Article(id=1215700947523785334, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1215700941538509036, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202403059, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1710345600000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-14, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1767775292520, onlineDateStr=2026-01-07, pubDate=1721836800000, pubDateStr=2024-07-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1767775292520, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1767775292520, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767775292520, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1215700941538509036, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2024', volume='53', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='158', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1767775291094, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767775458121, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1215701642159243949, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1215700941538509036, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1215701642159243950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1215700941538509036, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=149, endPage=158, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1215700947838358154, articleId=1215700947523785334, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Road adaptability of hybrid trucks integrated with a full-condition efficient waste heat recovery system, columnId=1211002405299294959, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Thermal energy science research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Energy saving and emission reduction in road transport field is an important part of the strategy to achieve carbon neutrality. Heavy commercial vehicles have high power and range requirements, and the transition from conventional internal combustion locomotives to hybrids with waste heat recovery is of great significance in improving engine efficiency and reducing energy consumption. However, the waste heat recovery system integrated with hybrid power in current research mostly adopts a simple layout, and only recovers a single form of waste heat energy from the cylinder liner water or flue gas, which has a limited degree of enhancement to the overall efficiency of the vehicle. Therefore, a waste heat recovery system based on the organic Rankine cycle that can simultaneously recover the waste heat from flue gas and cylinder liner water and operate efficiently under full operating conditions is proposed. The system is coupled with a series hybrid power system and operates under high-speed and suburban road conditions, the performance of the organic Rankine cycle system and the improvement effect of the overall energy efficiency of the integrated system are then investigated. The results show that, under the premise of considering the weight of the waste heat recovery system, the waste heat recovery system improves the engine efficiency by 2.85% and reduces the overall fuel consumption by 6.78% under high-speed USHWY conditions. Under urban road UDDS conditions, it enhances the engine efficiency by 2.30% and decreases the overall fuel consumption by 6.43%. The above results demonstrate the system’s fuel-saving capability and application potential. It is found that the organic Rankine cycle system has a large inertia, and the long-term stable operation of the engine plays a decisive role in improving the output power and efficiency of the system, so the system is suitable for matching with high-speed operation of heavy-duty hybrid vehicles.

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xuan WANG, Yiwei YIN, Jingyu WANG, Hua TIAN, Gequn SHU, Xuanang ZHANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1215700951663563563, articleId=1215700947523785334, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=CN, title=耦合全工况高效余热回收系统的混动卡车道路适应性研究, columnId=1211002405437706993, journalTitle=热力发电, columnName=热能科学研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

公路运输领域的节能减排是实现碳中和战略的重要环节。重型商用车辆功率以及续航需求大,由传统燃油车型向混合动力转型并进行余热回收利用对提升发动机效率、降低能耗具有重要意义。但目前的研究中与混合动力耦合的余热回收系统的结构简单,仅能回收缸套水或烟气单一形式的余热能,对车辆整体效率的提升程度有限。因此提出了一种基于有机朗肯循环的能够同时回收烟气及缸套水余热并在全工况下高效运行的余热回收系统。将其与串联式混合动力系统耦合,并在高速、城郊道路工况下运行,深入探究了有机朗肯循环系统性能表现以及耦合系统整体能效提升效果。结果表明在考虑余热回收系统质量的前提下,该余热回收系统在高速路况USHWY对发动机效率的提升为2.85%,降低整体燃油消耗6.78%,在城郊路况UDDS下提升发动机效率2.30%,整体燃油消耗降低6.43%,证明了系统的节油能力和应用潜力。研究发现有机朗肯循环系统工作惯性大,发动机的长期稳定运行对于提升系统输出功率和效率具有决定性作用,因此该系统适合匹配高速运行的重型混合动力车辆。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=1TEU4HU7ux6TNhCu+rUUKA==, magXml=vOBFc1TN3ILPrpbBf63oZw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=0UuYDFku7Mu+hhuj2I2XMw==, pdfFileSize=2140178, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=X4RmLlm3JoTC0FkGRSgNow==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=2GTl9Xe8DIPlBfGgcs69fA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

王轩(1990),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为热动力循环仿真及智能控制、热管理技术、分布式能源系统,

, authorsList=王轩, 殷艺玮, 王竞宇, 田华, 舒歌群, 张轩昂)}, authors=[Author(id=1215700952242377561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700947523785334, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=wangxuanwx@tju.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1215700952431121253, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700947523785334, authorId=1215700952242377561, language=EN, stringName=Xuan WANG, firstName=Xuan, middleName=null, lastName=WANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1.School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1215700952548561775, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700947523785334, authorId=1215700952242377561, language=CN, stringName=王轩, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1.天津大学机械工程学院,天津 300072, bio={"content":"

王轩(1990),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为热动力循环仿真及智能控制、热管理技术、分布式能源系统,

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

王轩(1990),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为热动力循环仿真及智能控制、热管理技术、分布式能源系统,

, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1215700951915221824, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700947523785334, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215700951927804737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700947523785334, companyId=1215700951915221824, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215700951940387652, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700947523785334, companyId=1215700951915221824, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.天津大学机械工程学院,天津 300072)])]), Author(id=1215700952682779514, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700947523785334, orderNo=1, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1215700952821191562, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700947523785334, authorId=1215700952682779514, language=EN, stringName=Yiwei YIN, firstName=Yiwei, middleName=null, lastName=YIN, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1.School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1215700952947020694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700947523785334, authorId=1215700952682779514, language=CN, stringName=殷艺玮, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1.天津大学机械工程学院,天津 300072, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1215700951915221824, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700947523785334, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215700951927804737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700947523785334, companyId=1215700951915221824, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215700951940387652, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700947523785334, companyId=1215700951915221824, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.天津大学机械工程学院,天津 300072)])]), Author(id=1215700953047683998, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700947523785334, orderNo=2, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1215700953202873256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700947523785334, authorId=1215700953047683998, language=EN, stringName=Jingyu WANG, firstName=Jingyu, middleName=null, lastName=WANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1.School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1215700953290953649, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700947523785334, authorId=1215700953047683998, language=CN, stringName=王竞宇, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1.天津大学机械工程学院,天津 300072, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1215700951915221824, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700947523785334, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215700951927804737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700947523785334, companyId=1215700951915221824, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215700951940387652, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700947523785334, companyId=1215700951915221824, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.天津大学机械工程学院,天津 300072)])]), Author(id=1215700953391616953, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700947523785334, orderNo=3, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1215700953534223301, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700947523785334, authorId=1215700953391616953, language=EN, stringName=Hua TIAN, firstName=Hua, middleName=null, lastName=TIAN, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1.School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1215700953651663823, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700947523785334, authorId=1215700953391616953, language=CN, stringName=田华, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1.天津大学机械工程学院,天津 300072, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1215700951915221824, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700947523785334, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215700951927804737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700947523785334, companyId=1215700951915221824, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215700951940387652, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700947523785334, companyId=1215700951915221824, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.天津大学机械工程学院,天津 300072)])]), Author(id=1215700953764910042, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700947523785334, orderNo=4, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1215700954599576546, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700947523785334, authorId=1215700953764910042, language=EN, stringName=Gequn SHU, firstName=Gequn, middleName=null, lastName=SHU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, address=2.College of Engineering Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1215700954733794285, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700947523785334, authorId=1215700953764910042, language=CN, stringName=舒歌群, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, address=2.中国科学技术大学工程科学学院,安徽 合肥 230027, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1215700952045245259, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700947523785334, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215700952057828174, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700947523785334, companyId=1215700952045245259, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.College of Engineering Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215700952066216782, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700947523785334, companyId=1215700952045245259, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.中国科学技术大学工程科学学院,安徽 合肥 230027)])]), Author(id=1215700954842846199, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700947523785334, orderNo=5, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1215700954951898107, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700947523785334, authorId=1215700954842846199, language=EN, stringName=Xuanang ZHANG, firstName=Xuanang, middleName=null, lastName=ZHANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1.School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1215700955077726209, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700947523785334, authorId=1215700954842846199, language=CN, stringName=张轩昂, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1.天津大学机械工程学院,天津 300072, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1215700951915221824, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700947523785334, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215700951927804737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700947523785334, companyId=1215700951915221824, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215700951940387652, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700947523785334, companyId=1215700951915221824, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.天津大学机械工程学院,天津 300072)])])], keywords=[Keyword(id=1215700955237109770, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700947523785334, language=EN, orderNo=1, keyword=organic Rankine cycle), Keyword(id=1215700955333578769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700947523785334, language=EN, orderNo=2, keyword=waste heat recovery), Keyword(id=1215700955446824985, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700947523785334, language=EN, orderNo=3, keyword=hybrid power), Keyword(id=1215700955589431328, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700947523785334, language=EN, orderNo=4, keyword=heavy trucks), Keyword(id=1215700955719454760, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700947523785334, language=CN, orderNo=1, keyword=有机朗肯循环), Keyword(id=1215700955815923757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700947523785334, language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=余热回收), Keyword(id=1215700955920781364, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700947523785334, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=混合动力), Keyword(id=1215700956038221882, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700947523785334, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=重型卡车)], refs=[Reference(id=1215700960001839324, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700947523785334, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=Committee on Environment, Food Safety and Public Health, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Committee on Environment, Food Safety and Public Health. Result of votes and roll-call votes[R/OL]. (2024-02-14) [2024-02-27]. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/agenda/weekly-agenda/2024-7#agenda-day20240214., articleTitle=Result of votes and roll-call votes, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215700960089919713, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700947523785334, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=1, authorNames=中国共产党中央委员会, 中华人民共和国国务院, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=中国共产党中央委员会, 中华人民共和国国务院. 2030年前碳达峰行动方案[EB/OL]. (2021-10-24) [2024-02-27]. https://www.gov.cn/gongbao/content/2021/content_5649731.htm., articleTitle=2030年前碳达峰行动方案, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215700960207360229, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700947523785334, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=2, authorNames=Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, State Council of the People’s Republic of China, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, State Council of the People’s Republic of China. Peak carbon action program by 2030[EB/OL]. (2021-10-24) [2024-02-27]. https://www.gov.cn/gongbao/content/2021/content_5649731.htm., articleTitle=Peak carbon action program by 2030, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215700960324800745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700947523785334, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=157, issue=null, pageStart=905, pageEnd=917, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[3], rfOrder=3, authorNames=GAMBHIR A, LAWRENCE K C, TONG D, journalName=Applied Energy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GAMBHIR A, LAWRENCE K C, TONG D, et al. Reducing China’s road transport sector CO2 emissions to 2050: technologies, costs and decomposition analysis[J]. Applied Energy, 2015, 157: 905-917., articleTitle=Reducing China’s road transport sector CO2 emissions to 2050: technologies, costs and decomposition analysis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215700960417075437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700947523785334, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=19, issue=18, pageStart=302, pageEnd=308, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[4], rfOrder=4, authorNames=张静, 于浩, journalName=科学技术与工程, refType=null, unstructuredReference=张静, 于浩. 基于等效燃油消耗最小算法的并联式混合动力卡车控制策略[J]. 科学技术与工程, 2019, 19(18): 302-308., articleTitle=基于等效燃油消耗最小算法的并联式混合动力卡车控制策略, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215700960509350128, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700947523785334, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=19, issue=18, pageStart=302, pageEnd=308, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[4], rfOrder=5, authorNames=ZHANG Jing, YU Hao, journalName=Science, Technology and Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHANG Jing, YU Hao. Control strategy of parallel hybrid truck based on equivalent fuel consumption minimization algorithm[J]. Science, Technology and Engineering, 2019, 19(18): 302-308., articleTitle=Control strategy of parallel hybrid truck based on equivalent fuel consumption minimization algorithm, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215700960601624820, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700947523785334, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2008, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=108, pageEnd=109, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[5], rfOrder=6, authorNames=MEHRDAD E, GAO Y M, ALI E, 倪光正, 倪培宏, 熊素铭, journalName=现代电动汽车、混合动力电动汽车和燃料电池车基本原理、理论和设计, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MEHRDAD E, GAO Y M, ALI E. 现代电动汽车、混合动力电动汽车和燃料电池车基本原理、理论和设计[M]. 倪光正, 倪培宏, 熊素铭, 译. 北京: 机械工业出版社, 2008: 108-109., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215700960706482427, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700947523785334, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2008, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=108, pageEnd=109, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[5], rfOrder=7, authorNames=MEHRDAD E, GAO Y M, ALI E, NI Guangzheng, NI Peihong, XIONG Suming, journalName=Basic principle, theory and design of modern electric vehicle, hybrid electric vehicle and fuel cell vehicle, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MEHRDAD E, GAO Y M, ALI E. Basic principle, theory and design of modern electric vehicle, hybrid electric vehicle and fuel cell vehicle[M]. NI Guangzheng, NI Peihong, XIONG Suming, translated. Beijing: China Machine Press, 2008: 108-109., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215700960781979902, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700947523785334, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=149, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[6], rfOrder=8, authorNames=XIAO B, RUAN J, YANG W, journalName=Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, refType=null, unstructuredReference=XIAO B, RUAN J, YANG W, et al. A review of pivotal energy management strategies for extended range electric vehicles[J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2021, 149: 111194., articleTitle=A review of pivotal energy management strategies for extended range electric vehicles, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215700960849088770, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700947523785334, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=68, issue=8, pageStart=3258, pageEnd=3265, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[7], rfOrder=9, authorNames=柴俊霖, 田瑞, 杨富斌, journalName=化工学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=柴俊霖, 田瑞, 杨富斌, 等. 车用柴油机余热回收有机朗肯循环系统方案热经济性对比分析[J]. 