Article(id=1215701007594607178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1215701006780908352, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202404096, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1713801600000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-23, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1767775306842, onlineDateStr=2026-01-07, pubDate=1724515200000, pubDateStr=2024-08-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1767775306842, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1767775306842, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767775306842, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1215701006780908352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2024', volume='53', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='162', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1767775306649, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767839655334, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1215970904794906790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1215701006780908352, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1215970904794906791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1215701006780908352, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=38, endPage=50, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1215701007884014156, articleId=1215701007594607178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=An order reduction method for grid-forming converter model considering small signal stability of inner loop control, columnId=1215701007804322379, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Operation control technology of grid-forming energy storage technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With the deepening of power electronicization in power system, grid-forming converters with voltage source characteristics will become conventional equipment in modern power systems. In order to conduct accurate and efficient control and operation analysis for power systems equipped with grid-forming equipment and to study their safety and stability characteristics, it is necessary to reduce the complexity of grid-forming converter model with strong nonlinear characteristics. Conventional simplification methods based on current loops and voltage control loops neglect the potential effect of inner loop control and line coupling impedance on the synchronous stability of the equipment. Ensuring the accuracy of stability analysis can be challenging in certain scenarios. Therefore, based on the existing order reduction methods, fully considering the small-signal characteristics of inner loop control and the influence of line coupling impedance, a series of improved simplified models are proposed. Moreover, the adaptability of each simplified model to frequency domain, eigenvalues, and time domain analysis is discussed. It turns out that there is no simplified model that can always maintain high accuracy in all scenarios. It is concluded that the simplification method needs to be changed according to the scenario. According to the analysis results, the relevant basis for selecting the simplified model of the converter and adjusting the control parameters is summarized.

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随着电力系统电力电子化程度加深,具有电压源特性的构网型变流器将成为未来电力系统的常规装备之一。为了准确高效地分析含构网型装备的电力系统控制运行与安全稳定特性,需对具有强非线性特性的构网型变流器进行降阶。传统的基于电流环、电压环简化的降阶方法构建的简化模型由于忽略了内环控制与线路耦合阻抗对装备同步稳定性的潜在影响,在部分场景下难以保证稳定性分析的准确性。基于此,在现有降阶方法的基础上,充分考虑内环控制的小信号特性与线路耦合阻抗的影响,提出了一系列改进的简化模型,并就各简化模型对频域、特征值、时域分析的适应性进行了分析。分析得出在各类场景下没有能始终保持高精度的简化模型,需要根据场景更换模型简化方法,并根据分析结果总结了变流器简化模型选择与控制参数整定的相关依据。

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希望·阿布都瓦依提(1967),副教授,主要研究方向为电力电子技术及多种可再生能源互补发电,
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刘爱国(1982),男,博士,工程师,主要研究方向为电力市场及火电项目评估,

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刘爱国(1982),男,博士,工程师,主要研究方向为电力市场及火电项目评估,

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刘爱国(1982),男,博士,工程师,主要研究方向为电力市场及火电项目评估,

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articleId=1215701007594607178, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=小信号稳定性)], refs=[Reference(id=1215701027576271006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215701007594607178, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=1, pageEnd=14, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=吴家杰, 陈新, 张东辉, journalName=中国电机工程学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=吴家杰, 陈新, 张东辉, 等. 构网型储能变换器在新能源接入场景下并网稳定性分析及提升策略[J/OL]. 中国电机工程学报, 1-14[2024-07-29].https://doi.org/10.13334/j.0258-8013.pcsee.231337., articleTitle=构网型储能变换器在新能源接入场景下并网稳定性分析及提升策略, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215701027681128609, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215701007594607178, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=1, pageEnd=14, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=1, authorNames=WU Jiajie, CHEN Xin, ZHANG Donghui, journalName=Proceedings of the CSEE, refType=null, 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Model parameter settings

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项目数值项目数值
Uset/V325ωset/(rad·s–1)314
Un/V325ωn/(rad·s–1)314
mp/pu0.005mq/pu0.1
R10.1R20.03
L1/mH1.5L2/mH0.35
Sn/(kV·A)10ωc/(rad·s–1)62.8
kpv3kiv200
kpc0.8kic50
h10.8h21
), ArticleFig(id=1215701025588170882, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215701007594607178, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

模型参数设置

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项目数值项目数值
Uset/V325ωset/(rad·s–1)314
Un/V325ωn/(rad·s–1)314
mp/pu0.005mq/pu0.1
R10.1R20.03
L1/mH1.5L2/mH0.35
Sn/(kV·A)10ωc/(rad·s–1)62.8
kpv3kiv200
kpc0.8kic50
h10.8h21
), ArticleFig(id=1215701025705611396, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215701007594607178, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Summary of simplified model and recommendations for their applicability

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型简化的部分应用情景
M13通过一阶滞后得到的电流环路近似h2≈1
M9忽略电流环见M11,h2≈0
M7忽略电流环,并考虑电容器的相量
近似
见M11,h2≈0
M5-HF见M7,耦合阻抗的一阶近似参见M7,具有高
R/X的长线比率
M5-PHA见M7,耦合阻抗的向量近似见M5-HF
M5忽略电流环和电压环不推荐
M5-Lt参见M5,使用Lt作为暂态耦合
电感器进行电压回路近似
参见M11,h1≈1,
取较大的kiv
M3-Lt-HF参见M5,耦合阻抗的一阶近似
(使用暂态电感器Lt
参见M5-Lt,具有
高R/X的长线比率
M3参见M5,耦合阻抗的向量近似不推荐
M3-HF参见M5,耦合阻抗的一阶近似不推荐
), ArticleFig(id=1215701025789497480, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215701007594607178, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

