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The stability and cost-effectiveness of power supply has been a pressing issue in areas such as isolated islands where power resources are relatively scarce and natural resources is abundant. Conventional stand-alone microgrids mostly rely on the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) for capacity allocation, which has slightly insufficient local search capability when dealing with multi-objective optimization problems with real loads. In order to overcome this limitation, the improved strength Pareto evolutionary algorithm (SPEA2) is used to optimize the capacity allocation of wind-PV-diesel-battery stand-alone microgrid, which takes the economic cost, loss-of-load probability, and carbon emission as the optimization objectives, to achieve a more comprehensive and efficient capacity allocation. By importing the weather and load data of an isolated island and generating the real Pareto frontier of the independent microgrid with wind, PV, diesel and storage, the analysis results of SPEA2 are compared with that of multi-objective search based on indicator selection (IBEA) and NSGA-II algorithms. Compared with the NSGA-II algorithm, the anti generational distance evaluation IGD index of the SPEA2 increases by 46.83%, the spatial evaluation method Spacing index rises by 60.28%, and the real Pareto coverage CPF index grows by 35.14%, indicating the SPEA2 shows a more excellent performance. Finally, the parameters of each part are reasonably configured according to the results of capacity optimization. It shows that the joint output meets the load demand, which provides a new way of thinking for the energy management of isolated islands and other areas with scarce power resources, and also provides a valuable reference for the optimal design of multi-energy microgrids.

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在电力资源相对匮乏而自然风光资源丰富的孤岛等地区,电力供应的稳定性和成本效益一直是个亟待解决的问题。传统的独立微电网在容量配置时,大多依赖快速非支配排序遗传算法(NSGA-II),该算法在处理真实负载的多目标优化问题时,局部搜索能力略显不足。为此,提出了利用改进强度Pareto进化算法(SPEA2)优化风光柴储独立微电网容量配置,以经济性成本、失负荷概率、碳排放作为优化目标,实现更加全面和高效的容量配置。通过导入某孤岛天气与负荷数据,生成风光柴储独立微电网的真实Pareto前沿,将SPEA2和基于指标选择的多目标搜索(IBEA)、NSGA-II 3种算法分析结果进行对比,相较于NSGA-II,SPEA2的反世代距离评价IGD指标提升46.83%,空间评价方法Spacing指标提升60.28%,真实Pareto覆盖率CPF指标提升35.14%,该算法表现出更加出色的性能。最后根据容量优化的结果合理配置各部分参数,共同出力满足负荷需求,为孤岛等电力资源匮乏地区的能源管理提供了新的思路,也为多能源微电网的优化设计提供了有价值的参考。

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李俊伟(2000),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为多能源微电网建模及优化,
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李鑫(1976),男,博士,副教授,硕士生导师,主要研究方向为复杂系统建模与控制、全钒液流电池储能建模与控制等,

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李鑫(1976),男,博士,副教授,硕士生导师,主要研究方向为复杂系统建模与控制、全钒液流电池储能建模与控制等,

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李鑫(1976),男,博士,副教授,硕士生导师,主要研究方向为复杂系统建模与控制、全钒液流电池储能建模与控制等,

