Article(id=1215700883225105177, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1215700878661702357, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202401007, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1705248000000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-15, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1767775277190, onlineDateStr=2026-01-07, pubDate=1719244800000, pubDateStr=2024-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1767775277190, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1767775277190, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767775277190, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1215700878661702357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2024', volume='53', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='150', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1767775276102, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767775427616, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1215701514199417515, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1215700878661702357, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1215701514199417516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1215700878661702357, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=39, endPage=47, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1215700883518706470, articleId=1215700883225105177, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Study on mixed combustion characteristics of sewage sludge and camellia oleifera shell, columnId=1215700879274070743, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=New energy power generation technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The effects of blending ratio and heating rate on co-combustion characteristics of municipal sludge and camellia oleifera shell were studied by thermogravimetric analysis, and the combustion kinetics of the samples were modeled by two methods, Flynn-Wall-Ozawa (FWO) and Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (KAS). Moreover, the flammability index and comprehensive combustion characteristic index of various samples were calculated, and the interaction between the mixed fuel components during the combustion process was analyzed. The results show that, the burnout temperature of the mixed fuel significantly reduced, and the combustion stability and comprehensive combustion characteristics were significantly improved after the sludge was mixed with camellia oleifera shell. With the increase of the mass blending ratio of camellia oleifera shell from 20% to 80%, the burnout temperature decreased from 590 ℃ to 532 ℃, the burnout degree gradually increased, the mass loss increased from 63.13% to 92.19%, and the flammability index and comprehensive combustion characteristic index increased by 1.66 and 2.32 times, respectively. The interaction between the components of sludge and camellia oleifera shell mixed combustion occurred, which showed an inhibition effect in the volatile combustion stage, while a promoting effect in the fixed carbon combustion stage. The average apparent activation energies of sludge calculated by the FWO method and KAS method were 122.32 kJ/mol and 118.08 kJ/mol, respectively, and the average apparent activation energies of the camellia oleifera shell were 166.46 kJ/mol and 164.94 kJ/mol, respectively. The average apparent activation energy of the mixed samples increased with the mass mixing ratio of camellia oleifera shell.

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采用热重分析法研究掺混比和升温速率对市政污泥和油茶壳混燃特性的影响,使用Flynn-Wall-Ozawa(FWO)和Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose(KAS)2种方法对样品的燃烧动力学进行建模,计算了各类样品的稳燃性指数和综合燃烧特性指数,分析了燃烧过程中混合燃料成分间的交互作用。结果表明:污泥掺混油茶壳后,混合燃料的燃尽温度明显降低,燃烧稳定性能和综合燃烧特性有明显改善;随着油茶壳掺混质量比从20%升至80%,燃尽温度从590 ℃下降到532 ℃,燃尽程度也逐渐变大,失质量由63.13%增加到92.19%,稳燃性指数和综合燃烧特性指数分别增加1.66和2.32倍;随着升温速率的增加,混合样品的燃尽温度、稳燃性指数和综合燃烧特性指数均提高,而燃尽程度变小,且着火温度无明显变化;污泥与油茶壳混合燃烧各组分间发生了交互现象,在挥发分燃烧阶段表现为抑制作用,而固定碳燃烧阶段表现为促进作用;FWO法和KAS法计算污泥的平均表观活化能分别为122.32、118.08 kJ/mol,油茶壳的平均表观活化能分别为166.46、164.94 kJ/mol,混合样品的平均表观活化能随着油茶壳掺混质量比的增加而增大。

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汪红梅(1971),女,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为多功能材料,
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石炎军(1999),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为固体废弃物资源化利用,

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石炎军(1999),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为固体废弃物资源化利用,

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石炎军(1999),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为固体废弃物资源化利用,

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journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700883225105177, language=CN, label=图5, caption=混合样品在混合燃烧4阶段的RMS和MR, figureFileSmall=G1aRRttvYqjDGNythbZnFQ==, figureFileBig=LzxB3UmACqxcbyiWV8R65w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215700889764024462, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700883225105177, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Ultimate and proximate analysis of camellia oleifera shell and sludge

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品工业分析w/%元素分析w/%高位热值/(MJ·kg–1)
MadAadVadFCadCadHadOadNadSad
油茶壳CS5.262.4248.1144.2150.874.7136.180.510.0518.83
污泥MS2.9443.6845.727.6627.364.2316.634.440.7211.52
), ArticleFig(id=1215700889885659289, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700883225105177, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

