Article(id=1215700942796804640, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1215700941538509036, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202402026, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1708876800000, receivedDateStr=2024-02-26, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1767775291394, onlineDateStr=2026-01-07, pubDate=1721836800000, pubDateStr=2024-07-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1767775291394, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1767775291394, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767775291394, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1215700941538509036, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2024', volume='53', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='158', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1767775291094, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767775458121, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1215701642159243949, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1215700941538509036, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1215701642159243950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1215700941538509036, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1, endPage=13, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1215700943069434401, articleId=1215700942796804640, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Review of materials selection and welding with evaluation technology for use in high-temperature components of 700 ℃ A-USC unit, columnId=1213131705389597040, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Technical and economic review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to adapt to the harsh service environment of 700 ℃ advanced ultra-supercritical coal-fired power generation unit (700 ℃ A-USC), and facilitate the development of high efficiency, low consumption and low carbon coal-fired power generation technology, high temperature superalloy will be used to manufacture the high-temperature components in boiler and turbine. Many countries and regions such as the United States, Europe, China, Japan and India have put forward research plans of 700 ℃ A-USC technology with national characteristics, respectively. Due to the variety of elements, high welding difficulty, and high tendency to produce welding defects in high-temperature alloys, welding technology and weld joint comprehensive performance evaluation technology have a significant influence on the factory manufacturing, on-site processing and repair, as well as service safety and integrity of high-temperature components. The current progress in practical application of the 700 ℃ technology at home and abroad is slow, which is mainly due to incomplete resolution of technical barriers such as manufacturing, connection, and testing. The research plans and development prospects of the 700 ℃A-USC technology around the world are summarized. The material selection of high temperature components including the boiler side and the turbine side is discussed. The current status, advantages and disadvantages of the welding technology for superalloy are summarized, and the critical focus points of the joint comprehensive properties evaluation technology for high temperature components are analyzed. Finally, some suggestions on developing the 700 ℃ A-USC technology are put forward.

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为适应700 ℃等级先进超超临界燃煤发电(700 ℃ A-USC)机组严苛的服役环境,助力高效低碳燃煤发电技术的发展,高温合金拟被用于制造电站锅炉和汽轮机的高温构件。结合本国火电发展特点,美国、欧洲、日本、中国、印度等国家及地区先后提出并实施了具有各国特色的700 ℃技术研究计划。高温合金由于元素种类多、焊接难度大、产生焊接缺陷的倾向大,因此焊接技术和接头综合性能评价技术对高温构件的厂内制造、现场加工与修复以及服役安全性与完整性的影响重大。当前国内外700 ℃技术实际应用进展缓慢,主要原因是制造、连接、检测等技术障碍未完全解决。综述了国内外700 ℃技术的研究计划,并分析其发展前景,讨论了锅炉侧和汽轮机侧高温构件的选材现状,总结了当前高温合金焊接技术的现状与优缺点,分析了高温构件接头综合性能评价的关注重点,最后提出中国发展700 ℃技术的建议。

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陈碧强(1986),博士,主要研究方向为高温材料研发、连接及接头界面行为,

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陈碧强(1986),博士,主要研究方向为高温材料研发、连接及接头界面行为,

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33.5″ L-0 blade with laser-hardened leading edge, figureFileSmall=HALscQFjCBEY++gcLaEBIg==, figureFileBig=UR4VhzYfQkjy1gQpRn+8zw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215700955719454761, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700942796804640, language=CN, label=图6, caption=前边沿经过激光硬化的33.5″L-0叶片, figureFileSmall=HALscQFjCBEY++gcLaEBIg==, figureFileBig=UR4VhzYfQkjy1gQpRn+8zw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215700955820118062, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700942796804640, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Materials selection for superheater and reheater tubes of the 700 ℃ A-USC unit

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
国别候选材料推荐选用材料
美国Haynes282、Haynes230、CCA617和Alloy740/740HHaynes282、Alloy740/740H
欧洲改型Alloy617、Alloy263和Alloy740 改型Alloy617
中国HT700T(GH2070T)、GH2984G、GH750、C-HRA-1、Alloy740H和改型Alloy617Alloy740H、HT700T(GH2070T)、改型Alloy617
日本USC141、Alloy263、Alloy740、HR35、HR6W、
LTES700R、TOS1X-2和FENIX700
Alloy263、Alloy740、TOS1X-2、LTES700R和FENIX700
印度Alloy617改型合金、304H改型Alloy617和304H组合
), ArticleFig(id=1215700955920781366, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700942796804640, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

700 ℃技术机组过热器/再热器选材

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
国别候选材料推荐选用材料
美国Haynes282、Haynes230、CCA617和Alloy740/740HHaynes282、Alloy740/740H
欧洲改型Alloy617、Alloy263和Alloy740 改型Alloy617
中国HT700T(GH2070T)、GH2984G、GH750、C-HRA-1、Alloy740H和改型Alloy617Alloy740H、HT700T(GH2070T)、改型Alloy617
日本USC141、Alloy263、Alloy740、HR35、HR6W、
LTES700R、TOS1X-2和FENIX700
Alloy263、Alloy740、TOS1X-2、LTES700R和FENIX700
印度Alloy617改型合金、304H改型Alloy617和304H组合
), ArticleFig(id=1215700956080164926, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700942796804640, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Materials selection for header and steam pipe of the 700 ℃ A-USC unit

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
国别候选材料推荐选用材料
美国Haynes282、Haynes230、CCA617和Alloy740/740HHaynes282、Alloy740/740H
欧洲改型Alloy617、Alloy625改型Alloy617
中国HT700P(GH2070P)、GH2984G、Alloy740/740H和改型Alloy617Alloy740/740H、HT700P(GH2070P)、改型Alloy617
日本USC141、Alloy263、Alloy740、Alloy617、HR35、
SAVE25和HR6W
Alloy263、Alloy740、Alloy617
印度Alloy617改型合金改型Alloy617
), ArticleFig(id=1215700956197605447, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700942796804640, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

国内外700 ℃技术集箱和蒸汽管道选材

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
国别候选材料推荐选用材料
美国Haynes282、Haynes230、CCA617和Alloy740/740HHaynes282、Alloy740/740H
欧洲改型Alloy617、Alloy625改型Alloy617
中国HT700P(GH2070P)、GH2984G、Alloy740/740H和改型Alloy617Alloy740/740H、HT700P(GH2070P)、改型Alloy617
日本USC141、Alloy263、Alloy740、Alloy617、HR35、
SAVE25和HR6W
Alloy263、Alloy740、Alloy617
印度Alloy617改型合金改型Alloy617
), ArticleFig(id=1215700956289880141, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700942796804640, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Rotor types and materials selection for the 700 ℃ A-USC unit

