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The microwave attenuation method is one of the common methods for online measurement of carbon content in fly ash in recent years. However, due to the differences in sampling locations and sampling devices of the fly ash, there is a large uncertainty in particle size of the fly ash, which results in a large error in the measurement of carbon content in fly ash. The existing carbon content fitting models are all based on the relationship between the attenuation of the characteristic frequency signal by fly ash and the carbon content of fly ash, which has problems such as large error and poor adaptability. In order to solve these problems, this paper proposes to use the time-domain main peak attenuation of the signal instead of the attenuation of the signal at the eigenfrequency as a method for online fitting of the carbon content in fly ash. To correct the error caused by the uncertainty of fly ash particle size, the effects of fly ash with different particle size ranges on the measurement of ash level and fly ash carbon content are compared on the basis of the study on ash level and carbon content measurement. The results show that, the peak attenuation of the signal in the time domain is used to calculate the carbon content, and the results are in good agreement with the actual values. For the same mass of ash samples in the waveguide, the particle size of the fly ash does not have any significant effect on the measurement accuracy of the ash level. When the microwave method is applied to measure the carbon content in the fly ash in the waveguide, for the same mass of ash samples, the attenuation of the fly ash on the microwave signal inside the waveguide decreases gradually with the particle size of the fly ash. Thus, the measured value of carbon content increases as the particle size of the fly ash decreases.

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微波衰减法是近年来在线测量粉煤灰含碳量的常见方法之一。然而,由于飞灰的取样位置及取样装置的差异,飞灰的粒径大小存在较大的不确定性,从而造成飞灰含碳量测量的误差较大。现有的含碳量拟合模型均以飞灰对特征频率信号的衰减与飞灰含碳量的关系为基础,存在着误差大、适应性差等问题。为了解决含碳量拟合模型误差大和适应性差等问题,提出使用信号的时域主峰衰减来代替信号在特征频率处的衰减作为飞灰含碳量在线拟合的优化方法。为了修正飞灰粒径不确定性引起的误差,在研究灰位和含碳量测量的基础上,比较了不同粒径范围的飞灰对灰位和飞灰含碳量测量的影响。结果表明:采用信号的时域峰值衰减来计算含碳量,其结果与实际值吻合良好;对于波导中相同质量的灰样,飞灰的粒径大小对灰位的测量精度没有显著的影响;当使用微波法测量波导内飞灰含碳量时,对于相同质量的灰样,随着飞灰粒径的减小,波导内飞灰对微波信号的衰减逐渐减小,从而使含碳量的测量值随着飞灰粒径的减小而增加。

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牛玉广(1964),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为发电过程状态检测与优化控制,
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姚启航(2001),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为发电过程状态检测与优化控制,

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姚启航(2001),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为发电过程状态检测与优化控制,

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label=Fig.11, caption=Fitting results of the main peak attenuation method in time domain, figureFileSmall=7tTDkBLMgXuZJT7YYpsyZg==, figureFileBig=wExnc91qVETDua/NrsivDg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215700896873369982, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700884932187004, language=CN, label=图11, caption=时域主峰衰减法拟合结果, figureFileSmall=7tTDkBLMgXuZJT7YYpsyZg==, figureFileBig=wExnc91qVETDua/NrsivDg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215700896948867458, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700884932187004, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Measurement results of ash level

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
粒径/µm灰样A灰位/cm灰样B灰位/cm
实际值测量值误差实际值测量值误差
≥15015.0014.740.2615.5015.750.25
100~15014.3013.850.4514.3014.130.17
75~10013.6013.150.4514.0014.450.45
63~7511.8012.140.3412.1011.800.30
≤6310.7011.100.4010.6010.920.32
), ArticleFig(id=1215700897070502277, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700884932187004, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

灰位测量结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
粒径/µm灰样A灰位/cm灰样B灰位/cm
实际值测量值误差实际值测量值误差
≥15015.0014.740.2615.5015.750.25
100~15014.3013.850.4514.3014.130.17
75~10013.6013.150.4514.0014.450.45
63~7511.8012.140.3412.1011.800.30
≤6310.7011.100.4010.6010.920.32
), ArticleFig(id=1215700897166971274, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700884932187004, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Fitting results of ash sample with different feature frequencies

