Article(id=1215701011025547895, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1215701006780908352, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202403083, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1710172800000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-12, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1767775307660, onlineDateStr=2026-01-07, pubDate=1724515200000, pubDateStr=2024-08-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1767775307660, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1767775307660, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767775307660, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1215701006780908352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2024', volume='53', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='162', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1767775306649, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767839655334, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1215970904794906790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1215701006780908352, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1215970904794906791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1215701006780908352, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=152, endPage=162, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1215701011264623231, articleId=1215701011025547895, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Deep peak shaving method of electrolytic aluminum load cooperating with thermal power and energy storage system based on Wasserstein distance distribution robust, columnId=1215701010807444080, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Application scenarios of grid-forming energy storage technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The large-scale integration of wind power into grid makes it difficult to sustain the peak regulation resources of the existing system, and the wind power consumption is hindered. Therefore, considering the uncertainty of wind power output and electricity price, it proposes a distribution robust optimization method for deep peak regulation of electrolytic aluminum load cooperating with thermal power and energy storage system based on Wasserstein distance. Firstly, combined with the load characteristics of electrolytic aluminum, considering the optimization of deep peak regulation capacity of the energy storage auxiliary thermal power units, an electric power system optimization framework for deep peak shaving of the electrolytic aluminum load and thermal power-energy storage system is established. Secondly, drawing on the idea of the robust model of Wasserstein distance distribution, the Wasserstein fuzzy set constraint of the purchase and sale price of the upper power grid and the output of renewable energy is constructed, and the distribution robust optimization model for deep peak regulation of the electrolytic aluminum load and thermal power-energy storage system is designed. Finally, simulation is performed to verify that the proposed method can effectively improve the peak regulation pressure, reduce the operating cost of the system, and promote the consumption of wind power. The economics and robustness of the method are verified by comparative analysis.

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大规模的风电并网致使现有系统调峰资源难以为继,风电消纳受阻。为此,文中综合考虑风电出力与电价的不确定性,提出一种基于Wasserstein距离的电解铝负荷协同火储深度调峰分布鲁棒优化方法。首先,结合电解铝的负荷特性,计及储能辅助火电机组优化深度调峰容量,建立了电解铝负荷协同火储深度调峰的电力系统优化框架;其次,借鉴Wasserstein距离的分布鲁棒模型的思想,构建了上级电网购售电价与可再生能源出力的Wasserstein模糊集约束,设计了电解铝负荷协同火储深度调峰的分布鲁棒优化模型;最后,通过仿真分析验证了所提方法可有效降低系统运行成本,改善系统调峰压力,促进风电消纳,通过对比分析验证了其方法的经济性和鲁棒性。

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王海云(1973),女,教授,博士生导师,主要研究方向为可再生能源发电与并网技术研究,
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刘昕明(1995),男,硕士研究生,主要研究为电力系统及其自动化,

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刘昕明(1995),男,硕士研究生,主要研究为电力系统及其自动化,

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刘昕明(1995),男,硕士研究生,主要研究为电力系统及其自动化,

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Equipment Information of Aluminum Electrolysis Plant

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设备名称出力范围/MW爬坡范围/MW产量要求/t
电解铝厂1[-15%,+10%][-40,40]350
电解铝厂2[-15%,+10%][-40,40]420
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电解铝厂的设备信息

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设备名称出力范围/MW爬坡范围/MW产量要求/t
电解铝厂1[-15%,+10%][-40,40]350
电解铝厂2[-15%,+10%][-40,40]420
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The optimization results in different scenarios

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场景购售
电成本
火电总发电成本深度调峰补偿储能使用成本弃风成本系统
总成本
1166.22696.3554.002.270810.83
2149.46678.3768.200759.62
3128.71668.6854.001.980745.38
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不同场景下优化运行结果对比

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场景购售
电成本
火电总发电成本深度调峰补偿储能使用成本弃风成本系统
总成本
1166.22696.3554.002.270810.83
2149.46678.3768.200759.62
3128.71668.6854.001.980745.38
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Comparative analysis of uncertain parameters

