Article(id=1215700948245205670, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1215700941538509036, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202403063, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1710086400000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-11, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1767775292693, onlineDateStr=2026-01-07, pubDate=1721836800000, pubDateStr=2024-07-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1767775292693, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1767775292693, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767775292693, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1215700941538509036, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2024', volume='53', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='158', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1767775291094, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767775458121, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1215701642159243949, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1215700941538509036, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1215701642159243950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1215700941538509036, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=91, endPage=100, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1215700948492669622, articleId=1215700948245205670, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Study on optimization of coal gasification characteristics and integration of its low carbon combined power generation system, columnId=1211002405299294959, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Thermal energy science research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to investigate the effects of oxygen addition amount and type of gasification medium on coal gasification efficiency as well as the optimization of integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) power system, a simulation analysis is carried out by baking two kinds of coals with significant differences in oxygen content as the examples. Firstly, based on the equilibrium reaction model, the influence of oxygen carbonation stoichiometric ratios (considering the oxygen content of different coal types) on gasification characteristics for different coal types is compared. Then, the gasification characteristics are analyzed and optimized when CO2 and steam are added as gasification media respectively. On this basis and considering CO2 capture, a novel IGCC power cycle system with CO2-assisted gasification, pure oxygen combustion and partial gas recirculation is proposed and analyzed, and the gas turbine model is simulated and optimized. The results show that, the coal gasification performance is the best when the total oxygen-carbonation stoichiometric ratio is around 0.47. Under this condition, adding CO2 as the gasification medium can increase the efficiency of cold gas by about 1.3%, compared with that of the conventional way that adding steam as the gasification medium. Compared with the conventional IGCC power system with pre-combustion decarbonization, the net power efficiency of the proposed system increases by about 1.5% and the exergy efficiency increases by 1.7%, which provides a new idea for designing a low-carbon and efficient IGCC power generation system.

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为了探究煤气化过程中氧气添加量和气化介质添加种类对于煤气化效率的影响,以及煤气化整体联合循环(IGCC)发电系统的集成优化,将以2种含氧量差别较大的煤种为例进行模拟分析。首先基于平衡反应模型对比了2煤种在不同总氧碳化学计量比(考虑煤自身含氧量)情况下对气化特性的影响结果;之后分析了分别添加CO2与蒸汽作为气化介质时气化特性的变化规律,优化了其气化特性;最后在此基础上考虑CO2捕获,提出了一种CO2辅助气化、纯氧燃烧、部分烟气再循环的新型IGCC发电系统,并对其燃气轮机模型进行了模拟优化。结果表明:总氧碳化学计量比为0.47时煤气化的特性最佳;在此最佳总氧碳化学计量比条件下,添加CO2作为煤气化流程气化介质,相比于传统添加蒸汽作为气化介质,可以使冷煤气效率提升约1.3%;基于此气化方法集成新型IGCC系统与传统燃烧前脱碳的IGCC发电方式相比,其净发电效率提高了约1.5%,㶲效率提高了约1.7%,该研究为设计低碳高效的IGCC发电系统提供了新思路。

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张国强(1980),男,副教授,主要研究方向为能源动力集成及其优化,
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张浩儒(1997),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为热力学及能源高效转化与安全利用,

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张浩儒(1997),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为热力学及能源高效转化与安全利用,

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Technology route selection for carbon capture utilization and storage in coal-fired power plants[J]. Wuhan: Journal of Huazhong University of Science and Technology (Natural Science Edition), 2022, 50(7): 1-13., articleTitle=Technology route selection for carbon capture utilization and storage in coal-fired power plants, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215700965945168358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700948245205670, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2005, volume=30, issue=7, pageStart=769, pageEnd=784, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[25], rfOrder=41, authorNames=KREUTZ T, WILLIAMS R, CONSONNI S, journalName=International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=KREUTZ T, WILLIAMS R, CONSONNI S, et al. Co-production of hydrogen electricity and CO2 from coal with commercially ready technology. Part B: economic analysis[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2005, 30(7): 769-784., articleTitle=Co-production of hydrogen electricity and CO2 from coal with commercially ready technology. Part B: economic analysis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215700966012277225, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700948245205670, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2011, volume=8, issue=4, pageStart=275, pageEnd=293, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[26], rfOrder=42, authorNames=ZHANG G, YAN J, JIN H, journalName=International Journal of Green Energy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHANG G, YAN J, JIN H, et al. Integrated black liquor gasification polygeneration system with CO2 capture in pulp and paper mills to produce methanol and electricity[J]. 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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215700957229404291, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700948245205670, language=CN, label=图6, caption=气化介质对煤气化特性的影响, figureFileSmall=FMU9X9dkaeS/sO3p/HyNSQ==, figureFileBig=t4LwdTFgtu4EaqjVc6aabw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215700957292318855, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700948245205670, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Schematic diagram of the new IGCC integrated power generation system, figureFileSmall=n0Mf7NG3YAjdwlor6UQg4Q==, figureFileBig=jZZLnZpiE+j0Bz+KmCKVIA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215700957384593548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700948245205670, language=CN, label=图7, caption=新型IGCC发电集成系统, figureFileSmall=n0Mf7NG3YAjdwlor6UQg4Q==, figureFileBig=jZZLnZpiE+j0Bz+KmCKVIA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215700957485256850, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700948245205670, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Schematic diagram of the reference IGCC integrated power generation system, figureFileSmall=DEgfYGbdwGOcBaWi43CkTw==, figureFileBig=ijxJN5eIrwsgEXhBimV74Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215700957577531541, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700948245205670, language=CN, label=图8, caption=参比IGCC发电集成系统, figureFileSmall=DEgfYGbdwGOcBaWi43CkTw==, figureFileBig=ijxJN5eIrwsgEXhBimV74Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215700957665611931, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700948245205670, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=The gas turbine characteristic curves of the new IGCC power system which change with pressure ratio, figureFileSmall=yKXKgdroy2+sYXGhxnHRGQ==, figureFileBig=oOXM3xY3l1YzdDClrfW5AA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215700957741109409, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700948245205670, language=CN, label=图9, caption=随压比变化的新系统燃气轮机特性曲线, figureFileSmall=yKXKgdroy2+sYXGhxnHRGQ==, figureFileBig=oOXM3xY3l1YzdDClrfW5AA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215700957892104357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700948245205670, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=The gas turbine characteristic curves of the new IGCC power system which change with outlet pressure, figureFileSmall=BG89iisCCD6MOIivm6QAhg==, figureFileBig=FQbbpuSD7XcM/79qsR5D+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215700957971796138, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700948245205670, language=CN, label=图10, caption=随出口背压变化的新系统燃气轮机特性曲线, figureFileSmall=BG89iisCCD6MOIivm6QAhg==, figureFileBig=FQbbpuSD7XcM/79qsR5D+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215700958085042352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700948245205670, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Proximate and ultimate analysis of the coal

