Article(id=1215700882755338772, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1215700878661702357, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202312186, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1702828800000, receivedDateStr=2023-12-18, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1767775277078, onlineDateStr=2026-01-07, pubDate=1719244800000, pubDateStr=2024-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1767775277078, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1767775277078, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767775277078, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1215700878661702357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2024', volume='53', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='150', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1767775276102, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767775427616, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1215701514199417515, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1215700878661702357, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1215701514199417516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1215700878661702357, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=48, endPage=57, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1215700883262849564, articleId=1215700882755338772, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=The effect and parameter design of wind turbine blade vortex generator, columnId=1215700879274070743, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=New energy power generation technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to inhibit the flow separation on blade surface and improve the aerodynamic performance of the blade, the design scheme of installing vortex generator on the blade surface is proposed. Taking DU97-W-300 blade section with vortex generator as the research object, the orthogonal experimental design method is used to investigate the influences of height, length, installation angle, chord installation position, spacing and pitch of the vortex generator on the aerodynamic performance of the blade section, so as to determine the basic law of vortex generator parameter design. The results show that, the vortex generator parameters that affect the magnitude of aerodynamic performance of the blade are as follows: spacing, pitch, length, height, chord installation position, and installation angle of the vortex generator. The optimal vortex generator parameter combination law is: height of 0.75ξ (ξ is blade boundary layer thickness), length of 1.6ξ, installation angle of 20°, chord installation position is 10% blade chord length, spacing of 1.6ξ, pitch of 0.8ξ, which can increase the maximum lift coefficient of this blade by 40% and the maximum stall angle of attack by 9.5°.

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为抑制叶片表面流动分离,提升叶片气动性能,提出在叶片表面安装涡流发生器的设计方案。以DU97-W-300叶片段设置涡流发生器为研究对象,采用正交实验设计方法,探究该叶片段涡流发生器高度、长度、安装角、弦向安装位置、间距、节距对叶片气动性能的影响,从而确定涡流发生器参数设计基本规律。研究结果表明:影响叶片气动性能大小的涡流发生器参数依次为涡流发生器间距、节距、长度、高度、弦向安装位置、安装角;最优涡流发生器参数组合规律为高度0.75ξξ为叶片边界层厚度)、长度1.60ξ、安装角20.0°、弦向安装位置10%叶片弦长、间距1.60ξ、节距0.80ξ,可以使该叶片最大升力系数增大40%,最大失速攻角增大9.5°。

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杨方超(1996),硕士,主要研究方向为可再生能源利用技术,
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张照煌(1963),博士,教授,主要研究方向为先进施工装备及技术和可再生能源利用技术,

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张照煌(1963),博士,教授,主要研究方向为先进施工装备及技术和可再生能源利用技术,

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张照煌(1963),博士,教授,主要研究方向为先进施工装备及技术和可再生能源利用技术,

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Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2023, 59(2): 251-258., articleTitle=Research on effect of vortex generator on dynamic stall of wind turbine blade at different oscillation parameters, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215700903592640687, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700882755338772, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=51, issue=2, pageStart=540, pageEnd=550, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[29], rfOrder=44, authorNames=张立军, 朱怀宝, 顾嘉伟, journalName=中南大学学报(自然科学版), refType=null, unstructuredReference=张立军, 朱怀宝, 顾嘉伟, 等. 涡流发生器对垂直轴风力机翼型气动性能的影响[J]. 中南大学学报(自然科学版), 2020, 51(2): 540-550., articleTitle=涡流发生器对垂直轴风力机翼型气动性能的影响, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215700903689109683, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700882755338772, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=51, issue=2, pageStart=540, pageEnd=550, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[29], rfOrder=45, authorNames=ZHANG Lijun, ZHU Huaibao, GU Jiawei, journalName=Journal of Central South University (Science and Technology), refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHANG Lijun, ZHU Huaibao, GU Jiawei, et al. Influence of vortex generator on aerodynamic performance of airfoil of the vertical axis wind turbine[J]. 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language=CN, label=图15, caption=本文提出涡流发生器下游8H处的速度分布, figureFileSmall=SkzWN/Jz+qNP6BEAksX+7g==, figureFileBig=OI3NCblGKjtgpYAjlZXvyw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215700894360978415, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700882755338772, language=EN, label=Fig.16, caption=Vortex distribution on the blade, figureFileSmall=U87WW5SSegKrd+iyfNsS2g==, figureFileBig=0HcWW/TDCZPiL0hj/iULag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215700894457447410, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700882755338772, language=CN, label=图16, caption=叶片涡量分布, figureFileSmall=U87WW5SSegKrd+iyfNsS2g==, figureFileBig=0HcWW/TDCZPiL0hj/iULag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215700894574887925, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700882755338772, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

