Article(id=1215700882323325459, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1215700878661702357, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202401021, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1705593600000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-19, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1767775276976, onlineDateStr=2026-01-07, pubDate=1719244800000, pubDateStr=2024-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1767775276976, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1767775276976, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767775276976, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1215700878661702357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2024', volume='53', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='150', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1767775276102, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767775427616, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1215701514199417515, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1215700878661702357, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1215701514199417516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1215700878661702357, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=65, endPage=78, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1215700883690668597, articleId=1215700882323325459, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Operating characteristics and optimization mechanism of the final stage of steam turbine under ultra-low load conditions, columnId=1211002405299294959, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Thermal energy science research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Constructing a power system predominantly based on renewable energy sources imposes increasingly stringent demands on deep peak shaving capability and ultra-low-load operation of coal-fired power generating units, thereby presents more severe challenges to the safe operation of steam turbine units under low-load conditions. This paper employs numerical simulation methods, focusing on an in-depth analysis of the operational performance of the last stage of a steam turbine under low-load conditions, and explores various solutions for their working mechanisms and optimization effects under ultra-low-load conditions. It is found that, when the unit transitions from medium-low load to ultra-low load, vortex clusters such as gap vortices, backflow vortices, and separation vortices emerge near the last stage blades, with their extent gradually expanding as the load decreases. Reducing the back pressure of the unit and operating the low-pressure cylinder with cylinder-cutting are effective strategies to attenuate steam turbine vortex flow and enhance the last stage’s performance, with a combined application of these strategies yielding better results. For instance, under 20% turbine heat acceptance (THA) conditions, reducing the back pressure from 4.9 kPa to 2.5 kPa significantly diminishes the influence range of the last stage vortex cluster, increasing the rotor blade torque from −38 N·m to 73 N·m, thereby markedly improves the last stage performance. Under 10% THA conditions, employing a combination of reduced back pressure and low-pressure cylinder-cutting can completely eliminate the tip clearance vortex, with the radial lengths of the backflow vortices and separation vortices reducing by more than 50%. The optimized rotor blade torque increases by approximately 130 N·m, significantly enhancing the last stage performance.

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构建以新能源为主体的新型电力系统,对燃煤发电机组深度调峰和超低负荷运行提出了越来越严苛的要求,进而对汽轮机组低负荷安全运行提出了越来越严峻的挑战。采用数值模拟方法,基于低负荷工况下汽轮机末级运行性能的深入分析,着重研究探索了不同解决方案在超低负荷工况下的工作机理与优化效果。研究发现,当机组从中低负荷下降到超低负荷时,末级叶片附近出现间隙涡、回流涡和分离涡等涡群,其范围随着负荷的减小逐渐扩大。低负荷工况降低机组背压和低压缸切缸运行是弱化汽轮机涡流、提高末级性能的有效途径,二者结合使用效果更佳。例如,在20%热耗率验收(THA)工况条件下,将背压从4.9 kPa降低到2.5 kPa,使得末级涡群影响范围明显减小,转子叶片转矩从–38 N·m增加到73 N·m,末级运行性能明显改善。在10%THA工况下,采用降低背压和低压缸切缸相结合可使叶顶间隙涡完全消失,回流涡和分离涡的径向长度都减小50%以上;优化后的动叶转矩增加了约130 N·m,末级运行性能改善效果显著。

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王卫良(1982),男,教授,主要研究方向为高效热力系统、火力发电节能降碳、碳中和与能源发展战略等,
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彭世亮(1998),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为深度调峰下汽轮机运行安全性的数值,

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彭世亮(1998),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为深度调峰下汽轮机运行安全性的数值,

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彭世亮(1998),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为深度调峰下汽轮机运行安全性的数值,

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Boundary conditions for each operating condition

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
运行工况总质量流量/(kg·s–1)入口总压/kPa入口总温/K出口静压/kPa
100%THA(热耗率验收)146.229.34341.734.9
40%THA58.1911.46321.644.9
30%THA43.788.52315.924.9
20%THA29.336.02309.364.9
10%THA14.534.79305.284.9
5%THA7.124.48304.104.9
), ArticleFig(id=1215700898274263126, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700882323325459, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