简化模型总结及适用性建议

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型简化的部分应用情景
M13通过一阶滞后得到的电流环路近似h2≈1
M9忽略电流环见M11,h2≈0
M7忽略电流环,并考虑电容器的相量
近似
见M11,h2≈0
M5-HF见M7,耦合阻抗的一阶近似参见M7,具有高
R/X的长线比率
M5-PHA见M7,耦合阻抗的向量近似见M5-HF
M5忽略电流环和电压环不推荐
M5-Lt参见M5,使用Lt作为暂态耦合
电感器进行电压回路近似
参见M11,h1≈1,
取较大的kiv
M3-Lt-HF参见M5,耦合阻抗的一阶近似
(使用暂态电感器Lt
参见M5-Lt,具有
高R/X的长线比率
M3参见M5,耦合阻抗的向量近似不推荐
M3-HF参见M5,耦合阻抗的一阶近似不推荐
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计及内环控制小信号稳定性的构网型变流器模型降维方法
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刘爱国 1 , 毛佳奇 1 , 陈彦桥 2 , 赵璐璐 2 , 刘静佳 2 , 希望·阿布都瓦依提 3
热力发电 | 构网型储能运行控制技术研究 2024,53(8): 38-50
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热力发电 | 构网型储能运行控制技术研究 2024, 53(8): 38-50
计及内环控制小信号稳定性的构网型变流器模型降维方法
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刘爱国1 , 毛佳奇1, 陈彦桥2, 赵璐璐2, 刘静佳2, 希望·阿布都瓦依提3
作者信息
  • 1.国能宁东新能源有限公司,宁夏 银川 751400
  • 2.国家能源集团新能源技术研究院有限公司,北京 102211
  • 3.新疆大学电气工程学院,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830047
  • 刘爱国(1982),男,博士,工程师,主要研究方向为电力市场及火电项目评估,

通讯作者:

希望·阿布都瓦依提(1967),副教授,主要研究方向为电力电子技术及多种可再生能源互补发电,
An order reduction method for grid-forming converter model considering small signal stability of inner loop control
Aiguo LIU1 , Jiaqi MAO1, Yanqiao CHEN2, Lulu ZHAO2, Jingjia LI2, Xiwang·Abuduwayiti3
Affiliations
  • 1.CHN Energy Ningdong New Energy Co., Ltd., Yinchuan 751400, China
  • 2.CHN Energy New Energy Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Beijing 102211, China
  • 3.School of Electrical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830047, China
出版时间: 2024-08-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202404096
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随着电力系统电力电子化程度加深,具有电压源特性的构网型变流器将成为未来电力系统的常规装备之一。为了准确高效地分析含构网型装备的电力系统控制运行与安全稳定特性,需对具有强非线性特性的构网型变流器进行降阶。传统的基于电流环、电压环简化的降阶方法构建的简化模型由于忽略了内环控制与线路耦合阻抗对装备同步稳定性的潜在影响,在部分场景下难以保证稳定性分析的准确性。基于此,在现有降阶方法的基础上,充分考虑内环控制的小信号特性与线路耦合阻抗的影响,提出了一系列改进的简化模型,并就各简化模型对频域、特征值、时域分析的适应性进行了分析。分析得出在各类场景下没有能始终保持高精度的简化模型,需要根据场景更换模型简化方法,并根据分析结果总结了变流器简化模型选择与控制参数整定的相关依据。

构网型  /  变流器控制  /  模型降维  /  小信号稳定性

With the deepening of power electronicization in power system, grid-forming converters with voltage source characteristics will become conventional equipment in modern power systems. In order to conduct accurate and efficient control and operation analysis for power systems equipped with grid-forming equipment and to study their safety and stability characteristics, it is necessary to reduce the complexity of grid-forming converter model with strong nonlinear characteristics. Conventional simplification methods based on current loops and voltage control loops neglect the potential effect of inner loop control and line coupling impedance on the synchronous stability of the equipment. Ensuring the accuracy of stability analysis can be challenging in certain scenarios. Therefore, based on the existing order reduction methods, fully considering the small-signal characteristics of inner loop control and the influence of line coupling impedance, a series of improved simplified models are proposed. Moreover, the adaptability of each simplified model to frequency domain, eigenvalues, and time domain analysis is discussed. It turns out that there is no simplified model that can always maintain high accuracy in all scenarios. It is concluded that the simplification method needs to be changed according to the scenario. According to the analysis results, the relevant basis for selecting the simplified model of the converter and adjusting the control parameters is summarized.

