Article(id=1215700943128150264, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1215700941538509036, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202401034, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1705248000000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-15, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1767775291473, onlineDateStr=2026-01-07, pubDate=1721836800000, pubDateStr=2024-07-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1767775291473, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1767775291473, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767775291473, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1215700941538509036, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2024', volume='53', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='158', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1767775291094, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767775458121, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1215701642159243949, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1215700941538509036, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1215701642159243950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1215700941538509036, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=53, endPage=61, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1215700943346254073, articleId=1215700943128150264, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Study on effect of flow channel obstacles on temperature gradient of SOFC, columnId=1215700879274070743, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=New energy power generation technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The excessively high temperature gradient inside solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) can lead to failure of the cell, so it is critical to reduce the temperature gradient in the SOFC and enhance the uniformity of the cell temperature. By combining with the electrical, thermal, flow, and mass transfer physical fields, a multi-physics field coupling model of the SOFC is established. The accuracy of the model is verified by comparing with the experimental data. The SOFC temperature and temperature gradient distributions are investigated by the SOFC model and the maximum temperature gradient in the cell reaction zone is determined as the optimization objective. The obstacle structure in flow channel is designed, and the effectiveness is proved. The shape, height and width of the obstacle structure are discussed and analyzed. It is found that the obstacle affects the maximum temperature gradient in the reaction zone mainly by changing the fluid flow rate and the oxygen molar concentration in the reaction layer. The change of the obstacle for the pressure drop in the flow path mainly affects the power density loss. Finally, the circular obstacle (h=0.8 mm, d1=4.0 mm) is identified as the optimal structure. With the same net power density as the conventional channel, the maximum temperature gradient is 43.35 K/cm, which is 9.4% lower than that of the conventional channel.

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固体氧化物燃料电池(solid oxide fuel cell,SOFC)内部过高的温度梯度会导致电池失效,如何降低SOFC温度梯度、提高电池温度分布的均匀性至关重要。结合电、热、流动和传质物理场建立了SOFC多物理场耦合模型,通过与实验数据对比验证了模型准确性;通过SOFC模型研究了SOFC温度和温度梯度分布情况,确定了电池反应区最大温度梯度为优化指标,提出了扰流体流道结构设计,并在考虑功率密度的影响情况下,证明了扰流体结构的有效性。对扰流体结构的形状、高度和宽度进行了分析讨论,分析发现:扰流体主要是通过改变流体流速和反应层氧气浓度来影响反应区最大温度梯度的,扰流体对于流道压降的改变主要影响了损失功率密度;最终确定了圆弧扰流体结构(h=0.8 mm,d1=4.0 mm)为较优结构,在净功率密度与传统直流道相同时,最大温度梯度为43.35 K/cm,相比传统直流道,降低了9.4%。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
李鸿坤(1991),男,博士,讲师,主要研究方向为新能源系统热管理技术,
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=7va1/wKwLXI9LTyemEuSgg==, magXml=b3SqlnxkK7kTDjgxZ050Hg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=mmO5SE81AOYxV6FDMtbSnQ==, pdfFileSize=1727883, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=uJVch+9hciHvMcJ1C82msg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=cHnGVT5Ukz2Vty0AcC76Qg==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

戴潼雨(1997),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为SOFC热管理技术,

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戴潼雨(1997),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为SOFC热管理技术,

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Dalian: Dalian University of Technology, 2018: 1., articleTitle=Simulation study of transport characteristics and performance of solid oxide fuel cell, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1215700953781682838, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700943128150264, awardId=52306115, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(52306115), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1215700954595377818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700943128150264, awardId=52306115, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金项目(52306115), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1215700954725401246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700943128150264, awardId=2023NSFSC0832, language=EN, fundingSource=Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province(2023NSFSC0832), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1215700954838647460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, 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Parameters of the SOFC structure

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项目数值
电池长度40.00
通道宽度2.00
通道高度1.00
连接体厚度1.30
阳极扩散层厚度0.38
阳极功能层厚度0.02
阴极扩散层厚度0.05
阴极功能层厚度0.02
电解质层厚度0.01
), ArticleFig(id=1215700953009930871, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700943128150264, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

