Article(id=1215700944365469980, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1215700941538509036, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202403065, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1710691200000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-18, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1767775291768, onlineDateStr=2026-01-07, pubDate=1721836800000, pubDateStr=2024-07-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1767775291768, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1767775291768, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767775291768, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1215700941538509036, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2024', volume='53', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='158', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1767775291094, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767775458121, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1215701642159243949, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1215700941538509036, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1215701642159243950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1215700941538509036, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=82, endPage=90, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1215700944591962407, articleId=1215700944365469980, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Faults analysis and treatment for vibration in stator housing of nuclear power turbo-generator, columnId=1215700879274070743, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=New energy power generation technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The vibration mechanism and characteristics of stator housing in nuclear power turbo-generators under different excitation forces are investigated, and an analysis and treatment method for the stator housing vibration fault is proposed. Moreover, analysis and verification is conducted by using three nuclear power turbo-generator units as examples. The results show that, the main cause of excessive stator housing vibration is the structure resonance resulting from the natural frequency of the stator housing being close to the rotating frequency or its double. The structure resonance caused by rotor excitation force can be controlled in two ways: by reducing the excitation force through field dynamic balance, or by adjusting the natural frequency of the stator housing through adjustment of the stator bottom bracing load distribution. Performing on-site dynamic balancing can effectively reduce the rotor excitation force. Adjusting the natural frequency of the stator housing can be realized through load distribution adjustment of the stator feet. However, due to the limited adjustment range of the magnetic pulling force, it is necessary to control the structure resonance caused by magnetic pulling force by adjusting the natural frequency of the stator housing. To prevent structure resonance of the stator housing, it is important to adjust the stator bottom bracing load distribution during installation or maintenance of the turbo-generators to keep the natural frequency of the stator housing away from the rotating frequency and electromagnetic force frequency.

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对不同激振力作用下核电汽轮发电机定子壳体振动机理和特征开展研究,提出汽轮发电机定子壳体振动故障的分析和治理方法,并结合3台核电机组的工程实例进行分析验证。研究结果表明:定子壳体固有频率接近旋转频率或倍频电磁共振频率引起的结构共振是导致定子壳体振动超标的主要原因;转子激振力引起的定子壳体结构共振,可从减小激振力和调整定子壳体固有频率两方面进行治理,进行现场动平衡可有效降低转子激振力,调整定子壳体固有频率可通过定子底脚载荷分配调整实现;由于磁拉力大小调整范围有限,磁拉力引起的定子壳体结构共振应通过调整定子壳体固有频率进行治理。在发电机安装或检修时,应通过定子底脚载荷分配调整,使定子壳体固有频率避开旋转频率和倍频电磁共振频率,避免发电机定子壳体结构共振的发生。

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胡启龙(1994),男,硕士,工程师,主要研究方向为旋转机械振动分析、诊断与治理,

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胡启龙(1994),男,硕士,工程师,主要研究方向为旋转机械振动分析、诊断与治理,

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胡启龙(1994),男,硕士,工程师,主要研究方向为旋转机械振动分析、诊断与治理,