化工学报, 2017, 68(8): 3258-3265., articleTitle=车用柴油机余热回收有机朗肯循环系统方案热经济性对比分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215700960932974856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700947523785334, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=68, issue=8, pageStart=3258, pageEnd=3265, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[7], rfOrder=10, authorNames=CHAI Junlin, TIAN Rui, YANG Fubin, journalName=Journal of Chemical Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CHAI Junlin, TIAN Rui, YANG Fubin, et al. Comparative thermo-economic analysis of organic Rankine cycle system schemes for waste heat recovery in automotive diesel engines[J]. Journal of Chemical Engineering, 2017, 68(8): 3258-3265., articleTitle=Comparative thermo-economic analysis of organic Rankine cycle system schemes for waste heat recovery in automotive diesel engines, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215700961008472332, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700947523785334, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=8, issue=null, pageStart=832, pageEnd=851, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[8], rfOrder=11, authorNames=WANG Y, BISWAS A, RODRIGUEZ R, journalName=Energy Reports, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WANG Y, BISWAS A, RODRIGUEZ R, et al. Hybrid electric vehicle specific engines: state-of-the-art review[J]. Energy Reports, 2022, 8: 832-851., articleTitle=Hybrid electric vehicle specific engines: state-of-the-art review, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215700961096552721, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700947523785334, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=143, issue=null, pageStart=660, pageEnd=675, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[9], rfOrder=12, authorNames=MAHMOUDI A, FAZLI M, MORAD M R, journalName=Applied Thermal Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MAHMOUDI A, FAZLI M, MORAD M R. A recent review of waste heat recovery by organic Rankine cycle[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2018, 143: 660-675., articleTitle=A recent review of waste heat recovery by organic Rankine cycle, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215700961209798933, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700947523785334, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2011, volume=15, issue=8, pageStart=3963, pageEnd=3979, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[10], rfOrder=13, authorNames=TCHANCHE B F, LAMBRINOS G, FRANGOUDAKIS A, journalName=Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, refType=null, unstructuredReference=TCHANCHE B F, LAMBRINOS G, FRANGOUDAKIS A, et al. Low-grade heat conversion into power using organic Rankine cycles: a review of various applications[J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2011, 15(8): 3963-3979., articleTitle=Low-grade heat conversion into power using organic Rankine cycles: a review of various applications, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215700961318850843, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700947523785334, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=45, issue=11, pageStart=1115, pageEnd=1124, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[11], rfOrder=14, authorNames=张红光, 赵蕊, 田亚明, journalName=北京工业大学学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=张红光, 赵蕊, 田亚明, 等. 车用有机朗肯循环(ORC)余热回收技术发展动态[J]. 北京工业大学学报, 2019, 45(11): 1115-1124., articleTitle=车用有机朗肯循环(ORC)余热回收技术发展动态, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215700961406931232, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700947523785334, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=45, issue=11, pageStart=1115, pageEnd=1124, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[11], rfOrder=15, authorNames=ZHANG Hongguang, ZHAO Rui, TIAN Yaming, journalName=Journal of Beijing Institute of Technology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHANG Hongguang, ZHAO Rui, TIAN Yaming, et al. Development dynamics of waste heat recovery technology for automotive organic Rankine cycle (ORC)[J]. Journal of Beijing Institute of Technology, 2019, 45(11): 1115-1124., articleTitle=Development dynamics of waste heat recovery technology for automotive organic Rankine cycle (ORC), refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215700961511788836, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700947523785334, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=187, issue=null, pageStart=248, pageEnd=261, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[12], rfOrder=16, authorNames=VILLANI M, TRIBIOLI L, journalName=Energy Conversion and Management, refType=null, unstructuredReference=VILLANI M, TRIBIOLI L. Comparison of different layouts for the integration of an organic Rankine cycle unit in electrified powertrains of heavy duty diesel trucks[J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2019, 187: 248-261., articleTitle=Comparison of different layouts for the integration of an organic Rankine cycle unit in electrified powertrains of heavy duty diesel trucks, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215700961608257833, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700947523785334, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=52, issue=5, pageStart=478, pageEnd=483, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[13], rfOrder=17, authorNames=GALUPPO F, NADRI M, DUFOUR P, journalName=IFAC-Papers Online, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GALUPPO F, NADRI M, DUFOUR P, et al. Evaluation of a coupled organic Rankine cycle mild hybrid architecture for long-haul heavy-duty truck[J]. IFAC-Papers Online, 2019, 52(5): 478-483., articleTitle=Evaluation of a coupled organic Rankine cycle mild hybrid architecture for long-haul heavy-duty truck, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215700961679561008, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700947523785334, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=81, issue=null, pageStart=338, pageEnd=345, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[14], rfOrder=18, authorNames=JUNG D, PARK S, MIN K, journalName=Applied Thermal Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=JUNG D, PARK S, MIN K. Selection of appropriate working fluids for Rankine cycles used for recovery of heat from exhaust gases of ICE in heavy-duty series hybrid electric vehicles[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2015, 81: 338-345., articleTitle=Selection of appropriate working fluids for Rankine cycles used for recovery of heat from exhaust gases of ICE in heavy-duty series hybrid electric vehicles, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215700961755058487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700947523785334, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=233, issue=10, pageStart=2502, pageEnd=2517, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[15], rfOrder=19, authorNames=MANSOUR C, BOU NADER W, DUMAND C, journalName=Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MANSOUR C, BOU NADER W, DUMAND C, et al. Waste heat recovery from engine coolant on mild hybrid vehicle using organic Rankine cycle[J]. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering, 2019, 233(10): 2502-2517., articleTitle=Waste heat recovery from engine coolant on mild hybrid vehicle using organic Rankine cycle, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215700961838944575, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700947523785334, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=230, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[16], rfOrder=20, authorNames=GAO Y, WANG X, SHU G, journalName=Energy Conversion and Management, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GAO Y, WANG X, SHU G, et al. Applicability analysis of waste heat recovery technology and strategy exploration for hybrid electric vehicles under diverse road conditions[J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2021, 230: 113780., articleTitle=Applicability analysis of waste heat recovery technology and strategy exploration for hybrid electric vehicles under diverse road conditions, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215700961927024967, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700947523785334, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=24, issue=null, pageStart=0015, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[17], rfOrder=21, authorNames=LOMBARDI S, VILLANI M, BELLA G, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LOMBARDI S, VILLANI M, BELLA G, et al. Retrofit of a heavy-duty diesel truck: comparison of parallel and series hybrid architectures with waste heat recovery[R]. SAE Technical Paper, 2020, 24: 0015., articleTitle=Retrofit of a heavy-duty diesel truck: comparison of parallel and series hybrid architectures with waste heat recovery, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215700962023493966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700947523785334, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=15, issue=null, pageStart=203, pageEnd=224, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[18], rfOrder=22, authorNames=SCHWEIZER F, SWOBODA J, WACHTMEISTER G, journalName=SAE International Journal of Commercial Vehicles, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SCHWEIZER F, SWOBODA J, WACHTMEISTER G. Holistic analysis of a mild hybrid waste heat recovery system for commercial vehicles[J]. SAE International Journal of Commercial Vehicles, 2021, 15: 203-224., articleTitle=Holistic analysis of a mild hybrid waste heat recovery system for commercial vehicles, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215700962119962964, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700947523785334, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=52, issue=5, pageStart=598, pageEnd=603, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=23, authorNames=KRUIJT K, VERBRUGGEN F J R, SPEETJENS M F M, journalName=IFAC-Papers OnLine, refType=null, unstructuredReference=KRUIJT K, VERBRUGGEN F J R, SPEETJENS M F M, et al. Modeling and control of a waste heat recovery system for integrated powertrain design optimization[J]. IFAC-Papers OnLine, 2019, 52(5): 598-603., articleTitle=Modeling and control of a waste heat recovery system for integrated powertrain design optimization, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215700962203849053, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700947523785334, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=79, issue=null, pageStart=691, pageEnd=708, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=24, authorNames=LION S, MICHOS C N, VLASKOS I, journalName=Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LION S, MICHOS C N, VLASKOS I, et al. A review of waste heat recovery and organic Rankine cycles (ORC) in on-off highway vehicle heavy duty diesel engine applications[J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2017, 79: 691-708., articleTitle=A review of waste heat recovery and organic Rankine cycles (ORC) in on-off highway vehicle heavy duty diesel engine applications, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215700962296123745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700947523785334, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=181, pageEnd=187, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=25, authorNames=YAICH M, HACHICHA M R, GHARIANI M, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=YAICH M, HACHICHA M R, GHARIANI M. Modeling and simulation of electric and hybrid vehicles for recreational vehicle[C]//Proceedings of the 2015 16th International Conference on Sciences and Techniques of Automatic Control and Computer Engineering (STA). IEEE, 2015: 181-187., articleTitle=Modeling and simulation of electric and hybrid vehicles for recreational vehicle, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215700962363232613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700947523785334, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=8, issue=6, pageStart=4697, pageEnd=4723, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[22], rfOrder=26, authorNames=CHEN J S, journalName=Energies, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CHEN J S. Energy efficiency comparison between hydraulic hybrid and hybrid electric vehicles[J]. Energies, 2015, 8(6): 4697-4723., articleTitle=Energy efficiency comparison between hydraulic hybrid and hybrid electric vehicles, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215700962442924395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700947523785334, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=275, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=27, authorNames=ANSELMA P G, BISWAS A, BELINGARDI G, journalName=Applied Energy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ANSELMA P G, BISWAS A, BELINGARDI G, et al. Rapid assessment of the fuel economy capability of parallel and series-parallel hybrid electric vehicles[J]. Applied Energy, 2020, 275: 115319., articleTitle=Rapid assessment of the fuel economy capability of parallel and series-parallel hybrid electric vehicles, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215700962522616176, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700947523785334, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=124, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[24], rfOrder=28, authorNames=刘伟, 殷国栋, journalName=混合动力汽车系统建模与控制, refType=null, unstructuredReference=刘伟. 混合动力汽车系统建模与控制[M]. 殷国栋, 译. 北京: 机械工业出版社, 2015: 124., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215700962593919349, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700947523785334, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=124, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[24], rfOrder=29, authorNames=LIU Wei, YIN Guodong, journalName=Hybrid vehicle system modelling and control, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LIU Wei. Hybrid vehicle system modelling and control[M]. YIN Guodong, translated. Beijing: Machinery Industry Press, 2015: 124., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215700962665222522, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700947523785334, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=1, pageEnd=9, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[25], rfOrder=30, authorNames=王玉海, 李晓之, 李兴坤, journalName=吉林大学学报(工学版), refType=null, unstructuredReference=王玉海, 李晓之, 李兴坤. 面向高速工况的混合动力卡车预见性节能算法[J/OL]. 吉林大学学报(工学版): 1-9[2024-02-28]. https://doi.org/10.13229/j.cnki.jdxbgxb.20221388., articleTitle=面向高速工况的混合动力卡车预见性节能算法, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215700962765885826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700947523785334, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=1, pageEnd=9, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[25], rfOrder=31, authorNames=WANG Yuhai, LI Xiaozhi, LI Xingkun, journalName=Journal of Jilin University (Engineering Edition), refType=null, unstructuredReference=WANG Yuhai, LI Xiaozhi, LI Xingkun. Anticipatory energy saving algorithm for hybrid trucks for high-speed working conditions[J/OL]. Journal of Jilin University (Engineering Edition): 1-9[2024-02-28]. https://doi.org/10.13229/j.cnki.jdxbgxb.20221388., articleTitle=Anticipatory energy saving algorithm for hybrid trucks for high-speed working conditions, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215700962841383301, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700947523785334, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=6, issue=null, pageStart=70313, pageEnd=70323, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[26], rfOrder=32, authorNames=HAN S, ZHANG F, XI J, journalName=IEEE Access, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HAN S, ZHANG F, XI J. A real-time energy management strategy based on energy prediction for parallel hybrid electric vehicles[J]. IEEE Access, 2018, 6: 70313-70323., articleTitle=A real-time energy management strategy based on energy prediction for parallel hybrid electric vehicles, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215700962900103559, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700947523785334, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=41, issue=1, pageStart=17, pageEnd=22, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[27], rfOrder=33, authorNames=李永胜, 李致宇, 张海刚, journalName=内燃机与动力装置, refType=null, unstructuredReference=李永胜, 李致宇, 张海刚, 等. 工质R245fa、R1233zd(E)对有机朗肯循环系统热力学性能的影响[J]. 