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To achieve the carbon peak and neutrality targets, facilitate low-cost disposal of industrial solid wastes (namely semi-coke ash), and develop new green and low-carbon composite materials, carrying out carbon capture using semi-coke ash is proposed, based on the existing semi-coke ash/sodium nitrate composite phase change heat storage materials. The performance of semi-coke ash and composite phase change heat storage materials before and after carbon sequestration is studied. The results indicate that, the optimal conditions for carbon sequestration in semi-coke ash are: gas composition of 20%CO2/80%N2, ventilation time of 40 minutes, and heating temperature of 650 ℃. Under the optimal experimental conditions, the carbon sequestration rate of semi-coke ash reaches 29.27%. The optimal mass ratio of the resulting composite phase change heat storage material, namely the carbon-sequestered semi-coke ash to NaNO3 is 5:5. It achieves a heat storage density of 288.65 J/g at 100~380 ℃, with better mechanical properties, thermal stability, and chemical compatibility. The use of carbon-sequestered semi-coke ash as a skeletal material to prepare composite phase change heat storage materials is highly feasible, providing a new approach for the resource utilization and carbon emission treatment of industrial solid wastes, namely semi-coke ash.

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为推动“双碳”战略,促进工业固废兰炭灰的低成本消纳,开发新型绿色低碳复合材料,提出在已有的兰炭灰/硝酸钠复合相变储热材料基础上,利用兰炭灰进行碳捕捉。对固碳前、后兰炭灰及复合相变储热材料的性能进行研究。结果表明:兰炭灰碳捕集的最佳条件为气体组分20%CO2/80%N2、通气时间40 min、加热温度650 ℃;在最佳实验条件下,兰炭灰的固碳率达到29.27%,所制得的复合相变储热材料固碳兰炭灰/NaNO3的最佳质量比为5:5,在100~380 ℃储热密度达到288.65 J/g,拥有更好的机械性能、热稳定性及化学相容性。固碳兰炭灰作为骨架材料制备复合相变储热材料具有较好的可行性,为工业固废兰炭灰的资源化利用和碳排放处理提供了新的途径。

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熊亚选(1977),男,教授,主要研究方向为固废储热和低碳建筑技术,

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Experimental conditions for carbon capture

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
气体组分通气时间/min加热温度/℃
15%CO2/85%N220650
700
750
40650
700
750
60650
700
750
20%CO2/80%N220650
700
750
40650
700
750
60650
700
750
), ArticleFig(id=1215700962681999738, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700946080944709, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

碳捕集实验条件

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
气体组分通气时间/min加热温度/℃
15%CO2/85%N220650
700
750
40650
700
750
60650
700
750
20%CO2/80%N220650
700
750
40650
700
750
60650
700
750
), ArticleFig(id=1215700962761691519, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700946080944709, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Details of samples with different proportions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品名称C-SN1C-SN2C-SN3C-SN4C-SN5C-SN6
固碳兰炭灰质量分数/%40.050.055.060.065.070.0
NaNO3质量分数/%60.050.045.040.035.030.0
), ArticleFig(id=1215700962845577607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700946080944709, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同配比样品的详细情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品名称C-SN1C-SN2C-SN3C-SN4C-SN5C-SN6
固碳兰炭灰质量分数/%40.050.055.060.065.070.0
NaNO3质量分数/%60.050.045.040.035.030.0
), ArticleFig(id=1215700962925269387, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700946080944709, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Details of reference samples with different proportions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品名称SN1SN2SN3SN4SN5SN6
兰炭灰质量分数/%40.050.055.060.065.070.0
NaNO3质量分数/%60.050.045.040.035.030.0
), ArticleFig(id=1215700964162589071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700946080944709, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同配比对照样品的详细情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品名称SN1SN2SN3SN4SN5SN6
兰炭灰质量分数/%40.050.055.060.065.070.0
NaNO3质量分数/%60.050.045.040.035.030.0