各运行工况下进出口边界条件

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
运行工况总质量流量/(kg·s–1)入口总压/kPa入口总温/K出口静压/kPa
100%THA(热耗率验收)146.229.34341.734.9
40%THA58.1911.46321.644.9
30%THA43.788.52315.924.9
20%THA29.336.02309.364.9
10%THA14.534.79305.284.9
5%THA7.124.48304.104.9
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超低负荷工况下汽轮机末级运行特性及其优化机制探索
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彭世亮 1 , 王卫良 1 , 吕俊复 2, 3 , 柯希玮 2, 3 , 刘志东 4 , 马庆中 5
热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2024,53(6): 65-78
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热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2024, 53(6): 65-78
超低负荷工况下汽轮机末级运行特性及其优化机制探索
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彭世亮1 , 王卫良1 , 吕俊复2, 3, 柯希玮2, 3, 刘志东4, 马庆中5
作者信息
  • 1.暨南大学重大工程灾害与控制教育部重点实验室国际能源学院(能源电力研究中心),广东 珠海 519070
  • 2.清华大学热科学与动力工程教育部重点实验室,北京 100084
  • 3.怀柔实验室山西研究院,山西 太原 030006
  • 4.广东珠海金湾发电有限公司,广东 珠海 519050
  • 5.山西国锦煤电有限公司,山西 吕梁 030500
  • 彭世亮(1998),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为深度调峰下汽轮机运行安全性的数值,

通讯作者:

王卫良(1982),男,教授,主要研究方向为高效热力系统、火力发电节能降碳、碳中和与能源发展战略等,
Operating characteristics and optimization mechanism of the final stage of steam turbine under ultra-low load conditions
Shiliang PENG1 , Weiliang WANG1 , Junfu LYU2, 3, Xiwei KE2, 3, Zhidong LIU4, Qingzhong MA5
Affiliations
  • 1.MOE Key Lab of Disaster and Control in Engineering, International Energy College (Energy and Electricity Research Center), Jinan University, Zhuhai 519070, China
  • 2.Key Laboratory of Thermal Science and Power Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
  • 3.Shanxi Research Institute of Huairou Laboratory, Taiyuan 030006, China
  • 4.Guangdong Zhuhai Jinwan Power Generation Co., Ltd., Zhuhai 519050, China
  • 5.Shanxi Guojin Coal Power Co., Ltd., Lüliang 030500, China
出版时间: 2024-06-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202401021
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构建以新能源为主体的新型电力系统,对燃煤发电机组深度调峰和超低负荷运行提出了越来越严苛的要求,进而对汽轮机组低负荷安全运行提出了越来越严峻的挑战。采用数值模拟方法,基于低负荷工况下汽轮机末级运行性能的深入分析,着重研究探索了不同解决方案在超低负荷工况下的工作机理与优化效果。研究发现,当机组从中低负荷下降到超低负荷时,末级叶片附近出现间隙涡、回流涡和分离涡等涡群,其范围随着负荷的减小逐渐扩大。低负荷工况降低机组背压和低压缸切缸运行是弱化汽轮机涡流、提高末级性能的有效途径,二者结合使用效果更佳。例如,在20%热耗率验收(THA)工况条件下,将背压从4.9 kPa降低到2.5 kPa,使得末级涡群影响范围明显减小,转子叶片转矩从–38 N·m增加到73 N·m,末级运行性能明显改善。在10%THA工况下,采用降低背压和低压缸切缸相结合可使叶顶间隙涡完全消失,回流涡和分离涡的径向长度都减小50%以上;优化后的动叶转矩增加了约130 N·m,末级运行性能改善效果显著。