内燃机与动力装置, 2024, 41(1): 17-22., articleTitle=工质R245fa、R1233zd(E)对有机朗肯循环系统热力学性能的影响, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215700962958823820, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700947523785334, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=41, issue=1, pageStart=17, pageEnd=22, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[27], rfOrder=34, authorNames=LI Yongsheng, LI Zhiyu, ZHANG Haigang, journalName=Internal Combustion Engines and Power Units, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LI Yongsheng, LI Zhiyu, ZHANG Haigang, et al. Influence of workmasses R245fa, R1233zd(E) on thermodynamic performance of organic Rankine cycle system[J]. Internal Combustion Engines and Power Units, 2024, 41(1): 17-22., articleTitle=Influence of workmasses R245fa, R1233zd(E) on thermodynamic performance of organic Rankine cycle system, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215700964175171986, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700947523785334, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=42, issue=2, pageStart=185, pageEnd=191, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[28], rfOrder=35, authorNames=石晓磊, 高妍, 田华, journalName=内燃机学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=石晓磊, 高妍, 田华, 等. 车用小型化内燃机余热回收ORC系统试验[J]. 内燃机学报, 2024, 42(2): 185-191., articleTitle=车用小型化内燃机余热回收ORC系统试验, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215700964301001112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700947523785334, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=42, issue=2, pageStart=185, pageEnd=191, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[28], rfOrder=36, authorNames=SHI Xiaolei, GAO Yan, TIAN Hua, journalName=Journal of Internal Combustion Engine, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SHI Xiaolei, GAO Yan, TIAN Hua, et al. Test of ORC system for waste heat recovery in automotive miniaturised internal combustion engine[J]. Journal of Internal Combustion Engine, 2024, 42(2): 185-191., articleTitle=Test of ORC system for waste heat recovery in automotive miniaturised internal combustion engine, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215700964418441629, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700947523785334, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2012, volume=64, issue=5, pageStart=908, pageEnd=921, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[29], rfOrder=37, authorNames=ZHANG J, ZHANG W, HOU G, journalName=Computers & Mathematics with Applications, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHANG J, ZHANG W, HOU G, et al. Dynamic modeling and multivariable control of organic Rankine cycles in waste heat utilizing processes[J]. Computers & Mathematics with Applications, 2012, 64(5): 908-921., articleTitle=Dynamic modeling and multivariable control of organic Rankine cycles in waste heat utilizing processes, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215700964510716319, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700947523785334, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2011, volume=88, issue=6, pageStart=2183, pageEnd=2190, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[30], rfOrder=38, authorNames=QUOILIN S, AUMANN R, GRILL A, journalName=Applied Energy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=QUOILIN S, AUMANN R, GRILL A, et al. Dynamic modeling and optimal control strategy of waste heat recovery organic Rankine cycles[J]. Applied Energy, 2011, 88(6): 2183-2190., articleTitle=Dynamic modeling and optimal control strategy of waste heat recovery organic Rankine cycles, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215700964628156842, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700947523785334, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=65, issue=3, pageStart=713, pageEnd=725, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[31], rfOrder=39, authorNames=WANG X, WANG R, SHU G Q, journalName=Science China Technological Sciences, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WANG X, WANG R, SHU G Q, et al. Energy management strategy for hybrid electric vehicle integrated with waste heat recovery system based on deep reinforcement learning[J]. Science China Technological Sciences, 2022, 65(3): 713-725., articleTitle=Energy management strategy for hybrid electric vehicle integrated with waste heat recovery system based on deep reinforcement learning, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215700964724625839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700947523785334, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=43, issue=11, pageStart=4169, pageEnd=4178, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[32], rfOrder=40, authorNames=王轩, 陈嘉宝, 舒歌群, journalName=中国电机工程学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=王轩, 陈嘉宝, 舒歌群, 等. 基于深度强化学习的有机朗肯循环内燃机余热回收系统瞬态优化控制[J]. 中国电机工程学报, 2023, 43(11): 4169-4178., articleTitle=基于深度强化学习的有机朗肯循环内燃机余热回收系统瞬态优化控制, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215700964833677745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700947523785334, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=43, issue=11, pageStart=4169, pageEnd=4178, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[32], rfOrder=41, authorNames=WANG Xuan, CHEN Jiabao, SHU Gequn, journalName=Proceedings of the CSEE, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WANG Xuan, CHEN Jiabao, SHU Gequn, et al. Deep reinforcement learning-based transient optimal control of waste heat recovery system for organic Rankine cycle internal combustion engines[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2023, 43(11): 4169-4178., articleTitle=Deep reinforcement learning-based transient optimal control of waste heat recovery system for organic Rankine cycle internal combustion engines, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215700964925952438, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700947523785334, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=6, issue=4, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[33], rfOrder=42, authorNames=LI L, TIAN H, LIN X, journalName=Carbon Energy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LI L, TIAN H, LIN X, et al. Demonstration of a small-scale power generator using supercritical CO2[J]. Carbon Energy, 2024, 6(4): e428., articleTitle=Demonstration of a small-scale power generator using supercritical CO2, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215700964997255609, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700947523785334, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=52, issue=4, pageStart=1, pageEnd=9, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[34], rfOrder=43, authorNames=孔祥恩, 姜雪丽, 赵令猛, journalName=小型内燃机与车辆技术, refType=null, unstructuredReference=孔祥恩, 姜雪丽, 赵令猛, 等. 不同黏度润滑油与冷却水温度对发动机性能影响研究[J]. 小型内燃机与车辆技术, 2023, 52(4): 1-9., articleTitle=不同黏度润滑油与冷却水温度对发动机性能影响研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215700965068558779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700947523785334, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=52, issue=4, pageStart=1, pageEnd=9, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[34], rfOrder=44, authorNames=KONG Xiang’en, JIANG Xueli, ZHAO Lingmeng, journalName=Small Internal Combustion Engine and Vehicle Technology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=KONG Xiang’en, JIANG Xueli, ZHAO Lingmeng, et al. Study on the effect of different viscosity lubricants and cooling water temperature on engine performance[J]. Small Internal Combustion Engine and Vehicle Technology, 2023, 52(4): 1-9., articleTitle=Study on the effect of different viscosity lubricants and cooling water temperature on engine performance, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1215700959766958287, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700947523785334, awardId=2022YFE0100100, language=EN, fundingSource=National Key Research and Development Program(2022YFE0100100), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1215700959867621592, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700947523785334, awardId=2022YFE0100100, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFE0100100), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1215700951915221824, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700947523785334, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215700951927804737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700947523785334, companyId=1215700951915221824, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215700951940387652, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700947523785334, companyId=1215700951915221824, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.天津大学机械工程学院,天津 300072)]), AuthorCompany(id=1215700952045245259, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700947523785334, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215700952057828174, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700947523785334, companyId=1215700952045245259, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.College of Engineering Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215700952066216782, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700947523785334, companyId=1215700952045245259, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.中国科学技术大学工程科学学院,安徽 合肥 230027)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1215700956197605446, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700947523785334, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Principle of series hybrid power, figureFileSmall=u42FmsSWB/uewSIh+L9sNw==, figureFileBig=X4RmLlm3JoTC0FkGRSgNow==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215700956310851662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700947523785334, language=CN, label=图1, caption=串联式混合动力原理, figureFileSmall=u42FmsSWB/uewSIh+L9sNw==, figureFileBig=X4RmLlm3JoTC0FkGRSgNow==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215700956579287133, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700947523785334, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Variations of the battery pack characteristics, figureFileSmall=8grLK6lxnaD/+ISZWOkAoA==, figureFileBig=tyeWMHLC+PlQRPl5gTGKNg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215700956688339046, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700947523785334, language=CN, label=图2, caption=电池组特性参数变化, figureFileSmall=8grLK6lxnaD/+ISZWOkAoA==, figureFileBig=tyeWMHLC+PlQRPl5gTGKNg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215700956789002345, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700947523785334, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Principle and T-S diagram the ORC system, figureFileSmall=Cfkw9EcpA0DmMVvZ3k7BRw==, figureFileBig=hH/eIpFhHT838M3RzJ49sA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215700956885471345, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700947523785334, language=CN, label=图3, caption=ORC系统原理及T-S, figureFileSmall=Cfkw9EcpA0DmMVvZ3k7BRw==, figureFileBig=hH/eIpFhHT838M3RzJ49sA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215700956998717560, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700947523785334, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Schematic diagram of principle of discrete method modeling for heat exchangers, figureFileSmall=/Z4nzePFrXqFc2BavPfn+A==, figureFileBig=bikNt4xyNYLJo5+wzTG8sA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215700957074215037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700947523785334, language=CN, label=图4, caption=换热器离散法建模原理, figureFileSmall=/Z4nzePFrXqFc2BavPfn+A==, figureFileBig=bikNt4xyNYLJo5+wzTG8sA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215700957162295425, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700947523785334, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Schematic diagram of principle of working medium pump speed control, figureFileSmall=BBDUfR3T/FEac5Wz58mnQw==, figureFileBig=jFY/qqf+MOr1Mdtxv5DQ2g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215700957262958728, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700947523785334, language=CN, label=图5, caption=工质泵转速控制原理, figureFileSmall=BBDUfR3T/FEac5Wz58mnQw==, figureFileBig=jFY/qqf+MOr1Mdtxv5DQ2g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215700957380399243, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700947523785334, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Variations of operating parameters of the high-speed road conditions system, figureFileSmall=eY0imOzupvCNCpxFlGIrmA==, figureFileBig=J+ZBeVoggpFs6S3C+uvCMw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215700957481062547, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700947523785334, language=CN, label=图6, caption=高速路况系统运行参数变化, figureFileSmall=eY0imOzupvCNCpxFlGIrmA==, figureFileBig=J+ZBeVoggpFs6S3C+uvCMw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215700957581725848, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700947523785334, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Variations of parameters of the high-speed road conditions ORC system, figureFileSmall=6V8Xm9irgNlB9gRgi2O2Sw==, figureFileBig=MrkvsnTeypBvNaWCJ82skg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215700957661417628, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700947523785334, language=CN, label=图7, caption=高速路况ORC系统参数变化, figureFileSmall=6V8Xm9irgNlB9gRgi2O2Sw==, figureFileBig=MrkvsnTeypBvNaWCJ82skg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215700957741109410, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700947523785334, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Variations of operating parameters of the suburban road conditions system, figureFileSmall=MuBxwUmxPFgVJjlnuDwVAw==, figureFileBig=3pH/Y/i8FcwTSU/mMOacjQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215700957896298663, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700947523785334, language=CN, label=图8, caption=城郊路况系统运行参数变化, figureFileSmall=MuBxwUmxPFgVJjlnuDwVAw==, figureFileBig=3pH/Y/i8FcwTSU/mMOacjQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215700957980184747, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700947523785334, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Variations of operating parameters of the suburban road conditions ORC system, figureFileSmall=8WcXzZUYgv3XToot4F0vig==, figureFileBig=+Z3u/HkoBWphNztJxEa4eQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215700958085042354, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700947523785334, language=CN, label=图9, caption=城郊路况ORC系统参数变化, figureFileSmall=8WcXzZUYgv3XToot4F0vig==, figureFileBig=+Z3u/HkoBWphNztJxEa4eQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215700958164734134, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700947523785334, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Variations of parameters under different road conditions, figureFileSmall=4hBa5Oh6J/B0uhGPpC8D2Q==, figureFileBig=53OQd+aqweMX6UqzN2cOuw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215700958269591742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700947523785334, language=CN, label=图10, caption=不同路况参数变化对比, figureFileSmall=4hBa5Oh6J/B0uhGPpC8D2Q==, figureFileBig=53OQd+aqweMX6UqzN2cOuw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215700958382837955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700947523785334, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Basic parameters of the entire vehicle