), ArticleFig(id=1215700964263252371, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700946080944709, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Pore structure data of the semi-coke ash before and after carbon capture

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品比表面积/(m2·g–1)孔体积/(mL·g–1)平均孔径/nm
碳捕集前3.908 40.018 214.706 2
碳捕集后1.316 90.015 911.124 5
), ArticleFig(id=1215700964338749847, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700946080944709, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

兰炭灰碳捕集前、后的孔结构数据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品比表面积/(m2·g–1)孔体积/(mL·g–1)平均孔径/nm
碳捕集前3.908 40.018 214.706 2
碳捕集后1.316 90.015 911.124 5
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兰炭灰固碳对复合相变储热材料性能的影响
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熊亚选 1 , 尹心成 1 , 药晨华 2 , 任静 3 , 吴玉庭 4 , 张灿灿 4 , 丁玉龙 5
热力发电 | 新能源发电技术专题 2024,53(7): 62-72
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热力发电 | 新能源发电技术专题 2024, 53(7): 62-72
兰炭灰固碳对复合相变储热材料性能的影响
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熊亚选1 , 尹心成1, 药晨华2, 任静3, 吴玉庭4, 张灿灿4, 丁玉龙5
作者信息
  • 1.北京建筑大学供热供燃气通风及空调工程北京市重点实验室,北京 100044
  • 2.北京市热力集团有限责任公司朝阳第一分公司,北京 100102
  • 3.北京中建建筑科学研究院有限公司,北京 100076
  • 4.北京工业大学传热强化与过程节能教育部重点实验室,北京 100124
  • 5.伯明翰大学伯明翰储能中心,伯明翰 B15 2TT
  • 熊亚选(1977),男,教授,主要研究方向为固废储热和低碳建筑技术,

Effect of semi-coke ash carbon capture on property of phase change composites
Yaxuan XIONG1 , Xincheng YIN1, Chenhua YAO2, Jing REN3, Yuting WU4, Cancan ZHANG4, Yulong DING5
Affiliations
  • 1.Beijing Key Lab of Heating, Gas Supply, Ventilating and Air Conditioning Engineering, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 100044, China
  • 2.Chaoyang First Branch of Beijing District Heating Group Co., Ltd., Beijing 100102, China
  • 3.Beijing Building Research Institute Co., Ltd. of CSCEC, Beijing 100076, China
  • 4.Key Laboratory of Enhanced Heat Transfer and Energy Conservation, Beijing Municipality, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
  • 5.Birmingham Center for Energy Storage, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
出版时间: 2024-07-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202403032
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为推动“双碳”战略,促进工业固废兰炭灰的低成本消纳,开发新型绿色低碳复合材料,提出在已有的兰炭灰/硝酸钠复合相变储热材料基础上,利用兰炭灰进行碳捕捉。对固碳前、后兰炭灰及复合相变储热材料的性能进行研究。结果表明:兰炭灰碳捕集的最佳条件为气体组分20%CO2/80%N2、通气时间40 min、加热温度650 ℃;在最佳实验条件下,兰炭灰的固碳率达到29.27%,所制得的复合相变储热材料固碳兰炭灰/NaNO3的最佳质量比为5:5,在100~380 ℃储热密度达到288.65 J/g,拥有更好的机械性能、热稳定性及化学相容性。固碳兰炭灰作为骨架材料制备复合相变储热材料具有较好的可行性,为工业固废兰炭灰的资源化利用和碳排放处理提供了新的途径。

固体废弃物  /  骨架材料  /  复合材料  /  储热性能  /  力学性能

To achieve the carbon peak and neutrality targets, facilitate low-cost disposal of industrial solid wastes (namely semi-coke ash), and develop new green and low-carbon composite materials, carrying out carbon capture using semi-coke ash is proposed, based on the existing semi-coke ash/sodium nitrate composite phase change heat storage materials. The performance of semi-coke ash and composite phase change heat storage materials before and after carbon sequestration is studied. The results indicate that, the optimal conditions for carbon sequestration in semi-coke ash are: gas composition of 20%CO2/80%N2, ventilation time of 40 minutes, and heating temperature of 650 ℃. Under the optimal experimental conditions, the carbon sequestration rate of semi-coke ash reaches 29.27%. The optimal mass ratio of the resulting composite phase change heat storage material, namely the carbon-sequestered semi-coke ash to NaNO3 is 5:5. It achieves a heat storage density of 288.65 J/g at 100~380 ℃, with better mechanical properties, thermal stability, and chemical compatibility. The use of carbon-sequestered semi-coke ash as a skeletal material to prepare composite phase change heat storage materials is highly feasible, providing a new approach for the resource utilization and carbon emission treatment of industrial solid wastes, namely semi-coke ash.