SOFC结构参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数值
电池长度40.00
通道宽度2.00
通道高度1.00
连接体厚度1.30
阳极扩散层厚度0.38
阳极功能层厚度0.02
阴极扩散层厚度0.05
阴极功能层厚度0.02
电解质层厚度0.01
), ArticleFig(id=1215700953177703034, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700943128150264, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Structural parameters of the SOFC porous electrode

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
VYSZVNi/VLSMετ
阳极0.60.40.310.0
阴极0.60.40.310.0
), ArticleFig(id=1215700953257394815, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700943128150264, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

SOFC多孔电极结构参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
VYSZVNi/VLSMετ
阳极0.60.40.310.0
阴极0.60.40.310.0
), ArticleFig(id=1215700953349669507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700943128150264, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

The material properties

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目渗透率λ/m2比表面积Av[24]/m导热率K[25]/(W·(m·K)–1)比热容cp/(J∙(kg∙K)–1)
阳极功能层2×10–101.08×10511.0450
阳极扩散层2×10–111.3×10511.0450
电解质层2.7550
阴极功能层2×10–101.08×1066.0430
阴极扩散层2×10–112.6×1066.0430
连接体20.0550
), ArticleFig(id=1215700953462915719, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700943128150264, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

材料属性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目渗透率λ/m2比表面积Av[24]/m导热率K[25]/(W·(m·K)–1)比热容cp/(J∙(kg∙K)–1)
阳极功能层2×10–101.08×10511.0450
阳极扩散层2×10–111.3×10511.0450
电解质层2.7550
阴极功能层2×10–101.08×1066.0430
阴极扩散层2×10–112.6×1066.0430
连接体20.0550
), ArticleFig(id=1215700953538413196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700943128150264, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Boundary conditions of the model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目质量传递热量传递/K动量传递电荷传递/V
阳极流道入口xH2=0.95
xH2O=0.05
T=1 073ma=2×10–8 kg/s
阴极流道入口xN2=0.79
xO2=0.21
T=1 073mc=8×10–7 kg/s
阳极流道出口对流对流pa=0.1 MPa
阴极流道出口对流对流pc=0.1 MPa
阳极连接体顶部绝热0
阴极连接体底部绝热0.7
), ArticleFig(id=1215700953647465106, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700943128150264, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

模型边界条件

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目质量传递热量传递/K动量传递电荷传递/V
阳极流道入口xH2=0.95
xH2O=0.05
T=1 073ma=2×10–8 kg/s
阴极流道入口xN2=0.79
xO2=0.21
T=1 073mc=8×10–7 kg/s
阳极流道出口对流对流pa=0.1 MPa
阴极流道出口对流对流pc=0.1 MPa
阳极连接体顶部绝热0
阴极连接体底部绝热0.7
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流道扰流体对固体氧化物燃料电池温度梯度的影响研究
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戴潼雨 , 李鸿坤
热力发电 | 新能源发电技术专题 2024,53(7): 53-61
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热力发电 | 新能源发电技术专题 2024, 53(7): 53-61
流道扰流体对固体氧化物燃料电池温度梯度的影响研究
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戴潼雨 , 李鸿坤
作者信息
  • 西南交通大学机械工程学院,四川 成都 610031
  • 戴潼雨(1997),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为SOFC热管理技术,

通讯作者:

李鸿坤(1991),男,博士,讲师,主要研究方向为新能源系统热管理技术,
Study on effect of flow channel obstacles on temperature gradient of SOFC
Tongyu DAI , Hongkun LI
Affiliations
  • School of Mechanical Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
出版时间: 2024-07-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202401034
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固体氧化物燃料电池(solid oxide fuel cell,SOFC)内部过高的温度梯度会导致电池失效,如何降低SOFC温度梯度、提高电池温度分布的均匀性至关重要。结合电、热、流动和传质物理场建立了SOFC多物理场耦合模型,通过与实验数据对比验证了模型准确性;通过SOFC模型研究了SOFC温度和温度梯度分布情况,确定了电池反应区最大温度梯度为优化指标,提出了扰流体流道结构设计,并在考虑功率密度的影响情况下,证明了扰流体结构的有效性。对扰流体结构的形状、高度和宽度进行了分析讨论,分析发现:扰流体主要是通过改变流体流速和反应层氧气浓度来影响反应区最大温度梯度的,扰流体对于流道压降的改变主要影响了损失功率密度;最终确定了圆弧扰流体结构(h=0.8 mm,d1=4.0 mm)为较优结构,在净功率密度与传统直流道相同时,最大温度梯度为43.35 K/cm,相比传统直流道,降低了9.4%。