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
煤种wd(M)/%wd(A)/%wd(FC)/%wd(V)/%QLHV/(MJ·kg–1)
10.2015.9058.0126.4629.83
20.2512.7656.8430.3926.75
wd(C)/%wd(H)/%wd(O)/%wd(N)/%wd(S)/%
174.056.251.320.711.77
270.204.2011.530.810.50
), ArticleFig(id=1215700958173122743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700948245205670, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

煤种工业及元素分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
煤种wd(M)/%wd(A)/%wd(FC)/%wd(V)/%QLHV/(MJ·kg–1)
10.2015.9058.0126.4629.83
20.2512.7656.8430.3926.75
wd(C)/%wd(H)/%wd(O)/%wd(N)/%wd(S)/%
174.056.251.320.711.77
270.204.2011.530.810.50
), ArticleFig(id=1215700958298951872, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700948245205670, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Coal gasification feeding parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数值
给煤量/(kg·h–1)1 000
给煤温度/℃30
给蒸汽量/(kg·h–1)100
给蒸汽温度/℃255
给氧温度/℃255
气化压力/MPa3
), ArticleFig(id=1215700958399615172, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700948245205670, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

煤气化给料参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数值
给煤量/(kg·h–1)1 000
给煤温度/℃30
给蒸汽量/(kg·h–1)100
给蒸汽温度/℃255
给氧温度/℃255
气化压力/MPa3
), ArticleFig(id=1215700959691460813, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700948245205670, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Coal gasification feed parameters using different gasification medias

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目CO2气化介质蒸汽气化介质
给煤量/(kg·h–1)1 0001 000
给煤温度/℃3030
给氧量/(kg·h–1)915.51915.51
给氧温度/℃255.00255.00
总氧碳化学计量比0.470.47
气化压力/MPa3.003.00
), ArticleFig(id=1215700959792124113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700948245205670, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

采用不同气化介质的煤气化给料参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目CO2气化介质蒸汽气化介质
给煤量/(kg·h–1)1 0001 000
给煤温度/℃3030
给氧量/(kg·h–1)915.51915.51
给氧温度/℃255.00255.00
总氧碳化学计量比0.470.47
气化压力/MPa3.003.00
), ArticleFig(id=1215700959884398805, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700948245205670, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Basic parameters of the IGCC power system

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数值
气化岛部分给煤量/(kg·s–1)27.78
气化给氧量/(kg·s–1)26.43
煤气化压力/MPa3.00
煤气化温度/℃1 300
煤气化碳转化率/%99
动力岛部分燃气轮机入口烟温/℃1 200
燃气轮机压比15.4
燃气轮机等熵效率/%91
燃气轮机机械效率/%99
空气压缩机等熵效率/%87
汽轮机入口温度/℃535
双压再热余热锅炉蒸汽压力/MPa12.00/3.90
余热锅炉最小换热温差/℃10
蒸汽轮机等熵效率/%87
), ArticleFig(id=1215700959972479194, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700948245205670, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

IGCC联合循环系统基本参数

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项目数值
气化岛部分给煤量/(kg·s–1)27.78
气化给氧量/(kg·s–1)26.43
煤气化压力/MPa3.00
煤气化温度/℃1 300
煤气化碳转化率/%99
动力岛部分燃气轮机入口烟温/℃1 200
燃气轮机压比15.4
燃气轮机等熵效率/%91
燃气轮机机械效率/%99
空气压缩机等熵效率/%87
汽轮机入口温度/℃535
双压再热余热锅炉蒸汽压力/MPa12.00/3.90
余热锅炉最小换热温差/℃10
蒸汽轮机等熵效率/%87
), ArticleFig(id=1215700960094114016, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700948245205670, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Parameters of the main streams of the above two IGCC power systems