grid-forming  /  converter control  /  model order reduction  /  small-signal stability
刘爱国, 毛佳奇, 陈彦桥, 赵璐璐, 刘静佳, 希望·阿布都瓦依提. 计及内环控制小信号稳定性的构网型变流器模型降维方法. 热力发电, 2024 , 53 (8) : 38 -50 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202404096
Aiguo LIU, Jiaqi MAO, Yanqiao CHEN, Lulu ZHAO, Jingjia LI, Xiwang·Abuduwayiti. An order reduction method for grid-forming converter model considering small signal stability of inner loop control[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2024 , 53 (8) : 38 -50 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202404096
在“碳达峰、碳中和”目标的驱动下,基于电力电子接口接入电网的新能源替换传统同步火力发电是新型电力系统发展的必然趋势。目前,大多数储能系统采用跟网型控制并网,其外特性呈现受控电流源特性,在系统短路瞬间无法及时提供无功支撑,难以保证电力系统的电压稳定性[1]。此外,跟网型控制无法和传统同步机一样为电力系统提供惯量和阻尼支撑,导致电力系统频率稳定面临越限风险。新能源渗透率的增加将进一步导致电网强度弱化、电网抗扰动能力减弱,同时故障后电网失稳风险增加[2]。基于上述情况,呈现电压源特性并具备极强的电网主动支撑能力的电力电子变流器构网型控制应运而生[3-4],并逐步成为新型电力系统中常规性装备。
目前,机电暂态仿真仍是大型电力系统控制运行特性分析与安全稳定校核的主要技术手段[5]。构网型变流器呈现出多时间尺度暂态紧密耦合交互影响的特性,而电磁暂态与机电暂态时间尺度又有明显的区分与过度[6-7]。在此情况下,如何解耦构网型变流器的多时间尺度暂态行为,开展构网型变流器模型模型降阶,形成适应大型电力系统仿真分析的构网型变流器简化模型,仍有待进一步研究。
国内外学者在构网型变流器暂态建模方面已开展了广泛的研究。文献[8]介绍了一种用于微电网模式的下垂控制型构网变流器的分析建模方法,该模型在多个案例中保持了较高的准确度,被视作一种经典构网型控制模型。然而,高阶变流器模型由多个微分方程构成,具有较高的计算复杂度,通常需要一定简化以适应大场站级电力系统的使用[9]。此外,该模型内部电压和电流控制环与较慢的外部下垂控制之间存在自然的时间尺度分离。根据奇异扰动理论,研究者对内部控制环的动力学建模采用忽略或简化的方式,这些方式被总结为双环控制、直接电压控制和电压单环控制[10-11]
与跟网型控制类似,构网型控制中电压电流内环动态响应速度要远快于功率控制环,因此通常在暂态分析时将控制内环视为理想增益[12]。文献[13]基于此理论,使用集总参数对多个构网型场站进行归一化处理,并基于该场景分析了大场站在暂态下的稳定性。然而,文献[14]通过参数敏感性分析表明,内部控制环的参数(如电压控制环的前馈增益)对系统的主导模式有显著影响,证明了归一化处理会忽略一定的控制动态行为。文献[15]以文献[8]中的模型为基础,通过改变一些状态变量,将其转换为适用于大信号稳定性研究的改进模型,并将某些很小的参数假设为0来截断快状态。文献[16]推导了内环的传递函数,并降低了传递函数的阶数,在简化微电网场景中证明了该模型的可行性。但该简化模型建立在理想环境,仅对特定的控制器参数设置有效。采用类似的方法,文献[17]在运行过程中去除了电压环和电流环的交互,这种方式改善了对故障电流的限制效果。文献[18]将文献[16,19]的方法结合起来,建立了内环简化传递函数模型的一阶近似。这些简化模型在一个采用大电网侧电感的LCL滤波器的小型微电网中进行了测试。
以上研究对变流器的控制简化方式进行了多种场景下的比较,然而所提出的模型仅针对具有固定参数的特定设置进行验证,而没有考虑到以变流器为主导的系统可能会随着控制参数变化而表现出不同类型的失稳。此外,现有大部分变流器动态模型往往忽略内环的前馈增益影响,导致此类模型在部分场景下难以准确反应潜在的同步失稳风险。
基于现有构网型变流器简化建模的不足之处,本文提出了基于一阶奇异摄动法的LCL滤波器网侧电流简化表达式,并在此基础上推导了不同维数的构网型变流器降阶模型。本文的贡献在于,论证了上述不同维数的构网型变流器在频域分析、时域分析以及特征值分析中的适应性及其所捕捉的变流器稳定域的准确性。同时通过分析构网型变流器各控制环路对稳定性的影响机理,提出了构网型变流器多场景下的控制参数整定方法。
典型的构网型变流器全阶模型如图1所示[8]。全阶模型在物理层面包括功率测量滤波器、变流器侧电感和电网侧LCL滤波器,在控制层面包括下垂控制、内部电流和电压控制。构网型变流器在控制层面模拟了同步机的功角特性,以电压源的形式接入电网,其中电压源的幅值和相位由构网型变流器控制直接调节,因此在建模过程中将其等效为受控电压源[20]。该模型考虑了耦合电阻Rc和耦合电感Lc,其中Rc是电网侧电阻R2和线路电阻RL之和,Lc是电网侧电感L2和线路电感LL之和。