solid waste  /  skeleton material  /  composite material  /  heat storage performance  /  mechanical property
熊亚选, 尹心成, 药晨华, 任静, 吴玉庭, 张灿灿, 丁玉龙. 兰炭灰固碳对复合相变储热材料性能的影响. 热力发电, 2024 , 53 (7) : 62 -72 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202403032
Yaxuan XIONG, Xincheng YIN, Chenhua YAO, Jing REN, Yuting WU, Cancan ZHANG, Yulong DING. Effect of semi-coke ash carbon capture on property of phase change composites[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2024 , 53 (7) : 62 -72 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202403032
随着金属冶炼行业的不断发展,产生出大量的兰炭灰。目前,对兰炭灰的处理方法仍以填埋为主,此做法对水与土壤的影响较为深重,会造成不可估量的损失。为响应国家的“双碳”战略,加快实现“双碳”目标,对工业废弃物的重新利用,在一定程度上缓解其所带来的一系列生态问题[1]。研究人员提出了一种新的思路。利用在可再生能源领域中的储热技术(thermal energy storge,TES)[2],将工业固废进行二次利用,既能有效缓解环境污染问题,又为复合相变储热材料提供新的研究方向[3]。根据现有研究,已知可作为骨架材料有MgO[4]、硅藻土[5]、Ca(OH)2[6]、膨胀石墨[7]、膨胀蛭石[8]、高炉矿渣[9]、高岭土[10]、泡沫金属[11]、膨润土[12]、赤藓糖醇[13]等。这些材料的开发,多数都会对环境和人力物力造成一定的损失,所以一些学者通过对工业废弃物的重复利用,发觉其使用价值,探索出新型骨架材料的获取方式[14]。杨会康[15]使用锯泥和黄金尾矿2种固废与硝酸钠制备新型复合相变储热材料,并证明其具有良好的热稳定性。Xiong等人[16]以工业固废电石渣作为骨架材料,Na2CO3作为相变材料,制备出复合相变储热材料,为电石渣的处理提供了新的思路。张武日[17]提出对废电瓷材料的再利用,为建筑节能和农业方面做出了贡献。
CO2排放到环境已经严重影响到了人类的生存环境。而CO2捕集及封存(carbon dioxide capture and storage,CCS)技术中的燃烧后捕集技术则是目前对于工业源所产生的CO2进行吸附较好的一种方法[18]。研究表明,工业固废材料中的CaO基吸附剂是广泛易得的一种高温CO2吸附剂。利用矿物质中的活性氧化钙与CO2的反应,能够实现对CO2的快速捕捉与固定,并得到具有稳定性强的产物,投入到各个领域中使用,得到相关领域学者的广泛关注。其中,一些学者开展了相关研究。田曦等[19]利用废旧混凝土固碳,制备出的材料具有良好的固碳效果。杨洋等[20]通过制备不同配比的NaNO3/固碳电石渣-钢渣复合相变储热材料,得到固碳率为24.48%的成果,证明该材料具有较强的碳捕捉能力。宋超宇等[21]提出市政污泥焚烧炉渣作为骨架材料,硝酸钠为相变储热材料,采用冷压缩热烧结法制备了污泥焚烧炉渣基定型复合相变储热材料,结果证明污泥焚烧炉渣适合作为制备定型复合相变储热材料的骨架材料。
基于本团队前期的研究[22],本文首先对兰炭灰进行碳捕捉的处理,对比固碳前、后兰炭灰的性能变化。以固碳后兰炭灰作为骨架材料,硝酸钠作为相变材料,制备不同配比的复合相变储热材料。验证了固碳和未固碳兰炭灰作为骨架材料制备复合相变储热材料的可行性,为低成本、负碳复合相变储热材料的制备提供理论基础和技术指导。