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流股流量/(kg·s–1)压力/MPa温度/℃体积分数/%
N2O2COCO2H2OH2H2SCH4
新IGCC
联合循环系统
155.143.001 300.171.7965.950.760.9829.660.560.29
254.142.82507.831.8266.980.7730.130.30
344.171.62411.785.0095.00
4650.941.541 200.103.710.2070.3025.79
5650.940.10732.143.710.2070.3025.79
6552.640.1095.173.710.2070.3025.79
参比IGCC
联合循环系统
154.683.001 300.291.6956.172.494.3834.650.530.09
214.002.71402.441.786.582.2189.330.10
3654.071.62427.3879.0021.00
4668.071.541 200.0276.5612.331.0010.11
5668.070.10561.0176.5612.331.0010.11
6668.070.10106.5676.5612.331.0010.11
), ArticleFig(id=1215700960203165924, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700948245205670, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

2个IGCC发电系统关键流股参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
流股流量/(kg·s–1)压力/MPa温度/℃体积分数/%
N2O2COCO2H2OH2H2SCH4
新IGCC
联合循环系统
155.143.001 300.171.7965.950.760.9829.660.560.29
254.142.82507.831.8266.980.7730.130.30
344.171.62411.785.0095.00
4650.941.541 200.103.710.2070.3025.79
5650.940.10732.143.710.2070.3025.79
6552.640.1095.173.710.2070.3025.79
参比IGCC
联合循环系统
154.683.001 300.291.6956.172.494.3834.650.530.09
214.002.71402.441.786.582.2189.330.10
3654.071.62427.3879.0021.00
4668.071.541 200.0276.5612.331.0010.11
5668.070.10561.0176.5612.331.0010.11
6668.070.10106.5676.5612.331.0010.11
), ArticleFig(id=1215700960320606439, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700948245205670, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

Performance parameters of the above two IGCC power systems

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目新IGCC
联合循环系统
参比IGCC
联合循环系统
煤耗/(kg·s–1)27.7827.78
QLHV/(MJ·kg–1)29.8329.83
总发电量/MW438.64379.53
燃气轮机输出功率/MW218.05258.69
蒸汽轮机输出功率/MW212.75114.43
ASU空分能耗/MW59.9022.42
H2S净化能耗/MW3.132.93
捕集CO2能耗/MW34.4327.35
其他厂用电/MW13.1611.38
电厂净出功/MW328.02315.43
电厂净效率/%39.5938.06
), ArticleFig(id=1215700960396103917, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700948245205670, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

IGCC发电系统性能参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目新IGCC
联合循环系统
参比IGCC
联合循环系统
煤耗/(kg·s–1)27.7827.78
QLHV/(MJ·kg–1)29.8329.83
总发电量/MW438.64379.53
燃气轮机输出功率/MW218.05258.69
蒸汽轮机输出功率/MW212.75114.43
ASU空分能耗/MW59.9022.42
H2S净化能耗/MW3.132.93
捕集CO2能耗/MW34.4327.35
其他厂用电/MW13.1611.38
电厂净出功/MW328.02315.43
电厂净效率/%39.5938.06
), ArticleFig(id=1215700960484184302, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700948245205670, language=EN, label=Tab.7, caption=

Exergy analysis for the above two IGCC power systems

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项目新IGCC系统参比IGCC系统
㶲/MW比例/%㶲/MW比例/%
输入㶲883.84100.00883.8399.25
水或蒸汽6.670.75
输入㶲总和883.84100.00890.50100.00
㶲损失气化炉135.8215.37139.1515.63
空分单元38.944.4112.911.45
废热锅炉及合成气冷却17.471.9833.133.72
Selexol碳捕集及净化11.981.35
变换反应单元32.043.60
燃烧室155.2417.56163.8218.40
燃气轮机压缩机12.481.4115.231.71
燃气轮机17.481.9821.142.37
余热锅炉54.356.1539.424.43
蒸汽轮机30.133.4121.432.41
凝气器26.923.0519.832.23
三级CO2压缩捕集19.652.22
CO2产品27.133.0723.272.61
余热锅炉排烟3.130.3529.283.29
其他㶲损17.091.9312.451.40
㶲损失总和555.8262.89575.0764.58
输出㶲净输出功328.0237.11315.4335.42
共计883.84100.00890.50100.00
), ArticleFig(id=1215700960605819125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700948245205670, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

㶲分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目新IGCC系统参比IGCC系统
㶲/MW比例/%㶲/MW比例/%
输入㶲883.84100.00883.8399.25
水或蒸汽6.670.75
输入㶲总和883.84100.00890.50100.00
㶲损失气化炉135.8215.37139.1515.63
空分单元38.944.4112.911.45
废热锅炉及合成气冷却17.471.9833.133.72
Selexol碳捕集及净化11.981.35
变换反应单元32.043.60
燃烧室155.2417.56163.8218.40
燃气轮机压缩机12.481.4115.231.71
燃气轮机17.481.9821.142.37
余热锅炉54.356.1539.424.43
蒸汽轮机30.133.4121.432.41
凝气器26.923.0519.832.23
三级CO2压缩捕集19.652.22
CO2产品27.133.0723.272.61
余热锅炉排烟3.130.3529.283.29
其他㶲损17.091.9312.451.40
㶲损失总和555.8262.89575.0764.58
输出㶲净输出功328.0237.11315.4335.42
共计883.84100.00890.50100.00
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煤气化特性优化及低碳联合循环发电系统集成研究
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张浩儒 , 张国强 , 余建豪 , 刘铭宇
热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2024,53(7): 91-100
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热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2024, 53(7): 91-100
煤气化特性优化及低碳联合循环发电系统集成研究
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张浩儒 , 张国强 , 余建豪, 刘铭宇
作者信息
  • 华北电力大学能源动力与机械工程学院,北京 102206
  • 张浩儒(1997),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为热力学及能源高效转化与安全利用,