在下垂控制模式下,频率ω与有功功率输出相关,电压U与无功功率输出相关,即:
ω=ωsetmpωnSnPlpf,U=UsetmqUnSnQlpf
式中:ωsetUset分别为构网型变流器设置的频率和电压参考值,通常将其设定为系统的额定值,即ωnUnmpmq分别为有功功率和无功功率的下垂系数;PlpfQlpf分别为变流器实测有功功率Pmea和无功功率Qmea经过滤波后的值,其计算公式为:
Plpf=11+τsPmea,Qlpf=11+τsQmea
Pmea=3/2(Uc,dIL2,dUc,qIL2,q)
Qmea=3/2(Uc,dIL2,qUc,qIL2,d)
式中:τ为滤波器时间常数,是截止频率ωc的倒数;IL2为电网侧电流;Uc为滤波电容上电压。
下垂控制的模型由一组微分方程公式构成,如式(5)—式(7)所示:
 θ˙=ωωref
τω˙=ωsetωmpωnSnPmea
 τU˙=UsetUmqUnSnQmea
式中:θ为变流器虚拟相角;ωref为参考频率。
LCL滤波器模型可以表示为[21]
 UiUc=Z1IL1=(R1+sL1+jωL1)IL1
 IL1IL2=YcUc=(sCf+jωCf)Uc
 UcUg=Z2IL2=(R2+sL2+jωL2)IL2
式中:UiUg分别为变流器和电网的电压;IL1为变流器侧电流;R1L1分别为变流器侧的电阻和电感;Cf为滤波电容。
电压和电流控制环的方程为:
 IL1*=Gv(UUc)+jωCfUc+h1IL2
 Ui=Gc(IL1*IL1)+jωL1IL1+h2Uc
式中:IL1*为电流设定点;GvGc分别为电压和电流PI控制的传递函数;h1h2分别为电压和电流控制环的前馈增益,其值取决于稳定性、谐波传播和暂态/短路行为之间的平衡关系。调谐控制采用了文献[14]中的设置。
h2=1时,电流控制环的开环增益为:
 GOL=(kpcL1s)s+kic/kpcs+R1/L1
设定kic/kpc=R1/L1,使用极点抵消的方法,此时电流环路的闭环传递函数变为:
 IL1IL1=1Tcls+1
式中:kpc=L1/Tclkic=R1/TclTcl为由此产生的闭环系统的时间常数。
考虑电网电压Ug,DQ从全局参考坐标系变换到基于角度θ的局部参考坐标系:
 [Ug,dUg,q]=[cos(θ)sin(θ)sin(θ)cos(θ)][Ug,DUg,Q]
式(1)—式(15)构成文献[5]提到的13阶变流器全阶模型,将该模型记为“M13”。
全阶模型的电压和电流控制环单独形成一个系统,其输入为UIL2,输出为电容电压Ue。通过求解方程式(8)、式(9)、式(11)和式(12),得到输入和输出之间关系,如式(16)所示:
 Uc=GM13U+ZM13IL2
式中:GM13ZM13为2组传递函数。
 GM13=GcGvGcGv+(YcjωCf)Gc+(Z1jωL1)Yc+1h2
 ZM13=jωL1Z1+(h11)GcGcGv+(YcjωCf)Gc+(Z1jωL1)Yc+1h2
基于全阶模型,本章将展示对模型不同部分进行降阶处理的方法。
图2为电流环简化下构网型变流器控制回路。
图2所示,在电流环简化的情况下,可以选择用1个时间常数为Tcl的一阶滞后环节替换电流环,也可以将电流环完全忽略处理。在这2种情况下,可从全阶模型中删除式(8)和式(12)。当完全忽略电流环时,可以假设:IL1=IL1*。这种假设下模型阶数降低至九阶,记为“M9”。求解剩余方程以求得Uc,方程(16)中的GM13ZM13GM9ZM9所替换,如式(19)—式(20)所示:
 GM9=kpvs+kivCfs2+kpvs+kiv
 ZM9=(h11)sCfs2+kpvs+kiv
电容Cf在超高频带发挥作用的场景外,GM9可约等于1。引入一阶滞后环节后,将IL1替换为:
 IL1=11+TclsIL1
基于该假设的模型为11阶,本文记为“M11”。
电压环简化下的构网型变流器控制回路如图3所示。对于具有简化电压环的模型,电流环的动态相应被简化,可完全忽略,这种情况下去掉全阶模型中的式(9)和式(11)。在忽略电压环的情况下,电容电压直接由下垂控制参考电压U决定[22]。该模型阶数为五阶,记为“M5”。
直接使用下垂控制的电压U作为变流器电压的参考值,电压控制环的近似值推导如式(22)所示。考虑到电容Cf只适用于超高频带,可以在式(9)中使用相量近似方法来推导方程:
 IL1IL2=jωCfUc
Uc的方程组,得到的结果与忽略式(19)和式(20)中的Cf项时相同,推导出的模型阶数为七阶,记为“M7”。该模型的传递函数GM7为1,ZM7如式(23)所示:
ZM7=(h11)s/kpvs+kiv
在电力系统中,电流变化通常以微分方程的形式建模。在低频场景中,也可以由准静态相量近似的代数方程描述电流动态。在文献[19]中,提出了一阶泰勒级数展开来提高代数表示的准确性。本文也采用了这种近似方法。2个端口处电压变化时电感电流的近似值为:
 I0=UaUbR+jωnL
实际电流值可以用微分方程来描述;
 I=UaUbR+jωnL+sL=I01+sL/(R+jωnL)
该电流可以使用式(25)对s的导数,通过泰勒展开来近似:
 II1=I0+Iss=I0LsR+jωnLI0
在时域可以表示为式(27):
 I1=I0LR+jωnLI˙0
电流I0的导数可以表示为:
 I0t=U˙aU˙bR+jωnL
dq坐标系下,也可写为:
 I˙0,d=G(U˙a,dU˙b,d)+B(U˙a,qU˙b,q)
 I˙0,q=B(U˙a,dU˙b,d)+G(U˙a,qU˙b,q)
式中:G=R/(R2+ωL2);B= ωnL/(R2+ωL2)。式(29)和式(30)是与电流状态无关的电流导数近似值。
假设Ua在局部参考系,而Ub在全局参考系,模拟一个具有大短路功率的刚性电网。设Ub,D=UnUb,Q=0,将M5的电网侧电感电流IL2的近似值代入,可得:
I˙0,d=G2U˙+BUnθ˙
I˙0,q=B2U˙+GUnθ˙
式中:G2=R2/(R22+ωn2L22)B2=ωnL2/(R22+ωn2L22)
此时,测得的功率变为:
 Pmea=Re(UI1)=P0G2U˙B2U0θ˙
 Qmea=Im(UI1)=Q0B2U˙+G2U0θ˙
 P0=3/2(G2U(UUncos(θ))+B2UUnsin(θ))
 Q0=3/2(B2U(UUncos(θ))G2UUnsin(θ))
 G2=3/2UnL2(R22ωn2L22)/(R22+ωn2L22)2
 B2=3UnωnR2L22/(R22+ωn2L22)2
式(33)和式(34)中测量功率的近似值可代入式(6)和式(7),与式(5)一起重新构成下垂控制模型。这个三阶模型记为“M3-HF”,其中HF代表高保真度。
通过在式(27)中代入Lt,同样的近似可以应用于模型M5-Lt,如式(39)所示[18]
 I1=I0LtR+jωnL2I˙0
G2'B2'替换,构建高保真模型,可得:
 G2t=3/2UnLt(R22ωn2L22)/(R22+ωn2L22)2
 B2t=3UnωnR2LtL2/(R22+ωn2L22)2
本文定义该模型为“M3-Lt-HF”。
在文献[19]中基于M3-HF得到了单变流器无限总线(single converter infinite bus,SCIB)系统的近似稳定性边界,并基于M3-Lt-HF进行了改进[18],见式(42):
mp<(Rc2+Xc2)2Sn3LtRcXcUn2ωnmq<(Rc2+Xc2)2Sn3LtRcXcUn2ωc
对于SCIB系统,Lt=L2+ILIk
模型降阶减轻了构网型变流器的整体仿真压力,但相应地,模型根据降阶方法具备不同的特性,为扩展现有的降阶模型,为构网型变流器降阶方法做一个全面的概述,本节将通过引入暂态电感和近似转移函数的方法,进一步改进对构网型控制器在电压环和线路耦合阻抗的简化方案。
ZM7可以被视作一个高通滤波器,其时间常数为kpv/kiv,在高频时的增益为(h1–1)/kpv,在低频时的增益为(h1–1)s/kiv。考虑到式(16)中的近似值,Lk=–|h1–1|/kiv可以作为额外的暂态电感代入式(10),由此得出式(43):
UcUg=(R2+sLt+jωL2)IL2
将整体暂态电感视作L2Lk的差值Lt,代入M5中来简化电压环,定义该简化建模为“M5-Lt”。
本节提出了一种简化耦合阻抗的方法,在M7的基础上建立具有一阶电流近似的模型。此方法中Ua取电容的近似电压值,将G7=1和ZM7=(h1–1)s/(kpvs+kiv)代入式(16)中:
 Uc=U+KvcI˙L2Tvcs+1
式中:Kvc=(h11)/kivTvc=kpv/kiv。此时,式(31)和式(32)的电流导数近似值变为:
 I˙0,d=G2U˙c,d+B(U˙c,q+Unθ˙)
I˙0,q=B2U˙c,q+G(U˙c,q+Unθ˙)
类似于式(33)与式(34)的处理方法,测得的有功和无功功率变为:
Pmea=P0G2U˙c,dB2(U˙c,q+Unθ˙)
Qmea=Q0B2U˙c,d+G2(U˙c,q+Unθ˙)
P0=32G2(Uc,d(Uc,dUg,d)+Uc,q(Uc,qUg,q))32B2(Uc,dUg,qUc,qUg,d)
Q0=32B2(Uc,d(Uc,dUg,d)+Uc,q(Uc,qUg,q))32G2(Uc,dUg,qUc,qUg,d)
此外,将式(45)—式(46)中电流近似值代入式(44)中,得到:
TvcU˙c,d+Uc,d=TvcU˙+U+KvcG2U˙c,d+B2(U˙c,dUnθ˙)
TvcU˙c,q+Uc,q=Kvc(B2U˙c,d+G2(U˙c,qUnθ˙))
最后,将式(47)和式(48)中的功率测量近似值插入式(6)和式(7)中,由式(5)—式(7)、式(51)和式(52)构成具有电流近似的模型。将内环转移函数ZM7考虑在内的模型具有高保真度,本文记为“M5-HF”。
接下来提出模型仍基于M7,而电流IL2由相量模型近似得到。在该模型中,式(10)变为:
UcUg=Z2IL2=(R2+jωL2)IL2
该模型中,电容电压和电流导数的近似公式与M5-HF模型的相同(式(44)—式(46)),由这些方程推导得到的式(51)和式(52)也同样成立。测量功率由式(49)和式(50)中的零阶方程近似构成。分别将式(49)和式(50)代入式(6)和式(7),并结合式(5)—式(7)、式(51)和式(52),构成了考虑内环近似ZM7的相量近似模型。这个五阶模型记为“M5-PHA”,PHA代表相量近似。