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球半径置信度/%购售电成本/元总运行成本/元
0.0165950 407.389 96 906 489.121 2
751 287 122.042 07 453 779.280 9
851 870 039.253 68 355 335.905 9
0.05651 293 370.010 37 481 168.235 3
751 296 077.567 17 485 661.913 0
851 854 524.990 78 302 120.291 3
0.50651 305 578.902 97 511 524.031 1
751 343 907.688 87 559 202.092 7
851 872 630.104 68 380 440.707 8
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不确定参数对比分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
球半径置信度/%购售电成本/元总运行成本/元
0.0165950 407.389 96 906 489.121 2
751 287 122.042 07 453 779.280 9
851 870 039.253 68 355 335.905 9
0.05651 293 370.010 37 481 168.235 3
751 296 077.567 17 485 661.913 0
851 854 524.990 78 302 120.291 3
0.50651 305 578.902 97 511 524.031 1
751 343 907.688 87 559 202.092 7
851 872 630.104 68 380 440.707 8
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Calculation time of each algorithm with different sample sizes

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Nbuy=NsellSAARO-SAA本文方法DRO-MIP
55.364 25.865 26.352 117.254 2
105.985 25.142 56.874 518.024 5
205.675 25.874 27.254 229.451 2
305.684 55.632 57.244 536.578 1
504.952 35.698 77.457 249.124 7
1005.145 35.875 47.564 261.245 1
2005.645 05.415 27.764 488.574 2
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不同样本数量下各算法的计算时间情况

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Nbuy=NsellSAARO-SAA本文方法DRO-MIP
55.364 25.865 26.352 117.254 2
105.985 25.142 56.874 518.024 5
205.675 25.874 27.254 229.451 2
305.684 55.632 57.244 536.578 1
504.952 35.698 77.457 249.124 7
1005.145 35.875 47.564 261.245 1
2005.645 05.415 27.764 488.574 2
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基于Wasserstein距离分布鲁棒的电解铝负荷协同火储深度调峰方法研究
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刘昕明 , 王海云
热力发电 | 构网型储能应用场景研究 2024,53(8): 152-162
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热力发电 | 构网型储能应用场景研究 2024, 53(8): 152-162
基于Wasserstein距离分布鲁棒的电解铝负荷协同火储深度调峰方法研究
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刘昕明 , 王海云
作者信息
  • 新疆大学电气工程学院可再生能源发电与并网控制教育部工程研究中心,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830017
  • 刘昕明(1995),男,硕士研究生,主要研究为电力系统及其自动化,

通讯作者:

王海云(1973),女,教授,博士生导师,主要研究方向为可再生能源发电与并网技术研究,
Deep peak shaving method of electrolytic aluminum load cooperating with thermal power and energy storage system based on Wasserstein distance distribution robust
Xinming LIU , Haiyun WANG
Affiliations
  • Engineering Research Center of Education Ministry for Renewable Energy Power Generation and Grid Connection, College of Electrical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China
出版时间: 2024-08-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202403083
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大规模的风电并网致使现有系统调峰资源难以为继,风电消纳受阻。为此,文中综合考虑风电出力与电价的不确定性,提出一种基于Wasserstein距离的电解铝负荷协同火储深度调峰分布鲁棒优化方法。首先,结合电解铝的负荷特性,计及储能辅助火电机组优化深度调峰容量,建立了电解铝负荷协同火储深度调峰的电力系统优化框架;其次,借鉴Wasserstein距离的分布鲁棒模型的思想,构建了上级电网购售电价与可再生能源出力的Wasserstein模糊集约束,设计了电解铝负荷协同火储深度调峰的分布鲁棒优化模型;最后,通过仿真分析验证了所提方法可有效降低系统运行成本,改善系统调峰压力,促进风电消纳,通过对比分析验证了其方法的经济性和鲁棒性。