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Hohhot: Inner Mongolia University of Technology, 2022: 1., articleTitle=Research on multi-objective optimal capacity configuration for stand-alone microgrid with WT-PV-DE-BES, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215701032814953072, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215701008341189446, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=1, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[33], rfOrder=60, authorNames=刘佳, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=刘佳. 大规模风电接入的电力系统小干扰稳定及控制方法研究[D]. 保定: 华北电力大学, 2020: 1., articleTitle=大规模风电接入的电力系统小干扰稳定及控制方法研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215701032865284722, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215701008341189446, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=1, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[33], rfOrder=61, authorNames=LIU Jia, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LIU Jia. Research on small signal stability and control method for power system with large scale wind power[D]. Baoding: North China Electric Power University, 2020: 1., articleTitle=Research on small signal stability and control method for power system with large scale wind power, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215701032940782196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215701008341189446, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=1, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[34], rfOrder=62, authorNames=郑晓坤, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=郑晓坤. 军民共建区域级能源互联网配置优化方法研究[D]. 长沙: 国防科技大学, 2020: 1., articleTitle=军民共建区域级能源互联网配置优化方法研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215701033007891062, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215701008341189446, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=1, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[34], rfOrder=63, authorNames=ZHENG Xiaokun, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHENG Xiaokun. Research on the optimization allocation method for the military and civilian co-construction regional energy internet[D]. Changsha: National University of Defense Technology, 2020: 1., articleTitle=Research on the optimization allocation method for the military and civilian co-construction regional energy internet, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215701033070805624, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215701008341189446, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=1, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[35], rfOrder=64, authorNames=毛涛涛, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=毛涛涛. 移动光伏拖动系统的源荷配置关键技术研究[D]. 杭州: 浙江工业大学, 2018: 1., articleTitle=移动光伏拖动系统的源荷配置关键技术研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215701033129525882, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215701008341189446, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=1, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[35], rfOrder=65, authorNames=MAO Taotao, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MAO Taotao. Research on key technology of power and load configuration in movable photovoltaic system[D]. Hangzhou: Zhejiang University of Technology, 2018: 1., articleTitle=Research on key technology of power and load configuration in movable photovoltaic system, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215701033188246140, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215701008341189446, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=1, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[36], rfOrder=66, authorNames=史志超, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=史志超. 基于多目标进化算法的混合可再生能源系统规划研究[D]. 长沙: 国防科学技术大学, 2018: 1., articleTitle=基于多目标进化算法的混合可再生能源系统规划研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215701033246966398, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215701008341189446, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=1, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[36], rfOrder=67, authorNames=SHI Zhichao, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SHI Zhichao. Sizing study on hybrid renewable energy systems using multi-objective evolutionary algorithm[D]. Changsha: National University of Defense Technology, 2018: 1., articleTitle=Sizing study on hybrid renewable energy systems using multi-objective evolutionary algorithm, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215701033309880960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215701008341189446, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=38, issue=1, pageStart=279, pageEnd=286, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[37], rfOrder=68, authorNames=路小娟, 郭琦, 董海鹰, journalName=太阳能学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=路小娟, 郭琦, 董海鹰. 基于CMOPSO的混合储能微电网多目标优化研究[J]. 太阳能学报, 2017, 38(1): 279-286., articleTitle=基于CMOPSO的混合储能微电网多目标优化研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215701033381184130, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215701008341189446, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=38, issue=1, pageStart=279, pageEnd=286, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[37], rfOrder=69, authorNames=LU Xiaojuan, GUO Qi, DONG Haiying, journalName=Acta Energiae Solaris Sinica, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LU Xiaojuan, GUO Qi, DONG Haiying. Multi objective optimization of hybrid energy storage micro grid based on CMOPSO algorithm[J]. 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journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215701008341189446, language=CN, label=图15, caption=各部分全年出力情况, figureFileSmall=0wKp9G0OF5jnrFYY9cVuhQ==, figureFileBig=GWsPQncQnOVklcv9rPKIqA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215701023633621361, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215701008341189446, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Cost parameters of each component of the wind-PV-diesel-battery microgrid

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电源类型电源购置成本/元运行维护成本/元电池置换成本/元
风力发电机21 849362
风机塔架1 81218
光伏板21 754217
柴油发电机10 9781.23
储能系统9139.1913
), ArticleFig(id=1215701023721701749, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215701008341189446, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

风光柴储各部分成本参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
电源类型电源购置成本/元运行维护成本/元电池置换成本/元
风力发电机21 849362
风机塔架1 81218
光伏板21 754217
柴油发电机10 9781.23
储能系统9139.1913
), ArticleFig(id=1215701023813976443, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215701008341189446, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Other parameters of each component of the wind-PV-diesel-battery microgrid

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数数值参数数值
Voc/V21Vr/(m·s–1)12
Isc/A7Vf/(m·s–1)20
TNOC/℃43Ywt/a25
Kv0.05Ypv/a25
Ki0.003 8Ydg/a25
Vc/(m·s–1)4Ybat/a5
), ArticleFig(id=1215701023923028353, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215701008341189446, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

风光柴储各部分其他参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数数值参数数值
Voc/V21Vr/(m·s–1)12
Isc/A7Vf/(m·s–1)20
TNOC/℃43Ywt/a25
Kv0.05Ypv/a25
Ki0.003 8Ydg/a25
Vc/(m·s–1)4Ybat/a5
), ArticleFig(id=1215701023994331523, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215701008341189446, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Indexes of the multi-objective algorithms

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多目标算法δIGDδSpacingδCPF
IBEA195.230720.8270.487
NSGA-II164.932177.4830.703
SPEA287.69270.4980.950
), ArticleFig(id=1215701024061440391, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215701008341189446, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

多目标算法指标对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
多目标算法δIGDδSpacingδCPF
IBEA195.230720.8270.487
NSGA-II164.932177.4830.703
SPEA287.69270.4980.950
), ArticleFig(id=1215701024178880909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215701008341189446, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Optimal results for capacity allocation considering reliability