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
部件项目数值
整车整备质量/kg14 800
迎风面积/m28.45
轮胎半径/mm500
发动机空气阻力系数0.35
最大转速/(r·min–1)1 280
最大扭矩/(N·m)1 760
电池额定容量/(A·h)33.35
额定电压/V380
主减速器传动比2.71
ORC系统质量/kg200
), ArticleFig(id=1215700958508667081, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700947523785334, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

整车基本参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
部件项目数值
整车整备质量/kg14 800
迎风面积/m28.45
轮胎半径/mm500
发动机空气阻力系数0.35
最大转速/(r·min–1)1 280
最大扭矩/(N·m)1 760
电池额定容量/(A·h)33.35
额定电压/V380
主减速器传动比2.71
ORC系统质量/kg200
)], attaches=null, journal=Journal(id=1210938006006558725, delFlag=0, nameCn=热力发电, nameEn=Thermal Power Generation, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, issn=1002-3364, eissn=null, cn=61-1111/TM, coden=null, periodic=0, language=CN, oaType=null, ccby=null, superviseOffice=null, ownerOffice=null, pubOffice=null, editorOffice=null, officeType=null, aims=null, clcCode=null, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=null, officeZip=null, officeEmail=null, officePhone=null, editDirector=null, officeDirector=null, officeDirectorPhone=null, officeStaffNum=null, officeEmpNum=null, coverPicUrl=YWgAUXbKXZzTw3c+kJbAIA==, journalPrice=null, startedYear=null, abbrevIsoEn=Thermal Power Generation, journalRemark=null, publicationField=null, createdTime=1766639718774, updatedTime=1766640759031, createdBy=18614031015, updatedBy=13701087609, firstLetterCn=T, firstLetterEn=T, subjectCode=Engineering, subjectName=null, subjectCodeEn=Engineering, subjectNameEn=null, picCn=YWgAUXbKXZzTw3c+kJbAIA==, picEn=jfJjUlYAGfUZwuOMQZ6AHQ==, jcr=null, cjcr=null, exts=[JournalExt(id=1210942369256575009, language=CN, name=热力发电, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=, sponsoredBy=, publishedBy=, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=, createdTime=1766640759052, updatedTime=1766640759052, createdBy=13701087609, updatedBy=13701087609, submissionGuidelinesUrl=, submissionAuthorUrl=https://rlfd.chinajournal.net.cn/index.aspx?t=1, submissionEditorUrl=https://rlfd.chinajournal.net.cn/index.aspx?t=3, submissionReviewUrl=https://rlfd.chinajournal.net.cn/index.aspx?t=2, submissionCeEditorUrl=, submissionAeEditorUrl=, option={"copyright":""}), JournalExt(id=1210942369315295266, language=EN, name=Thermal Power Generation, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=, sponsoredBy=, publishedBy=, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=, createdTime=1766640759066, updatedTime=1766640759066, createdBy=13701087609, updatedBy=13701087609, submissionGuidelinesUrl=, submissionAuthorUrl=https://rlfd.chinajournal.net.cn/index.aspx?t=1, submissionEditorUrl=https://rlfd.chinajournal.net.cn/index.aspx?t=3, submissionReviewUrl=https://rlfd.chinajournal.net.cn/index.aspx?t=2, submissionCeEditorUrl=, submissionAeEditorUrl=, option={"copyright":""})], databaseList=null, tenantJournalId=1210938733613449225, websiteList=[Website(id=1210941118787744741, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1210938733613449225, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/rlfd/CN, language=CN, createTime=1766640460918, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1766640511525, updateBy=18614031015, name=热力发电-中文, tplId=1146099689490845704, title=热力发电, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1210944690380214659, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1210941118787744741, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1766641312451, updateTime=1766641312451, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1210944690359243136, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1210941118787744741, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1766641312446, updateTime=1766641312446, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1210944690401186182, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1210941118787744741, code=grayFlag, value=0, createTime=1766641312456, updateTime=1766641312456, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1210944690346660223, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1210941118787744741, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/rlfd/CN/file/pic?fileId=ToFA0Lu4b/CNocENDvNjHA==, createTime=1766641312443, updateTime=1766641312443, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1210944690409574792, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1210941118787744741, code=minRunFlag, value=0, createTime=1766641312458, updateTime=1766641312458, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1210944690371826050, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1210941118787744741, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/rlfd/CN/file/pic, createTime=1766641312449, updateTime=1766641312449, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1210944690405380487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1210941118787744741, code=silenceFlag, value=0, createTime=1766641312457, updateTime=1766641312457, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1210944690367631745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1210941118787744741, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_cn_619/, createTime=1766641312448, updateTime=1766641312448, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1210944690388603268, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1210941118787744741, code=themeColor, value=null, createTime=1766641312453, updateTime=1766641312453, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1210944690392797573, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1210941118787744741, code=themeStyle, value=null, createTime=1766641312454, updateTime=1766641312454, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)]), Website(id=1210941118926156777, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1210938733613449225, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/rlfd/EN, language=EN, createTime=1766640460950, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1766640598724, updateBy=18614031015, name=热力发电-英文, tplId=1146101810881728533, title=Thermal Power Generation, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1210944709317489283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1210941118926156777, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1766641316966, updateTime=1766641316966, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1210944709296517760, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1210941118926156777, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1766641316961, updateTime=1766641316961, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1210944709334266502, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1210941118926156777, code=grayFlag, value=0, createTime=1766641316970, updateTime=1766641316970, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1210944709288129151, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1210941118926156777, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/rlfd/CN/file/pic?fileId=ToFA0Lu4b/CNocENDvNjHA==, createTime=1766641316959, updateTime=1766641316959, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1210944709346849416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1210941118926156777, code=minRunFlag, value=0, createTime=1766641316973, updateTime=1766641316973, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1210944709309100674, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1210941118926156777, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/rlfd/EN/file/pic, createTime=1766641316964, updateTime=1766641316964, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1210944709338460807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1210941118926156777, code=silenceFlag, value=0, createTime=1766641316971, updateTime=1766641316971, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1210944709300712065, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1210941118926156777, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_en_623/, createTime=1766641316962, updateTime=1766641316962, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1210944709321683588, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1210941118926156777, code=themeColor, value=null, createTime=1766641316967, updateTime=1766641316967, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1210944709330072197, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1210941118926156777, code=themeStyle, value=null, createTime=1766641316969, updateTime=1766641316969, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)])], journalTitle=热力发电, weixinUrl=null, journalUrl=null, iacademicId=null, status=1, seqNo=null, journalTitleEn=Thermal Power Generation, journalPhotoCn=YWgAUXbKXZzTw3c+kJbAIA==, journalPhotoEn=jfJjUlYAGfUZwuOMQZ6AHQ==, journalFirstLetter=T, journalRecommend=null, journalNew=null, journalCollection=null, jcrJf=null, cjcrJf=null, jcrJfStr=null, cjcrJfStr=null, submissionFirstDecision=null, sciSubjectClassification=null, casSubjectClassification=null, citeScore=null, totalCitationFrequency=null, icpCode=null, psCode=null, advertisingLicenseCode=null, copyrightInformation=null, country=null, option=, provinceCode=null, provinceName=null, collectFlag=false), detailUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/rlfd/CN/10.19666/j.rlfd.202403059, detailUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/rlfd/EN/10.19666/j.rlfd.202403059, pdfUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/rlfd/CN/PDF/10.19666/j.rlfd.202403059, pdfUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/rlfd/EN/PDF/10.19666/j.rlfd.202403059, aliStartDate=null, aliEndDate=null, collectionFlag=false, citedCount=null, citedUrl=null, reference=null)
收藏切换
耦合全工况高效余热回收系统的混动卡车道路适应性研究
收藏切换
PDF下载
王轩 1 , 殷艺玮 1 , 王竞宇 1 , 田华 1 , 舒歌群 2 , 张轩昂 1
热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2024,53(7): 149-158
收起
收藏切换
热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2024, 53(7): 149-158
耦合全工况高效余热回收系统的混动卡车道路适应性研究
全屏
王轩1 , 殷艺玮1, 王竞宇1, 田华1, 舒歌群2, 张轩昂1
作者信息
  • 1.天津大学机械工程学院,天津 300072
  • 2.中国科学技术大学工程科学学院,安徽 合肥 230027
  • 王轩(1990),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为热动力循环仿真及智能控制、热管理技术、分布式能源系统,