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
频率/GHz灰样A拟合优度灰样B拟合优度
10.2050.822 10.606 7
10.4030.612 80.809 4
10.6010.042 00.203 4
), ArticleFig(id=1215700897250857356, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700884932187004, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同特征频点的灰样拟合结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
频率/GHz灰样A拟合优度灰样B拟合优度
10.2050.822 10.606 7
10.4030.612 80.809 4
10.6010.042 00.203 4
), ArticleFig(id=1215700897343132047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700884932187004, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Measurement results of carbon content by eigenfrequency method

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
标准灰
含碳量/%
灰样A含碳量/%灰样B含碳量/%
测量值误差测量值误差
0.51.270 60.770 60.962 80.496 3
1.51.245 20.254 81.960 30.460 3
2.52.813 40.313 43.045 40.545 4
), ArticleFig(id=1215700897489932691, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700884932187004, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

特征频率法含碳量测量结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
标准灰
含碳量/%
灰样A含碳量/%灰样B含碳量/%
测量值误差测量值误差
0.51.270 60.770 60.962 80.496 3
1.51.245 20.254 81.960 30.460 3
2.52.813 40.313 43.045 40.545 4
), ArticleFig(id=1215700897590595992, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700884932187004, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Measurement results of carbon content by time-domain peak method

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标准灰
含碳量/%
灰样A含碳量/%灰样B含碳量/%
测量值误差测量值误差
0.50.432 46.760.398 210.18
1.51.369 113.091.454 64.54
2.52.643 114.312.425 00.75
), ArticleFig(id=1215700897670287770, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700884932187004, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

时域峰值法含碳量测量结果

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标准灰
含碳量/%
灰样A含碳量/%灰样B含碳量/%
测量值误差测量值误差
0.50.432 46.760.398 210.18
1.51.369 113.091.454 64.54
2.52.643 114.312.425 00.75
), ArticleFig(id=1215700897762562458, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700884932187004, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Measurement results of 1.5% carbon content

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粒径/µm灰样A灰样B
衰减/dB含碳量/%衰减/dB含碳量/%
≥150–17.130.874 2–18.940.431 7
100~150–17.691.313 2–19.650.915 4
75~100–18.071.601 3–20.311.365 4
63~75–18.511.941 5–20.871.746 3
≤63–18.642.045 6–21.181.956 1
), ArticleFig(id=1215700897850642845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700884932187004, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

1.5%含碳量测量结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
粒径/µm灰样A灰样B
衰减/dB含碳量/%衰减/dB含碳量/%
≥150–17.130.874 2–18.940.431 7
100~150–17.691.313 2–19.650.915 4
75~100–18.071.601 3–20.311.365 4
63~75–18.511.941 5–20.871.746 3
≤63–18.642.045 6–21.181.956 1
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飞灰粒径对金属波导内飞灰含碳量测量影响
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姚启航 1 , 牛玉广 1 , 杜鸣 1 , 崔召飞 1 , 王一男 2
热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2024,53(6): 114-121
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热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2024, 53(6): 114-121
飞灰粒径对金属波导内飞灰含碳量测量影响
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姚启航1 , 牛玉广1 , 杜鸣1, 崔召飞1, 王一男2
作者信息
  • 1.华北电力大学控制与计算机工程学院,北京 102206
  • 2.国电建设内蒙古能源有限公司,内蒙古 鄂尔多斯 017209
  • 姚启航(2001),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为发电过程状态检测与优化控制,

通讯作者:

牛玉广(1964),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为发电过程状态检测与优化控制,
Effect of fly ash particle size on fly ash carbon content measurement in metal waveguides
Qihang YAO1 , Yuguang NIU1 , Ming DU1, Zhaofei CUI1, Yinan WANG2
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Control and Computer Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
  • 2.Guodian Construction Inner Mongolia Energy Co., Ordos 017209, China
出版时间: 2024-06-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202403024
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微波衰减法是近年来在线测量粉煤灰含碳量的常见方法之一。然而,由于飞灰的取样位置及取样装置的差异,飞灰的粒径大小存在较大的不确定性,从而造成飞灰含碳量测量的误差较大。现有的含碳量拟合模型均以飞灰对特征频率信号的衰减与飞灰含碳量的关系为基础,存在着误差大、适应性差等问题。为了解决含碳量拟合模型误差大和适应性差等问题,提出使用信号的时域主峰衰减来代替信号在特征频率处的衰减作为飞灰含碳量在线拟合的优化方法。为了修正飞灰粒径不确定性引起的误差,在研究灰位和含碳量测量的基础上,比较了不同粒径范围的飞灰对灰位和飞灰含碳量测量的影响。结果表明:采用信号的时域峰值衰减来计算含碳量,其结果与实际值吻合良好;对于波导中相同质量的灰样,飞灰的粒径大小对灰位的测量精度没有显著的影响;当使用微波法测量波导内飞灰含碳量时,对于相同质量的灰样,随着飞灰粒径的减小,波导内飞灰对微波信号的衰减逐渐减小,从而使含碳量的测量值随着飞灰粒径的减小而增加。

粒径  /  飞灰  /  金属波导  /  含碳量  /  灰位

The microwave attenuation method is one of the common methods for online measurement of carbon content in fly ash in recent years. However, due to the differences in sampling locations and sampling devices of the fly ash, there is a large uncertainty in particle size of the fly ash, which results in a large error in the measurement of carbon content in fly ash. The existing carbon content fitting models are all based on the relationship between the attenuation of the characteristic frequency signal by fly ash and the carbon content of fly ash, which has problems such as large error and poor adaptability. In order to solve these problems, this paper proposes to use the time-domain main peak attenuation of the signal instead of the attenuation of the signal at the eigenfrequency as a method for online fitting of the carbon content in fly ash. To correct the error caused by the uncertainty of fly ash particle size, the effects of fly ash with different particle size ranges on the measurement of ash level and fly ash carbon content are compared on the basis of the study on ash level and carbon content measurement. The results show that, the peak attenuation of the signal in the time domain is used to calculate the carbon content, and the results are in good agreement with the actual values. For the same mass of ash samples in the waveguide, the particle size of the fly ash does not have any significant effect on the measurement accuracy of the ash level. When the microwave method is applied to measure the carbon content in the fly ash in the waveguide, for the same mass of ash samples, the attenuation of the fly ash on the microwave signal inside the waveguide decreases gradually with the particle size of the fly ash. Thus, the measured value of carbon content increases as the particle size of the fly ash decreases.