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
国别转子类型推荐选材连接方式
美国螺栓连接Haynes282螺栓连接
欧洲焊接转子改型Alloy617和Alloy625组合焊接
中国焊接转子HT700R(GH2070R)、改型Alloy617和Alloy625组合焊接
日本焊接转子LTES700R、FENIX700和TOS1X焊接
印度焊接转子Alloy617改型合金焊接
), ArticleFig(id=1215700956407320657, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700942796804640, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

700 ℃技术转子类型及其选材

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
国别转子类型推荐选材连接方式
美国螺栓连接Haynes282螺栓连接
欧洲焊接转子改型Alloy617和Alloy625组合焊接
中国焊接转子HT700R(GH2070R)、改型Alloy617和Alloy625组合焊接
日本焊接转子LTES700R、FENIX700和TOS1X焊接
印度焊接转子Alloy617改型合金焊接
), ArticleFig(id=1215700956482818136, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700942796804640, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Materials selection of valves and cylinder with casing for the 700 ℃ A-USC unit

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
国别候选材料推荐选用材料
美国阀门:Haynes282;汽缸及阀壳:改型Alloy617、
Alloy623、Sanicro25、Alloy740/740H、Alloy625
阀门:Haynes282;汽缸及阀壳:改型Alloy617、Alloy625
欧洲阀门焊接端:改型Alloy617;阀壳:Alloy625、
Alloy G130;汽缸进口:Alloy625铸件与9%~10%Cr钢
阀门焊接端:改型Alloy617;阀壳:Alloy625、Alloy G130;汽缸:Alloy625铸件与9%~10%Cr钢
日本阀门(阀体):Alloy625
汽缸进口:Alloy625、Alloy740、Alloy617
阀门(阀体):Alloy625
汽缸进口:Alloy625、Alloy740、Alloy617
中国阀门:HT700Q(GH2070Q)、Alloy625、C-HRA-1和
改型Alloy617;汽缸及阀壳:Alloy625
阀门:HT700Q(GH2070Q)、Alloy625、C-HRA-1和改型
Alloy617;汽缸及阀壳:HT700Q(GH2070Q)、Alloy625
), ArticleFig(id=1215700956579287134, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700942796804640, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

国内外700 ℃技术机组阀门和汽缸及阀壳选材

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
国别候选材料推荐选用材料
美国阀门:Haynes282;汽缸及阀壳:改型Alloy617、
Alloy623、Sanicro25、Alloy740/740H、Alloy625
阀门:Haynes282;汽缸及阀壳:改型Alloy617、Alloy625
欧洲阀门焊接端:改型Alloy617;阀壳:Alloy625、
Alloy G130;汽缸进口:Alloy625铸件与9%~10%Cr钢
阀门焊接端:改型Alloy617;阀壳:Alloy625、Alloy G130;汽缸:Alloy625铸件与9%~10%Cr钢
日本阀门(阀体):Alloy625
汽缸进口:Alloy625、Alloy740、Alloy617
阀门(阀体):Alloy625
汽缸进口:Alloy625、Alloy740、Alloy617
中国阀门:HT700Q(GH2070Q)、Alloy625、C-HRA-1和
改型Alloy617;汽缸及阀壳:Alloy625
阀门:HT700Q(GH2070Q)、Alloy625、C-HRA-1和改型
Alloy617;汽缸及阀壳:HT700Q(GH2070Q)、Alloy625
), ArticleFig(id=1215700956696727655, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700942796804640, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Materials selection for high temperature blades and fasteners of the 700 ℃ A-USC unit

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
国别候选材料推荐选用材料
美国高温叶片:Haynes282、改进型Alloy617、Alloy623、
Sanicro25、Alloy740/740H、Alloy625
螺栓:Waspaloy、Alloy718
高温叶片:Haynes282、Alloy740/740H
螺栓:Waspaloy、Alloy718
欧洲高温叶片:Waspaloy、Nimonic80、Alloy740
螺栓:Waspaloy、Alloy718、Nimonic105
高温叶片:Waspaloy、Nimonic80
螺栓:Waspaloy、Alloy718、Nimonic105
中国高温叶片:HT700 R(GH2070R)、GH2984G、
Alloy740/740H和改型Alloy617
螺栓:HT700R(GH2070R)、Waspaloy
高温叶片:Alloy740/740H、HT700R(GH2070R)、
改型Alloy617
螺栓:HT700R(GH2070R)、Waspaloy
日本高温叶片:USC141
螺栓:USC141、USC800
高温叶片:USC141
螺栓:USC141、USC800
印度高温叶片:Haynes282、改进型Alloy617、Alloy623、
Sanicro25、Alloy740/740H、Alloy625
螺栓:Waspaloy、Alloy718
高温叶片:Haynes282、Alloy740/740H
螺栓:Waspaloy、Alloy718
), ArticleFig(id=1215700956789002346, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700942796804640, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

国内外700 ℃技术高温叶片及紧固件选材

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
国别候选材料推荐选用材料
美国高温叶片:Haynes282、改进型Alloy617、Alloy623、
Sanicro25、Alloy740/740H、Alloy625
螺栓:Waspaloy、Alloy718
高温叶片:Haynes282、Alloy740/740H
螺栓:Waspaloy、Alloy718
欧洲高温叶片:Waspaloy、Nimonic80、Alloy740
螺栓:Waspaloy、Alloy718、Nimonic105
高温叶片:Waspaloy、Nimonic80
螺栓:Waspaloy、Alloy718、Nimonic105
中国高温叶片:HT700 R(GH2070R)、GH2984G、
Alloy740/740H和改型Alloy617
螺栓:HT700R(GH2070R)、Waspaloy
高温叶片:Alloy740/740H、HT700R(GH2070R)、
改型Alloy617
螺栓:HT700R(GH2070R)、Waspaloy
日本高温叶片:USC141
螺栓:USC141、USC800
高温叶片:USC141
螺栓:USC141、USC800
印度高温叶片:Haynes282、改进型Alloy617、Alloy623、
Sanicro25、Alloy740/740H、Alloy625
螺栓:Waspaloy、Alloy718
高温叶片:Haynes282、Alloy740/740H
螺栓:Waspaloy、Alloy718
), ArticleFig(id=1215700956889665650, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700942796804640, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

Welding approaches of high temperature components and their advantages and disadvantages

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
机组构成高温构件连接方法优缺点
锅炉侧过热器/再热器熔焊:钨极氩弧焊或焊条电弧焊设备及操作简单,适合现场焊接
集箱熔焊:钨极氩弧焊或焊条电弧焊设备及操作简单,多层多道焊效率低,适合现场焊
大管道熔焊:钨极氩弧焊或焊条电弧焊设备及操作简单,多层多道焊效率低,适合现场焊
汽轮机侧高中压转子熔焊:钨极氩弧焊或焊条电弧焊设备及操作简单,焊接效率低,适合现场焊接效率高,
摩擦焊设备复杂成本高,适合车间制造和返厂返修
叶片堆焊:钨极氩弧焊或焊条电弧焊设备及操作简单,适合现场修复
熔焊:高能束流焊接效率高,设备复杂成本高,适合车间制造和返厂返修
铸件熔焊:钨极氩弧焊或焊条电弧焊设备及操作简单,对焊工水平要求高,焊接效率低
), ArticleFig(id=1215700957002911865, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700942796804640, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