The vortex generator factor levels

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水平(i因素
H/mmL/mmβ/(°)SS1/mmS2/mm
135510%c1010
26101020%c1515
39151530%c2020
412202040%c2525
515252550%c3030
), ArticleFig(id=1215700894683939833, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700882755338772, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

涡流发生器因素水平

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平(i因素
H/mmL/mmβ/(°)SS1/mmS2/mm
135510%c1010
26101020%c1515
39151530%c2020
412202040%c2525
515252550%c3030
), ArticleFig(id=1215700894788797440, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700882755338772, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

The vortex generator schemes and evaluation indexes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案H/mmL/mmβ/(°)SS1/mmS2/mmΔ(Cl/Cd)¯
11355.010%c101019.160
1231015.040%c301511.513
1331525.020%c252015.771
1432010.050%c202517.452
1532520.030%c153011.983
216525.040%c203012.101
2261010.020%c151024.000
2361520.050%c101519.447
246205.030%c302013.707
2562515.010%c252521.042
319520.020%c30259.5610
329105.050%c253017.306
3391515.030%c201029.224
3492025.010%c151528.799
3592510.040%c102020.549
4112515.050%c152016.998
42121025.030%c102513.900
43121510.010%c303010.553
44122020.040%c251028.692
4512255.020%c201517.242
5115510.030%c251514.274
52151020.010%c202032.409
5315155.040%c152514.308
54152015.020%c103018.756
55152525.050%c301015.751
), ArticleFig(id=1215700894906236932, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700882755338772, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

涡流发生器方案及评价指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案H/mmL/mmβ/(°)SS1/mmS2/mmΔ(Cl/Cd)¯
11355.010%c101019.160
1231015.040%c301511.513
1331525.020%c252015.771
1432010.050%c202517.452
1532520.030%c153011.983
216525.040%c203012.101
2261010.020%c151024.000
2361520.050%c101519.447
246205.030%c302013.707
2562515.010%c252521.042
319520.020%c30259.5610
329105.050%c253017.306
3391515.030%c201029.224
3492025.010%c151528.799
3592510.040%c102020.549
4112515.050%c152016.998
42121025.030%c102513.900
43121510.010%c303010.553
44122020.040%c251028.692
4512255.020%c201517.242
5115510.030%c251514.274
52151020.010%c202032.409
5315155.040%c152514.308
54152015.020%c103018.756
55152525.050%c301015.751
), ArticleFig(id=1215700895078203400, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700882755338772, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Average and range of evaluation indicators

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因素k1k2k3k4k5Dk
H15.1718.0621.0817.4719.095.91
L14.4219.8217.8521.4717.317.06
β16.3417.3619.5020.4117.264.07
S22.3917.0616.6217.4317.395.77
S118.3619.2121.6819.4212.229.46
S223.3618.2519.8815.2514.139.22
), ArticleFig(id=1215700895199838219, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700882755338772, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

各评价指标平均值和极差

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素k1k2k3k4k5Dk
H15.1718.0621.0817.4719.095.91
L14.4219.8217.8521.4717.317.06
β16.3417.3619.5020.4117.264.07
S22.3917.0616.6217.4317.395.77
S118.3619.2121.6819.4212.229.46
S223.3618.2519.8815.2514.139.22
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风电叶片涡流发生器的作用与参数设计
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张照煌 , 杨方超 , 李魏魏
热力发电 | 新能源发电技术专题 2024,53(6): 48-57
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热力发电 | 新能源发电技术专题 2024, 53(6): 48-57
风电叶片涡流发生器的作用与参数设计
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张照煌 , 杨方超 , 李魏魏
作者信息
  • 华北电力大学能源动力与机械工程学院,北京 102206
  • 张照煌(1963),博士,教授,主要研究方向为先进施工装备及技术和可再生能源利用技术,

通讯作者:

杨方超(1996),硕士,主要研究方向为可再生能源利用技术,
The effect and parameter design of wind turbine blade vortex generator
Zhaohuang ZHANG , Fangchao YANG , Weiwei LI
Affiliations
  • School of Energy Power and Mechanical Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
出版时间: 2024-06-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202312186
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为抑制叶片表面流动分离,提升叶片气动性能,提出在叶片表面安装涡流发生器的设计方案。以DU97-W-300叶片段设置涡流发生器为研究对象,采用正交实验设计方法,探究该叶片段涡流发生器高度、长度、安装角、弦向安装位置、间距、节距对叶片气动性能的影响,从而确定涡流发生器参数设计基本规律。研究结果表明:影响叶片气动性能大小的涡流发生器参数依次为涡流发生器间距、节距、长度、高度、弦向安装位置、安装角;最优涡流发生器参数组合规律为高度0.75ξξ为叶片边界层厚度)、长度1.60ξ、安装角20.0°、弦向安装位置10%叶片弦长、间距1.60ξ、节距0.80ξ,可以使该叶片最大升力系数增大40%,最大失速攻角增大9.5°。

涡流发生器  /  正交实验  /  气动性能  /  风电叶片

In order to inhibit the flow separation on blade surface and improve the aerodynamic performance of the blade, the design scheme of installing vortex generator on the blade surface is proposed. Taking DU97-W-300 blade section with vortex generator as the research object, the orthogonal experimental design method is used to investigate the influences of height, length, installation angle, chord installation position, spacing and pitch of the vortex generator on the aerodynamic performance of the blade section, so as to determine the basic law of vortex generator parameter design. The results show that, the vortex generator parameters that affect the magnitude of aerodynamic performance of the blade are as follows: spacing, pitch, length, height, chord installation position, and installation angle of the vortex generator. The optimal vortex generator parameter combination law is: height of 0.75ξ (ξ is blade boundary layer thickness), length of 1.6ξ, installation angle of 20°, chord installation position is 10% blade chord length, spacing of 1.6ξ, pitch of 0.8ξ, which can increase the maximum lift coefficient of this blade by 40% and the maximum stall angle of attack by 9.5°.