Wasserstein距离  /  电解铝负荷  /  深度调峰  /  分布鲁棒  /  不确定性

The large-scale integration of wind power into grid makes it difficult to sustain the peak regulation resources of the existing system, and the wind power consumption is hindered. Therefore, considering the uncertainty of wind power output and electricity price, it proposes a distribution robust optimization method for deep peak regulation of electrolytic aluminum load cooperating with thermal power and energy storage system based on Wasserstein distance. Firstly, combined with the load characteristics of electrolytic aluminum, considering the optimization of deep peak regulation capacity of the energy storage auxiliary thermal power units, an electric power system optimization framework for deep peak shaving of the electrolytic aluminum load and thermal power-energy storage system is established. Secondly, drawing on the idea of the robust model of Wasserstein distance distribution, the Wasserstein fuzzy set constraint of the purchase and sale price of the upper power grid and the output of renewable energy is constructed, and the distribution robust optimization model for deep peak regulation of the electrolytic aluminum load and thermal power-energy storage system is designed. Finally, simulation is performed to verify that the proposed method can effectively improve the peak regulation pressure, reduce the operating cost of the system, and promote the consumption of wind power. The economics and robustness of the method are verified by comparative analysis.

Wasserstein distance  /  electrolytic aluminum load  /  deep peak shaving  /  robust distribution  /  uncertainty
刘昕明, 王海云. 基于Wasserstein距离分布鲁棒的电解铝负荷协同火储深度调峰方法研究. 热力发电, 2024 , 53 (8) : 152 -162 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202403083
Xinming LIU, Haiyun WANG. Deep peak shaving method of electrolytic aluminum load cooperating with thermal power and energy storage system based on Wasserstein distance distribution robust[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2024 , 53 (8) : 152 -162 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202403083