油茶壳与污泥的工业分析和元素分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品工业分析w/%元素分析w/%高位热值/(MJ·kg–1)
MadAadVadFCadCadHadOadNadSad
油茶壳CS5.262.4248.1144.2150.874.7136.180.510.0518.83
污泥MS2.9443.6845.727.6627.364.2316.634.440.7211.52
), ArticleFig(id=1215700889973739678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700883225105177, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Characteristic parameters of mixed combustion of sludge and camellia shell

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
质量比Ti/℃Tm/℃Tb/℃(dw/dt)max/(%·min–1)(dw/dt)mean/(%·min–1)D/(10–5%·min–1·℃–2)S/(10–7%·min–1·℃–3)
污泥MS196268.56372.0940.6413.9790.548
2CS:8MS199271.15902.6150.7094.8470.794
4CS:6MS202271.15663.2610.8175.9551.154
6CS:4MS212273.75383.9380.9146.7871.489
8CS:2MS216273.95324.7740.9568.0691.839
油茶壳CS218272.05185.1791.0418.7342.190
), ArticleFig(id=1215700890070208678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700883225105177, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

污泥与油茶壳混合燃烧的特征参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
质量比Ti/℃Tm/℃Tb/℃(dw/dt)max/(%·min–1)(dw/dt)mean/(%·min–1)D/(10–5%·min–1·℃–2)S/(10–7%·min–1·℃–3)
污泥MS196268.56372.0940.6413.9790.548
2CS:8MS199271.15902.6150.7094.8470.794
4CS:6MS202271.15663.2610.8175.9551.154
6CS:4MS212273.75383.9380.9146.7871.489
8CS:2MS216273.95324.7740.9568.0691.839
油茶壳CS218272.05185.1791.0418.7342.190
), ArticleFig(id=1215700890208620721, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700883225105177, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Activation energy of the camellia oleifera shell and sludge mixed samples

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品转化率FWOKAS
E/(kJ·mol–1)R2E/(kJ·mol–1)R2
污泥(MS)0.2128.050.985 2125.890.982 9
0.3160.840.997 2159.910.996 8
0.4162.340.992 2160.990.991 1
0.5124.580.995 4120.680.994 5
0.691.530.999 985.090.999 8
0.795.330.988 588.240.985 3
0.893.590.977 985.750.971 4
平均值122.32118.08
2CS:8MS0.2148.090.974 6146.920.971 5
0.3169.690.997 3169.230.996 9
0.4167.140.999 8166.100.999 7
0.5130.530.994 9127.030.994 1
0.685.710.990 879.040.988 2
0.780.430.979 272.580.972 4
0.877.090.972 168.300.961 6
平均值122.67118.46
4CS:6MS0.2104.000.975 7100.540.971 2
0.3154.890.998 7153.700.998 6
0.4157.970.999 9156.530.999 8
0.5140.390.997 6137.500.997 1
0.6100.790.995 794.980.994 5
0.7104.230.999 797.660.999 5
0.8115.740.996 1108.940.995 2
平均值125.43121.41
6CS:4MS0.2130.290.999 8128.480.999 7
0.3165.920.996 5165.360.996 1
0.4163.350.983 9162.300.981 9
0.5158.340.987 3156.550.985 6
0.6105.210.981 399.900.977 3
0.7100.500.985 993.940.982 4
0.8104.360.975 397.100.968 9
平均值132.57129.09
8CS:2MS0.2150.660.989 9149.700.988 8
0.3187.180.981 4186.890.979 5
0.4177.820.9814177.560.979 3
0.584.360.9921183.980.991 2
0.6157.390.9999154.890.999 8
0.7150.960.9873147.120.985 3
0.8107.530.9933100.560.991 3
平均值159.41157.24
油茶壳(CS)0.2180.200.998 6180.980.998 4
0.3188.690.981 5189.350.979 7
0.4205.450.986 4206.670.985 2
0.5185.680.999 9185.480.999 8
0.6131.260.974 9127.590.970 6
0.7163.350.993 1160.410.992 0
0.8110.60.991 0104.070.988 6
平均值166.46164.94
), ArticleFig(id=1215700890309284025, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700883225105177, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