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of stator bottom bracing load), Keyword(id=1215700951445455413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700944365469980, language=CN, orderNo=1, keyword=核电汽轮发电机), Keyword(id=1215700951541924408, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700944365469980, language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=定子壳体振动), Keyword(id=1215700951621616189, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700944365469980, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=结构共振), Keyword(id=1215700951734862399, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700944365469980, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=现场动平衡), Keyword(id=1215700951869080133, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700944365469980, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=定子底脚载荷调整)], refs=[Reference(id=1215700956851913455, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700944365469980, doi=null, 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Shanghai Medium and Large Electrical Machines, 2003, 2(1): 8-14., articleTitle=Load-bearing adjustment of the base foot of a water-hydrogen-hydrogen 600 MW steam turbine generator, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1215700956600255208, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700944365469980, awardId=2018ZX06906011-007-002, language=EN, fundingSource=National Science and Technology Major Project(2018ZX06906011-007-002), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1215700956684141289, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700944365469980, awardId=2018ZX06906011-007-002, language=CN, fundingSource=国家科技重大专项(2018ZX06906011-007-002), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1215700948563968467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700944365469980, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215700948568162772, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, 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articleId=1215700944365469980, language=CN, label=图1, caption=发电机转子-轴承-定子系统简化动力学模型, figureFileSmall=OCtH3/zeFsaMmSzINgVRTg==, figureFileBig=S1LdLNmajqZ0Iyv2/Bd/eA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215700952355619418, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700944365469980, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Flow chart of analysis and treatment of vibration faults in stator housing of nuclear power turbo-generators, figureFileSmall=Z/kdTsV72vECvgfBer1cmw==, figureFileBig=PWk0fPKG70F4FiFiG6Tl7w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215700952473059936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700944365469980, language=CN, label=图2, caption=核电发电机定子壳体振动故障分析与治理流程, figureFileSmall=Z/kdTsV72vECvgfBer1cmw==, figureFileBig=PWk0fPKG70F4FiFiG6Tl7w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215700952552751716, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700944365469980, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Structure of the shaft system of a 650 MW nuclear power turbo-generator unit, figureFileSmall=UO8KMsjOEfzAdpa8W0jjgw==, figureFileBig=hKWTn6D5q82dNDDaNS/Ycg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215700952686969449, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700944365469980, language=CN, label=图3, caption=某650 MW核电汽轮发电机组轴系结构示意, figureFileSmall=UO8KMsjOEfzAdpa8W0jjgw==, figureFileBig=hKWTn6D5q82dNDDaNS/Ycg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215700952884101745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700944365469980, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=The on-site measured vibration data, figureFileSmall=RWp2RzVQTEQM+7BVmFR3YA==, figureFileBig=MS7mcTqlzoXMfaRnzVdiog==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215700952976376436, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700944365469980, language=CN, label=图4, caption=现场实测振动数据, figureFileSmall=RWp2RzVQTEQM+7BVmFR3YA==, figureFileBig=MS7mcTqlzoXMfaRnzVdiog==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215700953089622648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700944365469980, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Variations of stator housing vibration with rotational speed, figureFileSmall=9RVLa3+PAL2iDcOONZmTBQ==, figureFileBig=v5hqv3aekORMXbVi8CBpeQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215700953198674555, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700944365469980, language=CN, label=图5, caption=定子壳体振动随转速变化曲线, figureFileSmall=9RVLa3+PAL2iDcOONZmTBQ==, figureFileBig=v5hqv3aekORMXbVi8CBpeQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215700953290949249, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700944365469980, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Modal shape of stator housing (47.55 Hz), figureFileSmall=bXHs3NcQXOCZEm9OMU419A==, figureFileBig=IUkOpUkSrzghLJe/OWegDw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215700953408389765, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700944365469980, language=CN, label=图6, caption=定子壳体模态振型(47.55 Hz), figureFileSmall=bXHs3NcQXOCZEm9OMU419A==, figureFileBig=IUkOpUkSrzghLJe/OWegDw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215700953488081544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700944365469980, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Variation of vibration on the outer cover of hydrogen cooler at turbine end with rotational speed, figureFileSmall=GIIAd7uV1HXVuGDvIi9v6g==, figureFileBig=lNKTaQFJV+P8n2HlKOYZgQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215700953567773325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700944365469980, language=CN, label=图7, caption=汽端氢冷器外罩振动随转速变化曲线, figureFileSmall=GIIAd7uV1HXVuGDvIi9v6g==, figureFileBig=lNKTaQFJV+P8n2HlKOYZgQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215700953685213844, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700944365469980, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Schematic diagram of the corner brace stiffened plates of stator bottom bracing, figureFileSmall=/fWT1KGIC4yZTDNfsSgGdw==, figureFileBig=xTwXrtP2SDWW2bw9deb5OQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215700954536657559, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700944365469980, language=CN, label=图8, caption=定子底脚角撑筋板示意, figureFileSmall=/fWT1KGIC4yZTDNfsSgGdw==, figureFileBig=xTwXrtP2SDWW2bw9deb5OQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215700954612155035, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700944365469980, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Shaft system arrangement of a 200 MW nuclear power turbo-generator unit, figureFileSmall=ysCFYWJiwJ1QwV+Zyf9SiQ==, figureFileBig=cNCo3wWoEHVwCfuX5KYing==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215700954729595550, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700944365469980, language=CN, label=图9, caption=某200 MW核电汽轮发电机组轴系布置, figureFileSmall=ysCFYWJiwJ1QwV+Zyf9SiQ==, figureFileBig=cNCo3wWoEHVwCfuX5KYing==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215700954838647459, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700944365469980, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Trends of stator housing vibration and stator voltage during electrical test, figureFileSmall=1YdpdMsgcST5m74dbAHgSw==, figureFileBig=xjQXzepf5wQaN3Q7RuVrQg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215700954943505062, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700944365469980, language=CN, label=图10, caption=电气试验期间定子壳体振动和定子电压变化趋势, figureFileSmall=1YdpdMsgcST5m74dbAHgSw==, figureFileBig=xjQXzepf5wQaN3Q7RuVrQg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215700955090305707, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700944365469980, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Variations of stator housing vibration with rotational speed (95%Un), figureFileSmall=9TfyyfniW8vGNj2ZVcnoPA==, figureFileBig=+8YtD48qqJTkBo/NLt/rbw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215700955220329135, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700944365469980, language=CN, label=图11, caption=定子壳体振动随转速变化情况(95%Un, figureFileSmall=9TfyyfniW8vGNj2ZVcnoPA==, figureFileBig=+8YtD48qqJTkBo/NLt/rbw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215700955312603827, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700944365469980, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=Frequency response function of the middle measuring point on stator housing, figureFileSmall=r2fPO/dwKLKtUfZz4wZXjg==, figureFileBig=TMEWi6wSX4+pyRpRddCKWQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215700955409072822, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700944365469980, language=CN, label=图12, caption=定子壳体中部测点频响函数, figureFileSmall=r2fPO/dwKLKtUfZz4wZXjg==, figureFileBig=TMEWi6wSX4+pyRpRddCKWQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215700955572650683, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700944365469980, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

