Article(id=1215700884126880585, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1215700878661702357, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202401028, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1705507200000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-18, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1767775277406, onlineDateStr=2026-01-07, pubDate=1719244800000, pubDateStr=2024-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1767775277406, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1767775277406, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767775277406, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1215700878661702357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2024', volume='53', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='150', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1767775276102, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767775427616, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1215701514199417515, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1215700878661702357, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1215701514199417516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1215700878661702357, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=142, endPage=150, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1215700884399510363, articleId=1215700884126880585, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Real-time digital display technology for operation status of direct air cooling system in power plants, columnId=1211002405299294959, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Thermal energy science research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With the rapid development of artificial intelligence, virtual reality and augmented reality technology, it is possible to realize real-time monitoring of operation state of air cooling island of direct air cooling unit by using digital virtual technology. Firstly, a three-dimensional model of the air-cooled island is established, and the operating state parameters of the air-cooled island are obtained by numerical calculation. The air-cooled island operating state database and display and query software are developed. Secondly, based on the concept of digital twin, a meteorological station is set up in the power plant to obtain real-time change data of ambient temperature, wind speed and wind direction, and the operating conditions of the unit are used as software input parameters. Finally, the operation state of the air-cooled island is calculated and displayed in three dimensions. The real-time display technology for air operation state of air cooling system based on digital twin avoids the investment and maintenance of a large number of measuring points on site, which lays a foundation for the development of intelligent power stations.

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随着人工智能、数字孪生技术及数字化虚拟技术的快速发展,采用数字化虚拟技术实现电站直接空冷机组空冷岛运行状态的实时监测成为可能。首先,建立空冷岛三维模型,通过数值计算获得空冷岛空气状态参数,开发空冷岛运行状态数据库及显示和查询软件;其次,基于数字孪生技术,在电厂设置气象站,获得环境气温、风速、风向实时变化数据,连同机组运行工况参数输入监测软件;最终,计算获得空冷岛空气运行状态并进行三维显示。基于数字孪生技术的空冷系统空气运行状态实时显示技术避免了现场大量装设测点的投资和检修维护工作,为智慧电站的发展奠定了基础。

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陈磊(1988),男,副教授,主要研究方向为电站智慧冷端,
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黎景越(1970),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为热力发电技术开发及应用,

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黎景越(1970),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为热力发电技术开发及应用,

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黎景越(1970),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为热力发电技术开发及应用,

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articleId=1215700884126880585, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=运行状态), Keyword(id=1215700890699354321, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700884126880585, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=可视化)], refs=[Reference(id=1215700894650388819, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700884126880585, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=null, issue=20, pageStart=248, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=孙志伟, journalName=山东工业技术, refType=null, unstructuredReference=孙志伟. 300 MW直接空冷机组空冷岛的防冻措施[J]. 山东工业技术, 2015(20): 248., articleTitle=300 MW直接空冷机组空冷岛的防冻措施, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215700894738469210, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700884126880585, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=null, issue=20, pageStart=248, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=1, authorNames=SUN Zhiwei, 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journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700884126880585, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Variation of efficiency with the upstream wind speed of the finned tube bundle

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ua/(m·s–1)0.51.01.52.02.53.03.5
ε0.9980.9690.9230.8760.8630.8010.772
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效能随翅片管束迎面风速的变化

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ua/(m·s–1)0.51.01.52.02.53.03.5
ε0.9980.9690.9230.8760.8630.8010.772
), ArticleFig(id=1215700894100934974, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700884126880585, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Comparison between designed and numerical results under TMCR condition

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数设计参数数值计算结果
排汽焓/(kJ·kg–1)2 448.902 429.13
背压/kPa13.8013.80
热负荷/MW421.73424.58
), ArticleFig(id=1215700894168043843, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700884126880585, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

TMCR工况下设计参数和数值模拟计算结果比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数设计参数数值计算结果
排汽焓/(kJ·kg–1)2 448.902 429.13
背压/kPa13.8013.80
热负荷/MW421.73424.58
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电站直接空冷系统运行状态数字化实时显示技术
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黎景越 1 , 张铎 1 , 翟金星 1 , 倪傲旋 2 , 陈磊 2 , 杨立军 2
热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2024,53(6): 142-150
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热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2024, 53(6): 142-150
电站直接空冷系统运行状态数字化实时显示技术
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黎景越1 , 张铎1, 翟金星1, 倪傲旋2, 陈磊2 , 杨立军2
作者信息
  • 1.通辽霍林河坑口发电有限责任公司,内蒙古 霍林郭勒 029200
  • 2.华北电力大学能源动力与机械工程学院,北京 102206
  • 黎景越(1970),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为热力发电技术开发及应用,