particle size  /  fly ash  /  metal waveguide  /  carbon content  /  ash level
姚启航, 牛玉广, 杜鸣, 崔召飞, 王一男. 飞灰粒径对金属波导内飞灰含碳量测量影响. 热力发电, 2024 , 53 (6) : 114 -121 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202403024
Qihang YAO, Yuguang NIU, Ming DU, Zhaofei CUI, Yinan WANG. Effect of fly ash particle size on fly ash carbon content measurement in metal waveguides[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2024 , 53 (6) : 114 -121 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202403024
飞灰中含碳量对监控锅炉的燃烧稳定性具有重要意义。含碳量越高,固态不完全燃烧的热量损耗也会越大[1-6],锅炉也易发生结焦、爆管,对环保也越不利[7-10]
国内外学者对飞灰的特性进行了研究。Zhang等人[11]研究了灰位截面对波导内灰位和含碳量测量的影响。苏新凯等[12]通过能谱和X射线衍射等分析手段,对飞灰的烧失特性进行了研究。景博[13]发现,Fe2O3、Al2O3和MgO对微波衰减有很大影响。鲁许鳌等[14]研究了掺烧稻壳对飞灰特性的影响。李惠茹等[15]研究了粒径对飞灰的比电阻和介电损耗的影响。龚彬等[16]通过扫描电镜和气相色谱质谱联用等分析手段,对飞灰的成分进行了研究。付玉存[17]指出微波的幅值衰减和相移与飞灰含碳量存在着确定的对应关系。郭沂权等[18]讨论了烟道内飞灰的粒径范围。蒋啸等[19]讨论了锅炉飞灰含碳量的非线性特性。
波导内测量飞灰含碳量的原理[20-23]是通过测量标准灰样对微波信号的幅值衰减,并对幅值衰减和标准灰样含碳量进行拟合,通过矢量网络分析仪测量待测灰样的幅值衰减,根据幅值衰减和拟合曲线来计算含碳量。刘含笑等[23]分析了飞灰粒径的几何分布。然而,以往并未考虑到不同粒径条件对波导中飞灰含碳量测量和灰位测量的影响。
为了明确这一现象对结果的影响,设计了一种测试验证方法。首先,在灰位测量研究的基础上[24],对不同粒度区间的飞灰灰位进行测量,讨论粒径对波导中灰位测量的影响。相较于传统的特征频率拟合模型,本文提出使用时域主峰衰减拟合代替特征频率拟合的方法。通过对不同标准灰样进行测量,验证了方法的准确性;然后,分别对灰样A和灰样B进行含碳量拟合,建立了相应的数学模型。在此基础上,通过对不同粒度区间飞灰中碳含量的测定,探讨了粒度大小对波导中碳含量测定的影响;最后得出了不同粒度区间对波导内飞灰测量影响的结论。
测量系统主要由矢量网络分析仪、同轴线、金属波导、上下隔离片、同轴转换器组成。测量系统如图1所示。
波导可以看作是一个双端口网络,具体如图2所示。端口1和端口2处的输入波分别表示为a1a2,而输出波分别表示为b1b2。输入波a和输出波b之间的关系通常可以用散射参数S来描述:
[b1b2]=[S11S12S21S22][a1a2]
对于散射参数Sij,当ai=0(ij)时,可以由式(2)求得。式(2)表明当端口j连接到信号源并且端口i连接到匹配负载时,端口j处的反射系数等于Sij
Sij=biaj
微波在波导中遇到不同介质界面时的反射和透射规律,可用式(3)和式(4)进行解释。
Γ1=ZFZAZF+ZA
Γ2=ZpZ1Zp+Z1
式中:Γ1为空气-飞灰界面反射系数;ZA为空气填充波导阻抗;ZF为飞灰填充波导阻抗;Γ2为飞灰-隔离片界面反射系数;ZP为短路板阻抗。
由于短路板的阻抗ZP为0,因此Γ2=−1,这意味着电磁波在遇到短路板时将被完全反射。
端口1的信号通过同轴转换器1进入波导管。信号在波导中传播时,由于空气与飞灰交界处的阻抗不匹配,部分信号通过同轴转换器1返回到端口1,而另一部分信号通过同轴变换器2返回到端口2。上、下隔离片的作用是确保信号仅在上、下隔离片间传输。通过对端口1处的发射信号以及波导的反射信号进行测量,从而实现参数S11的测量;通过对端口1处的发射信号以及端口2的透射信号进行测量,从而实现参数S21的测量。波导中的微波传播如图3所示。
