wbuy,t为向外网购买的天然气质量;q为单位电能所能释放的热能,J/(kW·h);Pchp,t为燃煤机组在t时刻所输出的有功功率。
本文所建立的下层调度策略所用EV完全服从电网管理来进行有序充放电调度,且假设受调度的EV电池状态、充放电功率等参数都保持一致以便计算总的充放电功率。EV作为具有“源荷”双重特性,合理进行有序调度把弃风时段的风电储存起来,到高峰时段代替部分高碳机组出力以达到能量时移的目的。
根据美国交通部对全美EV调查结果显示:EV行驶里程s近似满足对数正态分布,最后返程时刻近似满足正态分布[22]。其计算公式为:
f(s)=1sσs2πexp[(lnsμs)22σs2]
f(x){1σx2πexp[(xμs)22σx2],μx12x241σx2πexp[(x+24μs)22σx2],0xμx12
式中:σs=3.2,μs=0.88,σx=17.6,μx=3.4。
假设上层IES弃风时段结束时间为Tstart,q,高峰时段起始时间为Tstart,g。通过对比EV返程时刻t0和IES中弃风时段和高峰时段来确定EV的充电开始时刻Tstart,c和放电开始时刻Tstart,d。当t0(i)<Tstart,q时,充电时刻就是往返时刻即Tstart,c=t0;而当Tstart,q≤t0(i)Tstart,g时,则放电时刻即为IES高峰的起始时刻即Tstart,d=Tstart,g;当t0(i)>Tstart,g时,则放电时刻即为用户返程时刻即Tstart,d=t0
同时,本文所提策略也需要保证电动汽车放电程度不能超过其最大放电深度,并且也不会影响用户日常出行,即电动汽车最大放电量取二者最小值:
Cdis(i)=min[(SevmaxSevmin)Cevs(i)w,γCev]
式中:SevmaxSevmin为电动汽车荷电状态的上、下限;Cev为电动汽车电池电量;s(i)为第i辆电动汽车日出行路程;w为电动汽车每公里的耗电量;γ为最大放电深度。
通过对EV充放电起始时刻以及最大放电量来确定每辆EV的充电时长Tc和放电时长Td以及t时刻电动汽车总的有序充放电负荷Pev(t)。其公式为:
{Pev,c(t)=i=1NTstart,cTend,cPcPev,d(t)=i=1NTstart,dTend,dPd
式中:N为电动汽车总数量;PcPd分别为每辆EV每小时的充、放电功率。EV充放电策略如图3所示。
传统的碳交易机制的基本原理是:政府有偿或无偿给予电厂一定的碳配额,其值由上年机组碳排放量确定,通过对碳配额赋予可自由交易的“商品”属性,来约束电厂进行减排。成功减排的电厂可以将多余配额进行出售已达到盈利的目的,而电厂超出给与的碳配额的时候则需要额外购买配额,但由于其碳价固定,限制了碳减排的作用。
而本文所提的阶梯碳交易则是在传统碳交易机制的基础上,采用阶梯型碳价机制,将碳排放权区间进行划分,随着电厂对配额出售或者购买需求增加,所获得的收益和碳排放成本也将进一步提高,以此来进一步约束电厂碳排放和激励电厂进行减排。
对于电厂初始碳配额分配,采用无偿分配,利用基准法以行业整体碳排放强度来确定电厂的无偿配额[23]。本文中具有碳排放配额的机组有燃气机组和燃煤机组,其计算公式为:
Wquota,t=Y(Pchp,t+PG,t)
式中:Wquota,tt时刻分配给IES的碳排放配额;Y为机组单位电量碳排放分配额,取区域电力边际排放系数和容量边际系数的加权平均值0.648[24]
对于本文来说系统净排放量等于燃煤机组与燃气机组总的碳排量减去碳捕集设备吸收CO2量,其具体公式为:
WJ,t=ε1PG,t+ε2Pchp,tWinCO2,t
式中:WJ,tt时刻系统净碳排放量;ε1ε2分别为单位功率燃煤机组与燃气机组所释放的CO2排放量。
根据求得的碳排放配额和净碳排放量,即可求得实际参与到阶梯碳交易机制的碳排放权WIES
WIES,t=WJ,tWquota,t
将碳排放权分成多个碳排放区间,同时在阶梯碳交易机制中引入补偿系数δ和价格增长率θ将加大减排的奖励力度和多排的惩罚力度。因此,本文考虑的阶梯碳交易机制模型下与传统的统一型碳交易相比,阶梯碳交易有着更为严格的约束,阶梯式碳交易成本计算模型为:
fCO2,t={χ(2+3δ)L+χ(1+3δ)(WIES+2L),WIES2Lχ(1+δ)L+χ(1+2δ)(WIES+L),2LWIESLχ(1+δ)WIES,     LWIES0χWIES,   0WIESLχL+χ(1+θ)(WIESL),LWIES2Lχ(2+θ)L+χ(1+2θ)(WIES2L),2LWIES
式中:fCO2,t为碳交易成本;x为碳交易基价,取215元/t;L为碳排放区间长度,取500 kg;δ为补偿系数,取0.25;θ为价格增长率,取25%。
本文以系统综合运行成本最低为目标函数,同时考虑各机组出力约束以兼顾环境效益,来构建低碳经济调度模型,其目标函数为:
min(F)=FG+Fcur+FCO2+Ffeng+Fbuy+Fcost
式中:FG为燃煤机组运行成本;Fcur为弃风成本;FCO2为碳交易成本;Ffeng为碳封存成本;Fbuy为购气成本;Fcost为电动汽车放电补贴成本。
1)燃煤机组运行成本FG
燃煤机组运行成本包括火电机组总的煤耗成本fm和启停成本fq
FG={fm=t=1TUt(aPG2(t)+bPG(t)+c)fq=t=1TUt(1Ut1)Q
式中:Ut为燃煤机组在t时刻的启停变量,1代表火电机组处于运行状态,0代表火电机组处于关闭状态;abc均为燃煤机组的煤耗成本系数;T为一个调度周期;N为燃煤机组台数。
2)弃风成本Fcur
Fcur=t=1TccurPWcur,t
式中:ccur为弃风惩罚系数;PWcur,tt时刻的弃风量。
3)碳交易成本FCO2
FCO2=t=1TfCO2,t
4)碳封存成本Ffeng
Ffeng=ct=1TWstorage,t
式中:c为单位CO2质量所需要的成本系数。
5)购气成本Fbuy
Fbuy=cbuyt=1TWbuy,t
式中:cbuy为天然气单价。
6)EV放电补贴成本Fcost
Fcost=|cevt=1TPevd,t|
式中:cev为单位放电功率所需要的补贴成本。
1)电功率平衡约束
PG,t+PW,t+Pchp,t+Pevd,t=Pload,t+Pp2g,t+PCCS,t+Pevc,t
式中:Pw,tt时刻风电机组实际出力;Pload,tt时刻系统基础负荷。
2)风电处理约束
{PW,t+PWcur,t=PWpre,t0PW,tPWpre,t0PWcur,tPWpre,t
式中:PWpre,tt时刻风电预测出力。
3)燃煤机组出力约束
{PGminPG,tPGmaxΔPGdownPG,tPG,t1ΔPGup
式中:PGmaxPGmin分别为为燃煤机组出力的上、下限;ΔPGupΔPGdown分别为燃煤机组向上、向下爬坡率的上下限。
4)燃气机组出力约束
{PchpminPchp,tPchpmaxΔPchpdownPchp,tPchp,t1Pchpup
式中:PchpmaxPchpmin分别为燃气机组出力上、下限;ΔPchpupΔPchpdown分别为燃气机组向上、向下爬坡率的上下限。
5)P2G设备出力约束
Pp2gminPp2g,tPp2gmax
式中:Pp2gmaxPp2gmin分别为P2G设备出力的上、下限。
6)碳捕集设备约束
{VFUminVFU,tVFUmaxVPINminVPIN,tVPINmax
式中:VFUmaxVFUmin分别为富液设备容量的上、下限;VPINmaxVPINmin分别为贫液设备的上、下限。储液设备在一个运行周期结束后容量不变,其公式为:
{t=1T(vPINin,tvPINout,t)=0t=1T(vFUin,tvFUout,t)=0
本文微电网系统中包含1个2 000 kW微型风电场、1台加装碳捕集设备的燃煤机组[25]、1台燃气机组、1台P2G设备、20辆EV。本文负荷及风电采用某地区微电网实测数据如图4所示,系统设备其他参数见表1
本文所建立的CCPP-P2G耦合模型和V2G的低碳经济调度模型为非线性模型,因此需要将其转化为线性模型来进行求解。借鉴文献[15]的方法将其转化为混合整数线性模型并使用MATLAB采用YALMIP构建模型,调用GUROBI求解器进行求解。而EV充放电负荷则通过蒙特卡洛模拟法来确定。