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方案ηLPSP/%Nwt/台Npv/台Ndg/台Nbat/台ηACS/元ηEmission/kg
10728413108 2042 707.4
21.14929216108 5581 129.3
32.211129116111 699416.3
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考虑可靠性的容量配置最优结果

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方案ηLPSP/%Nwt/台Npv/台Ndg/台Nbat/台ηACS/元ηEmission/kg
10728413108 2042 707.4
21.14929216108 5581 129.3
32.211129116111 699416.3
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基于SPEA2的风光柴储独立微电网多目标容量优化配置
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李鑫 , 李俊伟 , 陈薇 , 侯谋 , 贾泽峰 , 仇坤
热力发电 | 构网型储能技术经济性研究 2024,53(8): 9-19
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热力发电 | 构网型储能技术经济性研究 2024, 53(8): 9-19
基于SPEA2的风光柴储独立微电网多目标容量优化配置
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李鑫 , 李俊伟 , 陈薇, 侯谋, 贾泽峰, 仇坤
作者信息
  • 合肥工业大学电气与自动化工程学院,安徽 合肥 230009
  • 李鑫(1976),男,博士,副教授,硕士生导师,主要研究方向为复杂系统建模与控制、全钒液流电池储能建模与控制等,

通讯作者:

李俊伟(2000),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为多能源微电网建模及优化,
Multi-objective capacity optimization allocation of wind-PV-diesel-battery stand-alone microgrid based on SPEA2
Xin LI , Junwei LI , Wei CHEN, Mou HOU, Zefeng JIA, Kun QIU
Affiliations
  • School of Electrical and Automation Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
出版时间: 2024-08-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202405104
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在电力资源相对匮乏而自然风光资源丰富的孤岛等地区,电力供应的稳定性和成本效益一直是个亟待解决的问题。传统的独立微电网在容量配置时,大多依赖快速非支配排序遗传算法(NSGA-II),该算法在处理真实负载的多目标优化问题时,局部搜索能力略显不足。为此,提出了利用改进强度Pareto进化算法(SPEA2)优化风光柴储独立微电网容量配置,以经济性成本、失负荷概率、碳排放作为优化目标,实现更加全面和高效的容量配置。通过导入某孤岛天气与负荷数据,生成风光柴储独立微电网的真实Pareto前沿,将SPEA2和基于指标选择的多目标搜索(IBEA)、NSGA-II 3种算法分析结果进行对比,相较于NSGA-II,SPEA2的反世代距离评价IGD指标提升46.83%,空间评价方法Spacing指标提升60.28%,真实Pareto覆盖率CPF指标提升35.14%,该算法表现出更加出色的性能。最后根据容量优化的结果合理配置各部分参数,共同出力满足负荷需求,为孤岛等电力资源匮乏地区的能源管理提供了新的思路,也为多能源微电网的优化设计提供了有价值的参考。

微电网  /  SPEA2  /  多目标优化  /  风光柴储系统

The stability and cost-effectiveness of power supply has been a pressing issue in areas such as isolated islands where power resources are relatively scarce and natural resources is abundant. Conventional stand-alone microgrids mostly rely on the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) for capacity allocation, which has slightly insufficient local search capability when dealing with multi-objective optimization problems with real loads. In order to overcome this limitation, the improved strength Pareto evolutionary algorithm (SPEA2) is used to optimize the capacity allocation of wind-PV-diesel-battery stand-alone microgrid, which takes the economic cost, loss-of-load probability, and carbon emission as the optimization objectives, to achieve a more comprehensive and efficient capacity allocation. By importing the weather and load data of an isolated island and generating the real Pareto frontier of the independent microgrid with wind, PV, diesel and storage, the analysis results of SPEA2 are compared with that of multi-objective search based on indicator selection (IBEA) and NSGA-II algorithms. Compared with the NSGA-II algorithm, the anti generational distance evaluation IGD index of the SPEA2 increases by 46.83%, the spatial evaluation method Spacing index rises by 60.28%, and the real Pareto coverage CPF index grows by 35.14%, indicating the SPEA2 shows a more excellent performance. Finally, the parameters of each part are reasonably configured according to the results of capacity optimization. It shows that the joint output meets the load demand, which provides a new way of thinking for the energy management of isolated islands and other areas with scarce power resources, and also provides a valuable reference for the optimal design of multi-energy microgrids.