参数S测量灰位是根据信号在阻抗失配的部位产生反射这一基本原理而实现的。将参数S的频率响应转化为时间域,能够准确反映出系统中阻抗不匹配的位置。时域测量原理如图4所示。其中,峰值1为同轴线和同轴变换器的阻抗失配引起的反射,峰值2为上隔离片的反射位置,峰值3为飞灰和空气界面的反射位置。
为计算微波在波导中的传播速度,使用矢量网络分析仪测量空波导的S11参数。根据波导的上、下隔离片反射时间计算微波传播速度。微波传播速度计算公式为:
v=2L(t3t1)
式中:v为微波在波导中的传播速度;L为波导内上下隔离片的距离;t3为微波从端口1到达下隔离片并返回端口1所花费的时间;t1为微波从端口1到达上隔离片并返回端口1所花费的时间。
为计算波导中的飞灰高度,仅需要测量微波在空气和飞灰介质在波导中的传播时间。然后,根据式(5)得到灰位值。灰位计算公式为:
h=Lv(t2t1)2
式中:h为待测灰位;t2为微波从端口1到达空气-飞灰界面并返回端口1所花费的时间。
飞灰的主要成分为二氧化硅、未燃尽的碳颗粒及金属氧化物。当微波在飞灰介质中传输时,飞灰的存在会使信号的能量发生衰减。
本文提出使用S21参数的时域主峰衰减来代替特征频率衰减。具体做法是将矢量网络分析仪的测量结果进行时域变换,读取时域最大值。使用矢量网络分析仪测量相同质量、不同含碳量的灰样对微波信号的时域主峰衰减,并根据灰样含碳量计算含碳量数学模型。根据待测灰样对微波信号的时域主峰衰减和含碳量数学模型来计算含碳量。
本实验将2个电厂的灰样分别标记为灰样A和灰样B。对灰样A、B进行脱碳,将灰样A与灰样B放入坩锅内,用800 ℃马弗炉灼烧8 h以上。使用筛孔尺寸为150、100、75、63 μm的实验筛从上而下对脱碳后的灰样进行筛分,将灰样A和灰样B分别筛分为≥150 μm、100~150 μm、75~100 μm、63~75 μm、≤63 μm 5个粒径范围,并分别标记为A1、A2、A3、A4、A5和B1、B2、B3、B4、B5。
将石墨粉末添加到未经筛分的零灰A及零灰B中,并将其配置为碳含量(质量分数,下同)0%、0.5%、1.0%、1.5%、2.0%、2.5%、3.0%的标准灰样品。将石墨粉末添加到具有不同粒度范围的零灰中,并将其配置为碳含量为1.5%的待测灰样。
为满足飞灰测量实时性,通过取样装置将烟道内飞灰取到波导中,通过对同质量不同含碳量的多组灰样进行拟合,计算飞灰含碳量与特征频率下微波幅值衰减关系的数学模型,根据数学模型计算飞灰含碳量。飞灰含碳量的数学模型是建立在飞灰整个粒径范围上的。然而,不同粒径条件对波导中飞灰含碳量测量和灰位测量的影响以前没有考虑。
实验分3个部分进行,其一是测量不同粒径范围下的灰位;其次是验证主峰衰减拟合模型的准确性;最后测量不同粒径范围下的飞灰含碳量。
1)对不同粒径范围的飞灰进行测量,将具有不同粒度范围的灰样A和灰样B分别添加到波导中,比较系统测量值与灰位实际值之间的偏差。
2)验证主峰衰减拟合模型的准确性,采用矢量网络分析仪,对含碳量为0%、1.0%、2.0%、3.0%的标准灰A及标准灰B进行了标定,对含碳量为0.5%、1.5%、2.5%的标准灰样A和标准灰样B进行测量,并将实测结果与实际值进行对比。
3)测量在不同粒度范围内的灰样A与灰样B的碳含量,对不同粒度、含碳量为1.5%的灰样A、灰样B进行微波时域主峰衰减的测量,并根据拟合曲线计算含碳量,并将实测结果与实际值进行对比。
将质量为30 g的不同粒度范围的灰样A与灰样B放入波导中,测量结果如图5图6所示。结果表明,在同一质量条件下,空气-飞灰界面的反射时间随飞灰粒度的降低而增大。这主要是因为飞灰粒径越小,颗粒间的间隙越小,导致飞灰的灰位越低。
为了测定在不同粒度范围内的灰样A及灰样B的实际灰位,将质量为30 g具有不同粒度范围的灰样A及灰样B添加到与波导内直径尺寸相同的容器中,分别对其灰位进行测量。系统测量结果和灰位实际值如表1所示。由表1可以看出,在波导管中,微波法测量灰位的误差与飞灰粒径大小没有相关性,故粒径大小对灰位的测量精度没有显著的影响。
用实验筛对灰样A和灰样B进行了筛选,并将其划分为5个粒度区间。将各种粒度的灰分别称量,并对其所占比例进行对比,结果如图7所示。灰样A主要是由粒径范围在75~150 μm的飞灰颗粒组成,灰样B主要是由粒径范围在63~100 μm的飞灰颗粒组成。