vortex generator  /  orthogonal experiment  /  aerodynamic performance  /  wind turbine blade
张照煌, 杨方超, 李魏魏. 风电叶片涡流发生器的作用与参数设计. 热力发电, 2024 , 53 (6) : 48 -57 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202312186
Zhaohuang ZHANG, Fangchao YANG, Weiwei LI. The effect and parameter design of wind turbine blade vortex generator[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2024 , 53 (6) : 48 -57 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202312186
随着化石燃料逐渐耗尽和“双碳”战略的驱动,各国对可再生能源的发展都给予了高度重视[1]。风能由于存储量大、分布广等特点[2],受到广泛关注,风力发电是风能利用的主要方式,捕捉风能的关键部件为风力机叶片[3]。当前对风力机叶片的设计日臻成熟,但在实际应用中叶片边界层普遍存在流动分离现象[4]。这不仅严重制约叶片捕获风能的效率,同时还会引起叶片载荷分布不均,对叶片结构造成破坏[5]。因此,抑制叶片边界层流动分离、提升叶片动力性能成为众多学者的研究方向。
涡流发生器一般是沿叶片径向布置的1列小板,并以给定的安装角垂直固定在叶片表面边界层内[6]。因其展弦比小,故能产生高强度的诱导涡,将边界层外的高能量流体与边界层内流体混合,增强了边界层内流体的能量,从而控制叶片表面流体的流动分离[7]。涡流发生器是在20世纪40年代由美国联合飞机公司的Taylor和Bmynes等人首次提出并安装在飞机机翼上,研究发现涡流发生器可以推迟机翼边界层流动分离,有效提升飞机升力[6]。60年代Peake等人[8]研究涡流发生器对平板边界层流动的影响,提出涡流发生器能够提升减阻在于它可以向边界层内注入新的能量。90年代以来,鉴于涡流发生器可以有效抑制边界层的流动分离现象[9],逐渐研究涡流发生器在风力机叶片上的应用。Miller G E[10]将涡流发生器安装在Mod-2型风力机叶片上,发现不仅能提升年发电量,还可以降低额定风速。Griffin D A[11]将涡流发生器安装在AWT-26型风力机叶片上,发现不仅能提升发电量,还会降低叶片载荷,间接改善叶片的结构强度。Gyatt G W[12]通过风洞实验发现,涡流发生器位置越靠近叶片尖部,风力机叶片转化风能效率会更高,并且会降低对前缘粗糙度的敏感度。Baldacchino等人[13]研究发现:涡流发生器安装位置应在层流到湍流转捩点之前;而涡流发生器高度较小时,不能产生足够的流向涡量来抑制分离。Li等人[14]通过风洞实验对安装不同高度的涡流发生器叶片进行研究,发现涡流强度与涡流发生器高度呈对数关系。MartínezFilgueira等人[15]研究发现,涡流发生器高度为叶片边界层厚度的0.2~0.8倍时风力机叶片转化风能效率更高,涡流发生器的高度增加会增大叶片阻力,高度降低则会减小叶片升力。Gao等人[16]研究涡流发生器对由DU97-W-300翼型构成的叶片气动性能影响时发现:涡流发生器效率与其高度、长度、间距有关,高度增加,相较于叶片升力的提升,叶片阻力增大更明显;叶片长度增加,在降低叶片升力的同时增大了叶片阻力;相邻涡流发生器间距适当增大,有利于抑制叶片表面的流动分离。李宝山等[17]研究了涡流发生器高度和长度对叶片气动性能的影响,得出了涡流发生器高度与长度之间相关的选取规律。Wang等人[18]研究涡流发生器对NACA 0018翼型叶片的影响,发现涡流发生器形状为矩形、安装角为16°、弦向安装位置为20%cc为叶片弦长)时,将叶片失速攻角从14°延迟到16°,最大升力系数增大了37.5%。张惠等[19]研究了涡流发生器形状以及弦向安装位置对叶片气动性能的影响,通过风洞实验发现相较于矩形、梯形,三角型涡流发生器提升效果最好,对于涡流发生器不同弦向安装位置对流动分离的影响,发现在20%c处抑制流动分离效果最佳。
上述对于涡流发生器对风力机叶片气动性能的影响,均对部分参数进行了分析,但并没有对涡流发生器整体参数(长度、安装角、弦向安装位置、高度、间距、节距)进行研究。因此,为使涡流发生器在风力机叶片上发挥最优边界层控制效果,本文将对涡流发生器的整体参数包括长度、安装角、弦向安装位置、高度、间距、节距进行研究,为减少实验次数,通过正交实验方法对研究模型进行简化,分析适用于风力机叶片的涡流发生器的最优布置方式。