通讯作者:

陈磊(1988),男,副教授,主要研究方向为电站智慧冷端,
Real-time digital display technology for operation status of direct air cooling system in power plants
Jingyue LI1 , Duo ZHANG1, Jinxing ZHAI1, Aoxuan NI2, Lei CHEN2 , Lijun YANG2
Affiliations
  • 1.Tongliao Huolinhe Pithead Power Company, Huolinguole 029200, China
  • 2.School of Energy Power and Mechanical Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
出版时间: 2024-06-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202401028
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随着人工智能、数字孪生技术及数字化虚拟技术的快速发展,采用数字化虚拟技术实现电站直接空冷机组空冷岛运行状态的实时监测成为可能。首先,建立空冷岛三维模型,通过数值计算获得空冷岛空气状态参数,开发空冷岛运行状态数据库及显示和查询软件;其次,基于数字孪生技术,在电厂设置气象站,获得环境气温、风速、风向实时变化数据,连同机组运行工况参数输入监测软件;最终,计算获得空冷岛空气运行状态并进行三维显示。基于数字孪生技术的空冷系统空气运行状态实时显示技术避免了现场大量装设测点的投资和检修维护工作,为智慧电站的发展奠定了基础。

直接空冷系统  /  数字孪生  /  运行状态  /  可视化

With the rapid development of artificial intelligence, virtual reality and augmented reality technology, it is possible to realize real-time monitoring of operation state of air cooling island of direct air cooling unit by using digital virtual technology. Firstly, a three-dimensional model of the air-cooled island is established, and the operating state parameters of the air-cooled island are obtained by numerical calculation. The air-cooled island operating state database and display and query software are developed. Secondly, based on the concept of digital twin, a meteorological station is set up in the power plant to obtain real-time change data of ambient temperature, wind speed and wind direction, and the operating conditions of the unit are used as software input parameters. Finally, the operation state of the air-cooled island is calculated and displayed in three dimensions. The real-time display technology for air operation state of air cooling system based on digital twin avoids the investment and maintenance of a large number of measuring points on site, which lays a foundation for the development of intelligent power stations.