传统含碳量拟合模型是以不同含碳量灰样品为基础,以灰样含碳量和特征频率的幅值衰减来拟合灰样。这种模型有2点不足,其一是需要根据灰样来选择拟合较好的特征频率,其次是碳含量的计算存在较大的误差。
将矢量网络分析仪的扫描点数设为801点,扫描频段设为9.6~14 GHz。本文选取10.205、10.403、10.601 GHz的频点作为特征频点(表2)。在不同频点下,对含碳量为0%、1.0%、2.0%、3.0%、4.0%的标准灰样进行拟合。使用可决系数R2评价灰样的拟合程度,不同频点下的灰样拟合结果如图8图9所示。由表2可知,灰样在不同频点下的拟合优度差异较大。对于不同灰样,相同频点下的拟和优度也有较大差异。为了更好地计算含碳量,需要选择拟合优度较好的特征频点。
可决系数是用来说明因变量变化可靠程度的一个统计指标,可以用式(7)进行解释。
R2=1i=15(y^iy¯)i=15(yiy^i)
式中:R2为可决系数;yi为待拟合的样本点;y¯为样本点的平均值;ŷi为样本点的拟合值。
由于灰样A的含碳量拟合结果在10.205 GHz较好,选取10.205 GHz作为灰样A的特征频率。由于灰样B的含碳量拟合结果在10.403 GHz较好,选取10.403 GHz作为灰样B的特征频率。在特征频率下,使用矢量网络分析仪测量含碳量为0.5%、1.5%、2.5%的灰样A和灰样B对微波信号的幅值衰减,并根据数学模型分别对含碳量为0.5%、1.5%、2.5%的灰样A和灰样B进行含碳量计算。含碳量计算结果见表3。由表3可知,使用特征频率法计算飞灰含碳量误差较大。式(8)和式(9)分别是灰样A和灰样B在特征频率下的计算模型。
uc=0.202 3DB10.2051.700 7
uc=0.207 5DB10.4031.974 4
式中:uc为飞灰拟合含碳量;DB10.205为10.205 GHz频率下,灰样品A对微波信号的幅值衰减;DB10.403为10.403 GHz频率下,灰样品B对微波信号的幅值衰减。
本文提出使用时域主峰衰减和灰样含碳量来拟合灰样。对不同含碳量的灰样A和灰样B进行S21参数测量,将S21频域响应转换为时域响应,记录不同含碳量灰样的主峰衰减。S21参数的时域变换结果如图10所示。图10中幅值衰减最大点即为时域主峰衰减。
根据主峰衰减和灰样含碳量拟合灰样A和灰样B。时域主峰衰减法拟合结果如图11所示。由图11可以看出,灰样A与灰样B拟合结果较好。
使用可决系数R2评价灰样的拟合程度,灰样A和灰样B的拟合优度分别为0.99和0.98。式(10)是灰样A的计算模型,式(11)是灰样B的计算模型。
uc=0.774 62DBA12.394 75
uc=0.677 2DBB12.392 82
式中:uc为飞灰拟合含碳量;DBA为灰样A时域主峰衰减;DBB为灰样B时域主峰衰减。
测量含碳量为0.5%、1.5%、2.5%的灰样A和灰样B的时域主峰衰减,并根据数学模型分别对含碳量为0.5%、1.5%、2.5%的灰样A和灰样B进行含碳量计算。计算结果见表4
表4可知,采用时间域峰值法进行碳含量的拟合,其结果与实际值吻合良好。由于灰样A和灰样B是由不同煤种燃烧后得到的灰样,其金属氧化物的组成及含量也各不相同。已有的研究结果发现[25],飞灰中不同类型的金属氧化物对其介电损耗的影响存在差异,有些材料的介电损耗随掺杂量的增大而增大,而有些则随掺杂量的增大而减小。介电损耗是导致微波信号衰减的主要因素。虽然灰样A与灰样B含碳量一样,但其在微波辐射信号中的衰减仍有差别,从而造成碳含量测定结果的差别。
以往的研究方法和本文的时域峰值法都是通过对不同煤种的灰样进行标定,不同煤种对应不同的拟合曲线。测量待测灰样对微波信号的幅值衰减,根据拟合曲线来计算含碳量。特征频率拟合法误差较大并且需要根据灰样选择拟合程度较好的频点。时域峰值法有着灵活性好、误差小等优点。
测量含碳量为1.5%、不同粒径的灰样A和灰样B的时域主峰衰减,并根据数学模型计算拟合含碳量。含碳量测量结果见表5。从表5可以看出,在含碳量相同的情况下,随飞灰颗粒尺寸的减小,飞灰对微波信号的衰减也随之降低,从而使含碳量的测量值随飞灰粒径的减小而增加。