汽轮机  /  低负荷工况  /  涡流  /  背压  /  切缸

Constructing a power system predominantly based on renewable energy sources imposes increasingly stringent demands on deep peak shaving capability and ultra-low-load operation of coal-fired power generating units, thereby presents more severe challenges to the safe operation of steam turbine units under low-load conditions. This paper employs numerical simulation methods, focusing on an in-depth analysis of the operational performance of the last stage of a steam turbine under low-load conditions, and explores various solutions for their working mechanisms and optimization effects under ultra-low-load conditions. It is found that, when the unit transitions from medium-low load to ultra-low load, vortex clusters such as gap vortices, backflow vortices, and separation vortices emerge near the last stage blades, with their extent gradually expanding as the load decreases. Reducing the back pressure of the unit and operating the low-pressure cylinder with cylinder-cutting are effective strategies to attenuate steam turbine vortex flow and enhance the last stage’s performance, with a combined application of these strategies yielding better results. For instance, under 20% turbine heat acceptance (THA) conditions, reducing the back pressure from 4.9 kPa to 2.5 kPa significantly diminishes the influence range of the last stage vortex cluster, increasing the rotor blade torque from −38 N·m to 73 N·m, thereby markedly improves the last stage performance. Under 10% THA conditions, employing a combination of reduced back pressure and low-pressure cylinder-cutting can completely eliminate the tip clearance vortex, with the radial lengths of the backflow vortices and separation vortices reducing by more than 50%. The optimized rotor blade torque increases by approximately 130 N·m, significantly enhancing the last stage performance.