通讯作者:

张国强(1980),男,副教授,主要研究方向为能源动力集成及其优化,
Study on optimization of coal gasification characteristics and integration of its low carbon combined power generation system
Haoru ZHANG , Guoqiang ZHANG , Jianhao YU, Mingyu LIU
Affiliations
  • School of Energy, Power and Mechanical Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
出版时间: 2024-07-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202403063
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为了探究煤气化过程中氧气添加量和气化介质添加种类对于煤气化效率的影响,以及煤气化整体联合循环(IGCC)发电系统的集成优化,将以2种含氧量差别较大的煤种为例进行模拟分析。首先基于平衡反应模型对比了2煤种在不同总氧碳化学计量比(考虑煤自身含氧量)情况下对气化特性的影响结果;之后分析了分别添加CO2与蒸汽作为气化介质时气化特性的变化规律,优化了其气化特性;最后在此基础上考虑CO2捕获,提出了一种CO2辅助气化、纯氧燃烧、部分烟气再循环的新型IGCC发电系统,并对其燃气轮机模型进行了模拟优化。结果表明:总氧碳化学计量比为0.47时煤气化的特性最佳;在此最佳总氧碳化学计量比条件下,添加CO2作为煤气化流程气化介质,相比于传统添加蒸汽作为气化介质,可以使冷煤气效率提升约1.3%;基于此气化方法集成新型IGCC系统与传统燃烧前脱碳的IGCC发电方式相比,其净发电效率提高了约1.5%,㶲效率提高了约1.7%,该研究为设计低碳高效的IGCC发电系统提供了新思路。

煤气化特性  /  总氧碳化学计量比  /  低碳  /  IGCC  /  系统集成优化

In order to investigate the effects of oxygen addition amount and type of gasification medium on coal gasification efficiency as well as the optimization of integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) power system, a simulation analysis is carried out by baking two kinds of coals with significant differences in oxygen content as the examples. Firstly, based on the equilibrium reaction model, the influence of oxygen carbonation stoichiometric ratios (considering the oxygen content of different coal types) on gasification characteristics for different coal types is compared. Then, the gasification characteristics are analyzed and optimized when CO2 and steam are added as gasification media respectively. On this basis and considering CO2 capture, a novel IGCC power cycle system with CO2-assisted gasification, pure oxygen combustion and partial gas recirculation is proposed and analyzed, and the gas turbine model is simulated and optimized. The results show that, the coal gasification performance is the best when the total oxygen-carbonation stoichiometric ratio is around 0.47. Under this condition, adding CO2 as the gasification medium can increase the efficiency of cold gas by about 1.3%, compared with that of the conventional way that adding steam as the gasification medium. Compared with the conventional IGCC power system with pre-combustion decarbonization, the net power efficiency of the proposed system increases by about 1.5% and the exergy efficiency increases by 1.7%, which provides a new idea for designing a low-carbon and efficient IGCC power generation system.