油茶壳与污泥混合样品活化能

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品转化率FWOKAS
E/(kJ·mol–1)R2E/(kJ·mol–1)R2
污泥(MS)0.2128.050.985 2125.890.982 9
0.3160.840.997 2159.910.996 8
0.4162.340.992 2160.990.991 1
0.5124.580.995 4120.680.994 5
0.691.530.999 985.090.999 8
0.795.330.988 588.240.985 3
0.893.590.977 985.750.971 4
平均值122.32118.08
2CS:8MS0.2148.090.974 6146.920.971 5
0.3169.690.997 3169.230.996 9
0.4167.140.999 8166.100.999 7
0.5130.530.994 9127.030.994 1
0.685.710.990 879.040.988 2
0.780.430.979 272.580.972 4
0.877.090.972 168.300.961 6
平均值122.67118.46
4CS:6MS0.2104.000.975 7100.540.971 2
0.3154.890.998 7153.700.998 6
0.4157.970.999 9156.530.999 8
0.5140.390.997 6137.500.997 1
0.6100.790.995 794.980.994 5
0.7104.230.999 797.660.999 5
0.8115.740.996 1108.940.995 2
平均值125.43121.41
6CS:4MS0.2130.290.999 8128.480.999 7
0.3165.920.996 5165.360.996 1
0.4163.350.983 9162.300.981 9
0.5158.340.987 3156.550.985 6
0.6105.210.981 399.900.977 3
0.7100.500.985 993.940.982 4
0.8104.360.975 397.100.968 9
平均值132.57129.09
8CS:2MS0.2150.660.989 9149.700.988 8
0.3187.180.981 4186.890.979 5
0.4177.820.9814177.560.979 3
0.584.360.9921183.980.991 2
0.6157.390.9999154.890.999 8
0.7150.960.9873147.120.985 3
0.8107.530.9933100.560.991 3
平均值159.41157.24
油茶壳(CS)0.2180.200.998 6180.980.998 4
0.3188.690.981 5189.350.979 7
0.4205.450.986 4206.670.985 2
0.5185.680.999 9185.480.999 8
0.6131.260.974 9127.590.970 6
0.7163.350.993 1160.410.992 0
0.8110.60.991 0104.070.988 6
平均值166.46164.94
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市政污泥与油茶壳混合燃烧特性研究
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石炎军 1 , 汪红梅 1 , 徐开群 2 , 肖幸 2
热力发电 | 新能源发电技术专题 2024,53(6): 39-47
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热力发电 | 新能源发电技术专题 2024, 53(6): 39-47
市政污泥与油茶壳混合燃烧特性研究
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石炎军1 , 汪红梅1 , 徐开群2, 肖幸2
作者信息
  • 1.长沙理工大学化学化工学院电力与交通材料防护湖南省重点实验室,湖南 长沙 410000
  • 2.长沙开元仪器公司,湖南 长沙 410100
  • 石炎军(1999),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为固体废弃物资源化利用,

通讯作者:

汪红梅(1971),女,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为多功能材料,
Study on mixed combustion characteristics of sewage sludge and camellia oleifera shell
Yanjun SHI1 , Hongmei WANG1 , Kaiqun XU2, Xing XIAO2
Affiliations
  • 1.Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials Protection for Electric Power and Transportation, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410000, China
  • 2.Changsha Kaiyuan Instrument Co., Ltd., Changsha 410100, China
出版时间: 2024-06-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202401007
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采用热重分析法研究掺混比和升温速率对市政污泥和油茶壳混燃特性的影响,使用Flynn-Wall-Ozawa(FWO)和Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose(KAS)2种方法对样品的燃烧动力学进行建模,计算了各类样品的稳燃性指数和综合燃烧特性指数,分析了燃烧过程中混合燃料成分间的交互作用。结果表明:污泥掺混油茶壳后,混合燃料的燃尽温度明显降低,燃烧稳定性能和综合燃烧特性有明显改善;随着油茶壳掺混质量比从20%升至80%,燃尽温度从590 ℃下降到532 ℃,燃尽程度也逐渐变大,失质量由63.13%增加到92.19%,稳燃性指数和综合燃烧特性指数分别增加1.66和2.32倍;随着升温速率的增加,混合样品的燃尽温度、稳燃性指数和综合燃烧特性指数均提高,而燃尽程度变小,且着火温度无明显变化;污泥与油茶壳混合燃烧各组分间发生了交互现象,在挥发分燃烧阶段表现为抑制作用,而固定碳燃烧阶段表现为促进作用;FWO法和KAS法计算污泥的平均表观活化能分别为122.32、118.08 kJ/mol,油茶壳的平均表观活化能分别为166.46、164.94 kJ/mol,混合样品的平均表观活化能随着油茶壳掺混质量比的增加而增大。