steam turbine  /  low load conditions  /  vortex  /  back pressure  /  cylinder-cutting
彭世亮, 王卫良, 吕俊复, 柯希玮, 刘志东, 马庆中. 超低负荷工况下汽轮机末级运行特性及其优化机制探索. 热力发电, 2024 , 53 (6) : 65 -78 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202401021
Shiliang PENG, Weiliang WANG, Junfu LYU, Xiwei KE, Zhidong LIU, Qingzhong MA. Operating characteristics and optimization mechanism of the final stage of steam turbine under ultra-low load conditions[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2024 , 53 (6) : 65 -78 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202401021
为实现“碳达峰”“碳中和”的“双碳”战略目标,近年来我国积极推动构建以新能源为主体的新型电力系统。截至2022年底,我国新型能源发电量达到2.7万亿kW·h,占全社会用电量的31.6%,较2021年提高1.7百分点。可再生能源在保障能源供应方面发挥的作用越来越明显,且占据着不小的份额。随着国家政策的大力支持,未来新型能源在电力系统中的占比必将进一步扩大。由于风能和太阳能等新能源的利用非常受自然环境条件的制约,具有很强的波动性、随机性和反调峰性,当这些新型发电方式并入电力系统中后,为了提高对新能源的消纳能力,势必需要传统的燃煤发电机组通过“深度调峰”来平衡整个发电系统,由此火电厂的运行将更加多变,且在未来几十年这种变化可能会越来越灵活[1-2]。火电机组频繁地参与深度调峰使得机组长期保持中低负荷运转[3-5],且由于鼓风工况的存在,动叶顶部易产生高温区,使得低压缸末级叶片特别是动叶片材料特性发生改变,甚至导致共振和颤振等危险[6-7]。据不完全统计,国内汽轮机事故中30%~40%由于叶片损伤造成,而这其中,60%以上的原因是叶片振动,90%事故出自末级叶片[8-9],这对机组的安全稳定运行造成了极大风险。在过去几十年里,国内外学者针对汽轮机低压缸末级流场特性进行了大量的研究。特别是在能源需求不断变化和绿色能源发展的背景下,对于低负荷工况下的流场特性研究越发受到关注[10]
汽轮机在低负荷和低真空下运行通常会导致蒸汽流量不稳定、压力波动和回流等不良影响。此外,由于蒸汽流量/蒸汽速度降低,气流以负入射角进入级内撞击叶片的吸力面,导致叶片结构中产生了高振动应力[11]。早期学者们主要是以实验和理论研究的方式来分析末级通道的蒸汽流动情况。宁哲和王仲博等[12-13]对200 MW汽轮机末级流场进行了多个不同工况下的实验,观察到了低负荷时汽轮机末级流场出现的回流现象。金建国等[14]基于流体力学基本理论对小容积流量工况下的汽轮机末级流场特性进行了分析,发现数学模型计算结果与实验数据基本吻合,最后结果表明小容积流量工况下末级产生回流的是由于动叶出口截面压力梯度的产生所致。Gerschütz等人[15]则通过对汽轮机低压末三级模型在不同工况下的实验研究发现,当流量降至设计流量的25%以下时,非定常扰动会稳步增长,且在靠近最后一级静子和转子之间的轴向间隙顶部非定常激励最强,这使得叶尖部分出现旋转失稳现象。Segawa等人[16]针对汽轮机低压末四级进行了低负荷条件下的实验,通过非定常压力探针(multi-hole pneumatic probes)进行压力测量,研究动叶片出口处的径向压力波动。结果表明,随着负荷的降低,在观察到逆流的阶段之后,在动叶表面观察到较大的压力波动,这导致动叶片的激振力快速增大。随着计算机技术的快速发展,数值模拟的方式也越来越多地被应用于定常和非定常流场模拟。徐美超等[17]以600 MW汽轮机组为研究对象,分析了小容积流量工况下汽轮机末级流场的涡流特性,阐述了涡流产生机理。为提高模拟精度,石红晖等[18]选择对汽轮机低压缸末五级进行数值模拟,探究了末级流动结构、气流角和温度的分布规律。Živný等人[19]通过计算流体力学(computational fluid dynamics,CFD)计算模拟了汽轮机末级排汽通道内的复杂三维流动过程,但未考虑动叶通道的蒸汽流动情况。Sigg等人[20]对末级流场进行了数值和实验研究,发现最后一级转子在极低的流量下向汽流传递能量,并且其CFD模拟很好地预测了叶尖部分的压力上升特性。