coal gasification characteristics  /  total oxygen to carbon stoichiometry ratio  /  low carbon  /  IGCC  /  system integration optimization
张浩儒, 张国强, 余建豪, 刘铭宇. 煤气化特性优化及低碳联合循环发电系统集成研究. 热力发电, 2024 , 53 (7) : 91 -100 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202403063
Haoru ZHANG, Guoqiang ZHANG, Jianhao YU, Mingyu LIU. Study on optimization of coal gasification characteristics and integration of its low carbon combined power generation system[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2024 , 53 (7) : 91 -100 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202403063
整体式煤气化联合循环(integrated gasification combined cycle,IGCC)发电是高效和洁净煤利用发电技术之一,其具有发电效率高,洁净环保,且具备CO2捕捉封存条件等优点[1-2]。IGCC技术以煤为原料,将其气化为粗合成气(CO、H2等),再经一系列净化过程后,送入燃气轮机以及蒸汽轮机做功,整个过程流程长、投资大、耦合程度高[3-4]。目前,国内外已经建立并运行的IGCC项目有10余个,IGCC技术已经广泛应用于全世界的燃煤发电行业[5-6]。其中,典型的IGCC流程为水煤浆或者煤粉经气化产生粗合成气、并副产蒸汽,粗合成气经冷却洗涤净化后,送至燃气轮机做功,燃气轮机余热锅炉蒸汽和气化炉废热锅炉蒸汽再进入蒸汽轮机做功,以实现煤炭资源的高效利用[7-8]
先进煤炭气化技术是IGCC发电技术的基础,是改善电力生产效率,减少污染,并且有效利用能源的选择之一。目前,全球拥有上百种煤气化技术,其中国内已经实现工业化应用的有30余种。我国是全球煤气化技术应用规模最大和气化炉数量最多的国家,占全球煤气化技术的1/3左右,已经投产和正在建设的气化炉达1 000余台,其中60%以上的气化炉已投产运行[9]。Aspen Plus模拟仿真软件可以建立气化炉模型,模拟煤的热解、非均相反应和均相反应,可以对Shell、Texaco等煤气化工艺过程进行较准确地模拟计算[10-11],建立基于吉布斯自由能最小原理的平衡反应模型,可以预测煤气化炉在不同氧煤比、蒸汽煤比和不同气化介质下的气化特性[12-13]。涉及反应动力学的模型可以准确预测煤气化炉随反应时间、气化炉尺寸变化的煤气化反应结果,从而评价气化炉的性能指标[14]。煤气化中气化介质的温度、种类以及分压(浓度)对煤气化焦产率、冷煤气效率等气化特性结果有着重要影响[15-16],选择适当的气化条件可以大大提升煤气化效率,从而提高煤炭能源的利用率。除氧气外,蒸汽也广泛应用于各种煤气化流程,以CO2替代部分蒸汽作为干煤粉气化工艺的气化介质,可通过改变CO2配入量,改变产品粗煤气的组成,改善气化效率[17]
针对高效煤炭气化方式与IGCC系统集成,以及优化IGCC系统流程的相关研究较多。为更好地利用气化后合成气的能量,煤气化过程可以使用超临界水提升气化效率,优化合成气后续的能量梯级利用[18]。也可以尽可能利用煤气化过程产生的热量,使高温粗合成气直接进入辐射废热锅炉与对流废热锅炉换热,把高温粗合成气降温至约300 ℃,再进行一系列净化流程,可以省去合成气压缩机设备投资,同时降低了废热锅炉出口气体流量和热损失[19]。也可通过优化IGCC联合循环中其他关键部件,如设计带有燃气轮机回热的联合循环系统,拓展燃气轮机恒定入口温度时的负载范围,提升整体发电效率[20]
在关注IGCC系统集成发电效率的同时,环境保护与碳减排也是未来IGCC技术发展的关键方向。其中,整体式煤气化联合循环发电与碳捕获和碳储存(CCS)的系统集成已被广泛运用于控制温室气体的排放[21]。但CCS系统本身会消耗大量的功和热,会提高投资成本及发电运行成本[22]。我国IGCC电厂燃烧前碳捕集技术已日渐成熟,产品CO2可以用于化工合成或强化采气等工业用途,提高联产效率[23]。联合循环碳捕集也可以耦合化学链燃烧技术,相比于传统的CO2捕集技术电厂效率降低8到10百分点,当完成92%以上碳捕集目标时系统效率只下降3~5百分点[24]
上述研究很少关注煤种的含氧量,以及从包含煤自身含氧量在内的总氧碳化学计量比角度考虑煤气化的优化,另外全链条的气化介质优化和低碳系统集成的研究也较少见。本文将以2种含氧量差别较大的煤种为例,对比分析其在不同氧煤比情况下的气化特性规律,并且探究煤气化反应在H2O与CO2 2种气化介质条件下的特性,最后提出高效低碳的IGCC集成系统,为低碳发电路线提供新思路。