随着全球对新能源的重视度日益提高,风电等清洁能源在能源结构中的比重不断上升[1]。然而,风电出力的间歇性、反调峰特性对电力系统的稳定运行带来了严峻挑战,电网峰谷差等问题也愈发突出[2]。储能系统与火电机组的协同调峰已成为当前应对这类挑战的研究热点[3]。同时,大型工业企业可调度的柔性负荷也成为调节电网峰谷差的重要资源[4]
在当前的学术领域,诸多学者已针对不同类型柔性负荷参与调度的作用和负荷对电价响应参与系统调节等多个方面展开了深入的研究[5-6],然而企业用户的调峰能力有待更加深入挖掘[7]。值得注意的是,已有很多专家学者关注电解铝等高载能企业负荷有响应容量大,易于调节的调度潜力[8]。同时,电网侧通过价格型机制引导企业侧自主调节出力,从而企业获得一些经济补偿或者电价优惠[9],或者,通过由综合能源供应商承担区域综合能源系统的能源供应及运营,实现能源的高效利用[10]
在优化调度过程中存在不确定因素的影响,如新能源出力[11]、上级电网电价[12]等不确定因素,但同时考虑可再生能源与电价不确定性相对较少。文献[13]考虑源荷不确定性,构建基于矩的模糊集合,考虑模糊集合内的“最坏情况”分布,以最小化系统建设、维护和运行成本同时减少碳排放为目标函数的多目标分布鲁棒优化模型。文献[14]采用笛卡尔积组合后的典型场景集描述风电出力、市场电价等多种不确定性,采用条件风险价值衡量不确定性导致的市场风险,价格接受者角度提出了水电联合风电参与现货市场的竞价模型。文献[15]针对源-荷不确定性构造基于Wasserstein距离的概率分布模糊集,并考虑极限场景修正该模糊集提高模糊集的鲁棒性,建立分布鲁棒优化调度模型,验证了考虑极限场景的分布鲁棒优化方法具有较强的鲁棒性。文献[16]采用机会约束与鲁棒优化方法处理风光与电价的不确定性,基于纳什谈判理论建立了多微网电能合作运行优化模型,提出了考虑电价不确定性和博弈欺诈行为的多微网电能合作运行优化策略,有效提高了各主体的运行效益和应对不确定风险的能力。当获得大量可靠的数据或概率模型时,随机优化(SO)是一种可行的选择,SO需获取真实概率分布,但概率分布难以准确预知,应用成效有限[17]。鲁棒优化(RO)不需要真实概率分布,数据获取简单准确[18],但结果过于保守。而分布鲁棒优化(DRO)融合SO和RO的优缺点,考虑不确定参数对决策变量的影响,降低保守性[19-20]
本文将综合考虑风电出力与电价不确定性,采用Wasserstein距离分布鲁棒的方法分析不确定性,结合电解铝负荷的可调节特性及火储系统参与深度调峰,提出一种基于Wasserstein距离分布鲁棒的电解铝负荷协同火储深度调峰优化方法,建立以系统运行总成本最低为目标函数的电解铝负荷协同火储深度调峰的分布鲁棒模型,通过对比分析不同情景的优化结果,验证所提模型的经济性,对比分析不同方法的优化结果,验证所提方法的鲁棒性。
本文建立含高比例可再生的区域电力系统,其主要由上级电网、火电机组、风电机组、电解铝厂、电储能设备5部分构成,具体如图1所示。
上级电网作为一个理想系统有充足的能量供给以支撑配电系统交易运行。风电机组的输出功率受自然条件等因素的影响,具有随机性、波动性、间歇性,其发电量占比大于30%。火电机组的输出功率可在一定范围内进行灵活调节满足系统的调峰需求。电解铝厂作为柔性负荷参与调度,具有响应容量大,调节速度快的特点,对系统调节压力有很大的缓冲作用。电储能设备可以根据系统的需求对电量进行存储和释放,削峰填谷,具有较高灵活性。
协同深度调峰框架示意如图2所示。图2中:PG,i,max为机组出力上限;PG,i,min为常规出力下限,其值为出力上限的50%;PG,i,aPG,i,b分别为不投油、投油深度调峰出力最小值,分别取出力上限的40%、30%。图2中所需满足的功率平衡关系为:
PG,t+PW,t=Pload,t+Pch,tPdis,t+PAl,t
式中:PG,t为火电机组总出力;PW,t为风电出力;Pload,t为基础负荷;Pch,tPdis,t为储能充电放电功率;PAl,t为电解铝负荷。
通过分析可得,当风电呈现反调峰特性时,净负荷峰谷差增大,当火电机组调峰能力不足以承担低负荷时,电解铝负荷参与调度,降低负荷峰谷差,减低系统的调峰压力,同时结合火电侧配置相应的储能容量能够优化深度调峰容量[21],进一步减小系统净负荷的峰谷差,降低火电机组的调峰压力。
电解铝负荷具有容量大、响应快的特点,在生产过程中,用电成本在产品总值中占比很大,若是在一定时间范围内提高或降低一定的负荷,只会对产量造成影响,不会影响产品质量,调节范围在额定容量的85%~110%可以参与需求响应[22]。电解铝负荷模型如式(2)—式(5)所示。
1)调节功率约束
Pload,min,jPload,j,tPload,max,j
式中:Pload,max,jPload,min,j分别为第i个电解铝厂保运行功率上、下限;Pload,j,t为当前实际运行功率。