固体氧化物燃料电池  /  多场耦合仿真  /  温度梯度  /  扰流体结构

The excessively high temperature gradient inside solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) can lead to failure of the cell, so it is critical to reduce the temperature gradient in the SOFC and enhance the uniformity of the cell temperature. By combining with the electrical, thermal, flow, and mass transfer physical fields, a multi-physics field coupling model of the SOFC is established. The accuracy of the model is verified by comparing with the experimental data. The SOFC temperature and temperature gradient distributions are investigated by the SOFC model and the maximum temperature gradient in the cell reaction zone is determined as the optimization objective. The obstacle structure in flow channel is designed, and the effectiveness is proved. The shape, height and width of the obstacle structure are discussed and analyzed. It is found that the obstacle affects the maximum temperature gradient in the reaction zone mainly by changing the fluid flow rate and the oxygen molar concentration in the reaction layer. The change of the obstacle for the pressure drop in the flow path mainly affects the power density loss. Finally, the circular obstacle (h=0.8 mm, d1=4.0 mm) is identified as the optimal structure. With the same net power density as the conventional channel, the maximum temperature gradient is 43.35 K/cm, which is 9.4% lower than that of the conventional channel.

solid oxide fuel cell  /  multiphysics field coupling simulation  /  temperature gradient  /  structure of the obstacle
戴潼雨, 李鸿坤. 流道扰流体对固体氧化物燃料电池温度梯度的影响研究. 热力发电, 2024 , 53 (7) : 53 -61 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202401034
Tongyu DAI, Hongkun LI. Study on effect of flow channel obstacles on temperature gradient of SOFC[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2024 , 53 (7) : 53 -61 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202401034