为确保迅速反应和碳完全转化,气流床气化技术煤粉一般在1 200~1 700 ℃的高温下发生气化反应。气化反应中,煤转化为合成气(H2+CO)是吸热反应,碳的氧化反应为整个气化过程提供几乎所有热量,再通过添加一些气化介质(如H2O、CO2等)控制反应温度,促进气化反应进行。在气化炉中气化用煤以及添加氧气和其他气化介质的量决定了煤气化反应的温度和气化产物。
采用Aspen Plus软件进行煤气化模拟分析,气化流程如图1所示。2种模拟煤种的挥发分、含氧量与热值差别较大,其干燥基工业及元素分析见表1
煤粉首先通过裂解模块分解为单质元素分子和灰渣,该过程通过Fortran语言编写的计算模块实现,此裂解模块产生的热量无损传递给后续的平衡反应器。元素分子和灰渣与蒸汽、氧气混合,根据吉布斯自由能最小原理,完成平衡反应过程,生成粗合成气。粗合成气再经过净化模块分离出不参与反应的灰分,以及污染物H2S气体,得到最终的合成气产物。
国内外学者通过大量模拟以及实验探究氧煤比对煤气化特性的影响,但均基于某一固定煤种,观察其在不同氧煤质量比情况下的表现。本文在考虑煤种本身含氧量的情况下,将进入气化炉的氧气以及给料煤中所含氧元素物质的量,与给料煤中所含碳元素物质的量之比作为总氧碳化学计量比,研究不同煤种随总氧碳化学计量比变化的气化特性。模拟研究中,给予少量蒸汽作为辅助性气化介质,2煤种除给氧量差别以外采用完全相同的给料方式,主要参数见表2。逐渐改变2煤种气化的总氧碳化学计量比,得到的模拟结果如图2图4所示。
图2可见:在总氧碳化学计量比低于0.47时,2煤种的碳转化率均不足100%,提供的氧量不能使给煤中所有的碳反应完全,不满足气化反应的需求,合成气产物中仍存有固体焦炭;在总氧碳化学计量比达到0.47左右时,煤种1的给氧量为913.04 kg/h,煤种2的给氧量为762.34 kg/h,两者给氧量差距较大,但此时2煤种的碳转化率近乎同时达到了100%,煤中所有的碳元素都可以通过气化反应转化为合成气中的CO、CO2、CH4,产物中不再含有焦炭。可见,总氧碳化学计量比决定了煤气化反应的完全程度。
图3可见:当2煤种在总氧碳化学计量比小于0.47时,反应物中的焦炭还未被完全消耗,焦炭氧化产生的部分热量被布多尔还原反应所产生的合成气有效成分吸收,整体气化温度上升较慢;总氧碳化学计量比高于0.47时,碳转化率已经达到100%,继续向气化炉中添加氧气会使合成气中的有效成分被氧化,产生出大量的热,气化温度会快速上升。在相同总氧碳化学计量比下,含氧量高的煤种气化温度更高。
图4可见:2煤种总氧碳化学计量比对冷煤气效率的影响规律一致。在2煤种总氧碳化学计量比小于0.46时,冷煤气效率随着给氧量的增加逐渐提升;在总氧碳化学计量比为0.46~0.47时,冷煤气效率达到最高;在总氧碳化学计量比高于0.47时,合成气产物中的有效气体与过量氧气反应,被氧化消耗,冷煤气效率逐渐降低。
虽然2煤种的自身挥发分、含氧量、热值等特性差距较大,但二者在碳转化率与冷煤气效率到达最高点的时刻表现出高度一致。不同煤种气化时为达到最高冷煤气效率与碳转化率,应综合考虑煤本身含有的氧元素以及气化给氧量,对于近干基进料,总氧碳化学计量比控制在0.47左右,再结合适当的辅助气化剂量及气化温度,可得到最高煤气化效率。在实际工业生产中,为了控制气化温度和排渣状态,总氧碳化学计量比可适当变化。
除氧气以外的气化介质对煤气化影响也十分重要。常见的辅助气化介质有CO2与H2O 2种,本文在最佳总氧碳化学计量比0.47条件下,对蒸汽和CO2分别作为气化介质的煤气化过程进行模拟,模拟煤种为煤种1,气化过程参数见表3,除气化介质外其他参数均保持一致。
分别逐渐增加气化介质CO2与蒸汽,模拟得到合成气中有效成分CO、H2体积分数如图5所示。
图5a)可见:CO2作为气化介质,随着其给量增加,在产品合成气中CO的体积分数先上升后下降,最高可以达到67.35%;H2的体积分数不断下降,最低达到了22%以下。随给CO2量不断增加,更多H2与CO2反应产生CO,此过程消耗了合成气中H2,使其质量流量不断减小。添加过量CO2时,大量的CO2未被反应消耗,产品合成气中CO2的体积分数会越来越高。
图5b)可见:蒸汽作为气化介质,随着其给量增加,在产品合成气中CO的体积分数逐渐减小,达到了50%以下;H2的体积分数先上升后下降,最高达到了35.29%。蒸汽量增加的过程中,煤中的焦炭与蒸汽反应生成CO,其质量流量先小幅度提升,随后CO会继续与过量的蒸汽反应产生H2,CO的质量流量会降低到比不添加蒸汽时更少,H2质量流量则不断增加。添加过量蒸汽时,大量蒸汽未被反应消耗,产品合成气中蒸汽的体积分数会越来越高。
分别逐渐增加2种气化介质量得到的气化特性曲线如图6所示。
图6可见,在气化介质量较少时,2种气化介质量增大都有助于气化反应进行,使碳转化率快速提升,冷煤气效率随着碳转化率提升也有显著增加。CO2作为气化介质,随给CO2量的增加,冷煤气效率在反应达到最高碳转化率之后,会连续小幅度提升;蒸汽作为气化介质,随给蒸汽量的增加,冷煤气效率在碳转化率达到最高之后则逐渐降低。煤种1的总氧碳化学计量比为0.47条件下,CO2作为气化介质时,冷煤气效率比蒸汽气化介质约高1.3%。
可见CO2气化介质相比于蒸汽具有一定的优势,添加适量的CO2可以使合成气中有效成分更多的转化为CO,且合成气冷煤气效率较高。在实际IGCC电厂生产中,传统添加蒸汽与O2的气化方式下水消耗量较大。而CO2常作为工业生产的副产物。IGCC电厂集成碳捕集技术后,可以生产CO2自给自足,所以使用CO2作为气化介质的煤气化方式,在联合循环系统中具有较大的实际运用价值。