microgrids  /  SPEA2  /  multi-objective optimization  /  wind-PV-diesel-battery system
李鑫, 李俊伟, 陈薇, 侯谋, 贾泽峰, 仇坤. 基于SPEA2的风光柴储独立微电网多目标容量优化配置. 热力发电, 2024 , 53 (8) : 9 -19 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202405104
Xin LI, Junwei LI, Wei CHEN, Mou HOU, Zefeng JIA, Kun QIU. Multi-objective capacity optimization allocation of wind-PV-diesel-battery stand-alone microgrid based on SPEA2[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2024 , 53 (8) : 9 -19 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202405104
在全球化和可持续发展的背景下,随着“双碳”目标的提出,新能源微电网以其独特的技术优势和环保理念,正逐渐成为能源领域一颗璀璨新星[1-2]。分布式发电能够充分利用可再生能源节能减排,新能源微电网以其灵活、高效、环保的特性,为解决能源危机、减轻环境压力、推动绿色发展提供了全新的思路和方法[3]。在新能源发电领域,风电与光伏因其经济效益较好、环境损伤较小的优点得到广泛应用,但又考虑到风速、光照强度、温度等环境因素对风、光发电具有决定性影响,选取合适应用场景不仅能提高发电效率,还能有效节约成本。
孤岛独立微电网作为典型电力自治系统,地处偏僻,脱离陆地大电网[4],在新能源微电网高速发展下供电的手段从单一的柴电型转换为风光柴储多能源型[5],其同时也是划分孤岛独立微电网与如航空航天、火车高铁等传统独立微电网的显著区别。目前,孤岛独立微电网的研究中已有风力发电系统[6-9]、光伏发电系统[10-16]、风光互补发电系统[17-21]、光储柴发电系统[22-24]等,对风光柴储独立微电网这种稳定可靠、经济环保的系统的研究较少[25]
文献[26]采用快速非支配排序遗传算法(NSGA–II)对风光互补程度、电量损失率和送电线路利用率3个指标进行多目标优化,但未考虑离网的配置情况;文献[27]以等价年金总成本和负荷缺电率最小化为目标函数,以蓄电池荷电状态、年污染物排放量等为约束条件建立容量配置优化模型;文献[28]以经济性成本最低与弃风量最小为目标,建立包含电、热负荷综合响应的容量配置优化模型,采用粒子群优化算法求解模型;文献[29]建立运行成本、投资成本、年收益目标函数,以经济最优为目标,构建多目标容量配置目标函数。在改进乌鸦搜索算法中引入最优粒子群算法,求解目标函数。本文将在MATLAB仿真平台基于风光柴储独立微电网模型,利用改进强度Pareto进化算法——SPEA2,以经济成本、供电损失率、碳排放作为优化目标函数,考虑多约束条件,求得最优解集。对比模型的真实Pareto前沿和NSGA-II的求解效果,本文算法在反世代距离评价指标IGD、空间评价方法Spacing、真实Pareto覆盖率CPF等评价指标方面均有较好的提升,可为风光柴储独立微电网优化模型规划设计提供参考。
风光柴储独立微电网系统由风电、光伏、柴电、储能及各部分相关变换器、直交流母线和直交流负载组成。在独立微电网中柴电、风电和交流负载单元经AC/AC变换器接入交流母线,直流负载、光伏和储能系统经DC/DC变换器接入直流母线,交流母线可经DC/AC变换将电力送到直流母线[30-31]。其拓扑结构如图1所示。
在风光柴储独立微电网中,风力发电机是将清洁绿色的风能转化为电能的主要分布式电源[32]。其功率输出通常是非线性的。当风速v小于切入风速Vc时,风机处于关闭状态,不出力;当风速v大于切入风速v且小于额定风速Vr时,风机出力与风速三次幂成线性关系;当风速v大于额定风速Vr且小于切出风速Vf时,将采取适当措施限制风机输出功率,以防风机发电过载损坏,此时风机出力为额定功率;当风速v大于等于切出风速Vf时,关闭风机系统保证安全[33]。风机输出功率Pwt(v)表达式为:
Pwt(v)={0,       (v<Vc)(vVf)12CpρAwtv3,Vcv<VrPRwt,     Vrv<Vf