Road adaptability of hybrid trucks integrated with a full-condition efficient waste heat recovery system
Xuan WANG1 , Yiwei YIN1, Jingyu WANG1, Hua TIAN1, Gequn SHU2, Xuanang ZHANG1
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
  • 2.College of Engineering Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
出版时间: 2024-07-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202403059
文章导航
收藏切换

公路运输领域的节能减排是实现碳中和战略的重要环节。重型商用车辆功率以及续航需求大,由传统燃油车型向混合动力转型并进行余热回收利用对提升发动机效率、降低能耗具有重要意义。但目前的研究中与混合动力耦合的余热回收系统的结构简单,仅能回收缸套水或烟气单一形式的余热能,对车辆整体效率的提升程度有限。因此提出了一种基于有机朗肯循环的能够同时回收烟气及缸套水余热并在全工况下高效运行的余热回收系统。将其与串联式混合动力系统耦合,并在高速、城郊道路工况下运行,深入探究了有机朗肯循环系统性能表现以及耦合系统整体能效提升效果。结果表明在考虑余热回收系统质量的前提下,该余热回收系统在高速路况USHWY对发动机效率的提升为2.85%,降低整体燃油消耗6.78%,在城郊路况UDDS下提升发动机效率2.30%,整体燃油消耗降低6.43%,证明了系统的节油能力和应用潜力。研究发现有机朗肯循环系统工作惯性大,发动机的长期稳定运行对于提升系统输出功率和效率具有决定性作用,因此该系统适合匹配高速运行的重型混合动力车辆。

有机朗肯循环  /  余热回收  /  混合动力  /  重型卡车

Energy saving and emission reduction in road transport field is an important part of the strategy to achieve carbon neutrality. Heavy commercial vehicles have high power and range requirements, and the transition from conventional internal combustion locomotives to hybrids with waste heat recovery is of great significance in improving engine efficiency and reducing energy consumption. However, the waste heat recovery system integrated with hybrid power in current research mostly adopts a simple layout, and only recovers a single form of waste heat energy from the cylinder liner water or flue gas, which has a limited degree of enhancement to the overall efficiency of the vehicle. Therefore, a waste heat recovery system based on the organic Rankine cycle that can simultaneously recover the waste heat from flue gas and cylinder liner water and operate efficiently under full operating conditions is proposed. The system is coupled with a series hybrid power system and operates under high-speed and suburban road conditions, the performance of the organic Rankine cycle system and the improvement effect of the overall energy efficiency of the integrated system are then investigated. The results show that, under the premise of considering the weight of the waste heat recovery system, the waste heat recovery system improves the engine efficiency by 2.85% and reduces the overall fuel consumption by 6.78% under high-speed USHWY conditions. Under urban road UDDS conditions, it enhances the engine efficiency by 2.30% and decreases the overall fuel consumption by 6.43%. The above results demonstrate the system’s fuel-saving capability and application potential. It is found that the organic Rankine cycle system has a large inertia, and the long-term stable operation of the engine plays a decisive role in improving the output power and efficiency of the system, so the system is suitable for matching with high-speed operation of heavy-duty hybrid vehicles.