2)爬坡约束
Rload,downPload,j,tPload,j,t1Rload,up
式中:Rload,upRload,down分别为上爬坡、下爬坡的最大值。
3)调节时间约束
由于铝电解过程中频繁调节,会影响产品的质量,因而需对其调节时间进行限制,约束如下:
{MZj,tPload,j,tPload,j,t1MZj,ttt+Tj,on(1Zj,t)Tj,on1t[1,TTj,on+1]
式中:Zj,t为时刻t电解铝厂j的调节状态,为0-1变量(0表示不调节,1表示调节);Tj,on为负荷调节最小维持时长;M为数值较大的常数。
4)产量约束
t=1Tj=1JPload,j,tΔtkEN
式中:k为能耗系数;EN为产量要求;J为电解铝厂数量。
火电机组的调峰过程分为常规调峰、不投油深度调峰和投油深度调峰3个阶段[23-24],其调峰全过程成本阶段表示如下。
常规调峰阶段,火电机组运行成本为:
fcoal=ai(PG,i,t)2+biPG,i,t+ci
式中:PG,i,t为第i台火电机组在时刻t的有功出力;aibici为煤耗系数。
深度调峰阶段,火电机组会存在寿命损耗,其寿命损耗成本为:
fabr=βSunit/(2Nf(PG,i,t))
式中:β为运行系数;Nf(PG,i,t)为转子致裂循环次数;Sunit为购机成本,取3 464元/kW。
处于投油深度调峰阶段时,需要投入助燃油,其投油成本为:
foil=γoilQt,oil
式中:γoil为油耗系数;Qt,oil为油耗量,取为4.8 t/h。
综上,火电机组参与调峰过程全运行成本为:
fg,i,t={fcoal,                    PG,i,minPG,i,tPG,i,maxfcoal+fabr,          PG,i,aPG,i,tPG,i,minfcoal+fabr+foil ,PG,i,bPG,i,tPG,i,a 
式中:PG,i,max为机组出力上限;PG,i,min常规出力下限,其值为出力上限的50%;PG,i,aPG,i,b分别为不投油、投油深度调峰出力最小值,分别取出力上限的40%、30%。
由文献[24]引入状态变量,具体如式(10)所示:
fg,i,t=(Li,t+Mi,t+Ki,t)fcoal+    (Mi,t+Ki,t)fabr+Ki,tfoil
式中:Li,t为基本调峰的0-1变量;Mi,tKi,t分别为不投油、投油深度调峰的0-1变量;常规机组中,Li,t的值恒为1。
火电机组调峰时可能会存在机组启停,其启停操作存在损耗,火电机组的启停调峰成本模型为:
hg,i,t=vg,i,t×(1vg,i,t1)×Dg,i,on+vg,i,t1×(1vg,i,t)×Dg,i,offvg,i,t=Li,t+Mi,t+Ki,t
式中:hg,i,t为第i台机组时刻t的启停成本;Dg,i,onDg,i,off分别为机组启动、机组停机的成本系数;vg,i,t为第i台机组时刻t的启停状态,为0-1变量。
储能系统的荷电状态和充放电功率约束如下:
{Se,1=Se,0+ηechPech,1Pedis,1/ηedisSe,2:24=Se,1:23+ηechPech,2:24Pedis,2:24/ηedisSe,24=Se,0Se,minSe,tSe,max0Pech,tμchPech,max0Pedis,tμdisPedis,maxμch+μdis1
式中:Se,t为时刻t的储电容量;ηechηedis分别为储能充放电效率;Pech,tPedis,t分别为时刻t的充放电功率;μchμdis为充放电状态;Se,maxSe,min分别为储电容量上、下限;Pech,maxPedis,max分别为充、放电功率上限。
考虑电网购售电价和风电出力的不确定性对系统的影响,基于Wasserstein距离分布鲁棒的原理,构建上级电网购售电价与风电出力的Wasserstein模糊集约束,为后续电功率平衡处理和目标函数模型转换奠定基础。
采用基于Wasserstein距离的分布鲁棒方法处理不确定性变量,该方法是通过Wasserstein距离衡量真实概率分布与经验分布的距离,从而构建概率分布的不确定集合[25]
Wasserstein距离定义为:
dW(PN,P)=minΦΞ2θξΦ(dθ,dξ)
式中:PN为经验分布,本文将不确定变量N组样本数据{θ1,θ2,…,θN}的均匀分布作为PNP为真实概率分布;θξ分别为服从PNP分布的随机变量;Фθξ的联合概率分布;Ξ为随机变量支撑集。
基于Wasserstein距离构建1个不确定性变量的模糊集,即不确定性集合:
Bε(PN)={P:P(ξΞ)=1}{P:dw(PN,P)ε}
式中:ε为Wasserstein球的半径,即概率分布空间球体的半径。该模糊集是1个以PN为中心,以ε为半径概率分布空间的球体,随机变量以较高置信水平包含在这个球体内。其中,Wasserstein球半径和置信水平之间的关系为:
{P{dw(PN,P)ε}ρ=1exp(Nε22H2)ε=H2Nln(11ρ)H=minη0212η[1+ln(1Nm=1Neηθmμ12)]
式中:ρ为置信水平;Ηη为辅助变量;θmμ12为样本θm与样本均值μ间的l1范数平方。
基于上述理论,可以建立上级电网电价预测值的Wasserstein模糊集约束:
{dW(p^buy,t,p˜buy,t)=minΦbΞ2θbξb1Φb(dθb,dξb)                          κbP{dW(p^buy,t,p˜buy,t)κb}ρb
{dW(p^sell,t,p˜sell,t)=minΦsΞ2θsξs1Φs(dθs,dξs)                          κsP{dW(p^sell,t,p˜sell,t)κs}ρs
式中:p^buy,tp^sell,t分别为上级电网购、售电电价样本的概率分布;p˜buy,tp˜sell,t分别为上级电网购、售电电价预测值的恶劣概率分布;κbκs分别为上级电网购、售电价Wasserstein球的半径;ρbρs分别为上级电网购、售电价的置信水平。
基于上述理论,可以建立风电出力预测值的Wasserstein模糊集约束:
{dW(P^re,t,P˜re,t)=minΦreΞ2θreξre1Φre(dθre,dξre)                          κreP{dW(P^re,t,P˜re,t)κre}ρre
式中:P^re,tP˜re,t分别为风电出力样本的概率分布、出力预测值的恶劣概率分布;κre为Wasserstein球的半径;ρre为置信水平。
本文以系统运行总成本最小为目标函数,包含火电机组运行成本、启停成本、购售电成本、储能充放电成本,深度补偿收益,弃风惩罚成本。模型表示为:
f1=t=1T(fg,i,t+hg,i,t)+t=1Tfs,t+βt=1TPrew,c,t+   t=1TCg,i,t,peaktT(p˜sell,tPsell,tp˜buy,tPbuy,t)fs,t=e(Pech,t+Pedis,t)t=1TPrew,c,t=t=1TP¯w,bound,tt=1TPrew,g,t
式中:fg,i,t为火电机组i的运行成本;hg,i,t为机组i的启停成本;fs,t为储能运行成本;∂e为储能成本系数;Prew,c,t为弃风电量;Prew,g,t为实际风电上网功率;β为弃风惩罚成本;P¯w,bound,t为风电最恶劣下界值的下限变量;Cg,i,t,peak为深度调峰机组的补偿收益,可表示为:
Cg,i,t,peak=Mi,tγg,M,peakPG,i,t+Ki,tγg,K,peakPG,i,t
式中:γg,M,peakγg,K,peak分别为不投油、投油深度调峰的补偿成本系数。
1)常规火电机组的出力上下限约束
PG,i,minPG,i,tPG,i,max
式中:PG,i,maxPG,i,min分别为第i台火电机组出力的上、下限。
2)火电机组的其他相关约束约束
PR,down,G,iPG,i,tPG,i,t1PR,up,G,i
0Li,t+Mi,t+Ki,t1
PG,i,tLi,tPG,i,max+Mi,tPG,i,min+Ki,tPG,i,aPG,i,tLi,tPG,i,min+Mi,tPG,i,a+Ki,tPG,i,b
(vg,i,t1vg,i,t)(Ton,i,t1Ton,i)0(vg,i,tvg,i,t1)(Toff,i,t1Toff,i)0
式中:PR,up,G,iPR,down,G,i分别为火电机组i的上爬坡、下爬坡的最大值;Ton,iToff,i分别为火电机组i的最小连续启、停时间;Ton,i,t-1Toff,i,t-1分别为火电机组i的持续启、停时间。
3)与外电网交互约束
系统与外电网进行电能交互,其模型如下:
{0Psell,tμsellPsell,grid,max0Pbuy,tμbuyPbuy,grid,maxμbuy+μsell1
式中:Pbuy,tPsell,t分别为系统向外电网的购电量与售电量;Pbuy,grid,maxPsell,grid,max为系统向外电网购、售电的上限;μbuyμsell分别为购、售电的状态位。
4)电功率平衡约束
为了处理随机风电出力的不确定性,用以下机会约束式表示:
infPNw[P1oad,ti=1NGPG,i,t+Pech,tPedis,t+Psell,tPbuy,t+P1oad,1,t+P1oad,2,tP˜w,abound,t]ρre
式中:Pload,t为系统电负荷;P˜w,abound,t为风电出力最恶劣下界值;Pload,1,tPload,2,t分别为电解铝厂1、电解铝厂2的电功率。
基于上述小节的分布鲁棒Wasserstein距离约束以及源荷协调优化模型,将机会约束的电功率平衡约束以及该源荷协调优化模型进行等效处理,构建分布鲁棒的功率平衡约束及源荷协调深度调峰分布鲁棒模型。