The first-6-order natural frequencies of stator housing

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
阶次123456
固有频率/Hz16.1345.7247.5553.8367.7069.27
), ArticleFig(id=1215700955694285503, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700944365469980, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

定子壳体前6阶固有频率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
阶次123456
固有频率/Hz16.1345.7247.5553.8367.7069.27
), ArticleFig(id=1215700955769782980, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700944365469980, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Vibration data of the turbo-generator unit before and after dynamic balance

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测点动平衡前动平衡后
5X/5Y/5W83/59/3341/31/31
6X/6Y/6W105/77/2944/36/23
7X/7Y/7W120/96/2672/51/8
8X/8Y/8W44/50/1850/30/16
9X/9Y/9W64/73/5960/66/21
10X/10Y/10W58/37/4832/23/17
), ArticleFig(id=1215700955870446282, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700944365469980, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

机组动平衡前后振动数据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测点动平衡前动平衡后
5X/5Y/5W83/59/3341/31/31
6X/6Y/6W105/77/2944/36/23
7X/7Y/7W120/96/2672/51/8
8X/8Y/8W44/50/1850/30/16
9X/9Y/9W64/73/5960/66/21
10X/10Y/10W58/37/4832/23/17
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Modal test result of stator housing under shutdown condition

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阶次汽端励端
1212
固有频率/Hz43.749.944.749.8
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停机工况下定子壳体模态试验结果

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阶次汽端励端
1212
固有频率/Hz43.749.944.749.8
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Load distribution of stator bottom bracing of a 660 MW turbo-generator unit

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角撑筋板编号工况AABBCCDD
1调整前74.4%76.3%68.5%58.2%
调整后72.5%74.8%71.9%73.3%
2调整前14.9%15.3%21.4%34.1%
调整后22.3%19.0%22.1%20.0%
3调整前1.8%4.5%6.9%4.1%
调整后4.6%5.4%5.3%5.9%
4调整前8.9%3.9%3.2%3.6%
调整后0.6%0.8%0.7%0.8%
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角撑筋板编号工况AABBCCDD
1调整前74.4%76.3%68.5%58.2%
调整后72.5%74.8%71.9%73.3%
2调整前14.9%15.3%21.4%34.1%
调整后22.3%19.0%22.1%20.0%
3调整前1.8%4.5%6.9%4.1%
调整后4.6%5.4%5.3%5.9%
4调整前8.9%3.9%3.2%3.6%
调整后0.6%0.8%0.7%0.8%
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Load distribution of stator bottom bracing of a 200 MW turbo-generator unit

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角撑筋板编号工况AABBCCDD
1调整前21.1%9.6%6.0%10.3%
调整后54.7%40.5%54.9%46.5%
2调整前17.8%14.0%17.8%0.1%
调整后27.0%23.9%27.8%16.0%
3调整前14.7%11.2%17.7%11.7%
调整后6.4%0.7%5.9%1.5%
4调整前46.4%65.2%58.5%77.9%
调整后11.9%34.9%11.4%36.0%
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某200 MW机组定子底脚载荷分配数据

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角撑筋板编号工况AABBCCDD
1调整前21.1%9.6%6.0%10.3%
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2调整前17.8%14.0%17.8%0.1%
调整后27.0%23.9%27.8%16.0%
3调整前14.7%11.2%17.7%11.7%
调整后6.4%0.7%5.9%1.5%
4调整前46.4%65.2%58.5%77.9%
调整后11.9%34.9%11.4%36.0%
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核电汽轮发电机定子壳体振动故障分析与治理研究
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胡启龙 , 张恒 , 张卫军
热力发电 | 新能源发电技术专题 2024,53(7): 82-90
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热力发电 | 新能源发电技术专题 2024, 53(7): 82-90
核电汽轮发电机定子壳体振动故障分析与治理研究
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胡启龙 , 张恒, 张卫军
作者信息
  • 西安热工研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710054
  • 胡启龙(1994),男,硕士,工程师,主要研究方向为旋转机械振动分析、诊断与治理,

Faults analysis and treatment for vibration in stator housing of nuclear power turbo-generator
Qilong HU , Heng ZHANG, Weijun ZHANG
Affiliations
  • Xi’an Thermal Power Research Institute Co, Ltd, Xi’an 710054, China
出版时间: 2024-07-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202403065
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对不同激振力作用下核电汽轮发电机定子壳体振动机理和特征开展研究,提出汽轮发电机定子壳体振动故障的分析和治理方法,并结合3台核电机组的工程实例进行分析验证。研究结果表明:定子壳体固有频率接近旋转频率或倍频电磁共振频率引起的结构共振是导致定子壳体振动超标的主要原因;转子激振力引起的定子壳体结构共振,可从减小激振力和调整定子壳体固有频率两方面进行治理,进行现场动平衡可有效降低转子激振力,调整定子壳体固有频率可通过定子底脚载荷分配调整实现;由于磁拉力大小调整范围有限,磁拉力引起的定子壳体结构共振应通过调整定子壳体固有频率进行治理。在发电机安装或检修时,应通过定子底脚载荷分配调整,使定子壳体固有频率避开旋转频率和倍频电磁共振频率,避免发电机定子壳体结构共振的发生。