目前,全球人口和经济逐步增长,气候变化和能源短缺问题日益凸显,可持续发展和环境保护的关注度越来越高,因此改善传统能源结构形式,研究和发展新型能源转换和存储技术,探索使用可再生能源具有极其重大的现实意义。燃料电池技术是一种具有显著优势和发展潜力的新能源技术,是氢工业和氢经济的关键组成元素[1]。燃料电池不需要燃烧就可以将燃料的化学能直接转化为电能,其不受卡诺循环的限制[2-3]。在众多燃料电池中,固体氧化物燃料电池作为第三代燃料电池,单机时其能源转化效率可达70%,对高品质废热进行利用时,系统效率甚至可达80%以上[4],且可以避免使用贵金属催化剂,降低了生产成本。
目前,固体氧化物燃料电池(solid oxide fuel cell,SOFC)技术仍存在瓶颈,克服技术瓶颈的关键在于平衡SOFC运行过程中出现的不均匀的热应力[5]。已有研究表明了温度梯度与热应力关系密切,温度梯度的增加会导致热应力升高[6]。SOFC堆中的热应力升高会导致机械结构不稳定和缺陷,如变形、蠕变和裂缝[7-8],增加了结构失效的概率。因此,如何降低电池的温度梯度,使电池温度更均匀,防止电池损坏至关重要。
传统SOFC散热方式主要是通过空气作为冷却气体带走电池的热量、降低电池的温度梯度。Recknagle等人[9]用计算流体动力学(CFD)软件对三维板式SOFC进行模拟,得到了3种流体流动形式对温度、电流密度和燃料组分的影响,结果显示顺流情况具有最小的温度梯度,比其他2种情况更具优势。Zheng等人[10]进行了三维模拟,定量比较了顺流和逆流布置对平面SOFC中温度梯度的影响,逆流布置的SOFC中最大温度梯度约为55 ℃/cm,比顺流布置的SOFC高10 ℃/cm,表明从温度梯度角度出发,顺流布置要好于逆流布置。Wu等人[11]从空气冷却的角度出发,研究了一个控制系统模型,通过调整阴极空气流速来确保温度梯度在合适的范围内。
流体流道结构对SOFC模块的温度场分布具有较大影响,适当的流场设计有利于降低电池内部温度梯度。Manglik等人[12]对矩形、梯形、三角形3种不同截面形状的通道的SOFC进行了对比,相比于另外2种形状的截面,矩形截面通道的平面电池堆冷却效果更好。蔡伟强等[13]设计了一种弧形截面流道,对比传统矩形截面流道,弧形流道在气体组分和温度分布上更均匀,弧形截面可以有效减小原先矩形截面在直角处出现较大的等效应力。XU等人[14]通过模拟研究了3种不同的形状连接体的SOFC,结果表明2种梯形的连接体都可以有效地降低热应力,同时连接体肋较厚,会使阴极连接体热应力增加,但也可降低阳极侧的热应力。ANDERSSON等人[15]研究了矩形通道的宽度和高度比对平面SOFC温度分布的影响,结果显示宽度为2.0 mm、高度为0.5 mm的气体通道与宽度为1.0 mm、高度为1.0 mm的通道表现出相同的温度梯度。BI等人[16]为分析几何参数对平面SOFC堆中流动均匀性的影响,发现了相对较大的气体集管宽度和适当的出口集管宽度与入口集管宽度对大尺寸平板型SOFC中气体流动的均匀性有利。
虽然扰流体结构在换热器中的强化传热作用已被证实,但对SOFC流道的影响目前研究较少。SOFC流道中扰流体结构不仅可以强化传热,也会对SOFC的输出性能产生影响。然而,以往文献缺少扰流体结构对SOFC温度梯度和输出功率的综合影响分析。由于实验研究温度梯度成本和难度较大,本文采用数值模拟方法建立了平面阳极支撑型SOFC的三维多物理场耦合模型,求解了质量、动量、能量和电荷守恒和扩散方程;在考虑功率密度的情况下,研究了在阴极气体通道内设置扰流体结构后对电池最大温度梯度的影响,并与直流通道进行了比较;且对不同扰流体的形状、高度和宽度下的电池最大温度梯度结果进行了对比分析,最终提出一种较优扰流体结构。
本文以实际生产的4 cm×4 cm平板式阳极支撑SOFC单电池为对象,按照其结构尺寸和材料参数建立了单通道SOFC三维稳态几何及多物理场耦合模型。SOFC模型结构如图1所示。
模型考虑了SOFC内的电化学反应,以及质量、动量、能量、电荷等传递过程。模型结构包括阳极连接体、阴极连接体、阳极扩散层、阴极扩散层、阳极功能层、阴极功能层和电解质层。具体尺寸参数参考表1
本文建立的多物理场耦合模型包含如下假设:1)SOFC运行阶段视为稳态过程;2)反应气体为理想不可压缩气体;3)阳极、阴极、电解质、连接体均为各向同性;4)流体流动为层流;5)由于热辐射在传热中占比较小,因此忽略热辐射[17]