为验证CCPP-P2G的经济性、低碳性以及储液罐对于CCPP“能量时移”的作用,现设置以下3种场景:场景1,不考虑CCPP与P2G作用的IES运行调度;场景2,考虑CCPP与P2G但不含储液罐的IES运行调度;场景3,考虑CCPP-P2G的耦合(含储液罐)的IES运行调度。3种场景均考虑阶梯式碳交易。表2给出了3种场景的优化调度结果。
表2可以看出,场景2相较于场景1来说总成本下降了27.91%,弃风成本减少了3 493元,碳排量降低了3.39 t,但煤耗成本却增加了633元。这是由于相较于常规电厂,CCPP加装了碳捕集设备来捕集火电机组所排放的CO2,并售卖多余的碳配额来进行获利使得总调度成本下降。但CCPP额外需要承担碳捕集的运行能耗,并且相较于场景1多了P2G进行甲烷化过程,因此所需要的电能也相应增加,提高了燃煤机组的出力以及风电的消纳;从碳交易成本来看,场景3相较于场景1由于阶梯碳价的影响,碳排放成本增加了15.85%,而碳捕集电厂与P2G耦合减少了碳排放量,所以出售碳配额收益增加了71.18%,因此总体碳交易收益增加1 768元。场景3在场景2的基础上加装了储液罐,从系统碳排放量上看,相较于场景2碳排放量增加了0.94 t,弃风成本减少了40元,碳封存成本增加了106元,综合成本却降低了166元。这是由于CCPP-P2G的耦合使得碳捕集电厂与风电场给予碳捕集设备和P2G设备的能耗增加,碳配额出售相应的增加,且大于碳排放成本的增加,所以碳交易的收益增加了85元。
因此CCPP-P2G的耦合虽然会增加碳捕集设备以及P2G设备的能耗以至于使燃煤机组的出力大大提高,但其能够实现CO2的循环利用并减少了向外界购气,同时也提高了本文所提模型的经济效益且具有良好的消纳效果。
P2G运行功率不仅受其原料因素制约外,还受其容量因素制约进而影响对于风电的消纳情况。假设在免除原料因素制约的条件下,通过选用400、500、600、700、800、900 kW的P2G设备来分析其对于弃风率和碳排放的影响。
不同功率的P2G设备与系统弃风情况和碳排放量的对比如图5所示。由图5可以看出,随着P2G的容量的增大,弃风率随之降低,碳排放量逐渐升高。在700 kW到800 kW时,弃风率与碳排量分别缓慢降低、增加,随着容量到达800 kW往后时弃风率为0,系统已经无多余风电供给P2G设备,使得燃煤机组加大发力,碳排放量开始迅速增加。
为验证本文所提调度策略的有效性,分以下2种场景进行对比:场景4,在场景3基础上接入蒙特卡洛无序充电负荷;场景5,在场景3基础上接入本文所提策略的充放电负荷。无序充电负荷以及有序充放电负荷如图6所示,不同场景下的总负荷功率如图7所示,EV在无序充电和有序充放电策略下的仿真结果对比见表3
图6可以看出,上层IES弃风时段主要集中在凌晨02:00到06:00,高峰时段主要集中在17:00—22:00。结合表3可以看出,系统在无序充电接入下,由于其充电集中在高峰时段,此时风电场已无多余风电提供,燃煤机组和燃气机组加大出力,造成了“峰上加峰”的现象,并且碳排放量增加了0.21 t。而本文所提的充放电策略虽然放电损耗成本增加了129元,但总调度成本相较于场景3却降低了152元。这是由于V2G在弃风时段接入大量便宜风电进行充电,到高峰时段代替部分燃煤机组发电,实现了系统的“能量时移”。同时弃风成本与碳排量分别降低138元与0.87 t,验证了本文所提低碳与风电消纳最大化的经济调度模型的有效性。此外,通过图7可以看出,随着有序充放电的电动汽车负荷接入,在凌晨时段的弃风被加以利用增大了用电负荷以至于减小了负荷峰谷差。
为验证阶梯碳交易的有效性,现设置以下3种场景进行对比:场景6,不考虑碳交易机制;场景7,考虑统一型碳交易机制;场景8,考虑本文所提的阶梯碳交易机制。图8为不同碳交易机制下各场景成本对比,图9图10分别为场景7、场景8下不同基价的总成本与碳排放。
经过计算,得到不同场景下系统碳排放量分别为17.65、16.82、14.88 t。通过图8可以看出:场景7相较于场景6总成本下降了675元,碳排放量下降了0.83 t;场景8相较于场景7总成本下降了336元,碳排放量下降了1.94 t。由此可以看出阶梯碳交易机制的碳排放量的约束能力以及经济性高于统一型碳交易。