实验骨架材料采用购自阳煤集团有限公司的兰炭灰(semi-coke ash,SCA)。根据研究,兰炭的主要成分为Ca元素,其次为Si及Fe元素等。实验采用的相变材料为NaNO3粉末,购自国药集团化学试剂有限公司,其纯度不低于99%,熔点为306.8 ℃,密度为1.882 g/cm3(320 ℃),熔化潜热(相变焓)为139.3 J/g。烧结剂为质量分数3%的聚乙烯醇(PVA)溶液,其中PVA纯度不低于99%。
本实验中,采用粒径小于75 µm的兰炭灰进行CO2的捕集。碳捕集工艺流程如图1所示。具体制备流程如下:将N2和CO2气体(北京氙禾玉气体技术有限公司)通过各自的气体流量计(合肥晟节仪表科技有限公司)控制流量,将CO2气体正向通入混气罐(郑州研科仪器设备有限公司),N2气体侧向通入混气罐,混合得到所需的比例通入碳酸化炉(无锡金盛电热仪表有限公司)中。将碳酸化炉按照预设的温度进行加热,直至温度达到稳定不变。利用分析天平称取100 mg兰炭灰平铺置于石英方舟中,将其放在碳酸化炉中的石英管中间位置处,反应进行一定时间后取出石英方舟,待其自然冷却至室温,称取碳捕集后兰炭灰样品的质量,并计算特定反应条件下的固碳率[19]
碳捕集工艺流程的实验条件为气体组分分别按照15%CO2/85%N2(体积分数,下同)和20%CO2/ 80%N2的比例混合;通气时间分别设置为20、40、60 min;碳酸化炉的温度分别设置为650、700、750 ℃,进行18组对照实验(表1)。
采用冷压缩-热烧结法制备固碳兰炭灰/NaNO3复合相变储热材料,工艺流程如图2所示。具体操作步骤为:将固碳兰炭灰样品和NaNO3样品放入电热恒温干燥箱(202-3AB,天津市泰斯特仪器有限公司)中,设置温度为180 ℃,干燥6 h。利用分析天平(ME104,梅特勒-托利多公司)按预先设定的质量比称量干燥后的固碳兰炭灰和NaNO3,将其放入行星式球磨机(KE-2L,启东市宏宏仪器设备厂),以250 r/min的转速混合30 min,获得复合粉末。取1.0 g复合粉末放入内径为13 mm的圆柱形模具中,在液压压力机(MSY-50,青岛孚润汽车保修设备有限公司)上向模具施加54.0 MPa的压力并保持3 min,获得复合圆柱体。将复合圆柱体放入马弗炉(SX2-5-12A,苏州九联科技有限公司),以2 ℃/min的升温速率从室温加热至100 ℃,保持该温度30 min从而除去样品中残留的水分,然后设置马弗炉以2 ℃/min的升温速率从100 ℃加热至340 ℃,然后保温2 h,最后关闭马弗炉,待复合圆柱体自然冷却至室温,得到复合相变储热材料样品。
该材料按照文献[22]的方法进行制备。重复上述实验步骤,按照表2中的配比,制备6组不同固碳兰炭灰与NaNO3质量比的复合相变储热材料样品,依次编号为C-SN1—C-SN6。按照表3中的配比,制备6组不同兰炭灰与NaNO3质量比的复合相变储热材料样品,依次编号为SN1—SN6,作为对照实验样品。
为探寻气体组分对兰炭灰捕碳性能的影响,保持反应温度和反应时间不变的条件下,改变气体组分研究其对实验结果的影响。设置条件为:反应温度为650 ℃,反应时间为40 min,在CO2/N2体积配比的条件为15%CO2/85%N2和20%CO2/80%N2的条件下,碳捕集后兰炭灰的XRD图谱如图3所示。根据数据结果可得,兰炭灰通过对碳的捕集之后,其主要组分仍然是CaO,但可以观察到CaCO3的衍射峰(图3中紫色框处)。由图3可以看出,20%CO2条件下,碳捕集后兰炭灰中的CaCO3衍射峰强度比15%CO2条件下强。根据实验结果计算得出,20%CO2条件下兰炭灰的固碳率为29.27%,15%CO2条件下兰炭灰的固碳率为25.48%。孙浩[23]证实了CO2分压力的提高,能够促进碳酸化反应的进行,且增大了CO2通过产物层的扩散力。20%CO2条件比15%CO2条件下CO2分压力高,因此,在20%CO2条件下,一方面,实验过程中碳酸化反应的速率较快;另一方面,在反应进行一段时间后,CO2通过兰炭灰颗粒表面生成的CaCO3层的能力也比15%CO2条件下强。综合上述2个因素,在本节实验中,当气体组分为20%CO2/80%N2时,兰炭灰拥有较好捕捉碳的能力。