核电汽轮发电机  /  定子壳体振动  /  结构共振  /  现场动平衡  /  定子底脚载荷调整

The vibration mechanism and characteristics of stator housing in nuclear power turbo-generators under different excitation forces are investigated, and an analysis and treatment method for the stator housing vibration fault is proposed. Moreover, analysis and verification is conducted by using three nuclear power turbo-generator units as examples. The results show that, the main cause of excessive stator housing vibration is the structure resonance resulting from the natural frequency of the stator housing being close to the rotating frequency or its double. The structure resonance caused by rotor excitation force can be controlled in two ways: by reducing the excitation force through field dynamic balance, or by adjusting the natural frequency of the stator housing through adjustment of the stator bottom bracing load distribution. Performing on-site dynamic balancing can effectively reduce the rotor excitation force. Adjusting the natural frequency of the stator housing can be realized through load distribution adjustment of the stator feet. However, due to the limited adjustment range of the magnetic pulling force, it is necessary to control the structure resonance caused by magnetic pulling force by adjusting the natural frequency of the stator housing. To prevent structure resonance of the stator housing, it is important to adjust the stator bottom bracing load distribution during installation or maintenance of the turbo-generators to keep the natural frequency of the stator housing away from the rotating frequency and electromagnetic force frequency.

nuclear power turbo-generator  /  stator housing vibration  /  structure resonance  /  field dynamic balance  /  adjustment of stator bottom bracing load
胡启龙, 张恒, 张卫军. 核电汽轮发电机定子壳体振动故障分析与治理研究. 热力发电, 2024 , 53 (7) : 82 -90 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202403065
Qilong HU, Heng ZHANG, Weijun ZHANG. Faults analysis and treatment for vibration in stator housing of nuclear power turbo-generator[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2024 , 53 (7) : 82 -90 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202403065
汽轮发电机组是核电站的关键设备,振动在汽轮发电机组故障中占很高比例,是影响核电机组安全、稳定运行的重要因素。大型汽轮发电机多采用端盖式轴承结构,因制造、安装和运行等因素,容易引起发电机定子底脚载荷分配不合理或不均匀,导致定子与端盖轴承支撑刚度降低,诱发发电机定子壳体振动[1-3]。定子壳体振动会加剧发电机部件绝缘失效和损坏,容易引起端部绕组支撑系统松动、绝缘材料磨损、水电接头开焊、引线和过渡引线固定螺栓断裂等故障[4-6]