Sun等人[21]基于某汽轮机末级叶片,使用DES和URANS进行了数值模拟,发现叶尖区域的诱导涡流对叶片气动弹性稳定性具有失稳作用,且诱导涡对叶片颤振特性的影响主要集中在叶尖附近的叶片吸力侧后半部分。Zhang等人[22]通过对汽轮机末级模型在不同运行条件下进行3D非定常数值计算,发现转子叶片尖端部分区域在压缩机模式下进行工作(即静态压力升高而不是压降),表明这是蒸汽中旋转不稳定性发生的必要条件之一。Garg等人[23]研究结果清楚地表明,随着末级中的质量流量以恒定速度降低,进入定子叶片和转子叶片通道的气流会冲击动叶吸力面,这会导致叶片压力侧产生涡流,进一步降低质量流量后该涡流在轴向和圆周方向上进一步膨胀。Rama Rao等[24]对单长叶片在低载荷和高背压条件下的流固耦合计算进行了建模,研究了蒸汽入口角度对叶片的影响。结果表明,部分工况下叶片振动响应随着进口入射角的增大而增大。此外,学者们也对低质量流量工况下末级叶片的强度性能进行了研究,发现超低负荷工况下最高温度位于末级静叶片吸力面尖端出口边缘处,随着载荷的减小,最大等效应力和最大变形呈现先减小后增大的规律,最终超过设计值[25-27]
通过上述文献综述可知,在低负荷工况下汽轮机末级流场会产生多种涡流,使得末级运行性能严重恶化,影响其安全稳定运行。但目前还鲜有研究者对该问题提出有效的缓解方法。为此,本文对低压末级流场的流动特征进行了详细分析,并提出在极低负荷工况应从结构调整和边界条件优化等角度开展流场重构研究。
本文研究对象为某1 000 MW汽轮机组低压缸末级。其中动叶数量86只,高度为1 190 mm;静叶数量48只,高度为1 070 mm。简化模型主体包含静叶通道和动叶通道。为更好观察部分工况下的流场情况,构建了出口通道模型。图1为汽轮机末级流体域计算模型。综合考虑计算资源与计算精度,采用周期性边界条件,对1个静叶通道和2个动叶通道组成的数值模型展开计算。
本研究采用专业网格划分软件Turbogrid对计算域进行结构化网格划分。该软件可划分出较高质量的网格。对动叶通道的网格数量进行适当加密,其中50%相对叶高截面的网格结构如图2所示。需要说明的是,本研究使用的SST湍流模型自带壁面函数,可以实现自动壁面处理以增强对网格的适应能力,因此对y+要求不高,本文设置y+值为2.5。另外收敛残差设置为10–5数量级,且采用“双收敛”方式判断模型收敛(即残差收敛和动叶叶尖处的静压力收敛)情况。
模型以动叶出口的径向相对速度分布来检验网格数量对计算结果的影响。图3为4种不同网格数量模型计算得到的动叶出口径向相对速度分布。由图3可以看出,当网格总数量在170万及以上时,动叶出口的相对速度分布变化已经相对较小。考虑计算效率因素,最终选用总网格数量为170万的计算模型,此时单动叶流道网格数量在60万左右。
本文所研究的汽轮机低压缸末级通道中的流体流动为黏性、可压缩流动,在流动过程中满足基本的物理守恒定律,即质量守恒定律、动量守恒定律和能量守恒定律。其数学描述由人们熟知的流体力学控制方程——纳维-斯托克斯方程(Navier-Stokes equation,N-S方程)组完成。采用专业计算流体动力学软件求解雷诺平均N-S方程。使用SST湍流模型来捕捉低质量流量下的涡流结构。SST模型结合了k-ԑk-ω湍流模型的计算优点,对存在逆压梯度等复杂流动的模拟计算中具有较高的精度。
涡流黏度方程定义为[28]
vt=a1kmax(a1ω,SF2)
式中:F2为用来约束壁面层的混合函数;S为应变速率的一个定估算值;k为湍动能;ω为湍流频率。
F2混合函数是k-ԑk-ω湍流模型过渡的重要方程,式(1)中F2的表达式为:
F2=tanh((max(2kβωy,500vy2ω)2))
式中:y为第一层网格到壁面距离的最小值;β′为经验常数。
输运方程为:
kt+u¯jkxj=Pk+xj[(v+σkvt)kxj]βkω
ωt+u¯jωxj=αS2βω2+xj[(v+σωtvt)ωxj]+2(1F2)σω21ωkxiωxi
由于汽轮机低压末级运行在湿蒸汽区,故计算工质选择IAPWS-IF97模块下的湿蒸汽材料Steam 3vl。蒸汽冷凝过程中形成的液滴数量通过Kantrowitz的非等温校正从经典成核理论中获得[29-30]
J=qc1+ε2σπm3ρc2ρde(4πr*2σ3KTc)
式中:qc为凝结因子;σ为表面系数;K为玻尔兹曼常数;Tc为汽相温度;ε为非等温校正因子,其公式为式(6)。
ε=2γ1γ+1LRTc(LRTc12)
式中:γ为气体比热容比;L为汽化潜热;R为气体常数。
液滴生长速率描述了冷凝过程中液滴尺寸的变化,如式(7)所示:
drdt=kcrρd(1+cKn)(TdTchchd)
式中:Kn为由分子平均自由程和液滴直径之比定义的克努森数;kc为蒸汽热导率;c为设定为3.18的经验因子。