市政污泥  /  油茶壳  /  燃烧特性  /  燃烧动力学

The effects of blending ratio and heating rate on co-combustion characteristics of municipal sludge and camellia oleifera shell were studied by thermogravimetric analysis, and the combustion kinetics of the samples were modeled by two methods, Flynn-Wall-Ozawa (FWO) and Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (KAS). Moreover, the flammability index and comprehensive combustion characteristic index of various samples were calculated, and the interaction between the mixed fuel components during the combustion process was analyzed. The results show that, the burnout temperature of the mixed fuel significantly reduced, and the combustion stability and comprehensive combustion characteristics were significantly improved after the sludge was mixed with camellia oleifera shell. With the increase of the mass blending ratio of camellia oleifera shell from 20% to 80%, the burnout temperature decreased from 590 ℃ to 532 ℃, the burnout degree gradually increased, the mass loss increased from 63.13% to 92.19%, and the flammability index and comprehensive combustion characteristic index increased by 1.66 and 2.32 times, respectively. The interaction between the components of sludge and camellia oleifera shell mixed combustion occurred, which showed an inhibition effect in the volatile combustion stage, while a promoting effect in the fixed carbon combustion stage. The average apparent activation energies of sludge calculated by the FWO method and KAS method were 122.32 kJ/mol and 118.08 kJ/mol, respectively, and the average apparent activation energies of the camellia oleifera shell were 166.46 kJ/mol and 164.94 kJ/mol, respectively. The average apparent activation energy of the mixed samples increased with the mass mixing ratio of camellia oleifera shell.