organic Rankine cycle  /  waste heat recovery  /  hybrid power  /  heavy trucks
王轩, 殷艺玮, 王竞宇, 田华, 舒歌群, 张轩昂. 耦合全工况高效余热回收系统的混动卡车道路适应性研究. 热力发电, 2024 , 53 (7) : 149 -158 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202403059
Xuan WANG, Yiwei YIN, Jingyu WANG, Hua TIAN, Gequn SHU, Xuanang ZHANG. Road adaptability of hybrid trucks integrated with a full-condition efficient waste heat recovery system[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2024 , 53 (7) : 149 -158 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202403059
温室气体的大量排放导致全球范围内的气温上升是如今世界各国共同面对的气候问题,交通行业在全球能源相关领域碳排放中居第2位,实现其节能减排对于缓解能源短缺和环境保护问题具有重大意义。截至目前,全球已有超过60%国家和地区承诺实现碳的净零排放,同时针对交通运输领域提出一系列政策措施。
欧洲议会通过《欧洲气候法》并公布“Fit for 55”减排计划[1],计划规定到2030年温室气体排放相比1990年降低55%,其中货车排放减少45%。美国、日本、俄罗斯等大多数国家也以2050年作为碳中和目标年。中国作为全球碳排放量最大的国家,提出“双碳”计划,承诺2030年实现碳达峰、2060年达到碳中和并出台《2030年前碳达峰行动方案》[2],对交通领域提出扩大电力等能源应用、大力推广新能源汽车等举措。
车辆混合动力系统由2个或以上动力源组成,主要根据驾驶条件切换不同动力源或实现协同驱动[3]。这种架构能够在满足动力需求和续航里程的基础上,降低发动机油耗[4],改善发动机排放,是适合匹配中型或重型卡车的节能手段。根据动力源的不同配置,混合动力系统一般分为串联式、并联式以及混联式3种构型[5]。其中串联式构型发动机与车轮之间无机械链接[6],控制策略简单,发动机工作状态稳定、效率高,大量应用于混合动力系统的研究中。
混合动力系统能够提升车辆运行中发动机的燃油经济性,但在实际运行中,内燃机仍有60%以上的能量蕴含在发动机冷却液和废气中,之后以热量的形式损失掉[7]。余热回收技术是一种能够直接回收发动机排气以及缸套水的热量并将其转化为电能,从而提高发动机燃油效率的方法[8]。在众多余热回收方法中,有机朗肯循环(organic Rankine cycle,ORC)系统[9-10]效率高、工质选择和结构设计灵活,是余热回收系统应用中的首选技术。
目前针对耦合ORC的混合动力系统的研究讨论了系统布局、工作流体选择、驾驶条件影响、混合动力类型和控制策略方面的问题。简单的ORC结构包括泵、蒸发器、膨胀机和冷凝器4个组件[11]。Villani等人[12]研究了简单ORC系统的2种泵布局,得出工质泵通过额外电机供电具有更高的瞬时功率。Galuppo等人[13]分析了ORC系统风冷和水冷2种结构在车辆应用中的优劣。为实现系统效率最大化,需要正确选择工作流体。Jung等人[14]将一个简单的ORC系统与串联式混合动力重型卡车系统耦合,以发动机废气为余热源,对ORC系统的5种工作流体进行实验,最终得出R245fa是一种优质工作流体。
驾驶条件决定了排气温度和可用能量,很大程度影响了耦合系统性能。Mansor等人[15]研究了轻度混合动力汽车的节油潜力,车辆ORC系统采用简单ORC,利用发动机冷却剂回路发电,得出在新欧洲驾驶循环(new european driving cycle,NEDC)和世界轻型车辆测试循环(world light vehicle test cycle,WLTC)条件下,油耗可降低2%~3%。Gao等人[16]研究认为ORC适用于中型或重型卡车的耦合,在中国轻型车辆测试循环(China light vehicle test cycle,CLTC)、NEDC和WLTC驱动条件下,以甲苯为工质、废气为余热源的简单配置ORC系统耦合到并联混合动力小客车后发动机效率分别提升1.80%、1.72%和1.82%,节约燃油分别为3.19%、3.59%和4.16%。Lombardi等人[17]对比了串联式以及并联式混合动力系统耦合ORC系统后的性能差异,研究结果表明在欧洲瞬态循环(europe transient cycle,ETC/FIGE)运行工况下耦合简单ORC系统后串联式混合动力燃油消耗降低2%,并联式混合动力燃油消耗降低3%。Schweizer等人[18]在将简单ORC系统与48V弱混动力车辆(48 volt mild hybrid electric vehicle,48 V MHEV)重型车辆耦合,结果表明余热回收系统能够节省3%~4%的燃油。
针对耦合系统的控制策略,Kruijt等人[19]在并联式混合动力重型卡车上耦合简单ORC系统,结合等效最小化消耗策略和牛顿-拉斐逊射击法进行优化控制,得出在标准城市道路循环(urban dynamometer driving schedule,UDDS)运行条件下,回收烟气余热可将燃油经济性提高2.5%。
以往研究耦合的都是简单ORC模型,单一换热器仅能回收一种形式的余热能,研究中大多考虑回收烟气余热能,未考虑16%~25%的冷却损失,故系统效率有待进一步提升。
本文提出一种更高效的能够同时回收缸套水和烟气余热的ORC系统。由于ORC系统热惯性较大,发动机工况频繁波动对系统效率影响较大,因此将ORC系统与串联式混合动力系统耦合,考虑城郊和高速道路工况,探究ORC系统的工作特性及耦合后系统性能变化,为混合动力车型在不同行业的普及以及余热回收系统的应用提供指导。
本文采取的串联式混合动力构型原理如图1所示。柴油机燃料燃烧效率更高、燃料成本更低,广泛应用于重型卡车[20]。故本文内燃机以某型号柴油发动机为原型,发动机固定工作于最低油耗点,车辆基本参数见表1
系统建模采用后向仿真法[21],运行仿真前将车辆运行所需的速度时间关系输入驾驶循环模型,根据得到的加速度计算车轮处的加速或制动扭矩。计算公式为[22]
Tw=(Fr+Fa+Fg+meu(t))rw
式中:FrFaFg分别为汽车运行中的滚动阻力、空气阻力以及重力在垂直方向上的分量;me为车辆等效质量;u(t)为车辆加速度;rw为车轮半径。
使用PID控制器来反馈油门踏板和制动踏板的位置,从而模拟驾驶员的行为。车辆加速度计算方法为:
u(t)=k(e(t)+1Ti0te(t)dt+Tddedt)
式中:e为汽车实际速度与理想速度差值。
串联式混合动力模型中,车辆由电池驱动电动机提供动力,根据车辆需求扭矩及变速箱转速计算电池需求功率Pbat及电流,电流计算公式为[23]
I(t)=UU24RPbat2R
式中:U为电池开路电压;R为电池内部电阻。电池组特性参数随电池荷电状态(SOC)的变化趋势如图2[24]所示。
对电池内部电流积分计算电池荷电状态,计算公式为[25]
SSOC(t)=SSOC(ti)+13600CAPtitI(t)ηbatdt
式中:SSOC为电池荷电量;I为电流;ηbat为电池效率;CAP为电池容量。
由于不同模型运行电池荷电终值不同,为衡量循环净消耗燃油量,将电池的充放电功率转换为燃油消耗率m˙bat,对m˙bat积分即得到电池等效燃油消耗mbat。发动机燃油消耗membat之差即为车辆等效油耗md。定义电池等效系数s,下标re表示充电系数,dis表示放电系数,计算公式为[26]
m˙bat=sQPbat
sre=1μaμeμch
sdis=1μaμeμchμdis
md=membat
式中:μa为发电机效率;μe为发动机效率;μchμdis分别为电池充电和放电效率。
在发动机中,缸套水的热量散失常多于烟气,所以对缸套水的热回收尤其重要。为了同时回收缸套水和烟气热量,本文ORC系统基于简单结构,在蒸发器之前增加预热器,为提升循环效率,在膨胀机出口增加回热器。图3为ORC系统原理及T-S。ORC系统具体循环过程如图3a)所示:工质通过泵增压(1—2)后进入回热器(2—3),然后经过预热器回收冷却水热量变为饱和蒸汽(3—3’),饱和蒸汽进入蒸发器(3’—4)后继续吸收烟气热量变为过热蒸汽进入膨胀机做功(4—5),做功后的工质进入回热器(5—6)加热工质泵出口工质,最后进入冷凝器冷凝(6—1),完成一个循环。为了维持缸套水进口温度,防止过度冷却,在回热器低温出口3后增加阀门。缸套水温度正常,工质流经预热器吸收缸套水的热量,若缸套水温度过低,则控制工质流动不经过预热器,仅对烟气余热进行回收。这是一种能够在发动机不同工况下高效运行的ORC系统,实验的循环工质为R245fa,相较于其他工质,更环保的R245fa被证明更适合内燃机余热回收循环[14]。工质临界温度427.01 K,临界压力3.65 MPa[27]。冷凝温度为35 ℃,冷凝方式为空气冷却,模型通过REFPROP软件获得有机工作流体的热物理性质参数并将其输入系统。
考虑到耦合ORC系统后,整车质量增加,根据本课题组先前针对更大功率柴油机ORC系统的实验台架,本文ORC系统模块质量定义为200 kg[28]。仿真模型中混合动力车辆仿真使用车质量为14 800 kg,而耦合系统仿真系统中使用的车辆为15 000 kg。
对于ORC系统中结构简单、响应迅速的动力部件如膨胀机和工质泵采用静态建模法,基于实验数据对部件特性参数进行多项式拟合。膨胀机和泵的进出口满足能量方程[29]
Wt=mf(hex,inhex,out)=mfηt(hex,inhex,out,id)
Wp=mf(hp,outhp,in)=mf(hp,out,idhp,in)ηp
换热器是ORC系统中能量传递关键设备,也是建模的关键部件。换热器中的工作介质会经历过冷、两相和过热3个阶段,这给建模带来了一定的难度,而且建模精度对整个系统的影响较大。目前常用的建模方法主要有移动边界法和离散法2种。由于离散法精度较高,因此采用离散法对系统中的换热器部件进行建模[30],换热器离散法建模原理如图4所示。
模型包含蒸发器、冷凝器、回热器以及预热器4个换热器。为方便批量建模,预热器、回热器、蒸发器统一采用板式换热器,控制模型材料、流道间距、板换宽度和板片壁厚相同,将通道层数作为变量匹配不同换热器的换热强度。冷凝器冷却方式为空气冷却,换热器形式为管翅式换热器。
在离散模型中作假设:1)换热器作为理想换热器,忽略所有的热损失;2)忽略流体压降损失,不考虑动量守恒方程;3)忽略径向的导热。基于以上假设得到描述换热器动态模型的方程。
热侧质量守恒方程及能量守恒方程[31-32]
m˙1,im˙1,i1Ac1Lk=ρ¯1,ih¯1dh¯1dt+ρ¯1,iP1dp1dt
m˙1,ih1,im˙1,i1h1,i1α1,iAw1,i(T¯1,iTw,i)Ac1Lk=(h¯1ρ¯1,ih1+ρ¯1,i)dh¯1dt+(h¯1ρ¯1,iP11)dp1dt
冷侧能量守恒方程:
m˙2,i1h2,i1m˙2,ih2,iα2,iAw2,i(T¯2,iTw,i)=0.5Ac2Lkρ¯2,i(dh2,idt+dh2,i1dt)+0.5Ac2Lkρ¯2,i(dh2,i+1dt+dh2,idt)
管壁能量守恒方程:
α1,iAw1,i(T¯1,iTw,i)+α2,iAw2,i(T¯2,iTw,i)=ρwLkAwcp,wdTw,idt
式中:Lk为控制体长度;下标1和2分别代表热侧和冷侧,i为离散单元编号,w为壁面;离散单元物性状态为控制体进出口参数均值;m˙为流体流量;A为换热面积;Ac为流通截面积;cp为定压比热容;α为换热系数,T为温度,ρ为流体密度。
换热系数α的计算公式为:
α=NuLrDc
回热器不涉及工质相变,蒸发器及预热器则涉及相变过程。均为板式换热器,两相区换热系数根据工质干度xq及单相参数计算,0.1≤xq≤0.9时:
Nu=0.724(6βcπ)0.646Re0.583Pr1/3
αxq=4.118Lr0Re0.4Pr01/3Dc
冷凝器两相区中,0.1≤xq≤0.9时:
Nu=0.023Re0.8Pr0.4
αxqα0=(1xq)0.8+3.8xq0.76(1xq)0.04(P/Pmax)0.38
两相区边界处,所有换热器的换热系数为:
αxq={α0+10xq(α0.1α0)(xq<0.1)α1+10(1xq)(α0.9α1)(xq>0.9)
式中:βc为波纹角;Dc为流道特征长度。数字下标表示干度。
本模型中考虑了工质在管道内压降,建立工质在管道内流动的质量守恒方程和能量守恒方程:
minmout=ΔDV
minhinmouthout+αAwΔT=VDΔh
ORC系统评价参数为系统净输出功Wnet和循环热效率ηc,计算公式为:
Wnet=WtηgtWpηgp
ηc=WnetQev+Qph
式中:Qev为蒸发器热侧流体(烟气)放热;Qph为预热器热侧流体(冷却水)放热;透平机电效率ηgt取0.85,泵机电效率ηgp取0.9。
ORC系统输出的净功为膨胀机输出功率与工质泵消耗功率之差,系统输出净功输入电池,在先前的研究中ORC系统发电电压可达600 V[33]。其他发电机规范电压为220 V或380 V,本文提出的ORC系统输出功率可达10 kW,属于较高功率发电机。选择发电电压为380 V,由于ORC系统发电电压与电池额定电压相同,因此电池充电过程无需进行升压处理。
简单的串联式混合动力策略根据电池的SOC决定发动机的启动和停止,发动机在最佳工作点运行。该工作点是根据发动机的万有特性图计算出的油耗最低时发动机转速和扭矩之间的关系。该策略的具体内容为:
1)SSOCSSOC,min时,发动机开始工作并驱动发电机为电池充电,以维持能量平衡;
2)SSOC,min<SSOCSSOC,max时,发动机保持当前工作状态;
3)SSOC>SSOC,max时,发动机停机;
4)发动机工作时,处于最佳工作点。
ORC模型通过控制工质泵转速实现系统控制,以保证膨胀机过热度在允许范围。控制逻辑如图5所示。
当膨胀机入口过热度在10~55 K时保持泵转速不变,当过热度小于10 K时降低泵转速,在过热度高于55 K时增加泵转速。
将串联式混合动力模型与ORC余热回收系统模型耦合后,应用于高速路况USHWY(united states highway)和郊区路况UDDS。考虑余热回收系统自重等因素,在实际速度与理想速度一致条件下,分析不同道路工况下车辆运行性能及ORC动态变化。
图6为高速路况系统运行参数变化。图7为高速路况ORC系统参数变化,图7中线条数字标号表示图3a)中ORC系统状态点。由于串联式混合动力车辆发动机工况与行驶路况分离,因此在满足所需功率条件下,相较其他构型发动机规格可以缩小,降低成本。对于功率需求较高的高速路况,循环前期电池大量放电至SOC下限后,发动机输出功率补充电池电量损失的速度较慢,因此后半程发动机长时间开启为电池充电,如图6b)和图6d)所示。混合动力发动机于108.2 s开启工作直至循环结束,等效燃油消耗4.519 kg,发动机效率为0.465 4。
之后将混合动力与余热回收系统耦合。首先分析耦合ORC系统对发动机工作情况的影响,在整个高速循环过程中,发动机只启动1次,前期混合动力系统和耦合系统的SOC和油耗变化趋势相同。
发动机开启之前ORC系统不工作,受车辆质量的影响,SOC及累计油耗变化速度更快,具体如图6b)和图6c)所示,因此耦合系统SOC更早降至规定下限,发动机更早启动,如图6d)所示耦合系统发动机在104.8 s启动。发动机启动后,ORC系统有机工质首先流经回热器,吸收膨胀机出口工质部分热量,提升预热器入口温度,降低冷凝器热量损失,之后在预热器中吸收部分缸套水余热,缸套水进出预热器温度如图7a)所示,符合正常工作范围75~95 ℃[34]。工质由液体转化为气液两相,之后工质通过蒸发器吸收部分烟气余热,过热气体经过膨胀机做功,将余热能转化为电能,做功之后气体首先进入回热器入口加热泵出口工质,之后进入冷凝器冷却为液体后进入储液罐,这一过程中工质温度变化如图7a)所示。耦合系统发动机开机后,ORC系统将回收的余热能转化为电能,为电池充电,因此耦合系统电池充电速度更快(图6b)),SOC达到设定上限后发动机于循环结束前10 s提早关闭,发动机净工作时长缩短。
之后分析发动机工作状态对ORC系统参数的影响,耦合系统发动机开始工作之后,系统过热度增加,ORC控制系统基于PID控制器,增加循环工质流量,调控过程中工质流量先急剧上升然后小幅度波动逐渐趋近稳定(图7e)),系统冷凝压力基本保持不变,蒸发压力不断上升并逐渐达到稳定(图7b))。ORC回收功率如图7c)所示,与蒸发压力变化趋势相同,蒸发压力越高,输出功率越高。ORC总吸收热量及缸套水部分吸收热量分布如图7f),其中缸套水余热部分回收功2 865 kJ,热回收占比超过50%。循环累计回收热量5 307 kJ,提升发动机效率2.85%。对比图6d)图7c),发动机平稳运行245 s后,ORC系统达到输出功率的最大值,具有较大的工作惯性。同时,ORC效率变化如图7d)所示,与ORC回收功率的变化趋势一致,但时间上存在一定滞后性。较大的工作惯性决定了ORC系统不适宜工作于发动机频繁启停变化的结构与工况。
城郊路况系统运行参数变化如图8所示。城郊路况运行时间长,整个循环中,发动机出现2次启停(图8d))。由于前期车速较高,功率需求较大,因此发动机第1段停机时间较短,启动时间更长。循环中期车辆速度要求低,启停次数多,车辆整体能量需求低还可以回收刹车制动能量,因此循环中期SOC下降缓慢(图8b)),发动机停机时间最长。循环后期SOC降低至规定下限,发动机再次启动,由于车辆需求功率较低,因此电池充电速度较快,充电时长更短,混合动力结构整个循环的等效燃油消耗为3.588 kg。
之后将ORC系统与混合动力系统耦合,分析耦合余热回收系统模型后对发动机工况的影响。发动机开启前,假设ORC系统的回收功率为0,因此运行前段混合动力系统和耦合系统的SOC以及油耗趋势相同,具体如图8b)图8c)所示。耦合系统受车辆重量影响变化速度更快,电池电量降至规定下限之后,发动机第1次启动。发动机启动后,ORC系统开始工作,在系统回收发动机余热为电池补充电能的2个时间段内,余热回收系统的存在均能有效提升充电速度,缩短发动机充电时间(图8d))。
图9为城郊路况ORC系统参数变化。图9中线条的数字标号表示图3a)中ORC系统状态点。
发动机工况对ORC系统的影响为:耦合系统发动机开始工作后,系统各部件中工质及缸套水温度变化如图9a)所示,缸套水进出预热器温度属于正常工作范围。系统冷凝压力基本保持不变,蒸发压力不断上升(图9b)),ORC回收功率与蒸发压力变化趋势相同(图9c)),ORC回收效率变化相比功率变化略有滞后性,具体如图9d)所示。由于城郊路况车辆第1次启动,车辆输出参数变化较大,引起ORC系统蒸发器过热度超标,在调控工质泵转速的过程中系统运行波动大(图9e)),虽然发动机开启时间超过了ORC系统惯性时间,但是ORC系统输出功率并未达到最大值。而发动机第2次开启时间低于ORC系统惯性时间。因此,2段ORC系统表现不佳,累计回收热量3 280 kJ,等效燃油消耗3.363 kg,发动机效率仅提升2.30%。ORC总吸收热量及缸套水部分吸收热量分布如图9f),其中回收缸套水余热能量1 900 kJ,热回收占比超过50%。
图10为不同路况参数变化对比。由图10可见,高速路况下ORC系统平均回收功率及效率更高,耦合系统发动机效率提升更加明显,整体运行性能更为优异。因此在高速路况应用混合动力耦合余热回收系统更有利于提升燃油经济性,发挥ORC系统优势。
本文建立了一种全工况高效运行能够同时回收缸套水和烟气余热的基于ORC的余热回收系统,将其与串联式混合动力系统进行耦合,在高速及城郊路况运行,以探究ORC系统性能和耦合系统能耗,得出结论如下。
1)在简单ORC构型的基础上,加入预热器回收缸套水的余热,加入回热器降低冷凝散热,能够达到良好的余热回收效果,在高速USHWY以及城郊UDDS工况,ORC平均效率6.0%~7.1%,提升发动机效率2.85%和2.30%,降低燃油消耗6.78%和6.43%。
2)余热回收系统自重带来的负面效应远低于其回收热功的正面效应,余热回收系统热惯性大,惯性时间超过240 s,对热源参数频繁变化系统的随变性差,因此适宜匹配于发动机工况稳定的串联式混合动力车辆。
3)高速工况功率需求大,发动机工作时间更长,ORC系统回收总功及平均效率更高,更能够发挥ORC系统优势。