风电出力的机会约束(式(27))可直接DRO方法转换为可直接计算的形式[26]。然而,随着历史样本数量的增加,这种直接方法会带来沉重的计算负担,故需要进行简化计算以提高计算效率。使用风电最恶劣下界P˜w,bound,t的下限变量P¯w,bound,t重写如下:
infPNw[P_w,bound,kP˜w,bound,k]ρre
P1oad,ti=1NGPG,i,t+Pech,tPedis,t+ Psell,t    Pbuy,t+P1oad,1,t+P1oad,2,tP¯w,bound,t
为获取风电出力的严格下限,根据文献[27],风电分布鲁棒机会约束使用DRO方法的重新表述如下:
{maxP˜w,bound,ttP_w,bound,t   s.t.αNWvm=1NWzmϵwNWP_w,bound,t+P^w,bound,t,m+MqmvzmM(1qm)vzmqm{0,1},zm0
式中:P^w,bound,t,m为样本集{P^w,bound,t,1,P^w,bound,t,2,…P^w,bound,t,NW};Nw为随机风力发电输出的样本数,取为5;vzmqm为辅助变量;M为一个很大的常数;ϵw为风力发电输出相关的Wasserstein球的半径。
结合上述模型,充分考虑电力市场购、售电价波动带来的不确定性影响,采用Wasserstein距离的分布鲁棒模型重新构造目标函数为:
min[i=1NGt=1T(fg,i,t+hg,i,t+fs,t+Cg,i,t,peak)+  βt=1TPrew,c,tmaxt=1T(p˜sell,tPsell,tp˜buy,tPbuy,t)]
根据文献[28],如果优化问题为凸,则模型(式(31))可以转化为下述模型:
{min[i=1NGt=1T(fg,i,t+hg,i,t+fs,t+Cg,i,t,peak)+βt=1TPrew,c,tmaxt=1T(p^sell,l,tPsell,tp^buy,l,tPbuy,t)]1|Nprice|lNprice|Δpsell,l,t|κsλt,11|Nprice|lNprice|Δpbuy,l,t|κbλt,2
式中:Nprice、|Nprice|分别为上级电网电价样本数据集合、对应样本数据总数;p^buy,l,tp^sell,l,t分别为第l个上级电网购、售电电价的样本值;Δρbuy,l,t、Δpsell,l,t分别为第l个上级电网购、售电电价偏差值;λt,1λt,2分别为上级电网购、售电电价Wasserstein球半径约束的对偶乘子;NG为机组数量。
使用对偶理论处理转化后的模型:
{min[i=1NGt=1T(fg,i,t+hg,i,t+fs,t+Cg,i,t,peak)+tTλt,1κs+λt,2κb+βt=1TPrew,c,t   tT[Psell,t1|Nprice|lNprice(p^sell,l,t)Pbuy,t1|Nprice|lNprice(p^buy,l,t)]]λt,1Psell,t,λt,2Pbuy,t,λt,10,λt,20
上述模型可采用GUROBI求解器求解。
本文算例中某区域电网风电总装机容量为800 MW;火电机组1、火电机组2容量分别为200、300 MW,最低负荷率为50%,只进行常规调峰;火电机组3容量为600 MW,可参与深度调峰,其详细参数参考文献[24];电解铝厂1、电解铝厂2电解槽容量为200、235 MW,其他参数见表1,储能参数见文献[25],风电典型日样本数据、负荷预测数据如图3所示,购售电价场景数据如图4所示。
基于3种调度场景进行对比分析:①场景1电解铝负荷不参与调节,火电机组3可深度调峰,含储能;②场景2电解铝负荷参与调节,火电机组3可深度调峰,不含储能;③场景3电解铝负荷参与调节,火电机组3可深度调峰,含储能。其中场景3为采用本文提出的调度模式的场景。
3种场景下的优化运行情况见表2图5为本文调度场景3的电功率平衡图。
对比场景1和场景3,由表2图6,通过本文所采取的策略引导电解铝厂改变用电行为从而优化负荷曲线后,系统负荷峰谷差减小,购、售电成本降低了22.57%,系统总运行成本减少了8.72%。电解铝负荷在电价高峰保持较低功率,在电价低谷保持较高功率运行,符合日常生产实际。
对比场景2和场景3,由表2图5可知,场景2未引入储能系统中,系统的火电机组1在07:00—24:00时段出力,火电机组2在全时段均有出力,火电机组3在08:00—22:00时段位于基本调峰,在23:00—07:00时段为不投油深度调峰,在02:00—06:00时段系统向外电网售电,而场景3引入储能后,系统在同时段通过储能装置充电来消纳系统多余的电能。储能削峰填谷效果如图7所示。由图7并对比净负荷曲线可知,储能系统在净负荷高峰是放电间接降低负荷需求,在净负荷低谷时段充电间接增加负荷需求,达到削峰填谷的效果。