涡流发生器形状种类繁多,大致可分为机翼形、楔形、叶栅形、三角形、梯形等,而目前三角形涡流发生器应用最为广泛[20],具有一定代表性,故以安装三角形涡流发生器的DU97-W-300翼型构成的叶片为研究对象。叶片弦长为c,在叶片吸力面安装4对涡流发生器,形状为三角形,涡流发生器安装角为β,弦向安装位置为S,间距为S1,节距为S2,高度为H,长度为L,涡流发生器参数如图1所示。仿真计算域如图2所示,外形长度为40c,宽度为20c,高度与叶片段厚度相同为WW=5S2+4S1
采用ICEM对计算域进行结构化网格划分[21],由于涡流发生器的形状较为复杂、尺寸较小,如果将其与叶片放到同一个域进行网格划分,很难在网格数量和网格质量找到平衡。故对涡流发生器及其附近区域进行分块划分网格[22],生成网格如图3所示。叶片表面边界层流场变化复杂,为精确模拟涡流发生器对叶片边界层流场影响情况,本文叶片参数设置为:弦长c为0.6 m,雷诺数Re=2×106,叶片首层近壁面网格高度0.08 mm,满足y+≤1[23]
y+=yuτv
式中:y为首层网格距离壁面的高度,m;uτ为流体的剪切速度,m/s;v为流体的运动黏度,m2/s。
为分析叶片不同攻角时的气动性能,以叶片弦长中点为圆心,半径为2c所形成的圆形区域划分为旋转域[24],生成网格如图3b)所示,其圆形区域的特征长度分布如图2b)所示,其余区域流场参数变化不大,生成网格如图3c)所示。
计算流体动力学CFD计算软件有许多类型,比较常用的有Fluent、CFX、OpenFORM等[25]。由于CFX软件可有效降低时间成本,保证计算精度,因此本文采用CFX作为仿真软件[26]进行计算。湍流模型分别选用k-εk-ω、SST k-ω,对于求解精度的差分格式设为High Resolution,控制方程的差分格式采用second order backward euler。计算域左侧为速度入口(inlet),右侧为压力出口(pressure outlet),上下两侧设为Free Slip Wall,翼型及涡流发生器表面设为No Slip Wall,流域交界面设置为interface(图2b))。流体选取Air Ideal Gas,雷诺数为2×106,根据式(2)得到速度入口风速为48.7 m/s。
Re=ρUcν
式中:ρ为流体密度;U为流体来流速度。
为选取有效的湍流模型,将模拟结果与荷兰Delf大学研究者[27]在风洞试验中DU97-W-300g光滑叶片段的结果进行比较,升力系数对比如图4所示。
图4可见:DU97-W-300叶片段在k-εk-ω、SST k-ω 3种湍流模型下,其失速攻角分别为18.0°、18.0°、12.5°,对应的最大升力系数分别为2.043、2.023、1.564;而风洞实验(Delf)中叶片失速攻角为12.5°,对应的最大升力系数为1.562。由此可见,这3种湍流模型中SST k-ω模型下的升力系数与风洞实验值比较符合,因此后续模拟中应采用SST k-ω湍流模型。
网格质量影响CFD计算精度,在结构化网格中,网格点布置越密集,计算精度越高,但时间成本也越高[28]。当网格加密到一定程度时,CFD仿真结果变化不大,故需对网格进行无关性验证。设置3套首层近壁面网格高度满足y+≤1的网格方案,网格数量分别为140万、280万以及380万,仿真结果如图5所示。由图5可见,网格数量为280万与380万的升力系数基本保持一致,故本文选用网格数量为280万的网格划分方法。
时间步长过大会影响非定常流动模拟计算结果,过小会增加不必要时间成本,因此需要对时间步长进行无关性分析,选取合适的时间步长[28]。设置3套时间步长来进行无关性验证,分别为0.050、0.025、0.010 s,每个时间间隔最大协同循环数(maximum number of coefficient loops)设为30。时间步长无关性验证结果如图6所示。由图6可见,时间步长为0.025 s和0.010 s的仿真结果接近,考虑到时间成本,选用时间步长为0.025 s。
为进一步验证CFD方法的可靠性,采用之前所述的模拟方法,依据荷兰Delf大学[27]加装三角形涡流发生器叶片段建立仿真模型。模型叶片弦长c为0.6 m,涡流发生器高度为5.0 mm,长度为17.0 mm,弦向安装位置为20%c,安装角为16.4°,间距为10.0 mm,节距为20.0 mm。将CFD计算结果与风洞实验数据对比,结果如图7所示。
图7可见:在攻角20.0°之前,加装涡流发生器DU97-W-300叶片段的CFD仿真结果与风洞实验中数值基本吻合;但在20.0°之后会出现较大的偏差,风洞实验中升力系数下降幅度明显高于CFD。Zhang等人[26]认为产生偏差的原因是在大攻角下风洞实验会存在额外的动量损失。总体来看,本文所建立的模型能够有效反映叶片的气动性能变化趋势。
涡流发生器通过产生诱导涡对叶片边界层流场进行控制,诱导涡强度越高,抑制边界层流动分离现象越显著,提升叶片气动性能的能力越强[26]。涡流发生器参数都会对诱导涡产生影响,并且各因素都具有关联性,研究涡流发生器高度H、长度L、安装角β、弦向安装位置S、间距S1、节距S2 6种因素进行正交实验[29],每个参数因素考虑5个水平,建立6因素5水平L25(56)的正交实验设计,正交实验因素水平见表1