式中:v为风速,m/s;Vc为切入风速;Vr为额定风速;Vf为切出风速;PRwt为风力发电机额定功率,W;Cp为风力发电机性能系数,定义为一个风机的输出功率除以最大风功率,理论最大值为贝兹极限;ρ为空气密度,kg/m3Awt为转子扫过的面积[34],m2
光伏发电技术作为利用太阳能最有效的方式之一,具备安全、环保的优点。实际光伏系统的输出功率受天气、安装位置影响较大。对光伏系统的处理需注重光照强度和环境温度因素。光伏板的输出功率Ppv为:
Ppv=VocIscFloss
Voc=VstcKvTc
Isc=Istc+Ki(Tc25)1000Sp
Tc=Ta+TNOC20800Sp
式中:Voc为工作温度下的开路电压,V;Isc为工作温度下的短路电流,A;Floss为填充因子,参数值与光伏电池性质有关;Vstc为标准状态下的开路电压,V;Istc为标准状态下的短路电流,A;Kv为开路电压温度系数;Ki为短路电流温度系数;Ta为环境温度,℃;Tc为光伏板工作温度,℃;TNOC为额定电池工作温度,℃;Sp为垂直于光伏板倾斜表面的太阳辐射有效分量。
在风光柴储独立微电网中,柴油发电机一般用作备用能源,配置一定数量的柴油发电机很有必要,其只会在可再生能源出力小于负荷要求,同时储能系统出力不能满足需求时工作。柴油作为一种化石燃料,燃烧时会产生有害污染物和温室气体,故配置柴油发电机一定程度上提高了系统的可靠性,但也直接影响了经济性和环保性。柴油发电机输出功率Pdg与单位时间耗油量Fdg的关系[35]为:
Fdg=γ1PRdg+γ2Pdg
式中:PRdg为柴油发电机的额定功率,W;γ1γ2为燃料消耗系数,本文分别取0.10和0.25。
在风光柴储独立微电网中,储能系统主要有2个方面的作用:1)当可再生能源发电量大于负荷需求时,储能系统将盈余电量储存;2)当天气环境较为恶劣时,发电量无法满足负荷需求,储能系统放电满足负荷需求。
需要注意的是储能系统的荷电状态(SOC),考虑到安全与系统寿命,应使储能SOC处于正常工作范围内。单位时间储能系统SSOC根据可再生能源与负荷需求之间的关系变化:
SSOC(t+1)=SSOC(t)+PbatΔtηbatVbusCn
式中:Pbat为系统输入/输出功率(正值表示充电模式,负值表示放电模式)[36],W;Vbus为直流母线电压,V;ηbat为双向充放电效率;Cn为储能系统的总额定容量,Ah。
考虑到孤岛的自然资源丰富,为了节约成本并减少碳排放,制定以下运行策略。
1)风力发电机组、光伏阵列首先出力满足负荷需求,若Pwt+Ppv大于负荷Pload,且储能系统的荷电状态SSOC大于下限小于上限,则盈余的电力给储能系统充电。
2)若在天气环境较差时,风力发电机组、光伏阵列出力不能满足负荷需求,Pwt+Ppv小于Pload,且储能系统的荷电状态SSOC大于下限小于上限,则储能系统放电满足负荷需要。
3)当储能系统出力时荷电状态SSOC小于下限或放电功率达到最大值仍不能满足需求,则Pload-Pwt-Ppv-Pbat的部分由柴油发电机承担出力。
本文从经济性、可靠性以及环保性3个方面建立风光柴储独立微电网容量优化配置目标函数[37],采用时间序列模拟方法计算运行过程的目标值。
成本指标是经济性评估中最基本的指标之一,通过最小化成本,可以有效提升解决方案的经济性。成本指标的优化不仅涉及直接成本,还包括间接成本、维护成本、运营成本以及处置成本等方面。通过综合考虑这些不同类型的成本,可以更全面地评估解决方案的经济性,并为决策提供更可靠的依据。以微电网系统年成本ηACS最小为目标函数,包括微电网的年度资本成本、电池替换成本、运行维护成本[35],其计算公式如式(8)—式(13)所示:
ηACS=Ccap+Crep+Cmain
Ccap=((Cc-wt+Cc-towerHtower)Nwt+Cc-pvNpv+Cc-dgNdg+Cc-batNbat)ζcrf
Crep=Cr-batNbatζsff
Cmain=(Cm-wt+Cm-towerHtower)Nwt+Cm-pvNpv+Cm-dgNdgTdg+Cm-batNbat+CfuelFdg
ζcrf=r(1+r)Ylife(1+r)Ylife1
ζsff=r(1+r)Yrep1
式中:Ccap为年度资本成本;Crep为电池置换成本,Cmain为运行维护成本;Cc-ii=wt, tower, pv, dg, bat)为风机及其塔架、光伏、柴油机、储能的单位初始投资成本;Cr-bat为单位电池置换成本;Cm-i为风机及其塔架、光伏、柴油机、储能的单位运行维护成本;Tdg为柴油发电机运行时间;Cfuel为单位燃料价格;ζcrf为等年值初始投资成本系数;ζsff为等年值电源置换费用;Ylife为各部分的寿命,年;Yrep为各部分替换之前的寿命,年。