direct air cooling system  /  digital twin  /  operation status  /  visualization
黎景越, 张铎, 翟金星, 倪傲旋, 陈磊, 杨立军. 电站直接空冷系统运行状态数字化实时显示技术. 热力发电, 2024 , 53 (6) : 142 -150 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202401028
Jingyue LI, Duo ZHANG, Jinxing ZHAI, Aoxuan NI, Lei CHEN, Lijun YANG. Real-time digital display technology for operation status of direct air cooling system in power plants[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2024 , 53 (6) : 142 -150 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202401028
直接空冷系统利用环境大气作为冷却介质直接冷却汽轮机排汽,主要包括A型框架顺逆流组合空冷凝汽器、排汽管道系统、凝结水收集系统、抽真空系统、散热器清洗系统以及控制系统等[1]。作为关键设备的空冷凝汽器,其外部为环境空气的强制对流换热过程,内部为排汽的近似等温冷凝过程[2]。实时监测冷却空气的状态参数,如空气流速和温度分布,能在一定程度上反映直接空冷系统的运行状况,进而确定轴流风机转速,实现空冷系统的灵活调节,为直接空冷机组的安全高效运行提供技术支撑[3-4]
为了监测直接空冷系统运行状态,传统方法是在空冷岛翅片管束上布置温度测点,或者安装非接触式光纤测温电缆,以及采用红外热成像仪,获取翅片管束的外部温度。例如:国建刚等针对直接空冷机组运行中存在的问题,结合空冷温度场实时数据进行了机组背压优化和空冷凝汽器防冻监测的优化设计,阐明了空冷凝汽器进出口空气温度在线监测的必要性[5]。高建强等比较了各种测温方法的优缺点,提出了一种改进的温度场在线监测系统,并探讨了空冷凝汽器温度测量技术的发展方向[6]。王岗等利用红外热成像仪对某机组空冷凝汽器温度场进行成像,获得了空冷凝汽器温度分布规律[7]。刘文利等通过安装空冷温度在线监视系统,成功解决了冬季空冷岛管束结冰问题[8],许铁等基于iFIX开发了空冷岛温度监测系统[9]。侯鹏飞等在空冷岛上安装搭载有温度和风速传感器的实时移动监测装置,并采用传感器技术,对现场数据进行采集和传输[10]。综上可见,传统温度监测方法投资大,可靠度低,同时精度也无法保证。即便如此,多数电厂也仅有少量凝结水温度、背压、风机转速、风向等测点,没有空冷凝汽器的空气温度和管壁温度的监测装置。如果需要一些运行的温度数据都是人工临时进行测量,同时结合运行经验进行处理,缺乏科学依据,有一定的盲目性和滞后性。
近年来,随着人工智能及数字孪生、虚拟现实技术的快速发展,采用数字化虚拟技术实现空冷岛运行状态的实时监测成为可能[11]。基于数字孪生理念,通过三维可视化的手段将直接空冷系统的整体结构、设备分布情况以及空气运行状态进行立体化呈现,满足多样化展示需求,并能及时查看相关风险点位,确保生产安全。尤其在低温环境条件下,空冷凝汽器翅片管束面临冻结风险。采用数字孪生技术,建立直接空冷系统虚拟现实三维模型,获得翅片管束出口气流温度和速度分布,实现空冷系统翅片管束流动换热情况的在线监测,并能及时采取措施避免管束冻结风险,节省了大量人力物力,对于机组的安全经济运行具有重要意义。同时,数字孪生技术在直接空冷系统的应用使得空冷岛的运行状态更为直观,便于实现空冷风机转速的精准调控,进一步提升空冷机组运行的经济性。
本文以某电厂2×660 MW机组的直接空冷系统为研究对象,开发数字孪生技术,实现直接空冷系统空气运行状态的实时显示,提升机组运行的安全性和经济性水平。
直接空冷系统规模庞大,模型实验和现场热力性能测试都面临极大的挑战,而且难以获得准确的测试结果。计算流体动力学(computational fluid dynamic,CFD)是一种数字化模拟仿真方法,可以实现真实复杂系统的性能预报和状态再现,为实体系统的数字化孪生技术实施提供了强有力的仿真工具。随着计算机软硬件技术的不断发展,CFD的精度和复杂性越来越高[12]。通过CFD方法,可以获得不同环境气象条件,不同运行参数下,直接空冷系统的流场、温度场等状态数据,从而实现直接空冷系统运行状态的数字化虚拟,为空冷岛的状态监测和安全运行提供直观的可视化控制手段[13]