为探寻通气时间对兰炭灰捕碳性能的影响,则保持反应温度和气体组分不变的条件下,改变通气时间研究其对实验结果的影响。设置条件为:反应温度为650、700、750 ℃,气体组分为20%CO2/ 80%N2,在通气时间分别为20、40、60 min的条件下进行实验。以反应温度为650 ℃,气体组分为20%CO2/80%N2的实验结果为例进行分析,该条件下碳捕集后兰炭灰中CaCO3衍射峰的强度并没有随着通气时间的延长而增强。固碳率随通气时间的变化如图4所示。实验加热温度为650 ℃时,当通气时间超过40 min后,由于CO2无法继续与兰炭灰中的CaO进行反应,但材料仍处于650 ℃的高温条件下,兰炭灰表面的部分CaCO3开始分解[24],导致在60 min时,兰炭灰的固碳率略低于其在40 min时的固碳率,这与不同通气时间下CaCO3衍射峰的强度分析结果一致;当加热温度为700 ℃时,兰炭灰的固碳率随通气时间的变化与650 ℃时相同。当加热温度为750 ℃时,兰炭灰在20~60 min的固碳速率明显受到了CaCO3包裹层的影响,但整个过程中并未出现产物CaCO3分解的现象,这是由以下2方面原因造成的:1)通气40 min时,750 ℃下兰炭灰的固碳率低于650 ℃和700 ℃,故此温度下CaCO3包裹层的厚度较薄,CO2分子在包裹层中的扩散距离较短,导致CO2分子通过包裹层的扩散速度相应增加;2)750 ℃下,CaCO3包裹层的分解速率比650 ℃和700 ℃温度下快,导致包裹层不断出现变得更薄的趋势,这也增加了CO2分子通过包裹层的扩散速度。二者综合作用,导致在750 ℃下,通气40~60 min,CaO与CO2的反应量大于产物CaCO3的分解量,兰炭灰的固碳率仍以缓慢的速率增加。兰炭灰固碳率的最大值出现在反应温度650 ℃、通气时间40 min的条件下,因此,40 min为本实验的最佳通气时间。
为探寻加热温度对兰炭灰捕碳性能的影响,则保持通气时间和气体组分不变的条件下,改变加热温度研究其对实验结果的影响。设置条件为:气体组分为20%CO2/80%N2,通气时间为20、40、60 min,在加热温度分别为650、700、750 ℃的条件下,对实验结果进行分析。
图4可以看出:当通气时间为20 min时,750 ℃下兰炭灰的固碳率最高,为23.10%;但当通气时间延长到40 min时,650 ℃下兰炭灰的固碳率最高,为29.27%。这是由于在CaO的碳酸化反应过程中,反应温度对离子转移和CaO晶体结构都有很大的影响,分子扩散速率和碳酸化反应速率随着反应温度的升高而加快。因此,当反应时间同为20 min时,温度最高(750 ℃)的条件下,兰炭灰的固碳率最高。但随着反应的进行,20 min时固碳率较高的条件(700 ℃、750 ℃)下,兰炭灰的进一步碳酸化反应受到表面生成物(CaCO3)的严重阻碍;反而20 min时固碳率较低的条件(650 ℃)下,兰炭灰的碳酸化反应能够持续进行,直至40 min时,兰炭灰固碳率的最大值出现在加热温度650 ℃下。因此,本实验选取650 ℃为最佳加热时间。
综上所述,气体组分20%CO2/80%N2、通气时间40 min、加热温度650 ℃为本实验中兰炭灰碳酸化反应的最佳条件。
兰炭灰碳捕集前、后的宏观形貌如图5所示。从图5中可以看出,碳捕集实验前,兰炭灰呈深褐色,碳捕集实验后,兰炭灰颜色较之前变浅。这是由于碳捕集后兰炭灰表面生成大量白色晶体的CaCO3,致使深褐色兰炭灰的宏观颜色变浅。
兰炭灰碳捕集前、后的XRD图谱如图6所示。由图6可知,碳捕集前兰炭灰的主要衍射峰出现在2θ为32.5°、38.0°、54.5°等处,均为CaO的衍射峰,但在碳捕集后的兰炭灰中明显观察到CaCO3的衍射峰,CaO的衍射峰相对减弱,且没有发现其它新物相。这表明,兰炭灰可以用作CaO基吸附剂对工业源CO2进行捕集、封存。