功率供应缺失概率(ηLPSP)反映微电网提供的电力无法满足实际负荷需求的程度,其常作衡量微电网系统可靠性的指标,通常以百分比的形式表示。较低的失负荷概率意味着系统更加可靠,用户经历停电或供电不足更少,而较高的失负荷概率则表示系统存在较大的供电不足风险。通常会设定失负荷概率的目标,以确保系统具有足够的可靠性。例如,某个地区的失负荷概率目标可能是每年不超过10%的时间出现停电或供电不足情况。定义为:
ηLPSP=t=1TPavailable(t)<Pload(t)T
式中:T为全年总小时数;Pavailable为风光柴储微电网总输出功率,W。
在多目标优化中,环保性的指标通常用于评估和衡量方案或系统对环境的影响程度。碳排放是一个评价环保性的重要指标,指生产或活动过程中释放到大气中的二氧化碳等温室气体的量。本文选取二氧化碳排放量作为衡量环保性的参考指标,碳排放指标即为:
ηEmission=t=1TFdg(t)ηemission
式中:ηemission为燃料排放因子。
风光柴储独立微电网约束条件主要包括各部分的数量约束、出力大小约束、储能系统容量约束。
1)各部分的数量约束
Nmin-wtnwtNmax-wt
Nmin-pvnpvNmax-pv
Nmin-pvnpvNmax-pv
Nmin-batnbatNmax-bat
式中:Nmin-wtNmax-wt分别为风力发电机最小和最大装机数量;Nmin-pvNmax-pv分别为光伏板最小和最大装机数量;Nmin-dgNmax-dg分别为柴油发电机最小和最大装机数量;Nmin-batNmax-bat分别为储能系统最小和最大装机数量。
2)各部分的出力约束
Pmin-wtPwt(t)Pmax-wt
Pmin-pvPpv(t)Pmax-pv
Pmin-dgPdg(t)Pmax-dg
Pmax-batPbat(t)Pmax-bat
式中:Pmin-wtPmax-wt分别为风力发电机最小和最大发出功率,W;Pmin-pvPmax-pv分别为光伏板最小和最大发出功率,W;Pmin-dgPmax-dg分别为柴油发电机最小和最大发出功率,W;-Pmax-batPmax-bat分别为储能系统最大放电功率和最大充电功率,W。
3)储能系统容量约束
SSOC,minSSOC(t)SSOC,max
式中:SSOC,minSSOC,max分别为储能系统荷电状态的下限和上限值。
改进强度Pareto进化算法(strength pareto evolutionary algorithm 2,SPEA2)是一种用于解决多目标优化问题的进化算法,它基于Pareto最优解概念和遗传算法,并在SPEA的基础上做了改进。帕累托前沿(Pareto front)是多目标优化问题中的重要概念,它描述了在多个目标之间不存在可以同时改进情况下的解集合。具体来说,如果存在一个解在某一目标上的改进必然伴随着另一目标上的恶化,那么这个解就位于帕累托前沿上。
本文利用SPEA2求解多目标问题,旨在克服NSGA-II在风光柴储独立微电网多目标优化中的一些局限性,并提供更好的性能和结果。其主要特点和改进包括:
1)健壮性和精确度 SPEA2使用一个外部存档来存储非支配解,存档会定期更新以保持解的多样性和质量。这种存档机制有助于保持解的稳定性,并能更好地探索解空间;同时为存档中的每个个体分配一个强度值,该值表示该个体支配的解的数量。此外,每个个体的健康度由其支配它的解的强度总和决定。这种健康度评估机制可以提供更精确的健康度信息,有助于有效地引导种群进化。
2)多样性保持机制 通过聚类技术来保持存档中解的多样性,有助于防止算法过早收敛于局部最优解。通过维持多样性,SPEA2可以在多目标优化的不同区域探索更多潜在的最优解。
3)精细的环境选择 在每一代的环境选择过程中,会基于健康度和距离的综合评估来决定哪些个体被保留在存档中。这种选择机制确保了优质解的保留,同时又不会损失过多的种群多样性。
4)可扩展性和收敛性能 与NSGA-II相比,SPEA2在处理具有较大种群规模和高维目标空间的问题时,通常显示出更好的可扩展性与收敛性。
此外,为了更好地衡量算法间的优劣性,本文引入反世代距离评价指标δIGD、空间评价方法δSpacing、真实Pareto覆盖率δCPF 3项多目标优化评价方法。
δIGD用于衡量近似帕累托前沿PF与真实帕累托前沿PF*之间的距离和分布情况,考虑了多样性和收敛性。对于真实的最优帕累托前沿中的每个解y,找到与其最近的PF中的解x,计算其欧氏距离,取平均值。如果PF*的数量大于PF数量,那么δIGD就能最完整地表达PF的性能,δIGD值越好,代表算法多样性和收敛性越好。其计算公式为:
δIGD=yPF*d(y,x)|PF*|