sewage sludge  /  camellia oleifera shell  /  combustion characteristics  /  combustion kinetics
石炎军, 汪红梅, 徐开群, 肖幸. 市政污泥与油茶壳混合燃烧特性研究. 热力发电, 2024 , 53 (6) : 39 -47 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202401007
Yanjun SHI, Hongmei WANG, Kaiqun XU, Xing XIAO. Study on mixed combustion characteristics of sewage sludge and camellia oleifera shell[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2024 , 53 (6) : 39 -47 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202401007
随着我国经济和城市化的快速发展,市政废水处理量迅速增长,导致其副产品污泥产量每年约6 000万t[1]。污泥含有较高的有机物,被认为是“可持续原料”,但因含难降解有机物、重金属、寄生虫卵和病原微生物等有毒有害物质,因此对其进行减量化、无害化和优化处理是非常必要的[2-4]。常见的污泥处理方法有填埋、堆肥、厌氧消化和焚烧[5-6]。直接填埋会对环境造成破坏且不可持续[7]。堆肥需要解决臭气的排放和重金属超标等问题[8]。厌氧消化后的污泥含水量较高,仍需进一步处理才能实现无害化[9]。焚烧法虽然可以最大幅度减少污泥体积,有效的消灭病原体和病菌,实现无害化[10],但污泥含水量高、灰分高和热值低等特点会导致直接焚烧经济性低。
中国是农业大国,每年产生大量的农林废弃生物质资源。生物质具有高挥发分、低灰分和高热值等特点[11],与污泥掺混燃烧可以改善污泥本身的综合燃烧性能。有研究表明,将市政污泥与花生壳[12]、水葫芦[13]、玉米秸秆[14]和稻壳[15]等生物质进行混合燃烧实验,发现提高升温速率或增加生物质的掺混比例可以增大混合样品的综合燃烧特性指数和挥发分释放指数,在共燃过程中发生了协同作用,降低了污泥反应的活化能,同时还能够减少污染物的排放[16]
油茶是山茶科山茶属的油料植物,种植历史悠久,经济价值高,种植面积广,被认为是世界4大木本油料作物之一[17]。在油茶果壳的分离过程中,每吨油茶果能够产生约0.54 t油茶壳[18]。2022年,我国废弃的油茶壳已达到了约560万t,且随着油茶种植规模增大而增加。目前油茶壳大都被直接丢弃或焚烧,这不仅会造成资源浪费,还会污染空气和破坏水源[19]。油茶壳是一种优质的废弃生物质资源,具有储量丰富、挥发分高、灰分低和综合燃烧性能好等优点。因此,有必要研究油茶壳与污泥混合燃烧性能。本文采用热重分析法研究不同升温速率和油茶壳掺混比例对污泥燃烧性能的影响,并分析其燃烧过程中交互作用机理和影响因素;然后利用Flynn-Wall-Ozaw和Kissinger-Akahira-Suose 2种动力学方法计算样品的活化能,为污泥和油茶壳焚烧工艺的优化提供数据参考。
市政污泥(简称污泥或MS)来自长沙市某污水处理厂的污泥压缩车间,油茶壳(CS)购买自江西上饶。分别将污泥和油茶壳放置于鼓风干燥箱内,于105 ℃下干燥10 h至恒重,待样品冷却之后,用小型粉碎机进行破碎和研磨过筛(200 μm),经筛分后的样品进行工业分析和元素分析,用氧弹获取其热值,结果见表1。将污泥和油茶壳以不同的质量比例混合制备样品,混合样品中油茶壳质量掺混比分别为20%、40%、60%、80%,依次命名2CS: 8MS、4CS:6MS、6CS:4MS、8CS:2MS,保存于干燥器中备用。
热重实验采用德国-耐驰STA449F5热重分析仪,样品质量控制在(10±0.5)mg,实验采用Al2O3材料的陶瓷坩埚,在10、20、30 ℃/min 3种不同升温速率下,温度由30 ℃升温至1 000 ℃,实验气氛为空气(21%O2/79%N2),气体流量为100 mL/min,对油茶壳、污泥和混合样品分别进行燃烧实验。
本文采用着火温度Ti/℃,燃尽温度Tb/℃和峰值温度Tm/℃作为评价燃料燃烧特性的重要指标,其值可以通过TG-DTG曲线获得[20]。着火温度通过作图切线法获得,燃尽温度是当前样品质量损失达到总质量损失的98%时所对应的温度,峰值温度是DTG曲线最大峰值点所对应的横坐标。
此外稳燃性指数D和综合燃烧特征指数S也可以评价燃料的燃烧性能。S值越大,表明燃料综合燃烧性能越好;稳燃性指数D反映燃料点燃后的燃烧状态,D越大,燃料燃烧稳定性能越好[21]
D=(dw/dt)maxTiTm
S=(dw/dt)max(dw/dt)meanTi2Tb    
式中:(dw/dt)max为样品燃烧过程中的最大燃烧速率,%/min;(dw/dt)mean为样品燃烧过程的平均燃烧速率,%/min。
在共燃过程中,燃料间的交互作用可能会影响其燃烧性能,因此不能简单地将不同特性的燃料线性叠加。假设共燃过程中,油茶壳与污泥之间没有交互作用,混合样品的理论DTG曲线是油茶壳和污泥的加权平均值[21]