基于CO2为气化介质煤气化方式,提出并建立与之匹配的新型IGCC发电集成系统。考虑到Aspen Plus软件模拟的实用性,作如下假设:1)各反应模块处于稳态运行,不受启停过程影响;2)煤气化反应中煤粉颗粒与气化介质完全混合,没有质量浓度差;3)气化炉中各部位温度相同;4)燃煤中的灰分为惰性物质,不参与反应;5)所有化学反应在吉布斯最小自由能约束下可以达到最终平衡状态。
本文提出的新型IGCC发电集成系统示意如图7所示。空气分离器(ASU)分离空气生产O2和N2,O2用于供给气化炉煤气化过程与燃气轮机燃烧室纯氧燃烧过程。煤粉在气化炉中与O2和CO2混合,发生煤气化反应产生粗合成气,高温粗合成气随后进入废热锅炉加热部分余热锅炉高温给水,其产生的高温蒸汽进入余热锅炉用于过热后在蒸汽机中做功,同时废热锅炉给粗合成气进行初步降温。随后粗合成气进入净化单元进行二次降温后,除去粗合成气中的水分和硫分得到净化后的产品合成气,低温产品合成气回流至废热锅炉后的换热器,参与粗合成气的换热冷却。随后产品合成气膨胀做功,达到合适的压力进入燃烧室,在燃烧室中与ASU产生的氧气和部分加压后的余热锅炉尾部烟气混合进行富氧燃烧,再进入到燃气轮机透平做功,燃气轮机出口烟气进入双压再热余热锅炉生产蒸汽驱动蒸汽机循环做功。余热锅炉出口含大量CO2的烟气一部分经过加压回注到燃气轮机透平前的燃烧室,另一部分烟气在降温、去水后,经过三级压缩,回收其中的CO2,完成碳捕集。该系统气化炉使用的CO2可来自燃烧后压缩捕集的CO2产品,燃气轮机使用纯氧与部分压缩回注余热锅炉排烟混合后燃烧做功。
参比IGCC发电集成系统如图8所示。参比系统的ASU分离空气量只需满足供给气化炉所使用O2量,气化部分采用蒸汽作为气化介质,粗合成气经过废热锅炉等一系列设备冷却后,与一股蒸汽机抽气混合,发生煤气变换反应,把粗合成气中的CO转化为CO2和H2,经成分调整后,利用Selexol法吸收其中的CO2和含硫物质,完成合成气的净化与碳捕集。净化合成气膨胀做功达到适当压力后,在燃烧室中直接与压缩空气混合燃烧,进入到燃气轮机做功。参比系统的余热锅炉以及蒸汽轮机部分设计与新型系统一致,余热锅炉排烟几乎不含CO2,然后冷却排空。
这2个IGCC发电系统中,气化炉部分均采用煤种1,使用氧气流量均为26.43 kg/s时,均达到了煤气化最佳总氧碳化学计量比。为保证这2个系统气化炉达到相同的反应温度(1 300 ℃),使用CO2气化介质的新系统CO2量为5.45 kg/s,使用蒸汽气化介质的参比系统在给蒸汽量为4.98 kg/s。其他燃气轮机、余热锅炉及蒸汽机等关键设备,相同流程使用的设备参数均保持一致,其基本参数见表4
对2个IGCC联合循环系统进行模拟,得到关键流股参数见表5。由表5可见:与参比IGCC发电系统相比,新IGCC发电系统粗合成气中CO组分更高,而H2组分较低;CO2气化介质的冷煤气效率会比采用蒸汽的IGCC煤气化炉高出约0.7%。CO2气化介质可以更好地利用煤炭中的化学能,产生的合成气有效成分拥有更高的热值。
参比IGCC发电系统的粗合成气经过组分调整、净化以及碳捕集后,合成气中体积分数90%以上的气体为H2。一级高温变换反应将CO转化为CO2然后捕集,C元素捕集效率达85.8%,大部分CO2排放得到控制。但煤气变换反应是放热反应,该过程中合成气净热值有一定损失,为了补偿这部分损失,参比系统变换反应产生的热量可用于加热部分低压给水,产生低压蒸汽进入底循环中做功。
这2个系统燃气轮机进口流量接近。新IGCC发电系统采取纯氧燃烧策略,净化后的合成气与ASU生产的纯氧混合燃烧,再与一部分加压后的余热锅炉排烟混合,一起进入燃气轮机做功,在燃气轮机内做功的工质中CO2体积分数为70.30%,H2O体积分数为25.79%。参比IGCC发电系统使用的净化合成气几乎不含C元素,与空气混合燃烧后,在燃气轮机内做功的工质中N2体积分数为76.56%,O2体积分数为12.33%,H2O体积分数为10.11%,CO2体积分数为1%。
IGCC联合循环系统性能见表6。Selexol法硫回收与碳捕集产生高压CO2的能耗参考文献[25]在氢电联产中的计算。ASU生产氧气的能耗参考文献[26]在甲醇与电力联合生产中的计算,所生产的氧气流量为1 kg/s、体积分数为95%时需消耗0.85 MW,其他厂用电耗按照总发电量的3%估算。由表6可见,2个IGCC发电系统的煤粉输入能量相同,新系统使用CO2或蒸汽作为主要工质在燃气轮机内部做功,其做功能力不如参比系统使用空气混合燃烧得到的工质。综合燃气轮机压气机的功耗后,参比系统、新系统燃气轮机单元输出净功率为258.69、218.05 MW,新系统燃气轮机单元输出净功率降低了约15.65%。但新系统燃气轮机排烟温度较高,在底循环部分有更高的输出功率。新系统、参比系统的余热锅炉蒸汽机部分输出功率为212.75、114.43 MW。新系统有100%的CO2捕获效率,耗功更大,且空分制氧功耗较大,但整体新系统输出的净功率相比于参比系统有所提升。
本文提出的CO2辅助气化、纯氧燃烧、部分烟气再循环的新型IGCC发电集成系统,整体电厂效率比蒸汽作为气化介质的传统IGCC系统要高约1.5%,气化部分不需要消耗水,且能有效利用捕集产生的CO2产品,另外粗合成气出口到净化合成气燃烧前的系统流程相对简单,可以节省电厂建设投资,总体来看具有非常好的经济效益和实践价值。