近年来,汽轮发电机定子壳体振动故障频繁出现,严重影响机组安全稳定运行。为此,许多专家学者从振动机理、诱发因素和治理措施等方面开展了大量研究。何国安等[1]结合汽轮发电机结构和安装特点,指出发电机支撑刚度不足或降低是诱发定子壳体结构振动的原因,并提出结构振动的现场治理措施。李卫军等[2]基于发电机定子壳体振动特征,提出基于发电机壳体结构共振的异常振动诊断及处理方法。王九龙等[7]提出通过调整底载分配比例改变发电机定子结构固有频率,从而避免结构共振。夏亚磊[3]和刘伟[8]等针对不同机组出现的发电机定子结构振动故障进行分析,通过减小激励和调整底脚载荷等措施进行治理。上述研究都只考虑了转子不平衡力经轴承传递作用到定子壳体上的激振力,实际上定子为空心壳体结构,本身也受到磁拉力作用,同样会引起定子壳体结构振动。
本文针对不同激振力作用下核电汽轮发电机定子壳体振动机理和特征开展研究,提出汽轮发电机定子壳体振动故障的分析和治理方法,并结合工程实例进行分析验证。
发电机定子壳体受到的激振力主要有2个:1)转子不平衡力经轴承传递作用在定子壳体上的激振力;2)定子壳体受到的磁拉力。在上述2种激励作用下,定子壳体将发生强迫振动。
发电机转子-轴承-定子系统简化动力学模型如图1所示[9]。转子引起的激振力主要与转子的不平衡质量相关,转子不平衡力可表示为:
Fr=2mreω2sinωt
式中:2mr为转子圆盘质量,kg;e为转子偏心距,m;ω为转子旋转角速度,rad/s;t为时间,s。
由于发电机采用端盖轴承,将轴承座质量计入定子壳体质量。假设定子壳体与轴承座同步振动,且支撑系统为各向同性。忽略交叉项和阻尼影响[9],系统动力学方程可写为:
{mrx¨r(t)+kr[xr(t)xj(t)]=mreω2sinωtkr[xr(t)xj(t)]=kb[xj(t)xs(t)]          msx¨s(t)+ksxs(t)=kb[xj(t)xs(t)]         
式中:2ms为定子壳体质量,kg;krkbks分别为轴刚度、轴承油膜刚度、定子壳体与基础之间的连接刚度,N/m;xr(t)、xj(t)、xs(t)分别为转子圆盘、轴颈和定子壳体的振动位移,m。
在转子不平衡力作用下,发电机转子-轴承-定子系统发生强迫振动,轴颈和定子壳体振动位移可表示为:
{xj(t)=Xjsinωtxs(t)=Xssinωt
式中:XjXs分别为轴颈和定子壳体的振动位移幅值,m。
将式(3)代入式(2),可得:
{Xj=kemreω2(kb+ksmsω2)kb[(kemrω2)(ksmsω2)kemrω2]Xs=kemreω2(kemrω2)(ksmsω2)kemrω2     ke=krkbkr+kb                                                
式中:ke为轴和油膜的综合刚度系数,N/m。
在发电机运行过程中,定子和转子同时受到磁拉力。在不考虑匝间短路、气隙偏心等因素情况下,转子所受磁拉力是均衡的,不会引起转子振动。定子为空心壳体结构,其整个内圆面都将受到磁拉力(单位面积磁拉力)。虽然定子壳体所受单位面积磁拉力的合力为0,但由于单位面积磁拉力具有脉动特性,因此在磁拉力的不均衡作用下,定子壳体将会出现与磁拉力同频率的收缩-扩张运动,即径向振动[10]
二极发电机定子壳体所受单位面积磁拉力为[10-12]
q(αm,t)=B2(αm,t)2μ0=[F1cos(ωtαmβ)Λ0]22μ0=             F12Λ024μ0[1+cos(2ωt2αm2β)]
式中:αm为机械角,rad;B(αm, t)为发电机气隙磁密,T;μ0为真空磁导率,N/A2Λ0为单位面积气隙磁导,N/(A2·m);F1为合成磁势,At;β为合成磁势与转子磁势的夹角,rad。
{F1=Fs2cos2ψ+(FrFssinψ)2β=arctanFscosψFrFssinψ               
式中:FsFr分别为定子电枢反应磁势、转子磁势,At,与定子电流、转子电流等运行参数有关;Ψ为发电机内功角,rad。
由式(5)可知,单位面积磁拉力可分为两部分:一部分为直流分量,幅值为F12Λ02/4μ0,不具有脉动性,因此不会引起定子壳体振动;另一部分为交流分量(二倍频交变力),幅值同样为F12Λ02/4μ0,会导致定子壳体发生二倍频振动。
忽略直流分量,定子壳体动力学方程可写为:
mspx¨s(t)+kspxs(t)=F0sin(2ωt+γ)
式中:msp为定子壳体单位面积质量,kg/m2ksp为定子壳体单位面积等效刚度,N/m3
{F0=F12Λ024μ0          γ=π22αm2β
在磁拉力作用下,定子壳体发生强迫振动,其振动位移可表示为:
xs(t)=Xssin2ωt
将式(9)代入式(7),可得:
Xs=F0ksp4mspω2
发电机转子-轴承-定子及其支撑系统的固有频率可表示为:
{ωs=ksms=kspmspωe=kemr            
式中:ωsωe分别为定子壳体固有频率和转子-轴承-定子系统在刚性支撑模式下的固有频率,rad/s。
进一步,发电机转子-轴承-定子及其支撑系统的总体固有频率为:
{ωn1,2=ωe22[1+1μ+ωs2ωe2±(1+1μ+ωs2ωe2)24ωs2ωe2] μ=msmr                                                                 
式中:μ为定子和转子的质量比。
发电机制造、安装或运行过程中出现定子底脚载荷分配不合理、接触不实或局部脱空,会直接影响定子底脚和基础之间的连接刚度,进而影响定子壳体固有频率和发电机系统的总体固有频率。当定子壳体固有频率接近旋转频率(50 Hz)或2倍旋转频率(100 Hz),将发生结构共振,引起定子壳体振动异常增大。
当定子壳体固有频率等于旋转频率,即ωs=ω,由式(4)可知,定子壳体振动幅值与转子偏心距成正比,此时降低定子壳体振动可以从两方面着手:一是调整定子壳体固有频率,使其避开旋转频率,避免发生结构共振;二是减小转子偏心距,降低转子激振力。
当定子壳体固有频率等于2倍旋转频率(即ωs=2ω,又称倍频电磁共振频率),由式(10)可知,定子壳体振动幅值无限大,由于定子壳体所受单位面积磁拉力由发电机特性及励磁电流等运行参数决定,正常运行时调整范围很小,此时为降低定子壳体振动,应考虑调整定子壳体固有频率,使其远离倍频电磁共振频率。
依据汽轮发电机定子壳体振动机理及特征,结合现场振动试验数据,考虑治理措施实施的便捷性,提出核电汽轮发电机定子壳体振动故障的分析和治理方法,流程如图2所示。
针对汽轮发电机定子壳体振动故障,需测量发电机轴振、瓦振、定子壳体振动及定子底脚差别振动,并在现场开展定子壳体固有频率测量试验,通过现场振动试验结果诊断故障原因,制定振动故障治理措施。
1)定子底脚差别振动测量与分析
在发电机正常运行期间,对定子机座、台板和基础进行差别振动测量,若差别振动较大,说明存在连接刚度不足,则进行定子地脚螺栓紧力调整,反之结合振动频率开展结构振动分析。
2)定子壳体固有频率测量与分析
准确测量发电机定子壳体固有频率是分析和处理该类故障的关键。现场可通过模态试验或变转速振动试验进行测量。模态试验通常需要在停机时进行,需要布置大量测点和激励点。此外,运行工况与停机工况下系统的支撑状态有所差别,可能导致定子壳体固有频率存在一定差异。变转速振动试验通常在机组空载工况下进行,对于磁拉力引起的结构共振,需要先投入励磁。为保证机组安全,带励磁工况下转速变化范围有限。
定子壳体固有频率在45~55 Hz或90~110 Hz,说明定子壳体存在结构共振,则进行结构共振分析与治理;反之进行壳体加固,增大壳体自身刚度。
3)定子壳体结构共振分析与治理
定子壳体振动以二倍频分量为主,壳体固有频率接近2倍旋转频率(100 Hz),说明定子壳体存在磁拉力引起的倍频电磁共振,则进行定子底脚载荷调整。定子壳体振动以一倍频分量为主,壳体固有频率接近旋转频率(50 Hz),说明定子壳体存在转子激振力引起的结构共振。考虑到定子底脚载荷调整工作量大,工期长,如果轴振或瓦振也偏大,优先考虑进行现场动平衡减小激振力,反之进行定子底脚载荷调整。
对于定子壳体固有频率非常接近旋转频率的机组,较小激振力就能引起较大的振动,现场动平衡效果有限,应优先考虑进行定子底脚载荷调整。
某650 MW核电汽轮发电机组采用哈尔滨汽轮机厂生产的HN650-6.41型单轴、四缸六排汽、反动、凝汽式汽轮机,配套哈尔滨电机厂设计制造的QFSN-660-2YHG型水/氢/氢冷全转速发电机,采用机端变静止励磁。机组轴系如图3所示,发电机轴承为端盖轴承。
该机组投产后轴系振动逐年爬升。2018年7月起,9号轴承瓦振超过50 μm触发报警,并长期处于高位。经统计,2018—2020年9号轴承瓦振触发报警超过24个月。
现场实测发电机定子壳体及基础振动偏大,且底座和台板差别振动明显(图4)。发电机汽端大端盖南侧肋板垂直振动达5.40 mm/s,定子底座振动最大值达4.88 mm/s,均超过JB/T 10392—2013[13]规定的振动限值4.50 mm/s。
该发电机轴振、瓦振及定子壳体振动为50 Hz的一倍频分量为主。在机组105大修停机前进行变转速振动试验,定子壳体振动随转速变化曲线如图5所示。试验结果表明,在停机惰走过程中发电机定子壳体振动和瓦振在2 874 r/min(47.9 Hz)附近存在明显峰值。
为进一步分析定子壳体固有频率,根据该发电机设计图纸建立有限元模型进行模态分析,提取定子壳体前6阶模态,对应的固有频率见表1
分析结果表明,该发电机定子壳体存在50 Hz左右的固有频率,其中47.55 Hz的固有频率与变转速振动试验结果基本一致,该阶模态振型如图6所示。综合振动特征和试验结果,可以判断该发电机定子壳体存在转子激振力引起的结构共振。
该发电机定子底脚差别振动明显,但由于现场条件限制未进行地脚螺栓紧力调整。
该机组9号轴承瓦振频繁超过报警值,10号轴承瓦振接近报警值,主要为一倍频分量。考虑到大修工期及定子底脚载荷调整工作量,决定利用105大修进行现场动平衡治理,并对定子底脚及9号轴承的接触状况进行检查。由于该机组6X/7X/7Y轴振偏大,达到105/120/96 μm,因此在大修期间同时进行处理。
根据105大修停机振动数据,选择在低压II转子、低压III转子及发-励联轴器上进行加重,具体轴系动平衡方案为:1)低压II转子:5号和6号轴承侧分别加重350 g∠145°和350 g∠325°;2)低压III转子:7号和8号轴承侧分别加重300 g∠330°和300 g∠150°;3)发-励联轴器:10号轴承侧加重240 g∠240°。