高温构件焊接方法及其优缺点

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
机组构成高温构件连接方法优缺点
锅炉侧过热器/再热器熔焊:钨极氩弧焊或焊条电弧焊设备及操作简单,适合现场焊接
集箱熔焊:钨极氩弧焊或焊条电弧焊设备及操作简单,多层多道焊效率低,适合现场焊
大管道熔焊:钨极氩弧焊或焊条电弧焊设备及操作简单,多层多道焊效率低,适合现场焊
汽轮机侧高中压转子熔焊:钨极氩弧焊或焊条电弧焊设备及操作简单,焊接效率低,适合现场焊接效率高,
摩擦焊设备复杂成本高,适合车间制造和返厂返修
叶片堆焊:钨极氩弧焊或焊条电弧焊设备及操作简单,适合现场修复
熔焊:高能束流焊接效率高,设备复杂成本高,适合车间制造和返厂返修
铸件熔焊:钨极氩弧焊或焊条电弧焊设备及操作简单,对焊工水平要求高,焊接效率低
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700 ℃级先进煤电高温构件选材与连接评价技术研究进展
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陈碧强 , 刘俊峰 , 袁勇 , 黄锦阳 , 党莹樱 , 李沛 , 尹宏飞 , 刘鹏 , 李力敏 , 杨珍 , 周永莉 , 张鹏 , 严靖博 , 黄琳皓 , 刘恒
热力发电 | 技术经济综述 2024,53(7): 1-13
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热力发电 | 技术经济综述 2024, 53(7): 1-13
700 ℃级先进煤电高温构件选材与连接评价技术研究进展
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陈碧强 , 刘俊峰, 袁勇, 黄锦阳, 党莹樱, 李沛, 尹宏飞, 刘鹏, 李力敏, 杨珍, 周永莉, 张鹏, 严靖博, 黄琳皓, 刘恒
作者信息
  • 西安热工研究院有限公司高效灵活煤电及碳捕集利用封存全国重点实验室,陕西 西安 710054
  • 陈碧强(1986),博士,主要研究方向为高温材料研发、连接及接头界面行为,

Review of materials selection and welding with evaluation technology for use in high-temperature components of 700 ℃ A-USC unit
Biqiang CHEN , Junfeng LIU, Yong YUAN, Jinyang HUANG, Yingying DANG, Pei LI, Hongfei YIN, Peng LIU, Limin LI, Zhen YANG, Yongli ZHOU, Peng ZHANG, Jingbo YAN, Linhao HUANG, Heng LIU
Affiliations
  • National Key Laboratory of High-Efficiency Flexible Coal Power Generation and Carbon Capture Utilization and Storage, Xi’an Thermal Power Research Institute Co, Ltd, Xi’an 710054, China
出版时间: 2024-07-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202402026
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为适应700 ℃等级先进超超临界燃煤发电(700 ℃ A-USC)机组严苛的服役环境,助力高效低碳燃煤发电技术的发展,高温合金拟被用于制造电站锅炉和汽轮机的高温构件。结合本国火电发展特点,美国、欧洲、日本、中国、印度等国家及地区先后提出并实施了具有各国特色的700 ℃技术研究计划。高温合金由于元素种类多、焊接难度大、产生焊接缺陷的倾向大,因此焊接技术和接头综合性能评价技术对高温构件的厂内制造、现场加工与修复以及服役安全性与完整性的影响重大。当前国内外700 ℃技术实际应用进展缓慢,主要原因是制造、连接、检测等技术障碍未完全解决。综述了国内外700 ℃技术的研究计划,并分析其发展前景,讨论了锅炉侧和汽轮机侧高温构件的选材现状,总结了当前高温合金焊接技术的现状与优缺点,分析了高温构件接头综合性能评价的关注重点,最后提出中国发展700 ℃技术的建议。

700 ℃等级  /  燃煤发电  /  高温构件  /  选材  /  焊接  /  综合性能评价

In order to adapt to the harsh service environment of 700 ℃ advanced ultra-supercritical coal-fired power generation unit (700 ℃ A-USC), and facilitate the development of high efficiency, low consumption and low carbon coal-fired power generation technology, high temperature superalloy will be used to manufacture the high-temperature components in boiler and turbine. Many countries and regions such as the United States, Europe, China, Japan and India have put forward research plans of 700 ℃ A-USC technology with national characteristics, respectively. Due to the variety of elements, high welding difficulty, and high tendency to produce welding defects in high-temperature alloys, welding technology and weld joint comprehensive performance evaluation technology have a significant influence on the factory manufacturing, on-site processing and repair, as well as service safety and integrity of high-temperature components. The current progress in practical application of the 700 ℃ technology at home and abroad is slow, which is mainly due to incomplete resolution of technical barriers such as manufacturing, connection, and testing. The research plans and development prospects of the 700 ℃A-USC technology around the world are summarized. The material selection of high temperature components including the boiler side and the turbine side is discussed. The current status, advantages and disadvantages of the welding technology for superalloy are summarized, and the critical focus points of the joint comprehensive properties evaluation technology for high temperature components are analyzed. Finally, some suggestions on developing the 700 ℃ A-USC technology are put forward.