DDTG,L=αCSDDTG,CS+αMSDDTG,MS 
式中:αCSαMS分别为油茶壳和污泥在混合样品中的质量分数,%;DDTG,CSDDTG,SM分别为油茶壳和污泥在相同温度下的失质量率。
目前,生物质的掺混比对燃烧特性的影响程度可以通过着火点、燃尽温度和综合燃烧特征指数等燃烧特性参数全面量化。但燃料之间的交互作用通常只使用理论的热重曲线与实验热重线之间的偏差来行初步评估。因此,需要通过燃烧过程的交互作用指数RMS和协同指数MR来量化相互作用程度[22],其表达式为:
MR=i=1n(DDTG,EiDDTG,Ti)NDTmean
RMS={[n=1n(DDTG,EiDDTG,TiDDTG,Ti)]/N}1/2
式中:DiDTG,TDiDTG,E分别为混合样品的理论值和实际值;DmeanT为混合样品理论DiT的平均值;N为实验样品点数。RMS值越大,说明混合样品在燃烧过程交互作用越强;MR为正时,说明污泥与油茶壳混合燃烧过程存在正向的协同作用,反之则为抑制。
燃烧动力学研究有助于进一步了解燃烧反应过程的机理。根据Arrhenius方程,非均相固体燃烧反应速率的动力学表达式为:
dαdt=kf(α)=Aexp(EaRT)f(α)
式中:k为反应速率常数;A为指前因子;Ea为表观活化能,kJ/mol;R为气体常数,R=8.314 J/(mol·K.;T为燃烧开式温度,K;f(a)为机理函数。
机理函数的表达式为:
f(α)=(1α)n
式中:n为反应级数;a为质量转化率,%。
α=m0mtm0m
式中:m0为样品初始质量,mg;mtt时刻样品的质量,mg;m为燃烧后样品最终的质量,mg。
根据式(6)及恒定升温速率β=dT/dt,联立式(7)和式(6)可得固定加热速率下的温度函数为:
dαdt=Aexp(EaRT)(1α)n
对式(9)进行积分可获得非等温速率定律的积分动力学方程:
g(α)=0αdα(1α)n=Aβ0Texp(EaRT)dT
式中:g(α)为转化的积分函数
采用FWO法估算非等温固体燃烧的活化能,具体等式为[23]
lgβ=lg(AEaRg(α))2.3150.4567EaRT
一般转化率α给定的情况下,等式右侧的对数也是常数,活化能Ea可以通过lgβ和1/T图所得直线的斜率值获得。
FWO法和KAS法的基本原理类似,该模型方程为[24]
lnβT2=ln(AREag(α))EaRT
因此,活化能Ea可以根据不同转化率αlnβT2和1/T图所得直线的斜率值求得。
表1为油茶壳与污泥的工业分析和元素分析。由工业分析可知,污泥属于典型的高灰分(43.68%)、高挥发分(45.72%)和低固定碳(7.66%)燃料。相比污泥,油茶壳的高固定碳含量能够提高污泥的燃烧性能,且低灰分有利于污泥中固定碳的燃烧和燃烧过程的传质。C是构成燃料分子骨架的最重要元素之一,是主要的热源,H和O与燃料的活性密切相关。元素分析表明,油茶壳中氮(0.51%)和硫(0.05%)质量分数都低于污泥,这意味着混合燃料的氮氧化物和硫氧化物的排放减少。然而油茶壳中氢(4.71%)和氧(36.18%)的质量分数都高于污泥,使其具有更高的反应性,燃烧的过程容易产生H和OH自由基,让混合燃烧更剧烈。同时,油茶壳的热值(18.83 MJ/kg)远高于污泥,对比污泥和油茶壳的基础特性发现在许多方面具有互补性,可能实现协同燃烧,提高污泥焚烧工艺。
图1显示了污泥和油茶壳在10 ℃/min下的TG-DTG曲线。从图1a)可以看出:污泥和油茶壳的失质量行为有明显差异,当实验温度由30 ℃升至550 ℃时,油茶壳几乎已经完成了燃烧反应,此时油茶壳的质量损失约为91.68%,而污泥MS燃烧完成之后质量损失约为56.98%;4种混合样品的失质量曲线都在油茶壳和污泥的曲线之间。由图1a)所示,油茶壳有3个明显的质量损失阶段。阶段Ⅰ(30~150 ℃)主要是残留水分的析出和挥发性气体的挥发,此阶段质量损失约为8.02%。阶段Ⅱ(150~380 ℃)为油茶壳中挥发分的释放和燃烧,失质量为53.86%左右。油茶壳主要由纤维素、半纤维素和木质素等有机物组成。由于各组成结构的成分不同,它们的分解温度存在一定差异,半纤维素、纤维素和木质素分解的温度范围分别为225~350、325~375、250~500 ℃[25]。半纤维素含有许多无定形和无序的低活化能支链,说明其更容易被分解;纤维素因其无支链和结构有序比半纤维素具有更高的热稳定性,所以其分解温度高于半纤维素;木质素具有稳定的化学成分,是生物炭形成的主要成分[26]。因此,第Ⅱ阶段有大批量的半纤维素和纤维素分解并挥发出来燃烧,此时的DTG曲线可以看到2个失质量峰。在225 ℃左右的第1个峰比较小,这可能是半纤维素分解引起的;第2个峰比较显著是纤维素分解造成的。阶段Ⅲ(380~560 ℃)的失重为固定碳的燃烧和残余有机物的降解所致,这阶段质量损失为29.80%。
污泥燃烧也分为3个阶段,与油茶壳相比,污泥TG曲线和DTG曲线具有更低的质量损失和质量损失率。第Ⅰ阶段(30~180 ℃)是水分析出,污泥(30~180 ℃)出现了初始质量损失。第Ⅱ阶段(180~390 ℃)主要是挥发性物质和有机化合物的释放和燃烧,其最大质量损失率对应的温度约为270 ℃,污泥的总质量损失为35.42%。在第Ⅱ阶段可以观察到2个显著的峰:第1个峰对应的是挥发性物质分解;第2峰对应的可能是有机化合物分解。第Ⅲ阶段(390~680 ℃)是固定碳燃烧和有机残留物分解。由表1可知,污泥的挥发分质量分数少于油茶壳,其第Ⅱ阶段挥发分燃烧释放的热量远低于油茶壳,从而对第Ⅲ阶段固定碳的燃烧促进效果不显著,致使污泥的最大燃烧速率小于油茶壳。