大修期间检查发现9号轴承下瓦背弧与瓦枕明显接触不良,接触面积仅20%,远低于75%均匀接触要求;9号轴承侧定子底脚也存在接触不良,导致连接刚度降低。为此,大修期间对9号轴承进行轴瓦研磨以保证接触面积,并且改善定子底脚接触状况。
大修后启动测试结果表明,该发电机轴振、瓦振及定子壳体振动均明显降低,其中定子壳体最大振动由5.40 mm/s降至2.60 mm/s,定子底座及台板最大振动由4.88 mm/s降至1.72 mm/s,满足JB/T 10392—2013[13]要求。表2给出了动平衡前后振动数据。由表2可以看出,机组轴系振动状态明显改善,振动治理取得良好效果。
某660 MW核电汽轮发电机组采用哈尔滨汽轮机厂生产的HN650-6.41型单轴、四缸六排汽、反动、凝汽式汽轮机,配套上海发电机厂设计制造的QFSN-660-2型水/氢/氢冷全转速发电机,采用无刷励磁,机组轴系布置与图3相同。发电机定子采用焊接机座结构,定子铁心与机座之间为弹性连接,两端轴承为端盖轴承。
2011年11月,该机组首次核蒸汽冲转定速为3 000 r/min后,发电机定子壳体出现较大振动。发电机端盖靠近轴承处水平方向振动速度达到9.0~ 10.0 mm/s,振动位移值在80~90 μm,各测点振动均以50 Hz的一倍频分量为主。定子壳体上位置越高振幅越大,氢冷器外罩振动最大,超过24.0 mm/s。
该机组定子底脚无明显差别振动,说明定子底脚不存在局部脱空或接触不良。通过对该机组多次启停机过程定子壳体振动进行测量分析,定子壳体振动规律为:转速在2 870 r/min以下,定子壳体振动一般处于较低水平,一旦转速接近3 000 r/min,定子壳体振动立刻大幅爬升。图7给出了汽端氢冷器外罩振动随转速变化曲线,由图7可以看出,在峰值转速2 910 r/min(48.5 Hz)下,振动幅值达到23.9 mm/s。
为进一步确定发电机定子壳体固有频率,在机组停机工况下对定子壳体及基础系统进行模态试验,试验结果见表3。由表3试验结果可见,一阶振型为定子壳体汽端和励端同向振动,二阶振型为定子壳体汽端和励端反向振动。该发电机定子壳体二阶固有频率接近旋转频率,导致定子壳体出现结构共振。运行工况测得的固有频率较停机工况低1.5 Hz左右,是2种工况下系统支撑状态差别所致。
根据振动特征及试验结果,可以判断该发电机定子壳体存在转子激振力引起的结构共振。
2011年12月,机组小修后启动,9X轴振达到131 μm,决定停机进行动平衡。分别在低-发联轴器及发-励联轴器加重881 g∠265°和770 g∠40°后,9X从124 μm降至72 μm,10X从99 μm降至85 μm,但发电机瓦振及定子壳体振动无明显变化。
为尽量降低定子壳体振动,厂家建议在两端氢冷器顶部加沙袋。在汽端和励端分别加重2.2 t和1.8 t沙袋后,定子壳体振动从24.0 mm/s大幅降低至13.4 mm/s,但仍超过振动限值。加沙袋一方面增大系统参振质量,降低系统固有频率;另一方面沙粒作为阻尼,沙粒之间的相互摩擦和冲击作用可消耗一部分振动能量,因此加沙袋可以降低定子壳体振动。但继续加沙袋,定子振动降低有限,甚至不再降低。
考虑到轴振和瓦振仍有调整空间,决定再次进行动平衡,在低-发联轴器加重800 g∠270°后,定子壳体振动从13.4 mm/s降至7.1 mm/s,经厂家评估可以长期运行。为此,在首次大修期间将发电机转子进行返厂检查并进行动平衡,大修后定子壳体振动仍明显超标,需压沙袋运行。
发电机定子通过4个底脚处的地脚螺栓固定在台板上,每个底脚处有4个角撑筋板,具体如图8所示。在安装时,通过在机座底脚和台板之间布置阶梯垫片,使整个定子的重量主要由机座四角承载,对称分布在两侧,很快向中间衰减。改变发电机定子的底脚载荷分配相当于改变发电机定子的支撑位置,进而改变系统刚度,实现固有频率调整[7]
为从根本上解决定子壳体振动问题,决定通过定子底脚载荷调整降低定子壳体固有频率,使其避开工作频率。根据西屋公司600 MW发电机定子底脚载荷分配标准,由内向外各角撑筋板区域承载比例分别为:0~5%、5%~15%、20%~30%和60%~75%[14]。发电机定子底脚载荷测试结果表明该发电机定子底脚载荷分配不满足西屋公司规定。结合仿真结果,在机组405大修期间,对发电机实施定子底脚载荷调整,表4给出了定子底脚载荷调整前后的分配数据。
通过定子底脚载荷调整,停机工况下定子壳体固有频率由49.8 Hz降至48.8 Hz。大修后启动,在未压沙袋的情况下,定子壳体振动均未超标,满功率运行后定子壳体振动维持在4.5 mm/s左右,可以长期稳定运行。
某200 MW核电汽轮发电机组采用上海汽轮机厂生产的HN211.9-13.24/566型单轴、两缸两排汽、反动、凝汽式汽轮机,配套哈尔滨电机厂设计制造的QFKN-211-2型隐极式二极空冷发电机,机组轴系布置如图9所示。该发电机采用端盖轴承,励磁方式为静止励磁,定子铁心与机座之间为弹性连接,定子额定电压为18 kV,定子额定电流为7 983 A,额定励磁电压为270 V,空载励磁电流为572 A。