将灰样A筛分后,得出灰样A主要是由100~150 μm和75~100 μm 2个粒径范围的飞灰颗粒组成。灰样A的含碳量拟合模型是基于未筛分的灰样A,因此灰样A2和A3的拟合含碳量更接近灰样A的实际含碳量。将灰样B筛分后,得出灰样B主要是由75~100 μm和63~75 μm 2个粒径范围的飞灰颗粒组成。灰样B的含碳量拟合模型是基于未筛分的灰样B,因此灰样B3和B4的拟合含碳量更接近灰样B的实际含碳量。
当微波信号通过介质时,一部分能量会转化为热能,导致信号强度降低。这种现象称为介电损耗。材料的介电常数越高,其介电损耗就越大,信号衰减也就越严重。对于由2种介质组成的材料,复合介电常数的计算公式如式(12)所示。空气-飞灰混合介质的介电常数与空气介电常数、飞灰介电常数、空气的体积比和飞灰的体积比有关。由于飞灰的介电常数大于空气的介电常数,空气-飞灰混合介质的介电常数随着空气体积分数增加而减小。在相同质量、不同粒度范围内的飞灰中,随着颗粒尺寸的增大,气体的体积分数增大,从而降低了介质的介电常数。
effComposites=effairv1+effashv2
式中:effComposites为由空气和飞灰混合后的介电常数;effair为空气的介电常数;effash为飞灰的介电常数;v1为混合介质中空气的体积分数;v2v1+v2=1)为混合介质中飞灰的体积分数。
微波法以其准确度高、实时性好、测量系统简单方便等优点成为粉煤灰含碳量测量的主流方法。然而,在微波法飞灰含碳量在线测量系统中,飞灰粒径和飞灰含碳量拟合模型对测量精度影响很大,尚未有研究开展关于误差较小的含碳量拟合模型和飞灰粒径对金属波导内飞灰测量的影响。飞灰含碳量在线测量依托取样装置从尾部烟道进行取样。然而,由于取样装置的原理和取样位置不同,所得飞灰粒径会有差异。在使用微波法进行在线测量时,需要提前对灰样进行标定。当用于标定的灰样粒径与取样得到的灰样粒径差异较大时,含碳量测量会出现较大误差。为了更准确地测量飞灰含碳量,需要使用取样装置中的灰样进行标定。本文提出使用时域主峰衰减拟合含碳量,并通过对微波法测量波导内灰位及含碳量的研究,分析了波导内不同粒径范围的飞灰对测量灰位和飞灰含碳量的影响,在一定程度上解决了上述问题,为微波法测量飞灰含碳量的修正提供了参考。结果表明:
1)当使用微波法测量波导内灰位时,对于相同质量的灰样,随着飞灰粒径的减小,飞灰的灰位逐渐降低。对于波导管中相同质量的灰样,飞灰的粒径对灰位的测量精度没有显著的影响。
2)当采用S21时域的主峰衰减对标准灰样进行拟合时,拟合曲线的优度较好。采用时间域峰值法计算含碳量,其结果与实际值吻合良好。使用时间域峰值法计算含碳量,误差控制在0.2%以内。
3)当使用微波法测量波导内飞灰含碳量时,对于相同质量的灰样,随着飞灰粒径的减小,波导内飞灰对微波信号的衰减逐渐减小,从而使碳含量的测量值随着飞灰粒径的减小而增加。由于飞灰的介电常数大于空气的介电常数,空气-飞灰混合介质的介电常数随着空气体积分数增加而减小。在相同质量、不同粒度范围内的飞灰中,随着颗粒尺寸的增大,气体的体积分数增大,从而降低了介质的介电常数、进而导致碳含量的测量值随着飞灰粒径的减小而增加。
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2024年第53卷第6期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202403024
  • 接收时间:2024-03-01
  • 首发时间:2026-01-07
  • 出版时间:2024-06-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-01
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    1.华北电力大学控制与计算机工程学院,北京 102206
    2.国电建设内蒙古能源有限公司,内蒙古 鄂尔多斯 017209

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牛玉广(1964),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为发电过程状态检测与优化控制,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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