在CFD中,存在一些描述流场和温度场特征的重要量,如压强、密度、流速和温度等,可视化要求能对这些量在流场中的分布进行精确显示。针对二维物理场,通常采用等值线图,在等值线间采用颜色填充。在紊态情况下,彩色云图以动画形式出现,产生更明显的可视化效果[14];在三维物理场中,则可采用平面分割技术,将物理实体分割成若干个平面,在每一个面上用二维标量的显示技术,形成一系列的断面,最后用透视变换显示,也可采用等值技术形成半透明的彩色等值面,辅以透视变换,再以立体图显示[15]。对于多个标量分布情况,可采用综合显示的方法,生成具有颜色填充的等值线,这样显示更加直观,反映的信息量更多[16]
面向对象的CFD可视化模型由图形对象模型、数据驱动模型和显示模型3个部分组成[17]。通过这种方法所开发的可视化软件能够很方便地移植到其他计算机,用户只需要将数据上传便可以获得可视化图形,软件实用性大大提升,节约了人力物力资源。
为了实现CFD计算结果的可视化,需保证数值模拟过程中各步骤的准确性和精度。首先,需要建立与实际直接空冷系统结构和尺寸相一致的三维物理模型,通常将主机房、空冷岛、空冷岛附近建筑物、可能影响空冷岛运行状态的地形地貌等统统考虑进去[18]图1给出了某直接空冷电厂的几何模型示意。由图1可见,直接空冷系统空冷岛由数十个,甚至上百个呈矩形阵列布置的空冷凝汽器单元构成。空冷凝汽器单元结构如图2所示,图2中A字型布置的翅片管束位于空冷凝汽器单元上方,轴流风机位于空冷凝汽器单元下方,采用机械通风的方式,将冷却空气输送至翅片管束入口,然后流经翅片管束,与管内汽轮机排汽进行换热,冷凝管内蒸汽,换热后热空气由空冷凝汽器单元上方排入大气。
针对空冷凝汽器空气和蒸汽流动换热过程的描述主要包括传热方程和能量守恒方程。空冷凝汽器处蒸汽和空气传热方程为:
Φ=KAΔtm
式中:Ф为空冷凝汽器换热量;∆tm为空冷凝汽器对数平均温差;K为空冷凝汽器换热系数;A为空冷凝汽器换热面积。
Δtm=lnΔtmaxΔtminΔtmax/Δtmin
式中:∆tmax和∆tmin分别为空冷凝汽器进口或出口冷热流体温差最大值和最小值。
空冷凝汽器处蒸汽和空气传热过程能量守恒方程为:
Φ=macpΔt=msΔh
式中:mams分别为空气质量流量和排汽流量;cp为空气比热容;∆t为空冷凝汽器空气进出口温差;∆h为空冷凝汽器管束内蒸汽进出口焓差。在蒸汽凝结换热过程中,焓值是描述蒸汽状态的主要参数。
对于空冷凝汽器蒸汽和空气换热数值模型,采用空气和蒸汽流动换热耦合换热器模型,可以准确地模拟管内蒸汽冷凝过程。其原理是将翅片管束沿蒸汽流动方向划分为N个网格,垂直于蒸汽流动方向划分为M个网格,厚度方向(空气流动方向)划分1个网格,总共将空冷凝汽器单元一侧翅片管束划分为M×N个换热微元(图3)。
在微元i中,空气与蒸汽的流动方向相互垂直,它们之间的传热过程可描述为[19]
Φi=ε(mcp)prim,i(taux,iti)
式中:ε为空冷凝汽器效能;(mcp)prim,i为冷却空气热容量;taux,i为饱和排汽温度或凝结水温度;ti为微元中心空气温度。蒸汽焓降则通过式(3)进行计算,在迭代计算过程中根据蒸汽焓值反馈蒸汽温度taux,t的值,进行与空气的换热计算。表1给出了空冷凝汽器效能ε随管束迎面风速ua的变化规律。
翅片管束阻力特性描述为:
Δp=12fρua2
式中:f为阻力特性参数,可通过实验数据拟合得到[20]
空气侧流动换热控制方程为:
ρujφxj=xj(Γφφxj)+Sφ(j=1, 2, 3)
式中:uj为沿xj方向的空气分速度;φ为变量;ΓφSφ分别为变量φ的扩散系数和源项。
Realizable k-ε湍流模型能准确模拟旋转流动和强逆压梯度下的边界层流动,故适用于空冷系统流动模拟[21]。对于连续性方程,φ=1,Γ=0,S=0;对于能量方程,φ=TΓ=μe/σTS=0;对于动量方程,在xyz 3个方向上,有:
{φ=ux,Γ=μeff=μ+μtS=x(μeffuxx)+y(μeffuyx)+z(μeffuzx)+Fxpxφ=uy,Γ=μeff=μ+μtS=x(μeffuxy)+y(μeffuyy)+z(μeffuzy)+Fypyφ=uz,Γ=μeff=μ+μtS=x(μeffuxz)+y(μeffuyz)+z(μeffuzz)+Fzpz
式中:T为温度;u为速度;p为压力;F为体积力;μ为空气动力黏度;σ为湍流普朗特数。
采用realizable k-ε模型模拟湍流,湍动能和湍流耗散率表示为:
φ=k,Γ=μ+μTσk时,
S=Gk+Gbρε
φ=ε,Γ=μ+μTσk时,