SOFC的开路电压是在给定条件下电池所能达到的理论最大电压,但由于电池中存在各种极化损失,所以实际电压小于开路电压。开路电压和实际电压计算公式为[18]
Vcell=EOCVηactηohmηconc
EOCV=E0RTneFln(pH2OPH2pO2)
E0=1.2532.451 6×104T
式中:Vcell为实际电池工作电压,V;EOCV为电池的能斯特电压,V;ηact为活化极化电压,V;ηohm为欧姆极化电压,V;ηconc为浓差极化电压,V;E0为标准压力下的电势,V;pi为燃料和空气里各项物质的分压,Pa。阳极和阴极的活化极化电压分别由下式计算[19]
ηact,a=ϕsϕlEeq,a
ηact,c=ϕsϕlEeq,c
式中:下标1和s分别表示电解质材料和电极材料,下标a和c分别表示阳极和阴极;ϕ为电势;Eeq为平衡电位,Eeq,a=0 V,Eeq,a=EOCV。活化极化损失与电流密度之间的关系由Butler-Volmer公式得出:
iloc={CRC0Rexp(αnFηactRT)COC0Oexp((1α)nFηactRT)}
式中:i0为交换电流密度,A/m2C0RC0O分别为还原物和氧化物的参考浓度;CRCO分别为还原物和氧化物的实际浓度,mol/m3α为传递系数,文中α=0.5;F为法拉第常数,F =96 485 C/mol。阳极和阴极的交换电流密度用下式计算[20]
i0,a=Aaexp(EaRT)
i0,c=Acexp(EcRT)
式中:AaAc分别为阳极和阴极的指前因子,Aa=1.5×1010 A/m2Ac=2.1×1011 A/m2EaEc分别为阳极和阴极的活化能,Ea=1.5×105 J/mol,Ec=1.74×105 J/mol。
电极中的离子和电子传输方程表示为:
ik=Qk
ik=σkϕk
式中:σk表示1个通用的源项;下标k表示指数,l表示离子传递,s表示对于电子传递;ϕk表示电势;σk表示电导率,可由下式计算[21-22]
σs,a=9.5×107Texp(1 150T)
σs,c=4.2×107Texp(1200T)
σl,el=3.34×104exp(10300T)
式中:σs,aσs,c分别为阳极中的Ni和阴极中的阴极材料LSM的电导率,S/m;σ1,e1为YSZ电解质材料的电导率,S/m。有效电子和离子电导率表达式为[23]
σkeff=(1ετ)σkVeff
式中:τ为电子或离子传导的曲折度;ε为多孔电极的孔隙率;Veff为各种材料占电极的体积百分比,对于SOFC多孔电极而言,就是Ni、YSZ、LSM占多孔电极的体积分数。表2给出了多孔电极的结构参数。
质量守恒方程,即连续性方程:
ρu=Qm
式中:Qm为质量源项,kg/(m3∙s)。
采用考虑Darcy项的Navier-Stokes方程,描述SOFC中的动量传递过程:
ρε(u)uε=[pI+με{(u+(u)T)23(u)}](μλ+βρ|u|+Qmε2)u+F
式中:ρ为混合气体密度,kg/m3u为速度矢量,m/s;ρ为混合气体压力,Pa;I为单位矩阵;μ为混合气体动力黏度,kg/(m∙s);F为体积力向量;λ为多孔介质渗透率。混合气体动力黏度由下式计算:
μi=107k=06αk(T1000)k
μ=xiμi
式中:μi为组分i的动力黏度,kg/(m∙s);T为混合气体温度,K;αk为组分参数。
在多孔介质中,存在2种扩散机制:分子扩散和克努森扩散。分子扩散描述不同气体分子之间的碰撞,克努森扩散描述分子与孔壁之间的碰撞。当同时考虑了克努森扩散和分子扩散时,有效扩散系数Deff,ij的计算公式为:
Deff,ij=ετ(DijDk,ijDij+Dk,ij)
式中:ε为孔隙率;τ为电极曲折度;Dij为Stefan-Maxwell二元扩散系数;Dk,ij为克努森扩散,可由下式计算:
Dk,ij=23re8RTπMij
式中:re为多孔电极的平均孔隙半径,m;Mij为混合气体的摩尔质量,kg/mol。
菲克定律用于描述SOFC内部的扩散过程,菲克定律表示为:
Ji=ρDeff,ijωi
式中:ωi为气体组分i的质量分数;Deff,ij为有效扩散系数。
电池内部的热量传递包括了气体与固体表面之间的对流传热、固体内部的热传导和电池内部的热辐射。相比于前2种传热方式,热辐射所占的量很小,因此本模型的热量传递过程忽略热辐射。
SOFC燃料电池中的能量守恒方程表示为:
ρcpuT+(keffT)=Qh
式中:Qh为热量源项包括了欧姆热源、活化热源和电化学反应热源,W/m3ρ为混合气体密度,kg/m3cp为混合气体定压比热容,J/(kg∙K);keff为有效热导率,W/(m∙K),由固相热导率ks、气相热导率kg以及孔隙率ε计算:
keff=εkg+(1ε)ks
SOFC各元件具体参数由表3列出。
为提高模型的真实性,需要反应真实运行情况的边界条件,本模型的具体边界条件见表4
数值模拟需要确定网格数量与计算结果的关系,即网格无关性验证。本文以0.7 V工作电压下的电流密度和电池最大温度作为网格无关性验证的2个参数,结果如图2所示。从图2可以看到,在网格数到达45 600之后,电流密度和电池最大温度的数值基本稳定,因此可以认为网格数在45 600时已达到网格无关。为减小计算内存和计算速度,选取45 600网格数作为模型的计算网格数。
对本文的模型验证分成电流密度验证和温度特性验证。将本文仿真结果与文献[26]中的实验和仿真结果进行对比,结果如图3所示。由图3可见,相同工况下本文仿真结果与实验数据的误差不超过3.5%,比文献[26]中仿真结果更接近实验数据。这表明本文SOFC模型电流密度的模拟结果准确性较高。为验证模型温度特性的准确性,参考了文献[27]的模拟结果,若将本文的几何结构和物性参数修改为与文献[27]一致,对比其温度仿真结果如图4所示。由图4可见,模型温度模拟准确性较高。
SOFC中的电化学反应主要集中在电解质附近区域,本文模型设定电化学反应发生在电解质附近20 μm距离的阳极阴极区域,即阳极、阴极功能层。SOFC最核心的部分就是由阳极功能、电解质层和阴极功能层组成的反应区,该区域的变形损坏将会直接影响电化学反应,甚至导致气体泄漏,造成爆炸风险,其余阳极、阴极区域的功能主要是气体的扩散和电池支撑作用。
图5为0.7 V工作电压下反应区的温度及其梯度分布。从图5可以看出:电池入口处温度最低,沿着电池长度方向逐渐升高;在入口处温度梯度最高,出口处最低。这是因为入口处燃料和空气温度最低,与电池内部温度的差异最大,导致入口处温度梯度最高,而随着气体的流动,气体与电池的温差逐渐接近,温度梯度也逐渐变小,在出口处达到最小。反应区温度及其梯度沿电池长度方向分布如图6所示,与图5结果一致。
衡量反应区温度和温度梯度分布最关键的参数是最大温度梯度,它代表了电池受损的最大可能性,因此如何降低反应区最大温度梯度是本文要探讨的目标。
为减小SOFC的最大温度梯度,本文提出一种扰流体结构设计思路,其结构示意如图7所示。扰流体放置在空气流道上方,这是因为SOFC的热量主要由空气带出。扰流体设计可以改变局部流场流速,从而提高SOFC的对流散热能力。
为验证扰流体设计的有效性,假设扰流体尺寸为:h=0.5 mm,d1=4.0 mm,d1:d2=1:1。在0.7 V工作电压下,扰流体流道的仿真结果如图8所示。由图8可见:扰流体流道最大温度梯度为45.11 K/cm,与直流通道的48.47 K/cm相比,降低了5.7%;扰流体结构温度梯度沿流道长度方向均低于直流通道。然而,0.7 V电压下扰流体结构的功率密度为5 846.8 W/m2,低于直流通道功率密度(5 936.3 W/m2),可见扰流体在降低最大温度梯度的同时也带来了功率损失。
为了说明扰流体流道的优势,本文通过微调氢气流量来弥补压损导致的功率损失,在保持净功率密度不变的情况下,对比两者的最大温度梯度值。SOFC净功率密度计算公式为:
Wnet=WcellWpumping
Wpumping=ΔpQ/60/Acell
式中:Wnet为净功率密度,W/m2Wcell为输出功率密度,W/m2Wpumping为泵送功率密度,W/m2;Δρ为压降,MPa;Q为流量,sccm;Acell为表面积,m2
图9为扰流体流道功率密度和最大温度随氢气流量变化关系。由图9可见,输出功率密度、净功率密度和最大温度梯度均随氢气的增加而增大。输出功率密度和净功率密度的差距主要来自于扰流体结构带来的压降损失。计算得到直流通道的净功率密度为5 924.5 W/m2,在同等净功率密度下,扰流体结构最大温度梯度为45.8 K/cm,与直流通道相比降低了4.3%,这进一步表明扰流体结构有效降低了最大温度梯度。
选取矩形、圆弧形、梯形和三角形结构的扰流体进行对比,4种形状的尺寸如图10所示。保持h=0.5 mm、d1=d2=4.0 mm不变,调整4种形状扰流体流道的净功率密度在5 924.5 W/m2时,其最大温度梯度结果如图11所示。