2种IGCC系统㶲分析结果见表7。从表7可见,2种系统在气化炉以及燃气轮机燃烧室㶲损失均较大。新系统气化炉的㶲损失为135.82 MW,在燃气轮机燃烧室㶲损失155.24 MW,这2个环节能量损失占总㶲损的52.37%;参比系统气化炉㶲损失为139.15 MW,燃气轮机燃烧室㶲损失为163.82 MW,这2个环节的能量损失占总㶲损的52.68%。这主要因为气化炉及燃烧室中发生了不可逆的燃烧化学反应,从而导致了较大的㶲损失。
新系统消耗的氧气量更多,ASU产生的㶲损更大;底循环中余热锅炉换热温差较大,蒸汽机输出功率更多,产生的㶲损更大;余热锅炉部分排烟需要进行压缩完成碳捕集,会产生额外的㶲损。参比系统在变换反应单元发生了不可逆的化学反应,以及Selexol除硫及碳捕集产生高压CO2的过程,产生了额外的㶲损,且在此环节中的合成气冷却换热过程较多,同样㶲损失较大;余热锅炉排烟冷却排空也会产生一定㶲损。综合来看,新系统总㶲损相对于参比系统约低1.7%,在能量利用上具有一定的优势。
新系统在能量利用和整体效率方面均优于参比系统,但新系统在燃气轮机输出功率方面表现较差,燃气轮机排烟温度相对较高(732.14 ℃)。为进一步优化新系统,以燃气轮机透平为例,在保持燃气轮机进口烟气温度1 200 ℃不变、余热锅炉排烟温度不小于100 ℃条件下,通过在常规大气压力背压下调整燃气轮机压比和在常规燃气轮机透平进口压力下调整燃气轮机排气背压2种方式,模拟燃气轮机及IGCC系统运行情况,探究其影响规律。
随压比变化的新系统燃气轮机特性曲线如图9所示。比功为燃气轮机输出功率与燃气轮机压气机进口氧气及烟气的质量比。新系统中,燃气轮机排烟温度比参比系统高很多,通过提高燃气轮机压比来增加燃气轮机输出功率的潜力较大。
图9可见,燃气轮机压比与排气温度呈线性相关,在本文研究范围内,压比每增加1,燃气轮机排烟温度下降7~8 ℃。在压比增加、燃气轮机排烟温度降低的过程中,燃气轮机单元的净功率呈现上升趋势,整体效率提升。尤其在燃气轮机压力比较低的情况下,增加压比对提升燃气轮机净功率效果更佳。降低燃气轮机排烟温度能够显著提高燃气轮机功率,但会减少余热锅炉和蒸汽轮机的出力。
图9可以看出,在合理范围内增加压比,燃气轮机功率提升的速度将大于余热锅炉和蒸汽轮机功率降低的速度,从而有利于联合循环总功率和净效率的提升。当压比从12提高至20时,燃气轮机比功不断增加,系统总功率提升了约20 MW,净效率也提高了约2百分点。但是根据研究燃气轮机的过往经验,燃气轮机压比存在最佳值,随燃气轮机压比增加,其比功以及IGCC系统效率存在峰值,但此压力条件超出本文燃气轮机模型常规压力范围,故暂不讨论。
图10为随出口背压变化的新系统燃气轮机特性。由图10可见,逐渐降低燃气轮机背压时,其排烟温度也逐渐降低,与保持背压不变增加燃气轮机压比相同,此过程同样使得燃气轮机的排烟温度降低,余热锅炉及蒸汽机的输出功率减少。
同时,余热锅炉尾部烟气注入燃气轮机燃烧室前所消耗的压缩功以及碳捕集模块的耗功都有增加。净出功以及净效率随背压降低有所增加,在背压从100 kPa降至50 kPa过程中,新系统净效率提升了约1.6百分点。燃气轮机背压降到约67 kPa时,比功达到峰值,继续降低背压,比功下降,会降低系统经济性。
1)考虑完全气化时,对于近干基的进料将总氧碳化学计量比控制在0.47左右,结合辅助气化剂量及气化温度,可得到煤气化效率最高的气化条件。实际生产过程中,为了控制气化温度和排渣状态,总氧碳化学计量比可适当变化。
2)CO2作为煤气化介质的气化特性优于传统蒸汽介质,二者冷煤气效率差可达1.3%。
3)本文提出的CO2辅助气化、纯氧燃烧、部分烟气再循环新型IGCC发电系统,碳捕获率可达100%,电厂整体效率比传统IGCC系统提升约1.5%,㶲损失降低约1.7%。
4)新系统具有参数优化潜力,通过提升燃气轮机压比或者降低燃气轮机排烟背压均可降低燃气轮机排烟温度和余热锅炉最小换热温差,进而使系统整体效率提升约1.6%。
  • 国家科技重大专项(J2019-I-0009-0009)
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202403063
  • 接收时间:2024-03-11
  • 首发时间:2026-01-07
  • 出版时间:2024-07-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-11
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National Science and Technology Major Project(J2019-I-0009-0009)
国家科技重大专项(J2019-I-0009-0009)
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    华北电力大学能源动力与机械工程学院,北京 102206

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张国强(1980),男,副教授,主要研究方向为能源动力集成及其优化,
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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