S=εk(Gk+GbC2ρε)
式中:k表示湍动能;ε表示湍流耗散率;GkGb分别表示由层流速率梯度和浮力生成的湍动能。
轴流风机采用集总参数风机模型,风机压降Δp采用表示为[22]
Δp=n=1Nfnuzn1
式中:uz为空气沿风机轴向流速;fn为拟合系数。
对于风机某处切向流速uθ,将其指定为径向距离r的函数,通常表达为:
uθ=n=1Nfnrn1N6
基于以上物理数学模型,可以准确模拟实际过程中不同环境气象条件和机组运行工况下,直接空冷系统翅片管束内的蒸汽和空冷系统空气侧的流动换热过程,获得直接空冷系统各物理量场及机组性能参数变化规律。
由于直接空冷系统规模较大,且受环境气象条件影响严重,很难直接进行现场的验证实验,也很难进行实验室的模型验证实验。因此,以机组TMCR设计工况参数为依据,对数值模型的准确性进行间接验证,结果见表2。由表2可以看出,在相同的环境气象条件(气温为14.5 ℃和风速为6 m/s)和机组运行工况(TMCR工况)下,机组热负荷与数值计算所得热负荷相对误差小于1%,验证了数值模型的准确性。
为了真实反应直接空冷系统运行状态,将环境温度、风向、风速及机组负荷作为数据库输入变量,也是CFD计算所需边界条件。其中,机组负荷选取100%、75%和50% 3个常见工况;风速选取2、4、6、8、12 m/s 5个工况;环境温度选取–8、–6、–4、0、5、20、25 ℃;风向角间隔22.5°作为1个计算工况。在以上4个输入变量的组合工况下,通过CFD计算获得直接空冷系统空冷岛运行状态,迭代计算流程如图4所示。由图4可见,首先,假设机组背压pb,查表获得相应的饱和水和排汽焓值,计算机组理论总热负荷ϕ。其次,在不同环境气象条件下,调整轴流风机转速分配方案,直至计算热负荷ϕ与理论热负荷ϕ在误差允许范围内,则认为计算收敛。最终,计算获得直接空冷系统各物理场分布规律和轴流风机功耗等性能参数变化规律。
获得空冷岛运行状态后,即可建立涵盖所有实际运行工况的直接空冷系统空气状态参数数据集。通过选取一些描述流场和温度场特征的重要物理量,如压强、密度、流速和温度等,建立起实时显示软件运行所需的数据库。
以温度和速度为例,在CFD计算结果中取出翅片管束出口各数据点的位置信息和温度与速度的具体数值信息,如图5所示。数值点的数量在软件中可任意调整,以更好地反映翅片管束出口各物理场分布规律。由于实际环境气象条件和机组运行工况与CFD计算组合工况之间存在差异,且数据库中数据点某物理量具体数值对应的是一系列特定工况下的值,通过对机组运行工况参数变化范围的全覆盖,引入多参数拟合和多变量内插算法,可计算获得实际运行工况下翅片管束出口各数据点位某物理量的具体数值,最终通过颜色进行数值大小的区分,并对空冷岛翅片管束出口温度和速度云图进行实时显示[23]
环境气象条件是决定直接空冷系统运行性能的关键因素。当环境气象条件如气温、风速、风向等发生变化,空气冷却能力也会随之发生改变,从而影响空冷机组的热力特性,机组背压随之波动,严重时还会影响机组的安全运行[24]。空冷机组冬季运行时,环境气温低,空气冷却能力强,空冷管束面临极大的冻结风险,机组安全运行受到威胁。及时获取环境气象条件的实时变化,并进行有针对性的运行调节,成为决定空冷机组安全经济运行的关键要素和必要条件[25]
基于数字孪生的直接空冷系统空气运行状态实时显示技术需要在电厂空旷地带设置小型气象站(图6),用于采集气温、风速、风向的实时数据。图6设备是一款高度集成、低功耗、可快速安装、便于野外监测使用的高精度自动气象观测设备,采用五要素一体式传感器,可对风速、风向、温度、湿度、气压等气象要素进行实时观测,实现户外气象参数24 h连续在线监测。上述气象数据通过通信电缆传输到实时显示系统主站设备,作为显示软件的输入参数,为基于数字孪生的直接空冷系统空气运行状态实时显示技术的实施提供基本数据。
气象站测点布置在电站空冷岛上风口某处10 m高度的位置,与数值模型中几何区域内的同一位置相对应。因此,可将该位置气象站风速、风向和风温读数作为输入参数,在数值模型数据库中进行插值计算,获得该实际运行参数下的计算结果,来反映空冷凝汽器空气侧流动换热变化特性。
机组负荷作为另一个重要输入参数,与直接空冷系统的运行状态密切相关。机组负荷的大小直接决定了空冷岛热负荷,对空冷岛各物理量场的变化具有重要影响。
机组负荷并不能直接作为空冷岛CFD计算的输入边界条件,汽轮机不同负荷对应不同排汽流量,排汽进入空冷凝汽器翅片管束内进行冷凝,形成凝结水。可见凝结水流量可间接反应机组负荷大小,因此可将机组负荷转换为相应的凝结水流量,并以此为依据计算空冷岛热负荷[26]