由于场景6不含碳交易成本,在调度过程中会优先使用便宜火电来使综合成本达到最低,因此其碳排放量远远高于其他场景;场景7采用统一型碳交易虽然相较于场景6总成本与碳排放量都有下降,但固定碳价限制了碳减排的作用;而场景8采用阶梯式碳交易,虽然其碳排放成本相较于场景7增加了16.84%。但随着碳排量的提高,碳价呈现阶梯式增长,系统调整更多低碳的燃气机组来代替高碳排的燃煤机组出力,实现了系统的低碳运行。从而将多余的碳配额进行售卖,获得的收益相较于场景7增加了28.0%,并且售卖配额所获得的利益高于采用阶梯碳价增加的成本。因此,在碳交易机制下,本文所提的策略在约束碳排放的同时兼顾了系统的经济效益。
此外,通过图9图10可知在不同基价下统一型碳交易与阶梯碳交易对系统碳排放量与总成本的影响。从碳排放量上可以看出,随着基价的升高,通过售出单位碳排放权配额价格增加,因此通过降低碳排放量来获取收益增加,直至基价在180元后趋于稳定。而统一型碳交易在基价220元时碳排放量才趋于稳定。
因此阶梯碳交易相对于统一型碳交易有更为严格的碳排放约束。从系统成本而言,在不同基价下,阶梯碳交易总成本都比统一型碳交易低。在基价为300元时,阶梯碳交易总成本降至18 090元,而统一型碳交易为18 650元。可以看出阶梯碳交易对于含CCPP与P2G耦合的系统有更好的经济性。
本文提出了基于阶梯碳交易的CCPP-P2G耦合和V2G的虚拟电厂低碳经济调度模型,将储液罐作为CO2“缓冲站”来耦合CCPP与P2G,在此基础上引入V2G来进行系统的能量时移来提升风电上网率,并引入阶梯碳交易机制来约束VPP系统低碳排放。通过设置不同场景进行分析得出以下结论。
1)相较于传统燃煤机组,CCPP通过捕集CO2作为原料供给给P2G设备,既能降低系统整体的碳排量又能给系统带来收益,并且由于其改变净出力的下限,从而提高了风电消纳的能力。
2)通过采用储液罐作为CO2“缓冲站”来连接CCPP与P2G设备,实现了CO2的循环利用,减少了购气成本,使得系统综合成本下降并降低了弃风量,电力系统的灵活性得到了进一步提升。
3)通过对IES接入EV,在弃风时段接入大量便宜风电进行充电,到高峰时段代替部分燃煤机组发电,实现了系统的“能量时移”。具有良好低碳经济效益的同时实现了风电消纳的最大化。
4)相较于阶梯型碳交易,统一型碳交易结合碳捕集虽然也能减少碳排量与系统成本,但其统一碳价并不能很好调度系统各机组的出力。阶梯碳交易引入阶梯式碳价,与碳捕集结合后进一步地挖掘了系统的低碳特性同时也兼顾了系统的经济效益。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(61703144)
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2024年第53卷第8期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202401008
  • 接收时间:2024-01-11
  • 首发时间:2026-01-07
  • 出版时间:2024-08-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-11
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(61703144)
国家自然科学基金项目(61703144)
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    1.河南理工大学电气工程与自动化学院,河南 焦作 454150
    2.河南省煤矿装备智能检测与控制重点实验室,河南 焦作 454003
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
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