700 ℃ grade  /  coal-fired power generation  /  high temperature component  /  material selection  /  welding  /  comprehensive property evaluation
陈碧强, 刘俊峰, 袁勇, 黄锦阳, 党莹樱, 李沛, 尹宏飞, 刘鹏, 李力敏, 杨珍, 周永莉, 张鹏, 严靖博, 黄琳皓, 刘恒. 700 ℃级先进煤电高温构件选材与连接评价技术研究进展. 热力发电, 2024 , 53 (7) : 1 -13 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202402026
Biqiang CHEN, Junfeng LIU, Yong YUAN, Jinyang HUANG, Yingying DANG, Pei LI, Hongfei YIN, Peng LIU, Limin LI, Zhen YANG, Yongli ZHOU, Peng ZHANG, Jingbo YAN, Linhao HUANG, Heng LIU. Review of materials selection and welding with evaluation technology for use in high-temperature components of 700 ℃ A-USC unit[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2024 , 53 (7) : 1 -13 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202402026
我国的能源结构是富煤贫油少气,因此在电力工业中,煤电一直是我国电力供应的主力军,占比约70%,预计到未来很长一段时期内,煤电将仍然占据我国电力供应的主导地位[1]。随着国内“碳达峰、碳中和”双碳能源战略目标的提出,高效低碳先进超超临界(A-USC)燃煤发电技术受到人们更广泛的关注,当前700 ℃技术[2](主蒸汽温度超过700 ℃,相应主蒸汽压力超过35 MPa)是电力工业技术革新的主要方向。众所周知,蒸汽参数的提升意味着高热效率、低燃煤消耗及低碳排放,但对机组高温构件的用材提出更严苛要求,尤其是对材料的高温强度、焊接性能、蠕变特性、抗氧化、抗腐蚀及抗疲劳等综合性能方面。
国内外700 ℃技术高温构件的设计多倾向采用蠕变强度更高、综合性能更优的镍基或镍铁基合金制造,而其高温构件的工程化应用面临以下四大选材制约:首先是现役的600 ℃技术机组的耐热钢材料体系将不能完全适用[3-4];同时国内外还未见700 ℃技术机组关键高温构件选用的成熟材料;再者,已经在航空发动机和燃气轮机制造领域成熟使用的高温合金,由于与电力工业中高温构件的服役环境差异很大,也无法直接替代使用;此外,已有镍基或镍铁基高温合金在电力行业内缺乏高温长时应用经验[1,5]。因此,基于高温材料“卡脖子”难题和机组选材经济性方面的考虑,在开发700 ℃等级及以上先进煤电技术时,首要任务是材料研发与选材,即按照高温构件服役环境要求进行新型镍基或镍铁基材料的开发、已有耐热钢材料的改型和材料的适用性研究。当前,经过多年的材料攻关,国内外研发出多种在700 ℃技术上具有潜在应用前景的高温合金,但距离工程化应用阶段尚早,还需对研发材料的适用性进行综合性能评价研究,并对选用材料制作高温构件的稳定可靠性进行试验平台验证与评估。
焊接和接头综合性能评价是高温构件厂内制造、现场加工与修复和服役安全性与完整性评判的重要环节。其中焊接技术是高温合金构件主要的加工与修复方法,而综合性能评价技术是高温构件役前、服役过程中制定维修策略和延寿方案的重要参考。由于700 ℃技术煤电机组的高温构件(锅炉侧主要有过热器、再热器、主蒸汽管道、集箱等;汽轮机侧有高中压转子、汽缸及阀壳、叶片、阀门和紧固件等)需要根据各自的服役环境要求分别进行选材。因此,高温构件的制造会涉及多种合金材料,如镍基或镍铁基合金、不锈钢和耐热钢等,其接头综合性能评价的关注重点也有所不同。当这些高温构件采用焊接工艺制造与修复时,其连接与接头评价技术会涉及同异种合金的焊接和构件本身与同异种接头的综合性能评价。对于700 ℃技术尽管国际上已经开展了30多年的研究,但当前的现状是其实际应用进展并不顺利,究其原因主要还是很多制造、连接、检测等技术方面的障碍未完全解决。因此,本文基于国际国内火力发电技术现状,通过对比主要国家与地区700 ℃技术的发展特点、分析应用前景,讨论锅炉和汽轮机侧高温构件的材料研发和选材现状,分析总结当前高温合金焊接技术和构件综合性能评价技术的优缺点及应用进展,最后对700 ℃技术的发展提出一些建议,希望能为中国煤电技术的革新提供有益借鉴。
在燃煤发电技术领域,世界上开发700 ℃技术的国家和地区主要有美国、欧洲、日本、中国和印度。从20世纪90年代末开始,这些国家和地区就陆续开始积极发展700 ℃技术[3,6-10],各国根据自身火电技术发展特点及需求制定并相继启动了先进火电研发项目。欧洲从1998年开始率先提出AD700计划[11]、其后又陆续提出并实施了COMTES700[12-13]、GKM HWT II[14]、ENCIO[15]计划,蒸汽参数为38 MPa/700 ℃/720 ℃,这些研究项目的实施还考虑了欧洲清洁能源发展现状和未来700 ℃技术与掺烧生物质结合的技术问题。美国能源局在1999年启动并于2001年开始实施的“Vision21”计划[16-18],蒸汽参数为38.5 MPa/760 ℃/760 ℃,该项目考虑了美国高硫煤的特点及以后与富氧燃烧技术的结合问题。日本则考虑本国老旧机组的技术改造问题,在2008年提升蒸汽参数后提出并实施“Sunshine”计划[19-20],蒸汽参数为35 MPa/700 ℃/720 ℃。中国和印度这2大发展中国家的700 ℃技术起步较晚。中国在2010年成立国家700 ℃发电技术联盟,此后在2010年、2012年和2018年设立了700 ℃等级发电技术重点科技专项,逐步稳健推进A-USC项目[21-22],蒸汽参数为35 MPa/700 ℃/725 ℃。印度在2012年提出了A-USC研究计划[23],蒸汽参数为30 MPa/700 ℃/700 ℃。对比分析以上研究计划可知:1)美国“Vision21”计划的蒸汽参数更高,达到了760 ℃、38.5 MPa,其机组的效率更高,对材料的要求更严苛;2)各计划研发材料的使用温度和环境不同,当服役环境更换时,合金的适用性须重新评估。