图1可知,混合样品的失质量趋势跟油茶壳质量掺混比相关。随着油茶壳质量掺混比的增加,当温度由200 ℃升至380 ℃时,混合样品的TG曲线向低温区移动,DTG曲线的宽度和峰值逐渐增大。这是因为油茶壳中含有丰富的纤维素和半纤维素在这一阶段热解释放出大量的挥发性物质。挥发性物质燃烧释放的热量可以加快混合样品的燃烧反应速率,从而改善其燃烧性能;挥发性物质析出之后,油茶壳生物炭表面疏松多孔,增大了混合样品与反应气体的接触面积,提高了燃烧反应的强度。在380~600 ℃这个比较大的氧化反应温度区间,掺混油茶壳的DTG曲线比污泥的复杂,油茶壳质量掺混比例为20%和40%的样品出现了2个峰;第1个峰可能是污泥中大分子有机物的热解,第2个峰来源于固定碳的燃烧。随着油茶壳在混合物中的配比增加,固定碳燃烧产生的峰值温度向低温区移动,混合物的燃尽温度降低,而混合物失质量占总质量的分数逐渐增加,分别为62.27%、72.08%、80.63%、87.19%。该阶段污泥掺混油茶壳使得混合样品中灰分减少,灰分阻碍燃烧的效果减弱,燃烧过程逐渐提前结束且燃尽程度也逐渐增大。
表2显示污泥与油茶壳混合燃烧特征参数。由表2可知,污泥的着火温度为196 ℃,低于油茶壳的着火温度(218 ℃)。这是由于污泥中的挥发分高,并且存在大量结构简单、化学键强度弱的小分子物质,这些物质可以在较低的温度下分解和释放。污泥掺混油茶壳后燃尽温度大幅度下降,而着火温度升高。油茶壳的配比由20%增至80%,混合燃料的着火温度从199 ℃升至216 ℃,而燃尽温度由590 ℃降至532 ℃,说明油茶壳可以改善混合燃料的燃尽性能。值得注意的是,油茶壳在混合样品中的比例为20%时,燃尽温度降低的幅度最大,这是由于油茶壳中高挥发分物质燃烧释放的热量有助于混合样品的燃烧反应提前完成。油茶壳掺混比80%的混合样品稳燃性指数比60%和40%有较大幅度的提升,表明较高掺混比的混合样品的燃烧稳定性越好。综合燃烧特性指数随油茶壳掺混比的增大而提高,其值由0.548×10–7增加到2.19×10–7。综上,掺混较高比例的油茶壳有助于改善污泥的燃尽性能和综合燃烧性能。
升温速率是影响燃料燃烧过程的关键因素之一。图2为6CS:4MS混合样品在不同升温速率下的TG-DTG曲线。由图2可知,混合样品在10、20、30 ℃/min升温速率下的TG-DTG曲线变化趋势相近。由图2a)可见,升温速率由10 ℃/min增至30 ℃/min,混合样品在相同的温度区间下的失质量逐渐减少,说明降低升温速率有助于混合样品燃烧的更加充分,且燃尽程度更大。由图2b)可见,提高升温速率挥发分和固定碳燃烧阶段的最大峰值都大幅度增加。这是由于提高升温速率能够加速半纤维素和纤维素的热解,并促进固定碳燃烧。
图3为混合样品在10、20、30 ℃/min升温速率下的燃烧特性参数。由图3可知,升温速率由10 ℃/min升至30 ℃/min,混合样品的燃尽温度由566 ℃增至615 ℃,而着火温度几乎保持稳定,继续保持在210 ℃左右。这是由于不同的加热速率导致固体燃料表面的热流不同。在相对较低的加热速率下,加热时间长能够导致传热均匀,这有利于燃料积累热量,从而使固定碳在低温下结束燃烧。然而,由于传热的限制,高升温速率的载气可能需要很长时间才能到达样品的表面,则燃尽温度会增大,说明样品具有更宽的燃烧温度范围。由图3b)可见,稳燃性指数和综合燃烧特性指数随着升温速率的增加而增大。D由6.787×10–5%/(min·℃2)增至20.901×10–5%/(min·℃2);S从1.489×10–7%/(min·℃3)增至10.435×10–7%/(min·℃3)。这是由于随着加热速率的增加,混合样品的挥发分快速释放,导致样品表面孔隙增加,更多的微孔结构和更大的比表面积都有利于混合样品燃烧反应的进行。
可以大致将混合燃烧过程分为4个阶段,图4为混合样品在升温速率10 ℃/min下的实验和理论DTG曲线。由图4可知,与实验DTG曲线相比,理论DTG曲线的偏差主要发生在挥发分和固定碳燃烧阶段,表明污泥与油茶壳在混燃过程中存在交互作用。混合样品在燃烧过程中交互作用的本质取决于样品特性的不同,油茶壳和污泥的有机和无机组分具有差异,且不同的燃烧环境和传热传质等条件都会对交互作用有影响。
通过计算4个阶段的相互作用指数RMS和协同指数MR来分析交互作用机理。图5为混合样品在不同阶段的RMS和MR。由图5a)可知:所有混合样品在反应阶段4的RMS值均大于其他阶段,说明污泥与油茶壳在高温下交互作用更加的显著;随着油茶壳掺混比的增加,混合样品的RMS值逐渐增大,这意味着协同效应越来越明显。由图5b)可知,在阶段1中,所以混合样品的MR值均略少于零,表明在该阶段的混合燃烧受到了轻微的抑制作用。这是由于污泥会挥发出大量的污泥焦油,阻碍油茶壳挥发分的析出[27]。在阶段2中,随着温度的升高,由于油茶壳挥发分不断析出及焦油的气化,该阶段MR值大于零,混合样品燃烧过程表现为相互促进作用。在阶段3中,污泥中有机物分解需要消耗大量的氧气,这影响了混合样品的燃烧速率,不利于氧传递到油茶壳的固定碳表面,出现了抑制作用。值得注意的是,MR值在阶段4中明显大于零,说明污泥和油茶壳在高温阶段相互促进作用更明显。这是由于油茶壳挥发分析出产生了多孔结构,增大了燃烧面积,其次油茶壳中的一些碱金属和碱土金属促进了污泥的分解。