式中:PF为近似帕累托前沿;PF*为真实帕累托前沿;|PF*|代表PF*中的解数量。
δSpacing用于衡量评估算法生成的解的分散程度,度量每个解到其他解的最小距离的标准差。δSpacing值越小,说明解集越均匀。其计算公式为:
δSpacing=1|P|1i=1|P|(d¯di)2
式中:P为当前解集;d¯为所有di的均值。
δCPF用于衡量近似帕累托前沿与真实帕累托前沿之间的一致性和覆盖程度。其计算公式为:
δCPF=|{bPF*|aPF:ab}||PF*|
式中:δCPF为PF中的解被PF*的某个解支配的百分比,δCPF值越大,PF的性能越好。
1)初始化种群 生成初始种群P0,并建立一个空的档案(外部非支配解集)P¯=,记t=0。
2)适应度值分配 计算PtP¯t中个体的适应值。为了确保在相同的档案中没有个体支配其他个体并且具有相同的适应值,需要同时考虑支配当前个体的解以及被当前个体支配的解。PtP¯t中每个个体都被赋予强度值S(i)来表示支配解的数目,其定义为:
S(i)=|{j|jPt+P¯tij}|
式中:Pt为进化种群;P¯t为外部种群。
每个个体的原始适应度R(i)为:
R(i)=jPt+P¯tijS(i)
原始适应度取决于支配该个体的个体强度值。非支配个体原始适应度为0,如果一个个体的原始适应度很高,说明它被很多个体支配(而支配它的个体又支配很多其他个体)。SPEA2的R(i)如图2所示。
但是这样的适应度分配机制仍存在缺陷,当个体间没有互相支配关系时,该机制失效。因此结合密度信息区分具有相同原始适应度的个体,将每个个体i在目标空间中到PtPt¯中其他个体j的距离都计算并储存在列表中,按升序排列后取第k个对应的欧氏距离为σk-i,对于个体i密度D(i)定义为:
D(i)=1σk-i+2
k=NPt+NPt¯
式中:NPt为进化种群大小;NPt¯为外部种群大小。可以看出,当个体间的欧氏距离减小,则D(i)增大,个体越密集,因此能描述出个体i的分布情况,有助于找到分布好的解集。
3)环境选择 将所有非支配个体从PtP¯t复制到下一代Pt+1¯中。若此时Pt+1¯等于NP¯t,环境选择完成;否则有下列2种情况:
a)Pt+1¯<NPt¯时,从PtP¯t中根据适应度排序后选择前NPt¯|Pt+1¯|个被支配个体复制到Pt+1¯中。
b)Pt+1¯>NP¯t时,使用档案截断法移除个体,直至NP¯t=|Pt+1¯|:如果对所有个体j均有ij,则个体i将被剔除(即拥有最小欧氏距离的个体会被剔除)。即为:
ij:0<k:σk_i=σk_j              0k:[(0lk:σl_i=σl_j)]             σk_iσk_j
4)终止条件 当迭代次数t达到最大迭代次数gen后,算法便终止,此时Pt+1¯个体即为Pareto最优解集。
5)交配选择 在Pt+1¯中用替换的二进制锦标赛选择个体填满交配池。
6)交叉变异 在交配池中应用重组和突变生成新的种群,迭代次数t=t+1,转到步骤2)适应度值分配。
SPEA2算法流程如图3所示。
基于前文建立的风光柴储独立微电网出力模型,导入某位于偏远海域孤岛地区全年8 760 h的天气数据和负荷需求数据,天气数据和负荷需求数据如图4图7所示。风力发电机、光伏板、柴油发电机及储能系统相关参数见表1表2
为了突出SPEA2求解模型的优越性,本文对照基于指标选择的多目标搜索(IBEA)算法、NSGA-II对风光柴储独立微电网的容量优化配置的效果,结合模型的真实Pareto前沿以及δIGDδSpacingδCPF3项多目标优化评价方法综合考量算法。种群规模是指任意一代中的个体总数,规模越大越可能找到全局解,但运行时间也相对较长,本文设置种群规模PopSize=100,最大进化代数gen=50,风力发电机、光伏板、柴油发电机和储能系统的配置数上限分别为20、40、10、30台。真实Pareto前沿以及IBEA算法、NSGA-II和SPEA2算法与前沿的结果对比如图8图11所示。
图8图11可以看出:IBEA算法由于采用了基于指标的评价方法,在求解本文容量优化配置模型中收敛速度慢,特别是存在大量局部最优解时,并且倾向于收敛到某个局部帕累托前沿,而忽视其他潜在的优质解,导致算法缺乏多样性;NSGA-II同样存在陷入局部最优解的问题,算法效率较低;SPEA2在应对该场景时,明显表现出较好的收敛性能,充分维护种群的多样性,在非支配排序中考虑了个体之间的密度信息,因此对于包含多个局部最优解的多模态问题具有较好的适应性。多目标算法指标对比见表3