对比DRO不确定参数对系统的影响,风电出力的置信度分别选取65%、70%、85%,选取Wasserstein球的半径分别为0.01、0.05、0.50。不同Wasserstein球半径不同置信度下的风电最恶劣下界如图8所示。不确定参数对比分析见表3
表3可见,当Wasserstein球的半径一定时,购售电成本与总运行成本均随置信度的增大而增大,增幅相对较大。置信度为65%时,其成本随着球半径的增大而大幅度增大;置信度为75%和85%时,其成本会相应增加,但总体增幅较小。球半径在置信度水平较低时对系统的影响作用明显,置信水平较高时,球半径敏感度较低。
图9为通过蒙特卡罗模拟获得的3 000个样本购售价格。使用从样本集中随机抽取相应数量的购售电价样本,与SO和RO方法进行对比分析。
对于SO模型中,样本平均近似(SAA)方法为通过将Wasserstein球的半径设置为零,RO方法对应于RO-SAA方法将球半径设置为1。图10比较了3种方法中系统的购售电成本在不同购售电价格样本数量(NbuyNsell)下的结果。由图10可知,SAA方法的购售电成本高于RO-SAA和DRO方法。这是因为SAA方法仅使用上下限决策系统的不确定性,调度结果过于保守,此外,RO-SAA和DRO方法随着购售价格样本规模的增加,购售电成本逐渐降低。这是由于随着样本规模不断增加,系统不确定性的概率分布更精确。
表4比较了本文方法和SAA、RO-SAA和DRO-MIP[27] 3种方法在不同购售电价样本数量下的计算时间。从表4中可知,本文所提方法的计算时间多于SAA和RO-SAA方法,但相差不大,属于可接受范围。此外,这2种DRO方法的计算时间都会随着价格样本数量的增加而变大,但本文方法的计算时间增幅较小,且远小于DRO-MIP方法。因此,该方法综合对比计算效率更优。
本文提出的基于Wasserstein距离的电解铝负荷协同火储深度调峰分布鲁棒优化方法,通过算例得到如下结论。
1)结合电解铝负荷的可调节特性,计及储能系统辅助火电机组参与深度调峰,建立电解铝负荷协同火储深度调峰调度优化框架,通过电价引导负荷参与需求响应有利于降低总运行成本,有效发挥储能灵活性,优化深度调峰容量,促进新能源消纳。
2)考虑上网够售电价与风电出力的不确定性因素,基于Wasserstein距离分布鲁棒的思想建立电解铝负荷协同火储深度调峰的分布鲁棒优化模型,通过对比分析不同场景下的调度结果,表明电解铝负荷与储能系统的加入,显著减小了负荷峰谷差,缓解了系统的调峰压力,降低了总运行成本,有效挖掘了电解铝负荷与储能的灵活性。
3)通过对不确定参数进行分析可得:球半径在置信度水平较低时对系统的影响作用明显,置信水平较高时,球半径敏感度较低,具有良好的鲁棒性;对比RO模型与SO模型的仿真结果,验证了Wasserstein距离分布鲁棒方法兼顾SO和RO的优点,具有良好的经济性和鲁棒性;在计算性能方面,本文采取的DRO方法具有良好的表现。
在本文的研究中考虑了电价和风电出力的不确定性,单一大工业负荷没有配电网的运行约束及碳排放等问题,下一步将对该问题展开研究。
  • 新疆维吾尔自治区重点研发计划(2022B01020-3)
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2024年第53卷第8期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202403083
  • 接收时间:2024-03-12
  • 首发时间:2026-01-07
  • 出版时间:2024-08-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-12
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Key Research and Development Program of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region(2022B01020-3)
新疆维吾尔自治区重点研发计划(2022B01020-3)
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    新疆大学电气工程学院可再生能源发电与并网控制教育部工程研究中心,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830017

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王海云(1973),女,教授,博士生导师,主要研究方向为可再生能源发电与并网技术研究,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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