在机组DCS中,布置了凝结水流量测点,通过通信电缆信号传输,可将凝结水流量数据写入软件所在服务器从站特定地址,并将其作为数据库软件计算的实时输入条件,与来自气象站的环境气象条件参数相结合,构成完整的数据库计算所需实时输入参数,实现直接空冷系统运行状态的实时计算和显示。
空冷岛空气运行状态实时显示技术可进行空冷岛的整体展示,旨在全方位把握空气温度场、流场变化规律,为直接空冷系统安全经济运行提供直观参考。图7给出了某2·600 MW机组其中一个空冷岛在环境温度10 ℃、环境风速4 m/s、风向为270°(西风)、凝结水流量为800 t/h时的整体温度场和流场。此时环境风来自空冷岛正前方,处于上游的第1行空冷单元运行条件最为恶劣,此时空冷单元进口流动畸变加剧,进入空冷单元的冷却空气流量减少,出口温度相对升高。图7清晰地展示了第1行空冷单元较低的出口空气流速和较高的空气温度。
为了考察空冷岛局部区域或某个空冷单元的运行状态,需要进行空冷岛运行状态的局部展示,以期获得更为丰富的流场和温度场信息,指导空冷机组安全运行。图8给出了图7空冷岛运行状态下,第10和20列的第7个空冷单元的流场和温度场。由图8可以看到,空冷单元管束出口每个区域的流速和温度都能直观呈现,通过数字孪生技术,实现了空冷岛流场和温度场的数字化显示和监测。
机组热惯性较大,而环境气象条件时刻变化,使得机组对于环境气象条件变化的反应具有滞后性。因此,在机组变工况计算过程中,数据库气象数据的输入和结果计算时间间隔可依据现场经验进行选取,例如每隔5 min计算反馈1次,并进行1次轴流风机转速调整。
根据数据库提供的空冷单元出口不同位置的流速和温度数值,还可以进行空气运行状态的定量查询,从而获得不同环境气象条件、不同机组负荷状态下每个空冷单元出口不同位置处的流速和温度,实现真正意义上的空冷岛运行状态的数字化虚拟现实技术,替代传统测试手段,起到监测空冷岛运行状况的目的。图9给出了第10列第7个空冷单元一侧翅片管束出口不同高度位置的示例查询点位流速和温度变化规律。示例查询点位处于翅片管束具有代表性的顶部、中部和底部水平线上,由图9a)可以看出,随翅片管束出口查询点位高度的增加,管束出口空气速度逐渐降低;由于空冷单元内旋转上升气流与A字型单元结构的共同作用,导致水平方向气流偏向管束一侧,出现了翅片管束出口水平方向流速左高右低的趋势。另一方面,在顶部和中部位置,翅片管束出口空气温度基本一致;在底部位置,水平方向管束出口气流温度出现左低右高的趋势。其原因在于,翅片管束不同位置冷却空气流量不同,导致其不同位置的热流密度和出口空气温度也不同,热流密度随速度增加而增加,出口温度随速度增加而降低。
基于数字孪生理念,建立了空冷岛三维数学物理模型,获得了不同组合工况下空冷岛运行状态数据集,开发了空冷岛运行状态数据库及显示和查询软件。通过设置气象站,获得环境气温、风速、风向实时参数,并结合DCS中机组负荷实时信号,共同作为模型输入参数,计算得到空冷岛空气运行状态并进行实时显示。
基于数字孪生的空冷系统空气运行状态实时显示技术,结合了CFD模拟计算、数据库计算查询和三维可视化软件。通过在国内某电站2×600 MW直接空冷机组上的成功应用,避免了现场大量装设测点的投资和检修维护工作,节约了大量人力物力,推动了智慧电站的进一步发展。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52006070)
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2024年第53卷第6期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202401028
  • 接收时间:2024-01-18
  • 首发时间:2026-01-07
  • 出版时间:2024-06-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-18
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(52006070)
国家自然科学基金项目(52006070)
作者信息
    1.通辽霍林河坑口发电有限责任公司,内蒙古 霍林郭勒 029200
    2.华北电力大学能源动力与机械工程学院,北京 102206

通讯作者:

陈磊(1988),男,副教授,主要研究方向为电站智慧冷端,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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