表3可以看出,SPEA2相较于其他2个多目标优化算法取得了较大提升,对于常用的NSGA-II δIGD指标提升46.83%,δSpacing指标提升60.28%,δCPF指标提升了35.14%。
为了更直观展现算法效果,分别将SPEA2和NSGA-II就风光柴储独立微电网的经济成本和碳排放双目标问题求解和三目标问题求解进行比较,结果如图12所示。由图12可以看出:在本系统问题中SPEA2解集对于NSGA-II解集具有支配效果,相同经济成本下能够有效降低碳排放指标;同时,在三目标解集图12b)中可以看出,SPEA2的解集分布相较于NSGA-II更加均匀,能够充分适应包含多个局部最优解的场景。通过双目标和三目标问题的比较,验证了SPEA2对于风光柴储独立微电网的容量优化配置有着优越的求解性能。
图13为SPEA2求解风光柴储独立微电网的三维最优Pareto前沿,表征3个目标两两间的关系的二维Pareto前沿如图14所示。由图13可见,经济性指标ηACS与功率供应损失概率ηLPSP和碳排放ηEmission 2个目标具有明显的负相关关系;可由图14看出,碳排放的降低会带来经济成本的增加,同样降低LPSP指标使得ηACS值变大。这意味着要使系统的碳排放降低、可靠性提高必然以花费更高的成本。因此,没有任何一种方案能使3个目标同时最小,一个最优的容量配置只能是权衡3个目标后得到的结果。
在得到最后一代Pareto解集中,有100种非支配的容量配置方案。就理论而言,解之间没有优劣之分,但实际中可以根据对目标的侧重选择更优的容量配置方案。本文优先考虑可靠性指标,即根据ηLPSP选择最优解。当限定在小于1%、2%、3%范围内时可以从图13中Pareto前沿选择3个解,并得到3种系统最优容量配置方案,如表4所示。
为了验证模型有效性,本文以方案2为例,限制ηLPSP小于2%时进行1年的仿真,并观察系统各部分的运行情况。风光柴储各部分月度出力情况如图15所示。由图15可以看出,光伏板和风机的输出主要与天气情况有关,即当光照充足或风速较大时,它们的输出功率就大。储能系统在1年内基本都在进行充放电的操作,而柴油发电机则是负载需求较高时出力。当可再生能源发电不足时,作为储能系统的电池组会首先放电直至最大功率或最大放电深度,然后柴油发电机才会工作以满足剩余的负载需求。当这些需求大于柴油发电机额定功率时,柴油发电机将以额定功率输出,此时将会计算ηLPSP值。
本文基于现有的对风光柴储独立微电网的研究分析,分别对风力发电机、光伏、柴油发电机和储能系统建模,并利用出力模型及其约束条件构建系统,并根据NSGA-II在多能源微电网系统中存在的易陷入局部最优解、解集缺乏多样性、效率较低等问题,提出了基于SPEA2的风光柴储独立微电网容量优化配置,利用该算法收敛性好、种群多样性强、对多个局部最优解具有良好适应性等优点,优化了系统多目标求解问题,进而得出更优的配置效果,不仅有效满足了孤岛在能源管理方面的需求,同时提高了系统的经济性、可靠性和环境友好性。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(62202138)
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2024年第53卷第8期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202405104
  • 接收时间:2024-05-31
  • 首发时间:2026-01-07
  • 出版时间:2024-08-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-31
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National Natural Science Foundation of China(62202138)
国家自然科学基金项目(62202138)
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    合肥工业大学电气与自动化工程学院,安徽 合肥 230009

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李俊伟(2000),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为多能源微电网建模及优化,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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