通过以上发展计划与项目的实施,各国先后形成了700 ℃技术机组选材方案,但实际应用整体进展并不顺利,在各国的发展前景也存在很大差异。目前,从世界范围来看,发达国家和发展中国家对于700 ℃技术进一步开发应用的需求不同。其中美国、欧洲和日本这些发达国家及地区对于先进燃煤发电技术的深度开发缺乏动力,美国由于天然气价格便宜,清洁、利用效率更高的页岩气已经大量开采,加上国内电力需求的增长空间较少,所以新的燃煤火力发电的市场规模较小;欧洲和日本的煤炭储量有限,但其能源结构中可再生能源的占比高;且日本国内的电力需求已经饱和,其先进火力发电技术的开发主要面向海外市场,加之受全球经济萧条的影响,其火电发展也受到抑制。而中国和印度等电力需求大、煤电占比高的发展中国家,对700 ℃技术的开发则是动力十足。此外,中国能源结构特殊、火力发电基数大,还有一批落后机组面临退役,加之受“双碳”战略目标推进的影响,因此,中国的700 ℃技术一旦突破,机组成本降到合理范围,规模化推广效应必将形成。
700 ℃技术机组的高温构件可分为锅炉和汽轮机2部分,主要包括过热器与再热器、集箱与蒸汽管道、高中压转子、汽缸及阀门阀壳、高温叶片及紧固件等。图1为火力发电站各高温构件位置示意[3]。由于不同用途高温部件的服役环境不同,其选材要求也存在一些差异。
过热器、再热器是锅炉的高温部分,过热器的结构如图2所示[3]。对于700 ℃技术机组锅炉过热器(服役时管内蒸汽温度700 ℃,外壁温度将超过750 ℃)、再热器(管内蒸汽温度将达到720 ℃),在该环境下长时服役可能发生氧化、冲蚀和腐蚀损伤。过热器与再热器的选材一般必须满足以下几个要求:1)700℃/105 h下的持久强度不低于100 MPa;2)2×105 h时的内壁金属氧化或外壁烟气腐蚀、飞灰冲蚀不超过2 mm;3)具备良好的长时组织结构稳定性与冷热加工性、良好的焊接性及高性价比[1]。根据国内外的最新研究结果,设计材料均推荐选用高温合金,具体见表1[24-36]
表1可知,美国正在考察Haynes282[26]、Alloy740/740H合金[24-25],欧洲在考察Alloy617及其改型合金[27-29],日本则在考察Alloy263、Alloy740、Alloy617和自主研发或改进的USC141、HR35、HR6W、LTES700R、TOS1X-2和FENIX700镍基合金[30]。其中,Alloy740/740H和Haynes282在750 ℃/105 h的持久强度都满足100 MPa的选材要求,分别达到140~170 MPa和110~120 MPa,但贵重金属Ni、Co和Mo元素质量分数高价格贵,而CCA617、HR35和HR6W合金在750 ℃/105 h的持久强度均低于选材要求。中国考察的高温合金有自主研发的HT700T(GH2070T)[31]、GH2984G[32-33]、GH750[34]和国外合金的改型C-HRA-1(Alloy740)和C-HRA-3(Alloy617)。其中,HT700T和GH2984G分别为西安热工研究院有限公司(西安热工研究院)和中国科学院金属研究所自主开发的镍铁基合金,GH750为北京科技大学与上海发电设备成套设计研究院联合研发的镍钴基合金。HT700T合金的铁元素质量分数高(>20%),铌、钼和钨元素的质量分数较低,制备工艺简单,成本较低,综合性价比高,在700 ℃/105 h和750 ℃/ 105 h的持久强度分别为150、103 MPa,目前已经在700 ℃机组关键部件验证平台运行超过3×104 h[35],母材及焊接接头的组织稳定;GH2984G合金铁元素质量分数较HT700T低,在700 ℃/105 h的持久强度为141.9 MPa[36],但750 ℃/105 h的持久强度低于100 MPa;GH750合金的钴元素质量分数较高(>10%),几乎不含铁元素,材料成本高。
集箱及蒸汽管道是锅炉的主要系统组成,服役环境为高温高压蒸汽(700 ℃/35 MPa),该工况下长期服役的集箱和蒸汽管道易发生内壁氧化和冲蚀损伤。因此,其选材一般也须满足700 ℃/105 h的持久强度不低于100 MPa,2×105 h时的金属氧化深度不超过2 mm,长时组织结构稳定性、冷热加工性、焊接性良好及高性价比的要求[1]。日本学者认为高镍的镍基合金不适宜作大口径管:一方面是因为成本高;另一方面是采用中等镍质量分数的镍铁基合金就可以满足700 ℃技术蒸汽管道的使用要求,因此日本一直在进行HR6W、HR35和SAVE25等镍铁基合金的试验研究[37]
根据国内外研究项目[18,30,38-39]的结果,700 ℃技术集箱及蒸汽管道的候选和推荐选用材料见表2。由表2可知:美国设计的集箱及蒸汽管道材料推荐选用Alloy740/740H和Haynes282,2种材料的高温持久强度和腐蚀性能均满足选材要求,但二者的经济性较低;欧洲设计的集箱及蒸汽管道材料推荐选用改型Alloy617材料;日本设计的集箱及蒸汽管道材料推荐选用Alloy263、Alloy740、Alloy617和HR6W材料;中国设计的集箱及蒸汽管道推荐选用Alloy740/740H、HT700P(GH2070P)、改型Alloy617;印度的集箱及蒸汽管道材料则推荐选用Alloy617改型合金。图3为GE的锅炉集箱与接管模型[38]和蒸汽管道布局图[3]。其中,蒸汽管道和集箱本体主要是镍合金CCA617的焊接,而集箱与小管的焊接接头则涉及镍基合金CCA617、不锈钢Super304H和耐热钢T91的同异种材料的焊接。
高中压转子是汽轮机的核心部件之一,服役工况严苛。长期在700 ℃及以上高温高压蒸汽中服役,转子可能发生疲劳、氧化和冲蚀损伤。其选材需要关注3个方面[40]:1)高温组织结构稳定,具有良好的高温蠕变性能、低周疲劳性能和断裂韧性,减小转子长时高温运行后性能劣化,满足700 ℃/ 105 h下的持久强度不低于100 MPa,2×105 h时的金属氧化深度不超过2 mm要求[1];2)材料的热膨胀系数低(coefficient of thermal expansion,CTE),减少转子发生热疲劳损伤;3)冶炼、锻造等热加工性能良好,能制造大型锻件。而从转子的铸锻造工艺和机组的经济性考虑,采用整锻镍基高温合金转子不仅价格昂贵而且铸锻工艺困难无法实现。因此700 ℃技术机组转子设计与制造的解决方法是根据服役工况分段进行选材、逐段连接,其中转子的高中压段拟采用镍基或镍铁基高温合金。目前,国内外汽轮机转子的设计主要有2种类型:一类是以美国为代表,采用类似工业汽轮机的螺栓连接转子[41]图4a));另一类型则是欧洲、中国、日本、印度等均采用的焊接转子[19-21,23,42]图4b))。2种转子的相同之处都是根据服役环境要求分段进行选材,不同之处是螺栓连接转子是通过螺栓将分段的转子连接为一个整体,而焊接转子的高、中、低温段是通过焊接方式进行连接。