综上,在混合样品燃烧过程中,挥发分析出和燃烧阶段,污泥与油茶壳的燃烧表现为相互抑制,然而在固定碳燃烧阶段,污泥与油茶壳的燃烧表现为相互促进,且促进的效果比抑制的效果更加明显。理论DTG曲线与实验DTG曲线存在偏差,说明混合燃料的燃烧性能需要根据实际情况分析。
采用FWO和KAS法对油茶壳和污泥及其混合物进行了燃烧动力学评估,结果见表3。由表3可见,FWO和KAS法计算所得样品的表观活化能相差不大,且FWO法计算的活化能的值高于KAS法,所得相关系数R2均大于0.95,这意味着本文采用FWO和KAS 2种方法计算的结果可靠性高。由FWO和KAS法的模型方程可知,活化能的值跟单个反应速率有关,且样品和实验条件的差异也会对活化能的值有影响,这与Siti Shawalliah等人[28]结论一致。由表3可知,污泥采用FWO法和KAS法计算的平均活化能分别为122.32、118.08 kJ/mol,油茶壳的平均活化能分别为166.46、164.94 kJ/mol。污泥的活化能比油茶壳的低,这与污泥的着火点比油茶壳低相符合。样品的活化能随着转化率和温度而改变,6个样品活化能都呈现先增大后减少的趋势,说明提高升温速率有利于燃烧反应的进行。当转化率在0.5~0.6时,污泥和油茶壳的活化能值减少最多,这是由于污泥和油茶壳中挥发分的燃烧所致。转化率在0.6~0.7时,污泥和油茶壳的活化能值均回升,这主要是因为固定碳燃烧和有机物的分解所致。随着油茶壳掺混比例的增加,混合样品的平均活化能值先增加缓慢,然后增加幅度加大。这是由于当油茶壳掺混比例较大时,混合样品的燃烧由油茶壳占主导地位。需要注意的是,转化率在0.2~0.4时,4CS:6MS混合样品的活化能值最低,说明在低温下油茶壳与污泥在燃烧过程中存在正向的协同作用,且此掺混比范围内的混合样品具有较好的燃烧性能。
1)油茶壳的着火温度高于污泥,而燃尽温度远低于污泥,与纯污泥相比,污泥掺混油茶壳的燃烧稳定性能和综合燃烧特性得到了改善。随着油茶壳掺混质量比由20%升至80%,燃尽温度从590 ℃降到532 ℃,燃尽程度也逐渐变大,失质量由63.13%增到92.19%,稳燃性指数和综合燃烧特性指数分别增加1.66和2.32倍。
2)随着升温速率从10 ℃/min增至30 ℃/min,混合样品的着火温度变化不大,而燃尽温度从566 ℃增至615 ℃,燃尽程度逐渐变小,稳燃性指数的值由6.787×10–5%/(min·℃2)增至20.901×10–5%/(min·℃2),综合燃烧特性指数的值从1.489×10–7%/(min·℃3)增加到10.435×10–7%/(min·℃3)。
3)污泥和油茶壳在共燃过程发生了交互作用,在挥发分燃烧阶段表现为抑制作用,而在固定碳燃烧阶段表现为促进作用,且促进的效果比抑制效果更明显。
4)FWO法和KAS法用来计算燃烧过程活化能时,均具有较好的可靠性,2种方法计算污泥的表观活化能分别为122.32、118.08 kJ/mol,油茶壳CS的表观活化能分别为166.46、164.94 kJ/mol,混合样品的平均活化能随着油茶壳掺混比的增加而增大。
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2024年第53卷第6期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202401007
  • 接收时间:2024-01-15
  • 首发时间:2026-01-07
  • 出版时间:2024-06-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-15
基金
Hunan Provincial Department of Education Scientific Research Key Project(23A0269)
湖南省教育厅科学研究重点项目(23A0269)
Research project of degree and postgraduate teaching reform in Hunan province(2021JGYB13)
湖南省学位与研究生教学改革研究项目(2021JGYB13)
作者信息
    1.长沙理工大学化学化工学院电力与交通材料防护湖南省重点实验室,湖南 长沙 410000
    2.长沙开元仪器公司,湖南 长沙 410100

通讯作者:

汪红梅(1971),女,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为多功能材料,
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/rlfd/CN/10.19666/j.rlfd.202401007
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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