鉴于涡流发生器对叶片失速以后发挥效果显著[5],故以Δ(Cl/Cd)¯(攻角α范围为12.5°~20.0°时加装涡流发生器后叶片段升阻比的均值)作为涡流发生器边界层控制性能的评价指标。Δ(Cl/Cd)¯越大表示此时涡流发生器能够更加有效抑制边界层流动分离。通过表1进行正交实验设计以及CFX仿真计算,得到涡流发生器方案及评价指标,结果见表2
通过CFX仿真计算,得出了正交实验的25组涡流发生器方案的Δ(Cl/Cd)¯,为方便表示公式记为σijij组合表示实验方案的序列。为分析涡流发生器长度、高度、安装角、节距、间距、弦向安装位置对叶片气动性能的影响程度,根据正交实验,定义参数ki,其中涡流发生器高度、长度、安装角、弦向安装位置、间距、节距分别记为kiHkiLkiβkiSkiS1kiS2
kiH=1nj=15σij
kiL=1ni=15σij
(k1βk2βk3βk4βk5β)=1n[(σ11σ14σ12σ15σ13)+(σ24σ22σ25σ23σ21)+(σ32σ35σ33σ31σ34)+(σ45σ43σ41σ44σ42)+(σ53σ51σ54σ52σ55)]
(k1Sk2Sk3Sk4Sk5S)=1n[(σ11σ13σ15σ12σ14)+(σ25σ22σ24σ21σ23)+(σ34σ31σ33σ35σ32)+(σ43σ45σ42σ44σ41)+(σ52σ54σ51σ53σ55)]
(k1S1k2S1k3S1k4S1k5S1)=1n[(σ11σ15σ14σ13σ12)+(σ23σ22σ21σ25σ24)+(σ35σ34σ33σ32σ31)+(σ42σ41σ45σ44σ43)+(σ54σ53σ52σ51σ55)]
(k1S2k2S2k3S2k4S2k5S2)=1n[(σ11σ12σ13σ14σ15)+(σ22σ23σ24σ25σ21)+(σ33σ34σ35σ31σ32)+(σ44σ45σ41σ42σ43)+(σ55σ51σ52σ53σ54)]
式中:i、j取值均为1—5,n=5;ki为涡流发生器某参数保持不变,其余参数变化时Δ(Cl/Cd)¯之和的均值。
定义指标参数极差ΔkΔk反应涡流发生器某因素水平变动时Δ(Cl/Cd)¯的变动幅度,且Δk越大,说明该因素对Δ(Cl/Cd)¯的影响越大,也就越重要。
Δk=maxikiminiki
表2数据代入式(3)—式(8)中计算,并将结果代入式(9),结果见表3
表3可以看出,k3H=maxikiHk4L=maxikiLk4β=maxikiβk1S=maxikiSk3S1=maxikiS1k1S2=maxikiS2,其所对应的涡流发生器参数分别为高度9 mm、长度20 mm、安装角20.0°、弦向安装位置10%c、间距20 mm、节距10 mm。对此方案进行仿真分析,其叶片段的平均升阻比为33.85,因此,实际涡流发生器最优参数组合为高度9 mm、长度20 mm、安装角20.0°、弦向安装位置10%c、间距20 mm、节距10 mm。根据式(10)可得,叶片边界层厚度ξ为12 mm,因此,涡流发生器最优参数为高度0.75ξ,长度1.60ξ,安装角20.0°,弦向安装位置10%c,间距1.60ξ,节距0.80ξ。从表3可见,ΔkS1>ΔkS2kLkHkSkβ。因此,涡流发生器间距和节距是影响叶片气动性能的主要因素;涡流发生器参数对叶片气动性能的影响从小到大的顺序是安装角、弦向安装位置、高度、长度、节距、间距。
ξ=0.37gcRe5
本文主要探讨通过正交实验确立的涡流发生器模型对叶片气动性能的影响,并将其荷兰Delf[27]大学设计的涡流发生器模型进行比较。
图8为光滑叶片(clean)、荷兰Delf大学研究者提出的涡流发生器叶片(Delf)以及本文提出的涡流发生器叶片(Op)的升力系数对比。由图8可见,当光滑叶片边界层流动分离之前,升力系数随攻角呈现线性增长趋势,但当攻角大于失速攻角之后,由于叶片边界层流动分离现象加剧,升力系数呈现下降趋势。而涡流发生器可以抑制叶片边界层的流动分离现象,增大叶片升力以及失速攻角。由图8可见:Delf大学设计的涡流发生器可以使叶片的升力系数从1.56增大到1.95,失速攻角从12.5°增大到15.0°,本文提出的涡流发生器可以使叶片升力系数增大到2.16,提升了40%;失速攻角增大到22.0°,增大了9.5°。与荷兰Delf大学涡流发生器相比,本文设计出的涡流发生器可使最大升力系数提升0.21,失速攻角提升7.0°,并且失速之后升力系数变化更加平稳。
图9α为18.0°时,clean、Delf以及Op的叶片展向中心剖面流场。由图9可见:光滑叶片边界层已经出现严重的流动分离现象;安装Delf大学设计的涡流发生器叶片流动分离现象虽有所减弱,但也十分明显;而安装本文设计的涡流发生器叶片并未出现流动分离现象。而这也与图8α为18.0°时,clean、Delf处于失速状态,而Op仍处于升速状态的情况一致。表明本文提出的涡流发生器产生的诱导涡能更加有效地增强边界层流体能量,从而更好地控制逆压梯度流动分离。