经过对多种候选材料进行性能测试和评估后,国内外700 ℃技术机组汽轮机转子类型及高中压部分的候选材料见表3[19-21,23,30,41-42]。由表3可知,美国的高中压转子材料推荐选用Haynes282,欧洲推荐选用改型Inconel617和Inconel625组合材料,日本推荐选用三菱、日立和东芝公司分别独立开发的LTES700R、FENIX700和TOS1X新型镍基合金,中国的高中压转子拟选用西安热工研究院自主研发的镍铁基高温合金HT700R(GH2070R)或改型Inconel617和Inconel625组合,印度的转子选用改型Inconel617和质量分数10%Cr的马氏体耐热钢组合。
汽缸及阀门、阀壳等一般为大型厚壁且结构复杂的铸件,服役工况也是高温高压蒸汽环境,长时服役可能发生氧化冲蚀和疲劳损伤。因此,要求材料的高温组织稳定、持久蠕变性能、高温抗氧化性能、焊接性能、铸造性能、耐磨及耐冲蚀性能良好等。图5为Haynes282合金铸造阀体和Alloy625合金高压气缸铸件[3]。根据国内外的研究结果[43-44],阀门、汽缸及阀壳的推荐选材见表4。由表4可知:美国推荐阀门选用Haynes282,汽缸和阀壳选用改型Alloy617和Alloy625;欧洲阀门铸件推荐选用Alloy625,阀门焊接端推荐改型Alloy617,汽缸和阀壳推荐选用改型Alloy617、Alloy G130[45]和Alloy625;日本阀门(阀体)推荐Alloy625,汽缸和阀壳推荐改型Alloy617和Alloy625;中国阀门推荐国产HT700Q(GH2070Q)、C-HRA-1和国外Alloy625、改型Alloy617,缸体与阀壳推荐HT700Q、Alloy625。
叶片是汽轮机中最重要部件之一,图6为前边沿经过激光硬化的L-0级叶片照片[3]。在机组运行时,由于高温段叶片的服役工况极其恶劣(受高温高压蒸汽的直接冲击),可能发生氧化、冲蚀、疲劳损伤,因此,需要具备良好的抗蒸汽氧化、抗腐蚀冲蚀和抗疲劳能力。紧固件在高温下则可能发生疲劳损伤,要求具有高的强度和良好的高温应力松弛性能与抗蠕变性能。
根据国内外各研究项目的结果[43-44],高温叶片及紧固件候选和推荐选用的材料见表5。由表5可知:美国高温叶片推荐选用Haynes282、Alloy 40/740H,螺栓材料推荐Waspaloy、Alloy718;欧洲高温叶片推荐Waspaloy、Nimonic80,螺栓材料推荐Waspaloy、Alloy718、Nimonic105;日本高温叶片推荐USC141,螺栓材料推荐USC141、USC800;中国的高温叶片推荐选用Alloy740/740H、HT700R (GH2070R)、改型Alloy617,螺栓材料推荐HT700R(GH2070R)、Waspaloy。
综上,过热器与再热器、集箱与主蒸汽管道、高温转子、阀壳与气缸、高温叶片和紧固件等高温构件的候选和推荐材料均为高温合金。其中美国、欧洲、中国、日本推荐的Haynes282、Alloy740/740H、Alloy263、Waspaloy、Alloy718、Nimonic80、Nimonic105、HT700系列、GH2984G、LTES700R、FENIX700、HR6W、USC141、USC800等都为析出强化型镍基/镍铁基高温合金,Alloy617、Alloy625、TOS1X700为固溶强化为主的镍基合金。由于高温合金中的镍、钼、钴等贵重元素的质量分数越高,材料的价格也越贵;而且国外材料由于保密或受专利保护和可能受非市场化因素的影响存在发生“断供”的风险。
因此,基于经济性和安全性问题,在高温组织稳定性及长时综合性能满足700 ℃技术机组高温构件的服役环境要求时,HT700系列、GH2984G等自主开发的高温合金材料将是首选。
焊接技术是高温合金构件主要的加工与修复方法之一。高温合金一般按强化方式可以分为固溶强化型、析出强化型、弥散强化型和非热处理强化型4类。而在700 ℃技术中具有潜在应用的固溶强化型高温合金有Inconel617及其改型和Inconel625等,析出强化型高温合金有Inconel740/740H、Haynes282、HT700系列和GH2984G等。这类合金的合金种类多,焊接困难,在选用这类合金制造高温构件时,其母材合金杂质元素及强化相形成元素质量分数的控制、熔焊方法及配套焊材的选择与开发、固相焊连接方法拓展与工艺探索是其焊接技术的关注重点。以下将针对高温合金焊接技术难度大进行原因分析,对比常用焊接方法的优缺点,阐述焊接工艺控制要点,为700 ℃技术机组中各高温构件的焊接推荐适宜的焊接方法。
一般来说,高温合金的焊接难度大,主要原因是其焊接性较差,尤其是析出强化型高温合金的焊接性更差。其焊接性差的原因可归纳为3个方面[46]:1)高温合金的导热系数较低,液态合金的流动性差,所形成的焊接接头拘束应力大,导致热裂倾向增大;2)高温合金中添加合金元素种类较多,容易造成成分与组织偏析;3)先进高温合金中多种合金元素的添加除了提高其高温性能外,还会造成多种强化相的析出,而且强化相的数量多、分布部位及尺寸不同,形成接头的组织应力与热应力大,导致接头热裂纹敏感性增加,恶化合金的高温性能。因此,对于析出强化型高温合金制造的高温构件,熔焊时一般须在固溶态(软态)下进行,以此减少增强相和残余应力等因素对熔焊过程的影响,从而提高合金熔焊的焊接性;而合金最终是在时效态(硬态)下使用,这些熔焊前处理过程无疑会增加焊接工序,不利于接头的质量控制。
高温合金的焊接方法很多,从熔焊工艺出发,焊接时应在熔透的情况下选择热输入量较小、热输入稳定且集中的焊接方法。适合工程化制造的焊接方法是熔化焊和固相焊,其中熔化焊对工件的形状无要求,可以焊接所有形状的高温合金构件,但焊接接头容易出现缺陷,需要结合辅助的焊前、焊后处理工艺调控接头的组织和性能;而固相焊对工件的形状有要求,如摩擦焊适合回转体棒材的焊接,扩散焊适合接合面积较大的板材焊接。
1)熔化焊 高温合金的熔焊及修复方法主要有钨极氩弧焊(GTAW)、手工电弧焊(SMAW)、埋弧焊(SAW)、电子束焊(EBW)、激光焊(LBW)和等离子弧焊(PAW)。在高温合金的熔焊过程中可能会出现微观组织偏析、γ′颗粒、γ′/γ共晶和碳化物(MC)的析出,造成液化开裂等缺陷,恶化接头性能,但裂纹产生和脆性相析出都能通过焊前热处理、焊接工艺调整和焊后热处理等方法进行抑制,最终获得综合性能良好的焊接接头[46-52]
在多种熔焊方法中,钨极氩弧焊(GTAW)是最成熟、最直接的焊接修复方法,其优势在于惰性气体保护能减少关键氧化性元素(如B、Ta、Al、Ti)的损失、限制母材稀释率和精确控制焊缝金属的添加量[47]。González等人[48]对Inconel939 (Ni-Cr-Co)合金进行焊前热处理发现母材组织由细小立方γ'相、粗大的MC型碳化物转变为球状体γ'相、块状MC型碳化物,TIG焊后接头未发现明显热裂纹,原因为组织转变缓解了焊接冷却应力,从而降低HAZ液化裂纹敏感性。Ye等人[49]研究母材合金状态、焊接工艺参数对Inconel718 TIG焊的热裂纹倾向,发现凝固裂纹敏感性随热输入的增加而增加。Mei等人[50]对IN718合金电子束焊时发现随焊接速度提高(热输入相应降低),热影响区液化裂纹的总长度和平均长度均显著增加。Osoba等人[51]在激光焊Haynes 282时发现随焊接热输入降低,液化裂纹敏感性升高。而Su等人[52]在In738LC等离子转移弧补焊时发现小的热输入能降低接头的裂纹敏感性。以上案例表明熔焊时通过焊前处理、焊接工艺调整能够实现组织调控和抑制裂纹敏感性。