除了该模型外,式(53)中的相量近似方法以类似的方式用于简化文献[10]中的M5模型,分别将式(49)和式(50)代入式(6)和式(7),并结合式(5)来构成完整三阶模型,定义其为“M3”。
模型降阶方法可以以各种形式用于构网型控制系统当中,但该方法也存在一定缺点:如果使用耦合阻抗Rc/Lc而不是R2/L2,模型降阶方法可能无法降低模型的计算要求。降阶后的模型可以在工作点附近线性化,以降低小信号稳定性分析的复杂性,这是模型降阶的另一优势[23]
本节将M13作为与简化模型对照的基准,在没有额外说明的情况下,该模型的参数设置可见表1
使用波德图在频域中对比全模型和简化内环模型的传递函数,结果如图4所示。
图4a)所示,当电流控制环的前馈增益h2=1时,GM13的幅值直到高频带前都不变,而当h2=0时,GM13在较低频率下出现波动。GM9GM7之间在低频区间维持了良好的一致性,但在高频率下会由于电容暂态而出现差异。
h1设置为0时,可以在图4b)中看到所有传递函数在低频时都有较好一致性。只有ZM13出现了谐振现象,ZM9ZM7之间的差异同样仅在与电容动态相关的高频带下可以观察到。对于1 000 rad/s的频带范围,ZM7ZM9维持了较高的准确度,而ZM5−Lt只能在约100 rad/s左右维持精度。
图4c)中将h1设置为0.8,与图4b)中设置相比观察结果相似。在这种情况下,ZM5−Lth2取1时相比于ZM7ZM9有更好的近似表现。
图4d)h1设置为1.1。在ZM5−Lt模型中,考虑到在100~3 000 rad/s的频率范围内该传递函数的角度与ZM13相差约180°,因此使用Lk=−(h1−1)/kiv替换Lk=−|h1−1|/kiv来补偿这种角度偏差。
综上所述,在频率响应方面,当h1值接近0时,ZM7ZM9更加准确。而当h1值接近1时,ZM5−Lt表现出更高的精确度。
本节将通过在SCIB系统中将参数h1在0~1.2变化,来研究模型特征值的敏感性,仿真步长设置为0.3。图5为当h1在0~1.2变化,且线路长度为300 m时,高阶SCIB模型的特征值灵敏。图5中,标记的大小与h1的大小正相关。相同颜色的标记表示相同的h1值。图5a)描述了在300 m的线路长度下,当h1变化时高阶模型的特征值。图5b)对其进行了放大。图6为当h1在0~1.2变化,且线路长度为300 m时,低阶SCIB模型特征值灵敏度与M13的比较。
从5a)中可以观察到,M13、M11和M7模型在高频模态顺箭头朝着不稳定区域移动。当h1=1时,M13和M11的结果非常接近,而M7的特征值偏离较大。对耦合阻抗进行简化的模型(如M5-HF和M3-Lt-HF)则不包括这些高频模态。值得注意的是,h2对高频模态有很大影响,h2的减小会提升系统稳定的表现,说明电流环中参数对主导模态存在一定影响。因此,在研究稳定性、谐波传播和短路行为时,h2需要作为重要的权衡条件考虑。
M5-Lt模型充分考虑了耦合阻抗的动态特性,虽然相对于全模型来说偏差仍然巨大,但精确度随着h1的增大而增大。这种现象与3.1节的分析结果一致,说明在h1约为1时,Lt模型是一个合适的选择。由于M5模型不包括任何电流内环动态,h1的变化不对其具有影响。
分析参与因子可以直观看出电流控制回路和滤波电感的重要影响,较高频率模态下M13的状态参与因子如图7所示,Gui,dqGuc,dq分别为电压和电流控制环的积分器状态。从图7中可以看到,参考电压U在参与因子中具有高权重。一般来说,通过将下垂系数mq设为0,可以使用虚拟阻抗来提高稳定性[24]。这种现象表明简化内环控制回路和耦合阻抗的模型不适合应用在较高频率模态。
围绕y轴的较慢模态在图5b)图6b)中给出。慢模态的运动会趋向于h1值较大的稳定区域。当h2=1时,M7和M5-HF准确度仅次于M11。M3-Lt-HF与M5-Lt仅当h1=0.9时才给出准确的结果。然而,如图6a)所示,M3-Lt-HF在右半平面内也具有非振荡特征值。
M13在较低频模态下的状态参与因子如图8所示。从图8中可以看出,在低频模态中,θωU的状态参与因子占比较高,而其他变量的状态参与因子均处于较低水平,这表明下垂控制在低频模态中占据主导地位,也解释了简化内环控制回路及其耦合阻抗对低频模态影响不大的原因。
为测试线路长度对SCIB模型的影响,将线路长度调整到1 km,其他参数不变,特征值的变化如图9图10所示。
图5图6的仿真结果相比,图9图10中描述的系统稳定性更好,这表明线路长度越长系统的稳定性越高。在线路长度变化后,从图9a)可以看出,高阶模型的较高频率特征值向不稳定区域移动,而其特征值更靠近左半平面内。与使用较短线路的情况相比,模型降阶对准确度的影响变小。
图9b)图10b)中同样可见低频模态下向稳定区域移动的趋势。M5-Lt仍然不准确,而M3-Lt-HF在h1为0.3~0.9时特别准确,这说明模型的阶数直接影响了结果的准确性。
从参数敏感性分析中得出的关键结论是:简化模型的准确性取决于场景和控制器参数。如对于较低频率模式,M3-Lt-HF对于一定范围内的h1给出了相对准确的结果,但完全无法捕捉较高频率的模式。此外,应在稳定区域的边界评估模型的准确性,以确保捕获模型适合的模态。为此,下节将分析控制器和电气参数的稳定区域。此外,考虑到在h2接近0的情况下,M11和低阶模型都不准确,因此接下来的分析将把h2设置为1。