兰炭灰碳捕集前、后的孔结构数据见表4。根据表4数据对比得出,兰炭灰颗粒的孔结构数据有明显地减小。经分析,在碳捕集实验过程中,一方面,兰炭灰表面的CaO与CO2反应生成CaCO3;另一方面,CO2通过扩散进入兰炭灰颗粒内部,与内部CaO发生反应。这导致了兰炭灰表面和内部颗粒孔隙的填充。因此,在碳捕集实验后,兰炭灰颗粒的比表面积、孔体积以及平均孔径都有一定程度地下降。
兰炭灰碳捕集前、后的微观形貌如图7所示。由图7可知,经过碳捕集后,兰炭灰颗粒表面的凹凸不平或粗糙度得到了改善,颗粒变得更加饱满。多孔材料在碳捕集过程中,CO2分子会与多孔材料表面和内部孔隙中的活性位点发生相互作用,形成化学键,从而将CO2分子固定在材料表面和孔隙中。这导致孔隙的大小和分布发生变化,从而使得多孔材料的微观结构变得更加紧密,导致材料的孔隙率下降,同时比表面积也会有所改变。这也与孔结构变化的分析结果一致。其次,选取测试样品的随机区域,对Ca、C元素映射图进行扫描,表征结果如图8所示。
从兰炭灰碳捕集前、后的Ca元素和C元素分布情况可以看出:碳捕集实验前,兰炭灰中的C元素很少,分布零散,Ca元素较多,且分布均匀;碳捕集实验后,兰炭灰中Ca元素的相对含量下降,而C元素的相对含量明显升高。
图9为固碳前、后的兰炭灰/NaNO3复合相变储热材料样品。样品SN1和C-SN1经烧结后发生断裂,一些相变材料(phase-change materials,PCM)从底部渗出,这是因为当PCM质量分数超过最佳比例时,复合相变储热材料中骨架材料形成的孔隙不足以容纳多余的PCM。当温度降低后,渗出的PCM在样品的下表面凝固。固碳前、后的兰炭灰所制成的储热材料皆有此共性。
当NaNO3与固碳前、后的兰炭灰的质量比为5:5时,样品SN2与C-SN2烧结后形貌完好,没有出现形变和熔盐泄漏现象。这表明,当NaNO3与固碳前、后的兰炭灰的质量比为5:5时,骨架材料形成的孔隙可以容纳最高烧结温度下的液态PCM。当PCM的质量分数进一步降低时,液态PCM不足以填充骨架材料中的孔隙,便不会出现熔盐泄露的现象,更有利于样品烧结成型。据研究表明,PCM质量分数越低,复合相变储热材料的潜热越低,因此,初步认为样品SN2和C-SN2具有最佳的热性能。
图10为NaNO3、样品SN1、SN2、SN3、C-SN1、C-SN2、C-SN3的热流曲线,它们的熔点t依次为302.7、301.2、300.8、300.0、302.1、301.3、300.7 ℃,潜热值r分别为139.30、83.27、70.21、67.43、88.56、75.84、70.93 J/g。6种样品的熔点明显低于NaNO3,根据研究表明,样品中骨架材料质量分数的增加降低了PCM的结晶度,PCM结晶度降低有利于其在较低温度下开始相变,因此,6种样品的熔点均低于NaNO3。实验所测温度范围内骨架材料始终处于固态,因此,骨架材料含量增加会导致复合相变储热材料的潜热减小。其次,NaNO3质量分数的减少,降低了复合相变储热材料的潜热。这是因为本实验中,骨架材料仅为显热储热,只有PCM(NaNO3)会发生相变,进行潜热储热。
图11为NaNO3、样品SN1、SN2、SN3、C-SN1、C-SN2和C-SN3的比热容。无论样品处于怎样的状态,随着骨架材料质量分数的增加,样品的比热容明显降低。结合实际烧结出的样品的宏观形貌和比热容的角度考虑,样品SN2和C-SN2为本实验的最佳对照的配比样品。以100 ℃为基点,计算[22]样品SN1、SN2、SN3、C-SN1、C-SN2、C-SN3的储热密度如图12所示。由图12可以看出,样品SN1、SN2、SN3、C-SN1、C-SN2、C-SN3的储热密度在100~380 ℃温度范围内依次减小。这是由于,复合相变储热材料的储热密度包括潜热和显热2部分,其潜热和比热均随着PCM质量分数的降低而减小。因此,复合相变储热材料的储热密度随着PCM质量分数的降低而减小。然而,样品SN1和C-SN1经烧结后出现明显的破碎和熔盐泄露现象。考虑到实际工程应用,从储热密度来看,样品SN2和C-SN2为本实验的最佳配比对照样品,其储热密度在温度为380 ℃时分别达到325.91 J/g和288.65 J/g。