通过对比以上熔焊方法和工艺可知,GTAW、SMAW的缺点是焊接效率较低,尤其在焊接厚壁管道和大尺寸棒材时,焊接周期较长;SAW的生产效率高,但其热输入一般较大,不利于焊接接头的质量控制;高能束流焊接方法,如EBW、LBW和PAW),由于能量密度高、焊接热输入集中、热影响区较窄及焊后变形小的特点,能实现重要零部件如叶片在制造厂的加工和返厂维修,但这些焊接方法的设备复杂成本高,无法在工程现场使用。
2)固相焊 固相焊接方法主要有摩擦焊(FW)[53]和扩散焊(DW)[54]。Vishwakarma等人[55]使用线性摩擦焊接Inconel718 Plus合金,形成的FW接头未发现热裂纹。柏洪武等[56]对TC4/Inconel625异种材料开展了真空扩散连接,获得了良好结合质量接头的保温时间参数。以上案例说明采用FW和DW的固相焊接方法也能获得结合质量良好的同/异质接头,但焊件的形状相对规则、尺寸都较小。与熔焊方法相比,固相焊的优势是焊接时母材不熔化,形成的焊接接头不会发生液化开裂,综合性能接近母材,适用于对焊接件性能要求较高的工件如转子的加工与修复。固相焊接方法能够实现焊接性较差的高温合金的连接,也能焊接物化性能相差较大的异种材料。但固相焊的缺点是焊接设备较复杂、成本高,焊接时对工件的表面光洁度要求严格。如固相焊中的FW方法,其设备自动化程度高,多用于圆形截面工件的焊接,也可用于非圆截面和板材的焊接,焊接过程中施加的压应力可以抑制裂纹的产生和扩展,但接头形状、尺寸和设备会限制FW的使用范围。另外,在采用固相DW时,其加热温度一般远低于母材熔点,形成的焊接接头变形较小、不存在明显的焊缝、也无过热组织,接头性能也接近母材,容易保证焊件的尺寸精度,能够实现大面积搭接结构以及异种材料的连接[57],但DW的焊接时间过长、效率较低,不适于现场焊接。
此外,焊后热处理会引起材料本身、焊接接头焊缝金属、热影响区的晶粒尺寸、晶界强化相的溶解与析出等组织和性能发生变化,还可以改变高温构件接头的应力分布状态,最终对其服役安全产生影响。Yu等人[58]发现焊后处理促使接头由脆性断裂变为韧性断裂,提高塑性变形能力。Xu等人[59]发现焊后时效处理能使软化的GH4169接头显微硬度和高温持久性能升高。Li等人[60]发现焊后固溶+时效处理可以使高温合金及其接头中的γ′相及碳化物等强化相溶解、反应再均匀化析出,改变合金晶粒度,从而提高抗拉强度和抗高温蠕变性能。因此,焊后热处理工艺的开发也很重要,尤其是对于析出强化型的高温合金构件接头的组织性能调控作用非常明显。
综上,通过对比分析各种焊接方法与工艺的优缺点,结合高温构件的车间制造、现场焊接和返修的实际情况,700 ℃技术机组高温构件可用的焊接方法及各方法的优缺点见表6。由表6可知:锅炉侧过热器、再热器、集箱、大管道候选的高温合金可以采用GTAW(手工或自动)、焊条电弧焊的熔焊方法,但这2种方法在焊接厚壁集箱、大管道时,其焊接效率都较低;汽轮机侧高中压焊接转子制造也可选用GTAW(手工或自动)、SMAW的熔焊方法或采用FW的固相焊方法,其中采用GTAW或SMAW的效率较低,而采用FW时焊接效率高但设备复杂、成本高;叶片的加工和返修可以选用GTAW、SMAW进行堆焊或采用高能束流的熔焊方法;大型铸件的焊接与返修则可以选用GTAW或SMAW的熔焊方法,但工艺要求高。
焊接接头的等强性、微观组织的均匀与稳定性是判断焊接接头质量好坏的关键因素。因此,为了保证高温构件的结构完整性,形成的接头外观应无缺陷、微观组织需均匀,高温强度、塑性和疲劳性能应尽量与母材的综合力学性能接近,尤其是对长时服役的析出强化型高温合金,其微观组织的稳定性更为重要。一般来说,高温合金构件的同异质焊接接头需满足以下要求[46]:1)尽可能少地改变原始微观结构;2)尽可能不在熔合区和热影响区引入相关残余应力;3)熔合区和热影响区无裂纹产生;4)无大量偏析和大规模元素扩散。当高温合金采用熔焊方法焊接时,接头可能出现的焊接缺陷有裂纹、孔洞、固态夹渣、未熔合、咬边、弧伤等[60-61],其中裂纹是引起构件断裂的源头和促进失效的主要因素,熔焊裂纹的形式主要有凝固裂纹[62-63]、液化裂纹[64]和应变时效裂纹[65]3种。而当高温构件在严苛环境中服役时,其焊接接头可能出现冶金问题、裂纹、氧化、腐蚀、碳迁移、蠕变、疲劳等高温性能劣化问题。因此,接头综合性能评价的关键因素及控制点应重点关注外观检查、微观组织的均匀性、接头的等强性和焊接裂纹[66]
基于各自电力工业发展实际情况,发达国家和发展中国家通过各自700 ℃技术发展计划与项目的实施,先后都形成了机组的选材方案。截至目前,700 ℃技术实际应用的整体进展缓慢,机组锅炉侧和汽轮机侧高温构件的制造、连接、检测等技术障碍也未完全解决。随着中国能源结构调整、“碳达峰、碳中和”战略需求的推动,国内各科研院所在高温合金材料基础研究方面取得突破,高参数、大容量700 ℃技术的开发迎来前所未有的发展机遇。同时,中国700 ℃技术的发展与实际应用还面临着巨大挑战,以下将从确立设计方案、研发自主高温材料、高温构件选材与验证、焊接能力、检测评价瓶颈和煤电机组发展方向6个方面提出发展建议。
700 ℃机组示范工程方案的确立,意味着机组锅炉侧和汽轮机侧的关键技术研究有了依托。因此,中国应在系统继承600 ℃技术机组的国产化技术与经验、积极借鉴国外发达国家和地区关于700 ℃技术电站A-USC的设计理念与影响因素基础上,尽早确定中国自主设计的示范工程方案,围绕充分论证的设计方案确立技术指标,研究边界条件,明确研究目标和内容[67]
长期以来,中国煤电机组用高温材料一直依赖欧、美、日等发达国家与地区,是制约煤电技术升级发展的瓶颈之一。自主知识产权高温材料的研发和性能数据库的建立,是突破700 ℃超超临界发电技术和解决高温材料“卡脖子”难题的重要技术途径。目前,中国的高温合金种类繁多,但绝大多数是国外引进合金的国产化或消化吸收后的改型(综合性能往往无法达到国外同类材料的水平),严重缺乏具有自主知识产权且综合性能稳定的系列高温材料;同时,针对高参数煤电、先进核能、高温储能系统等新型应用场景,尚缺乏性价比高的专用高温材料。此外,高温构件的大型化使其铸锻、焊接、热处理等工艺性能的要求提高,也需要从高温材料的成分设计角度考虑解决办法。当前,西安热工研究院、中国科学院金属研究所、中国钢铁研究总院、北京科技大学与上海发电设备成套设计研究院等科研院所都在积极开发、优化自主知识产权的高温合金,已经取得了阶段性成果,但距离建立完善的高温合金体系和综合性能数据库依旧任重道远。因此,有必要持续加强自主高温材料的研发能力,制定能源领域先进高温材料的长期研究规划,以自主研发为主、国外引进为辅,不断积累电站材料蠕变、疲劳等长时性能数据,在试验基础上对材料成分和综合性能进行优化调整,建立数据共享平台,完善高温材料综合性能数据库,为高参数机组的合理设计和安全可靠运行提供坚实的材料技术支持。