不同扰流体结构对流速、反应层氧气浓度分布和压降的影响不同。流速代表流道的对流散热能力;反应层氧气浓度代表反应强度和产热强度;压降代表功率损失大小。由于最大温度梯度出现在电池入口,因此入口处的流速和反应层氧气浓度直接影响最大温度梯度,压降则是通过功率损失间接影响温度梯度。矩形扰流体流道入口处的流速最高,梯形和圆弧形其次,三角形最小,这表示矩形散热能力最好;矩形扰流体入口处的反应层氧气浓度最高,梯形和圆弧形其次,梯形最低,这代表矩形同时具有最高的产热能力。在2种参数综合的影响下,圆弧和梯形表现出来较小的温度梯度,三角形和矩形则表现出了较大的温度梯度。
圆弧形扰流体压降比梯形更小,其功率损失更小,调整氢气所需的量更小,由于氢气流量增加而增加的温度梯度值更小。因此,调整氢气流量后圆弧形表现出了最低的最大温度梯度,其次为梯形、三角形,矩形效果最差。
在不同净功率密度下的最大温度梯度对比结果如图12所示。由图12可见,在所有净功率密度下,4种扰流体中圆弧形扰流体的效果最好。
保持d1=d2=4.0 mm不变,不同高度下圆弧形扰流体净功率密度为5 924.5 W/m2时,最大温度梯度对比结果如图13所示。
下面分析结果形成的原因:随着高度的增加,入口处的流速、反应层氧气浓度在增加,流道压降也在增加。在不同高度下,流速提高所带来的散热能力增强总是强于由氧气浓度提高所带来的产热,也就是说在原始工况条件下,扰流体高度越高,入口处散热效果越强,最大温度梯度越低。但是,随着高度的增加,压降呈现指数级增加,这表示高度越高,损失功率越严重,为调整净功率密度所增加的温度梯度越多。因此,综合了压降影响之后,h=0.8 mm时SOFC的最大温度梯度为最低值。
保持h=0.8 mm,d1:d2=1:1不变,不同宽度d1下圆弧形扰流体净功率密度为5 924.5 W/m2时最大温度梯度对比结果如图14所示。下面分析结果形成的原因:2.0 mm宽度扰流体反应区氧气浓度最高,其次是4.0、6.0、8.0 mm,但整体差别不大。扰流体宽度改变后,流道最高流速基本不变,但是最高流速点距离入口的距离随宽度的增加而变远。在4种宽度中,2.0 mm宽度扰流体在入口处获得了最高的流速,这表示2.0 mm宽度扰流体入口处的对流散热能力最强,但同时2.0 mm宽度扰流体压降损失最高、输出功率最低。因此2.0 mm宽度扰流体调整净功率密度时所增加的温度梯度最大,在调整净功率密度后温度梯度高于4.0 mm宽度的扰流体。而4.0 mm宽度的扰流体由于入口流速较高且压降损失在4种宽度中最低,因此在净功率密度相同时,取得了最低的最大温度梯度。
总结可得,当扰流体选择圆弧形、高度h=0.8 mm、宽度d1=4.0 mm时,SOFC反应区的最大温度梯度最低,相比传统直流通道,最大温度梯度降低了9.4%。
1)本文建立SOFC多物理场耦合模型,研究了燃料电池的温度场和温度梯度分布,确立了电池反应区最大温度梯度的优化目标。
2)提出了扰流体结构设计,考虑了压损带来的功率损失,证明了扰流体结构对最大温度梯度的优化效果。
3)对扰流体的形状、高度和宽度的分析表明,圆弧形扰流体且高度h=0.8 mm、宽度d1=4.0 mm为较优结构,在净功率密度和传统直流通道相同时,反应区最大温度梯度为43.35 K/cm,比传统直流通道降低了9.4%。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52306115)
  • 四川省自然科学基金项目(2023NSFSC0832)
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2024年第53卷第7期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202401034
  • 接收时间:2024-01-15
  • 首发时间:2026-01-07
  • 出版时间:2024-07-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-15
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(52306115)
国家自然科学基金项目(52306115)
Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province(2023NSFSC0832)
四川省自然科学基金项目(2023NSFSC0832)
作者信息
    西南交通大学机械工程学院,四川 成都 610031

通讯作者:

李鸿坤(1991),男,博士,讲师,主要研究方向为新能源系统热管理技术,
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