图13显示了样品SN1和SN2的微观形貌。从图7a)所示的纯兰炭灰中观察到许多多孔结构。从图13a)可以看出,由于样品SN1中PCM质量分数过高,大量NaNO3在烧结过程中冲向样品表面,样品中局部出现大量大孔,该现象导致样品SN1经烧结后开裂。从图13b)可以看出,样品SN2经历烧结后,内部仍然致密,PCM与骨架材料紧密结合,这表明骨架材料颗粒适当地包裹了PCM。
固碳后的兰炭灰和样品C-SN2的微观形貌如图14所示。从固碳兰炭灰(图14a))中可以看出,骨架材料颗粒之间有大量孔隙。而样品C-SN2(图14b))中,PCM与骨架材料充分结合,填充了骨架颗粒之间的孔隙。这表明,样品C-SN2经历烧结过程之后,内部保持致密,骨架材料颗粒很好地封装了PCM。
NaNO3、样品C-SN2和固碳前、后兰炭灰的XRD表征结果如图15所示。根据本团队前期的研究[22]可以得出,兰炭灰与NaNO3之间保持着良好的化学相容性。对比固碳后兰炭灰的结果,可以看出,固碳兰炭灰中的主要衍射峰为CaO和CaCO3的衍射峰,NaNO3的XRD曲线中都是NaNO3的衍射峰。样品C-SN2中,在2θ=30°附近,NaNO3的衍射峰与CaCO3的衍射峰重合。样品C-SN2中的所有衍射峰均来自固碳兰炭灰和NaNO3,并未发现新的矿物相。这表明,在制备固碳兰炭灰/NaNO3复合相变储热材料样品的过程中,固碳兰炭灰与NaNO3之间保持着良好的化学相容性。
抗压强度是表征复合相变储热材料在不受侧面束缚的情况下,所能承受的最大压力指标。图16为样品抗压强度随NaNO3质量分数的对比曲线。研究结果表明,加入PCM后,所有测试样品的抗压强度均高于纯兰炭灰,且随着NaNO3质量分数的增加,复合相变储热材料样品的抗压强度先增大后减小,样品SN3的抗压强度达到最高的115.45 MPa。这是因为骨架材料和PCM的质量配比对复合相变储热材料的机械性能有明显影响,PCM之间、骨架材料颗粒之间以及PCM与骨架材料颗粒之间存在界面力,由于PCM质量分数过多,在施压过程中,复合相变储热材料样品从PCM内部断裂。随着PCM质量分数降低,PCM与骨架材料颗粒表面的相互作用(界面力)对PCM分子之间的相互作用产生正面影响,该现象增加了复合相变储热材料样品宏观破碎的难度,即抗压强度增加。当PCM质量分数低于最佳占比时,在复合相变储热材料烧结过程中,PCM体积缩小,复合相变储热材料样品内部的骨架材料颗粒之间出现孔隙结构,从而降低了复合相变储热材料样品的抗压强度。样品SN2的抗压强度达到96.98 MPa,样品C-SN2的抗压强度达到113.75 MPa,此2种样品的抗压强度虽然不是该样品中抗压性能最好的,但都通过了GB50010—2010标准中C80级混凝土的抗压强度要求。则此2种样品为最佳配比样品。通过对样品SN2和C-SN2的对比,可以观察到固碳后的复合相变储热材料的抗压性能要高于未固碳的材料,结果表明固碳对该样品的抗压性能有明显提升。
综合以上分析,本实验最佳配比为样品C-SN2的比例。利用自制的冷热循环实验台对质量为0.972 6 g的样品C-SN2进行了500次冷热循环。循环过程中,每隔100次对样品的形貌和质量进行1次记录。500次冷热循环过程中样品C-SN2的质量变化如图17所示。样品C-SN2经过200次冷热循环后,表面出现白点,但在500次冷热循环后,白点逐渐消失。这可能是在冷热循环过程中,部分PCM经过多次熔化/凝固后聚集在样品表面,形成“白点”,但对其继续进行冷热循环后,PCM又逐渐进入样品内部,“白点”逐渐消失。整个循环过程中,样品没有出现坍塌、炸裂等现象,形貌保持完好。其次,500次冷热循环过程中,样品C-SN2的质量几乎没有变化,仅从循环前的0.972 6 g变为500次冷热循环后的0.972 0 g,变化了0.06%。500次冷热循环前、后样品C-SN2的热流曲线如图18所示,比热容如图19所示。