在本文的研究中,ORC系统表现取决于发动机稳定工作时长和规格,发动机稳定工作时长又与电池容量、发动机规格密切相关,之后的研究中,将针对这3个参数的匹配问题展开研究,同时还考虑车辆全生命周期的成本进行预测评估。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFE0100100)
参考文献 引证文献
排序方式:
[1]
Committee on Environment, Food Safety and Public Health. Result of votes and roll-call votes[R/OL]. (2024-02-14) [2024-02-27]. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/agenda/weekly-agenda/2024-7#agenda-day20240214.
[2]
中国共产党中央委员会, 中华人民共和国国务院. 2030年前碳达峰行动方案[EB/OL]. (2021-10-24) [2024-02-27]. https://www.gov.cn/gongbao/content/2021/content_5649731.htm.
Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, State Council of the People’s Republic of China. Peak carbon action program by 2030[EB/OL]. (2021-10-24) [2024-02-27]. https://www.gov.cn/gongbao/content/2021/content_5649731.htm.
[3]
GAMBHIR A, LAWRENCE K C, TONG D, et al. Reducing China’s road transport sector CO2 emissions to 2050: technologies, costs and decomposition analysis[J]. Applied Energy, 2015, 157: 905-917.
[4]
张静, 于浩. 基于等效燃油消耗最小算法的并联式混合动力卡车控制策略[J]. 科学技术与工程, 2019, 19(18): 302-308.
ZHANG Jing, YU Hao. Control strategy of parallel hybrid truck based on equivalent fuel consumption minimization algorithm[J]. Science, Technology and Engineering, 2019, 19(18): 302-308.
[5]
MEHRDAD E, GAO Y M, ALI E. 现代电动汽车、混合动力电动汽车和燃料电池车基本原理、理论和设计[M]. 倪光正, 倪培宏, 熊素铭, 译. 北京: 机械工业出版社, 2008: 108-109.
MEHRDAD E, GAO Y M, ALI E. Basic principle, theory and design of modern electric vehicle, hybrid electric vehicle and fuel cell vehicle[M]. NI Guangzheng, NI Peihong, XIONG Suming, translated. Beijing: China Machine Press, 2008: 108-109.
[6]
XIAO B, RUAN J, YANG W, et al. A review of pivotal energy management strategies for extended range electric vehicles[J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2021, 149: 111194.
[7]
柴俊霖, 田瑞, 杨富斌, 等. 车用柴油机余热回收有机朗肯循环系统方案热经济性对比分析[J]. 化工学报, 2017, 68(8): 3258-3265.
CHAI Junlin, TIAN Rui, YANG Fubin, et al. Comparative thermo-economic analysis of organic Rankine cycle system schemes for waste heat recovery in automotive diesel engines[J]. Journal of Chemical Engineering, 2017, 68(8): 3258-3265.
[8]
WANG Y, BISWAS A, RODRIGUEZ R, et al. Hybrid electric vehicle specific engines: state-of-the-art review[J]. Energy Reports, 2022, 8: 832-851.
[9]
MAHMOUDI A, FAZLI M, MORAD M R. A recent review of waste heat recovery by organic Rankine cycle[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2018, 143: 660-675.
[10]
TCHANCHE B F, LAMBRINOS G, FRANGOUDAKIS A, et al. Low-grade heat conversion into power using organic Rankine cycles: a review of various applications[J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2011, 15(8): 3963-3979.
[11]
张红光, 赵蕊, 田亚明, 等. 车用有机朗肯循环(ORC)余热回收技术发展动态[J]. 北京工业大学学报, 2019, 45(11): 1115-1124.
ZHANG Hongguang, ZHAO Rui, TIAN Yaming, et al. Development dynamics of waste heat recovery technology for automotive organic Rankine cycle (ORC)[J]. Journal of Beijing Institute of Technology, 2019, 45(11): 1115-1124.
[12]
VILLANI M, TRIBIOLI L. Comparison of different layouts for the integration of an organic Rankine cycle unit in electrified powertrains of heavy duty diesel trucks[J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2019, 187: 248-261.
[13]
GALUPPO F, NADRI M, DUFOUR P, et al. Evaluation of a coupled organic Rankine cycle mild hybrid architecture for long-haul heavy-duty truck[J]. IFAC-Papers Online, 2019, 52(5): 478-483.
[14]
JUNG D, PARK S, MIN K. Selection of appropriate working fluids for Rankine cycles used for recovery of heat from exhaust gases of ICE in heavy-duty series hybrid electric vehicles[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2015, 81: 338-345.
[15]
MANSOUR C, BOU NADER W, DUMAND C, et al. Waste heat recovery from engine coolant on mild hybrid vehicle using organic Rankine cycle[J]. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering, 2019, 233(10): 2502-2517.
[16]
GAO Y, WANG X, SHU G, et al. Applicability analysis of waste heat recovery technology and strategy exploration for hybrid electric vehicles under diverse road conditions[J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2021, 230: 113780.
[17]
LOMBARDI S, VILLANI M, BELLA G, et al. Retrofit of a heavy-duty diesel truck: comparison of parallel and series hybrid architectures with waste heat recovery[R]. SAE Technical Paper, 2020, 24: 0015.
[18]
SCHWEIZER F, SWOBODA J, WACHTMEISTER G. Holistic analysis of a mild hybrid waste heat recovery system for commercial vehicles[J]. SAE International Journal of Commercial Vehicles, 2021, 15: 203-224.
[19]
KRUIJT K, VERBRUGGEN F J R, SPEETJENS M F M, et al. Modeling and control of a waste heat recovery system for integrated powertrain design optimization[J]. IFAC-Papers OnLine, 2019, 52(5): 598-603.
[20]
LION S, MICHOS C N, VLASKOS I, et al. A review of waste heat recovery and organic Rankine cycles (ORC) in on-off highway vehicle heavy duty diesel engine applications[J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2017, 79: 691-708.
[21]
YAICH M, HACHICHA M R, GHARIANI M. Modeling and simulation of electric and hybrid vehicles for recreational vehicle[C]//Proceedings of the 2015 16th International Conference on Sciences and Techniques of Automatic Control and Computer Engineering (STA). IEEE, 2015: 181-187.
[22]
CHEN J S. Energy efficiency comparison between hydraulic hybrid and hybrid electric vehicles[J]. Energies, 2015, 8(6): 4697-4723.
[23]
ANSELMA P G, BISWAS A, BELINGARDI G, et al. Rapid assessment of the fuel economy capability of parallel and series-parallel hybrid electric vehicles[J]. Applied Energy, 2020, 275: 115319.
[24]
刘伟. 混合动力汽车系统建模与控制[M]. 殷国栋, 译. 北京: 机械工业出版社, 2015: 124.
LIU Wei. Hybrid vehicle system modelling and control[M]. YIN Guodong, translated. Beijing: Machinery Industry Press, 2015: 124.
[25]
王玉海, 李晓之, 李兴坤. 面向高速工况的混合动力卡车预见性节能算法[J/OL]. 吉林大学学报(工学版): 1-9[2024-02-28]. https://doi.org/10.13229/j.cnki.jdxbgxb.20221388.
WANG Yuhai, LI Xiaozhi, LI Xingkun. Anticipatory energy saving algorithm for hybrid trucks for high-speed working conditions[J/OL]. Journal of Jilin University (Engineering Edition): 1-9[2024-02-28]. https://doi.org/10.13229/j.cnki.jdxbgxb.20221388.
[26]
HAN S, ZHANG F, XI J. A real-time energy management strategy based on energy prediction for parallel hybrid electric vehicles[J]. IEEE Access, 2018, 6: 70313-70323.
[27]
李永胜, 李致宇, 张海刚, 等. 工质R245fa、R1233zd(E)对有机朗肯循环系统热力学性能的影响[J]. 内燃机与动力装置, 2024, 41(1): 17-22.
LI Yongsheng, LI Zhiyu, ZHANG Haigang, et al. Influence of workmasses R245fa, R1233zd(E) on thermodynamic performance of organic Rankine cycle system[J]. Internal Combustion Engines and Power Units, 2024, 41(1): 17-22.
[28]
石晓磊, 高妍, 田华, 等. 车用小型化内燃机余热回收ORC系统试验[J]. 内燃机学报, 2024, 42(2): 185-191.
SHI Xiaolei, GAO Yan, TIAN Hua, et al. Test of ORC system for waste heat recovery in automotive miniaturised internal combustion engine[J]. Journal of Internal Combustion Engine, 2024, 42(2): 185-191.
[29]
ZHANG J, ZHANG W, HOU G, et al. Dynamic modeling and multivariable control of organic Rankine cycles in waste heat utilizing processes[J]. Computers & Mathematics with Applications, 2012, 64(5): 908-921.
[30]
QUOILIN S, AUMANN R, GRILL A, et al. Dynamic modeling and optimal control strategy of waste heat recovery organic Rankine cycles[J]. Applied Energy, 2011, 88(6): 2183-2190.
[31]
WANG X, WANG R, SHU G Q, et al. Energy management strategy for hybrid electric vehicle integrated with waste heat recovery system based on deep reinforcement learning[J]. Science China Technological Sciences, 2022, 65(3): 713-725.
[32]
王轩, 陈嘉宝, 舒歌群, 等. 基于深度强化学习的有机朗肯循环内燃机余热回收系统瞬态优化控制[J]. 中国电机工程学报, 2023, 43(11): 4169-4178.
WANG Xuan, CHEN Jiabao, SHU Gequn, et al. Deep reinforcement learning-based transient optimal control of waste heat recovery system for organic Rankine cycle internal combustion engines[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2023, 43(11): 4169-4178.
[33]
LI L, TIAN H, LIN X, et al. Demonstration of a small-scale power generator using supercritical CO2[J]. Carbon Energy, 2024, 6(4): e428.
[34]
孔祥恩, 姜雪丽, 赵令猛, 等. 不同黏度润滑油与冷却水温度对发动机性能影响研究[J]. 小型内燃机与车辆技术, 2023, 52(4): 1-9.
KONG Xiang’en, JIANG Xueli, ZHAO Lingmeng, et al. Study on the effect of different viscosity lubricants and cooling water temperature on engine performance[J]. Small Internal Combustion Engine and Vehicle Technology, 2023, 52(4): 1-9.
2024年第53卷第7期
PDF下载
144
67
引用本文
BibTeX
文章信息
doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202403059
  • 接收时间:2024-03-14
  • 首发时间:2026-01-07
  • 出版时间:2024-07-25
补充材料
相关文章
文章信息
作者
出版历史
  • 收稿日期:2024-03-14
基金
National Key Research and Development Program(2022YFE0100100)
国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFE0100100)
作者信息
    1.天津大学机械工程学院,天津 300072
    2.中国科学技术大学工程科学学院,安徽 合肥 230027
参考文献
分享链接
https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/rlfd/CN/10.19666/j.rlfd.202403059
分享至
全文二维码

扫描看全文

引用本文
BibTeX
本文的引用情况
2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
关闭全屏