下垂系数mpmq变化下SCIB系统的稳定区域如图10所示。图10分别比较了h1不同设置下对结果的影响。在h1=0的情况下,M13对于较大的mq值,稳定性边界几乎不变化,其稳定性主要取决于在某个边界之上的mp
M11在所有情况下都接近于参考的全阶模型。当h1=0时,M7和M9具有同样的表现。使用Lt的模型(M5-Lt和M3-Lt-HF)在h1=0时结果并不准确,其他高阶模型的准确度接近M13,但保守性较差。三阶模型对于参数的变化过于敏感,例如M3的曲线会随着mp的变化超出范围。
h1=0.8时,M13的稳定区域略微增加。虽然M3-Lt-HF在mq约等于0.05 pu处错误地达到了一条直线稳定边界,使用Lt的模型与其他高阶模型相比普遍更准确。高阶模型M9和M7给出了准确的结果,尽管M5-Lt既没有简化电压环路和耦合阻抗,但M5-Lt的结果比M9维持了更高的准确度。
h1=1.1时,结果与h1=0.8时类似,使用Lt的模型保持了最准确的近似值。对于较大的mq值,M13展示了稳定边界的存在,而对于较小的mq值,稳定区域增加。在较低阶的模型中,只有对耦合阻抗进行一阶近似的模型(M3-Lt-HF和M5-HF)才能捕获这种直线稳定边界。
图11为当mpmqh1的不同设置而变化时SCIB系统的稳定区域。从式(42)中得出的近似稳定边界也在图11b)和图11c)中标出。该稳定边界基于M3-Lt-HF,忽略了有功和无功下垂的相互影响。它们在轴上与M3-Lt-HF重叠,一般来说并不准确。在更改耦合阻抗的参数RcLc的情况下进行了类似的实验分析,图12为当RcLch1的不同设置而变化时SCIB系统的稳定区域。由图12可见,当h1=0时,Rc对M13的影响较小。M5-PHA、M9和M7给出了准确的结果,M5-HF仅在Rc较大时准确。除此之外的其他模型无法保持准确度。当h1= 0.8时,M13的特性发生变化。曲线出现棱角,Rc值降低会引起失稳。M5也出现棱角,但结果总体并不精确。M5-Lt维持了最高的精确度。采用一阶近似耦合阻抗的模型都显示出相似的半圆形状。当h1=1.1时,也观察到类似的特征。M13的稳定区变小,但维持稳定所需的Lc值减小。M5-Lt仍是最精确的简化模型,M7和M9出现带有角度的曲线。
Rc的增大会导致耦合阻抗的时间常数较小,因此简化模型通常更精确。在线路较短的电力系统中,电网侧电感在较小的阻抗比中占主导地位。当Rc很小时,电感对系统稳定的效果有限,这可能会导致h1值接近1时出现稳定问题,如图12b)和图12c)
改变ωckiv时的结果如图13所示。当h1=0时,M13仅在右下角存在稳定区域。M9、M7和M5-HF相当准确,M5-PHA也维持着较高的精度,但其余模型没有正确预测稳定区域,有些甚至超出范围。当h1设置为0.8时,M13的稳定性大大提高。与h1=0的情况一样,M9、M7和M5-HF是最准确的简化模型。M3-Lt-HF将稳定区域限制为一个小三角形。M5-Lt的准确度与kiv成正比。当h1=1.1时,M13的稳定区域会进一步增加,模型仅在ωc的值非常小时才不稳定。由于当ωc很小时,下垂控制的慢动态占主导地位,大多数简化模型都是准确的,此时使用Lt的模型最不准确。
为了进一步研究ωc的影响,图14显示了mpωc变化时的稳定区域。一般来说,因为下垂控制和内环之间的时间尺度分离,稳定性会随着ωc的增大而增强,而模型精度会因此下降。当h1=0时,M13的稳定性主要取决于mp。对于较大的h1ωc在稳定性上的权重增加,M5-Lt维持了较高准确性,而M3-Lt-HF对于较大的h1则无法维持准确性。当h1=1.1时,M13的稳定性随着ωc的提升而降低。
为探讨4.3.1节的研究结果是否也适用于多变流器微电网,本节中的微电网用3个并联变流器和2个负载的微电网表示,微电网拓扑图如图15所示,其中负载采用恒定阻抗模型、输电线路RL可以使用相量近似或如文献[25]中所述的一阶近似来简化。为此选取Lt模型(M5-Lt)或高通滤波器近似(M7)作为微电网中变流器的模型来比较基于ZM7Lt模型的性能表现。
下垂系数mpmq变化下的微电网系统的稳定区域如图16所示。当mq的值较大时,会在h1=1时导致不稳定区域增加。但总体来说,M13的稳定区域随着h1的增加而增加。当h1=0时,M7较为准确,而当h1较大时,M5-Lt更加精确。
使用网络的一阶近似几乎不会影响结果的准确性,而且相量近似也维持了基本的准确度,特别是当h1=0时。这个结论适用于本节中所有场景。当网侧R2L2h1的不同设置而变化时微电网系统的稳定区域如图17所示。为保留线路简化的影响,在该实验中线路参数保持不变。当h1=0和h1=0.8时,稳定性主要取决于L2。随着h1的增加,稳定区域增加,仅当h1=1.1时,系统才会对于较小的R2值显示出不稳定的特性。当h1=0时,M7是准确的,而当h1=0.8时,2种模型都相当准确。当h1=1.1时,虽然无法检测到y轴周围的不稳定区域,但M7显示出更高的准确度。
ωckiv作为变量的仿真结果如图18所示。对于所有的h1值,稳定边界主要取决于ωc,特别是当h1约为1的情况。当h1=0时,M7是准确的,而M5-Lt始终不稳定。当h1=0.8,M7是仍保留着较高的准确度,而M5-Lt仅适用于较大的kiv值。h1=1.1时结果变化不大,对于较大的kiv值,M5-Lt仍不如M7准确。