该机组于2021年12月9日首次核蒸汽冲转顺利定速3 000 r/min,整个冲转过程轴系振动均在正常范围内,定子壳体振动无异常。定速后进行发电机空载试验,试验期间进行多次加减励磁操作。试验过程中,发电机5号、6号轴承振动出现与定子电压同步变化的现象,最大变化幅度约13 μm,变化量主要为100 Hz的二倍频分量。就地检查发现,定子壳体存在明显振动。现场使用手持式振动仪进行测量,测量结果显示,定子壳体中部振动最大,最大振动速度达到67.6 mm/s,振动位移超过300 μm,且以二倍频分量为主,振动水平远超JB/T 10392—2013[13]规定的振动限值。
12月14日进行电气试验,期间在定子壳体中部布置振动速度传感器进行连续监测,定子壳体振动趋势图如图10所示。
图10可以看出,机组投入励磁,定子电压升至100%UnUn为额定电压)时,定子壳体振动由52 μm突变至249 μm。随后又进行了多次加减励磁操作,定子壳体振动表现为随定子电压变化而变化,切除励磁后,振动能迅速恢复到初始状态。该发电机轴振和瓦振均不大,定子壳体振动变化时,轴振和瓦振仅有小幅变化。
对该发电机进行定子底脚差别振动测量,4个底脚处未发现明显差别振动,但汽端2个底脚绝对振动值明显高于励端底脚。
该机组定子壳体振动与定子电压存在明显关联性,且以二倍频分量为主,说明激振源是磁拉力。12月21日,在机组停机前进行带励磁状态下的升降速振动试验,试验期间定子电压维持在95%Un左右,定子壳体振动随转速变化情况如图11所示。由图11可以看出,定子壳体振动在2 920 r/min (48.7 Hz)时最大,最大振动达253 μm(二倍频分量248 μm),避开该转速振动则大幅降低。
12月22日,利用停机机会对定子壳体进行固有频率测量,图12给出了定子壳体两侧中部位置的频响函数。由图12可以看出,定子壳体存在102.1 Hz左右的固有频率,与升降速试验测得的97.5 Hz左右的固有频率接近,接近倍频电磁共振频率(100 Hz)。由于停机工况与运行工况系统支撑状态差异,导致固有频率有所差别。对定子壳体进行模态试验分析,结果显示,该固有频率对应振型为椭圆,不满足JB/T 10392—2013[13]规定的定子机座椭圆振型固有频率应避开电网倍频的±10%(即90~110 Hz)。
综合振动特征和试验结果,可以判断该发电机定子壳体存在磁拉力引起的结构共振。
单位面积磁拉力由定子电压、励磁电流等运行参数决定,正常运行时调整范围很小,因此进行定子底脚载荷调整使定子壳体固有频率远离倍频电磁共振频率,以降低定子壳体振动。
根据发电机安装要求,参考西屋公司的发电机定子底脚载荷分配标准[14],利用机组停机检修对发电机定子底脚载荷进行测试和调整,调整前后定子底脚载荷分配情况见表5
表5可以看出,调整前定子底脚载荷主要集中在各底脚的内侧(角撑筋板4区域),调整后定子底脚载荷主要集中在外侧(角撑筋板1区域)。调整后,定子壳体椭圆振型固有频率由102.1 Hz降至98.2 Hz。考虑到机组运行时,定子壳体的共振频率还会降低4.6 Hz左右,该共振频率最终可降低至93.6 Hz左右。
检修后启动,空载及带负荷运行工况下定子壳体振动大幅降低。通过定子底脚载荷调整,定子壳体振动速度最大值由67.6 mm/s降至6.0 mm/s左右,振动位移最大值由304 μm降至30 μm左右,振动治理取得良好效果。
1)在转子激振力或磁拉力作用下,定子壳体固有频率接近旋转频率或倍频电磁共振频率,会出现结构共振现象,导致定子壳体振动大故障。
2)转子激励力引起的定子壳体结构共振,可以通过现场动平衡减小转子不平衡量和定子底脚载荷调整改变定子壳体固有频率2种手段降低,但现场动平衡对部分固有频率非常接近旋转频率的机组效果有限。
3)磁拉力由定子电压、励磁电流等运行参数决定,正常运行时调整范围很小,磁拉力引起定子壳体结构共振应通过定子底脚载荷调整进行治理。
4)在发电机安装或检修时,应进行发电机定子壳体固有频率测量,若固有频率落入45~55 Hz或90~110 Hz,应调整定子底脚载荷分配,以避免发电机定子壳体结构共振的发生。
  • 国家科技重大专项(2018ZX06906011-007-002)
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2024年第53卷第7期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202403065
  • 接收时间:2024-03-18
  • 首发时间:2026-01-07
  • 出版时间:2024-07-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-18
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National Science and Technology Major Project(2018ZX06906011-007-002)
国家科技重大专项(2018ZX06906011-007-002)
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    西安热工研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710054
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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