中国在镍铁基高温合金的开发上有自己的优势,具备完整的镍基合金开发与生产体系。在现有新型材料研发和已有材料改型基础上,充分借鉴国外选材时所关注的主要因素经验,吸取国外在材料筛选试验方案中总结的经验教训进行自主选材,扩大应用具有自主知识产权高温合金材料的范围和加大推广力度,如西安热工研究院开发的HT700系列合金、中国科学院沈阳金属所开发的GH2984G合金等。同时,对比国内机组服役环境的实际情况,除了关注镍基合金的高温力学性能、抗高温蒸汽和烟气腐蚀能力外,还需考虑镍基合金的焊接性、铸造性等工艺性能,母材与其焊接接头的高温脆化、应变时效敏感性、应力腐蚀、缺口敏感性等。另外,完善700 ℃等级部件验证平台的建设,充分利用中国华能集团有限公司在南京电厂建立的部件验证平台和西安热工研究院建设的单元式部件验证台架,将材料筛选和部件的现场验证贯穿整个700 ℃煤电技术的研究中。
700 ℃技术机组高温构件的制造材料涉及镍基合金或铁镍基合金、不锈钢和耐热钢等多种金属材料。基于当前普遍使用焊接方法的优缺点,对于700 ℃技术机组高温合金构件的设计和焊接能力建设,需要从5个方面进行加强提升[30,47]:1)设计及焊接制造方面,研究候选高温合金材料的焊接性与焊接工艺,如大型集箱,尽量减小纵向长焊缝蠕变强度的下降;2)焊接材料方面,开发新型镍基或镍铁基高温合金、马氏体耐热钢和奥氏体耐热钢同异种材料的匹配焊材,开发造渣、超低残余的焊材;3)焊接方法及焊接设备方面,拓展选用更高效成形的焊接方法如FW、SAW,研制大型焊接设备,提升焊接效率与经济性;4)同异种焊接接头的综合性能方面,服役环境引起的微观组织(熔合线与热影响区)稳定性、长时蠕变强度的评估、可靠长时蠕变寿命预测及蠕变-疲劳行为研究;5)在役过时效材料的返修与改善。另外,大型厚重高温构件无法整体铸造而必须采用拼焊结构问题,时效强化镍合金大型铸件室温下的高强度、低韧性问题以及熔焊时合金元素如Al、Ti因反应而消耗影响析出强化作用的问题也需关注。
大型镍基/镍铁基合金铸件和锻件的检测评价是700 ℃等级机组工程化推进的瓶颈之一。镍基/镍铁基合金的成分复杂,其铸锻件的组织结构和钢制铸锻件存在明显区别。而且目前大型镍基/镍铁基合金铸锻件相关且可靠的无损检测方法较少,需要攻关、开发新的检测方法;另外,在镍基/镍铁基合金铸件的检测标准方面,当前国内外还在参考钢制铸件的验收和评价方法,并未完全建立镍基/镍铁基合金铸锻件专用的标准[68]。因此,有必要针对镍基和镍铁基合金铸锻件无损检测技术的验收指标和评价标准进行深入研究。
每个国家的火力发电技术都有其独特的发展特点和方向[67]:美国在760 ℃先进煤电机组研制时,考虑了其国内高硫煤的特点,也考虑了将来与富氧燃烧技术结合时可能产生的技术问题;在欧洲地区进行700 ℃机组设计时,也将未来可能掺烧生物质的技术纳入考虑范围;日本的700 ℃技术的开发计划则考虑了本国老旧机组的技术改造问题。因此,中国在700 ℃技术研发的计划制定与实施时,也应与中国整个火力发电行业未来整体发展方向相一致,如面临落后退役机组的升级改造,与天然气、页岩气燃烧技术的耦合等。
700 ℃技术是当前最前沿、具有广阔发展前景的洁净发电技术,此技术对于提高机组效率、降低温室气体排放具有重要的现实意义。中国的能源结构特殊,火力发电基数大,还有一批落后机组面临退役,同时受“双碳”战略目标的影响,中国亟需发展700 ℃技术。与欧美及日本等发达国家和地区相比,中国700 ℃技术的研发计划在时间上落后较多,但目前在国内高校、研究院所、发电设备企业的协同攻关下,中国700 ℃技术机组的研究起点较高,发展速度很快,当前已经基本完成关键新型高温材料研发和已有候选高温材料的改型工作;后续将优化、固化成型工艺,制造高温过热器、高温再热器、集箱、主蒸汽管道、高中压转子、汽缸、叶片、紧固件和阀门等构件,全面进入验证平台上的实炉性能及完整性验证阶段。一旦设计的各项技术指标达到要求,机组成本降到合理范围,必将推广实现规模化建造。700 ℃技术的发展将充分结合中国火力发电实际,依托中国的系统设计、材料研发与试验、设备制造、机组运行的力量,最终走出一条具有中国特色的自主研发之路。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFB4102300)
  • 中国华能集团有限公司科技项目(HNKJ 20-H41; HNKJ 23-H56)
  • 西安热工研究院有限公司研发基金(TA-20-TYK03; TA-24-HJK02)
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2024年第53卷第7期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202402026
  • 接收时间:2024-02-26
  • 首发时间:2026-01-07
  • 出版时间:2024-07-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-02-26
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National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFB4102300)
国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFB4102300)
Science and Technology Project of Huaneng Group Co., Ltd.(HNKJ 20-H41; HNKJ 23-H56)
中国华能集团有限公司科技项目(HNKJ 20-H41; HNKJ 23-H56)
Research Funding of Xi’an Thermal Power Research Institute Co., Ltd.(TA-20-TYK03; TA-24-HJK02)
西安热工研究院有限公司研发基金(TA-20-TYK03; TA-24-HJK02)
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    西安热工研究院有限公司高效灵活煤电及碳捕集利用封存全国重点实验室,陕西 西安 710054
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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