图19可以看出,无论是固态还是液态阶段,500次冷热循环后样品C-SN2的比热容均略微降低。500次冷热循环过程中,样品C-SN2的相变起始温度从301.3 ℃下降到301.0 ℃,下降了0.10%;相变终止温度从312.2 ℃下降到310.8 ℃,下降了0.45%;潜热从75.84 J/g下降到74.76 J/g,下降了1.42%。根据Guo[25]和Bauer[26]等人的研究,PCM在数百次冷热循环过程中会发生分解,导致复合相变储热材料的潜热降低。本实验500次冷热循环后,样品潜热仅下降了1.42%,可能是极少量PCM分解所引起的,并未对样品质量产生明显影响。因此,经500次冷热循环后,样品C-SN2的相变性能几乎保持不变。图20为样品C-SN2经500次冷热循环前、后的储热密度曲线。在100~380 ℃温度范围内,样品C-SN2经500次冷热循环后的储热密度由原来的288.65 J/g下降到263.13 J/g,下降了8.84%。这是由于,500次冷热循环后,样品C-SN2在固态段和液态段的比热均略有减小,以及潜热略微降低造成的。因此,样品C-SN2在100~380 ℃温度范围内总体上表现出优异的循环热稳定性。
为资源化利用工业固体废弃物,解决城市环境问题,促进“双碳”战略目标的实现,本文创新提出将复合相变储热材料的骨架材料选为兰炭灰,制备了NaNO3/兰炭灰复合相变储热材料,以此样品材料作为对照。将兰炭灰进行碳捕集操作后,再进行制备NaNO3/固碳兰炭灰复合相变储热材料,对样品的热性能及其他关键性能进行了表征、分析并对比二者之间性能的差异。主要得出以下结论。
1)固废兰炭灰适合作为CaO基吸附剂对工业源CO2进行捕集、封存。
2)本实验中兰炭灰碳捕集的最佳条件为气体组分20%CO2/80%N2、通气时间40 min、加热温度650 ℃。在最佳实验条件下,兰炭灰的固碳率达到29.27%;固碳兰炭灰中出现了CaCO3的衍射峰,颗粒的比表面积、孔体积以及平均孔径都有一定程度的下降。
3)固碳兰炭灰适合作为复合相变储热材料的骨架材料,综合宏观形貌、储热性能和机械性能,固碳兰炭灰与NaNO3的最佳质量比为5:5。
4)固碳兰炭灰/NaNO3复合相变储热材料在100~380 ℃之间储热密度达到288.65 J/g,虽不及对照实验组但要高于水储热。
5)固碳兰炭灰/NaNO3复合相变储热材料的抗压强度达到113.75 MPa,机械性能要强于未固碳兰炭灰/NaNO3复合相变储热材料;该材料经过500次加热/冷却循环后,表现出良好的循环热稳定性;骨架材料组分与PCM之间具有良好的化学相容性,二者在最佳配比样品中均匀分布。
  • 北京市自然科学基金重点项目(3151001)
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2024年第53卷第7期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202403032
  • 接收时间:2024-03-08
  • 首发时间:2026-01-07
  • 出版时间:2024-07-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-08
基金
Key Project of Beijing Natural Science Foundation(3151001)
北京市自然科学基金重点项目(3151001)
作者信息
    1.北京建筑大学供热供燃气通风及空调工程北京市重点实验室,北京 100044
    2.北京市热力集团有限责任公司朝阳第一分公司,北京 100102
    3.北京中建建筑科学研究院有限公司,北京 100076
    4.北京工业大学传热强化与过程节能教育部重点实验室,北京 100124
    5.伯明翰大学伯明翰储能中心,伯明翰 B15 2TT
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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