图10为不同攻角下涡流发生器对叶片压力分布的影响。叶片升力是由于叶片吸力面与压力面之间的压力差产生的,因此改善叶片的气动性能与改善叶片的压力分布影响效果一致[17]。从图10可见,安装涡流发生器的位置处都会形成负压峰值与负压谷值。这是由于气流经过时,其两侧变成了压力面与吸力面,造成两侧压力的不平衡形成高能量的涡流,增强近壁面流体的能量,从而改善压力分布。与Delf相比,本文涡流发生器处的负压峰值与负压谷值均较大,这表明形成了强度更大的诱导涡。图10还显示,随着攻角增大,与Delf相比本文提出的涡流发生器影响叶片压力分布更显著,表明本文提出的涡流发生器性能更优。
图11为当气流经过三角形涡流发生器时,会在两侧从下表面翻越到上表面,卷而形成涡流,在尾缘脱落形成诱导涡(图11[20]。比较各涡流发生器方案诱导涡的强度,可以更加全面反映本文方案的优劣。
诱导涡产生环量公式[20]为:
Γ=Ucsinaπ×(λpcos2asina+λvsin2acosa)
式中:λp为涡致升力常数;λv为势流升力常数。λpλv具体计算方法见文献[20]。
图12图13分别为荷兰Delft大学提出涡流发生器下游4H以及8H的速度,图1415分别为本文提出涡流发生器下游4H以及8H的速度,此时攻角均为18.0°。
图12图13可见:在Delf大学提出的涡流发生器下游4H处,涡流中心的绝对高度为0.003 8 m,涡流旋转区域的速度区间为(51.3 m/s, 64.2 m/s);在涡流发生器下游8H处,涡流中心的相对高度(与叶片表面之间的垂直距离)为0.004 5 m,涡流旋转区域的速度区间为(33.4 m/s, 56.7 m/s),这表明随着距离增加,涡流发生器作用逐渐减弱。
图14图15可见,在本文提出的涡流发生器下游4H处,涡流中心的相对高度为0.007 0 m,涡流旋转区域的速度区间为(73.6 m/s, 97.9 m/s);在涡流发生器下游8H处,涡流中心的相对高度为0.009 1 m,涡流旋转区域的速度区间为(64.3 m/s, 87.5 m/s),跟Delf大学相比,本文提出涡流发生器产生的涡流旋转中心更高,旋转速度更快。
为进一步比较方案的优劣,仿真得到α为18.0°时叶片的涡量分布,结果如图16所示。由图16可见,安装Delf涡流发生器方案的叶片在后缘位置已经形成了十分明显的流动分离现象,而安装本文的涡流发生器方案的叶片涡量依然依附叶片近壁面而不致分离。这表明本文提出的涡流发生器产生的涡流强度越高,注入叶片近壁面流体的能量也越多,这也是本文提出涡流发生器方案对叶片气动性能更好的原因。
本文通过正交实验对涡流发生器整体参数进行研究,以Δ(Cl/Cd)¯作为评价指标,得到以下结论。
1)涡流发生器参数对叶片气动性能的影响从小到大的顺序是安装角、弦向安装位置、高度、长度、节距、间距。
2)在本论文工况条件下,涡流发生器参数最优组合为高度9 mm、长度20 mm、安装角20.0°、弦向安装位置10%c、间距20 mm、节距10 mm。结合边界层厚度ξ,涡流发生器最优参数组合规律为高度为0.75ξ,长度为1.60ξ,安装角20.0°,弦向安装位置为10%cc为叶片弦长),间距为1.60ξ,节距为0.80ξ
3)随着攻角增大,涡流发生器发挥作用越显著。
4)与荷兰Delft大学相比,本文提出的涡流发生器产生的诱导涡强度更大,抑制叶片边界层流动分离现象越显著,能使叶片升力系数提升40%,最大失速攻角增大9.5°。本文提出的方案具备一定的优势,可为涡流发生器实际应用提供参考。
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2024年第53卷第6期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202312186
  • 接收时间:2023-12-18
  • 首发时间:2026-01-07
  • 出版时间:2024-06-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-12-18
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    华北电力大学能源动力与机械工程学院,北京 102206

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杨方超(1996),硕士,主要研究方向为可再生能源利用技术,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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