稍微改变mpωc的参数,微电网系统的稳定区域仿真结果如图19所示。由图19可见,对于较低的h1值,M7更准确,而随着h1增大,M5-Lt更准确。当ωc较高且控制器作用更快时,相量网络近似变得不太准确。
综上所述,微电网的仿真结果与SCIB系统类似,基于ZM7的模型在h1接近0时更准确,而基于Lt的模型通常在h1接近1时更准确。
对于线路长度为600 m的SCIB系统,当ω发生阶跃变化时,电压设定点U的时域模拟结果如图20所示。
M13和M11以及M9和M7的性能表现实际上是相同的。基于Lt的模型更加准确,当h1= 0.8时,M5-HF的效果接近M7,这说明简化模型的高保真处理在时域仿真中的影响可以忽略不计。
在该工作的仿真结果中,所有模型都维持了相当的准确度,与4.3节中模型的不同稳定性边界对比,再次说明模型准确性的验证应该围绕稳定边界进行分析。
表2总结了模型简化的部分,并根据4.1—4.5小节的分析对其适用范围提供了建议。由表1可见,当h2接近0时,所有的简化模型都是不准确的。当h2接近于1时,M11总是准确的。此外,由于滤波电容的动态是高频的,即使不对电容进行相量近似,M9的准确性也并不比M7更高。
h1接近0时,优先选择近似转移函数ZM7的模型(M7、M5-HF、M5-PHA)。而当h接近1时,使用该类简化模型难以预测系统稳定性,模型准确性较低。当kiv较大时可考虑应用改变暂态电感Lt的模型(M5-Lt、M3-Lt-HF)。通常情况下,M5-Lt比M3-Lt-HF更准确。当mq大或ωc高时,高保真近似对于具有低阻抗比的短距离线路是不可行的,因此无法使用完全忽略内环动态(M5、M3-HF、M3)的简化模型。总体来说,与模型简化的影响相比,网络简化对动态的影响更小。
除了模型降阶指南之外,本章的仿真结果还可以得出特定控制器参数调节的一些主要结论,例如较小的h2会抑制了高频模态的波动,但会导致更低频的模态呈现不稳定的状态。除非是电力系统同时具有短距离线路与低阻抗比2个特性,或者mq非常高,较大的h1值(接近甚至超过1)可以增强稳定性。
本文对构网型变流器电流和电压控制环路给出了结构化的分层降阶方案,并通过近似传递函数和改变暂态电感提出了M5-PHA、M5-Lt等新的降阶模型。基于多样化场景对各类构网型变流器降阶模型的适应性进行了探讨,并得到如下结论。
1)构网型变流器同步稳定性可能会受到源自控制环路和线路动态之间的相互作用的较高频率模式或涉及下垂控制的较低频率模式的双重影响。
2)没有单一的降阶模型能适用于所有情景,因此必须选择适当的模型以对特定情景下的主导模态进行分析。
3)各类降阶模型不存在明确、统一的适应场景,其具体适应性取决于其控制器参数、滤波器和接入方式。
本文提供了简化模型选择的基本依据,以避免过度简化可能带来的错误结果。未来的工作将着眼于分析虚拟阻抗的影响以及构网型变流器模型的准确性与馈电变流器和动态负载等其他电网组件的相互作用。
  • 国家能源集团科技项目(GJNY-23-119)
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFB150700)
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2024年第53卷第8期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202404096
  • 接收时间:2024-04-23
  • 首发时间:2026-01-07
  • 出版时间:2024-08-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-23
基金
Science and Technology Projects of CHN Energy(GJNY-23-119)
国家能源集团科技项目(GJNY-23-119)
National Key Research and Development Program(2021YFB150700)
国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFB150700)
作者信息
    1.国能宁东新能源有限公司,宁夏 银川 751400
    2.国家能源集团新能源技术研究院有限公司,北京 102211
    3.新疆大学电气工程学院,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830047

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希望·阿布都瓦依提(1967),副教授,主要研究方向为电力电子技术及多种可再生能源互补发电,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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种数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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