本文采用质量流量入口和平均静压出口。根据热力特性书给出边界条件数据,设计工况下单静叶流道入口质量流量为1.7 kg/s,出口平均静压恒定为4.9 kPa,壁面及叶片为无滑移绝热边界。计算并分析6种不同负荷工况下的末级通道流动特性,各运行工况进出口边界条件见表1
此外,对模型的准确性进行验证。30%THA~ 100%THA 5种工况下计算得到的出口蒸汽干度与设计值的对比结果如图4所示。由图4可以看出,数值模拟的误差控制在了2%以内,基本符合精度要求。
图5为不同工况下动叶片的表面流线。
图5可以看出:40%THA工况时动叶压力面前缘50%相对叶高以上部位产生了流动分离,分离流主要呈现径向流动;随着入口蒸汽流量的减少,该分离流在径向上向叶根扩展;20%THA工况时,分离流已经蔓延至叶根位置,分离涡的影响范围进一步扩大。
图6为6种工况下末级通道的子午面流线。图7为不同工况下98%相对叶高截面流线。当负荷降低到40%THA工况时,通过图6可以清楚地观察到排汽通道靠近动叶根部的位置已经开始产生回流,且该回流进入动叶通道并与主流相互作用。从图5叶片表面流线同样可以观察到,该回流涡位于叶片吸力面叶根到30%相对叶高的位置。随着入口蒸汽流量的减少,回流涡在径向上进一步扩展,最大扩展到75%相对叶高。
此外,通过图6同样可以清晰地观察到,20%THA工况时动叶尖端前缘处出现了较小范围的涡流。结合图6图7可以看出,该间隙涡严重影响动叶顶部前缘处的流场稳定性。当负荷降低至10%THA工况时,间隙涡会在动静叶间隙中向静叶侧扩展,轴向上几乎占据整个间隙通道,径向上则从叶顶扩展到90%相对叶高的位置;而5%THA工况时,该涡流在径向上则最大扩展到75%相对叶高的位置。
图8为不同工况下末级入口(s in)、动叶通道入口(r in)和动叶通道出口(r out)3处的径向静压力分布。由图8可以看出,当负荷降至40%THA工况时,动叶通道出口根部开始出现鼓风现象,20%相对叶高以下蒸汽被压缩,使得出口压力平均升高400 Pa,由此形成逆压区,出口处的蒸汽开始回流进入动叶通道。由于此时主流速度也相对较低,所以该回流与主流相互作用后一起在径向上成螺旋状向叶顶方向流动,由此开始形成回流涡。20%THA工况时,动叶通道出口处压力全面升高,逆压区扩展到整个动叶通道形成全局逆压,这导致吸力面尾缘的回流涡向上发展到75%相对叶高处。当入口流量持续减小后,回流涡影响范围进一步扩大,动叶通道进出口压差持续增大。至5%THA工况时,动叶通道出入口面的平均压力提升450 Pa。
此外,由图8同样可以看出,20%THA工况时,动叶通道顶部同样出现鼓风现象产生逆压区。结合图7图8可以看出,此时部分蒸汽在撞击动叶压力面后逆向流动,并在压力面前缘形成1个小尺度涡流,回流蒸汽与主流相互作用后形成间隙涡并在周向上运动。当负荷降低至10%THA工况时,95%相对叶高以上位置动叶入口蒸汽压力相比静叶入口蒸汽压力平均升高40 Pa,叶顶前缘蒸汽开始回流进入静叶通道,径向上扩展到约90%相对叶高。5%THA工况后,逆压区也扩大到80%相对叶高附近,压力平均提高200 Pa,间隙涡向下扩展到约75%相对叶高。
图9为动叶通道20%、50%和95% 3个叶高截面的汽流进口角值变化示意。由图9可以看出,随着入口蒸汽质量流量的减少,3个特征截面上汽流进口角α都呈增大趋势,分别从100%THA工况的49°、77°和154°增至5%THA工况的约174°。40%THA工况时,50%相对叶高汽流进口角已经达到119°,蒸汽冲击动叶吸力面导致压力面前缘处蒸汽速度降低和方向改变,分离涡由此开始在叶片压力面形成。20%THA工况时,汽流进口角进一步增大,叶片压力面分离涡已经发展到叶根部分。随着负荷的进一步降低,汽流进口角α持续增大,压力面流动分离范围也越来越大。
可见,涡流的产生与流场和汽流进口角的影响密不可分,而汽流进口角受喷嘴出口流速(即体积流量)直接影响。低负荷工况主蒸汽流量大幅下降,大部分级组压力随主蒸汽流量下降近似线性下降,比容同步上升,较大程度弥补了主蒸汽流量下降对体积流量或流速的影响。低压缸末级受机组背压的限制,级组压力无法随机组负荷下降同步下降,在主蒸汽流量大幅下降的单方面主导下,级组流场严重偏离设计工况,这是涡流等复杂流动结构产生进而引起末级性能恶化的根本原因。为此,本文欲通过优化背压和切缸运行等方式来大幅提升末级流场的相对体积流量,从而缓解流场恶化情况。
设置4.9、3.7、2.5 kPa 3种背压,并分析了3种背压对20%THA和10%THA 2种低负荷工况下末级流场的影响。
图10图11是3种背压下20%THA和10%THA工况的压力分布和流线。图中,Δp1和Δp2分别为静叶通道和动叶通道的进出口压力差。图12是20%THA和10%THA工况下各截面汽流进口角。20%THA工况时,从压力分布来看,随着背压的降低,静子通道压差不断增大,均为正值(图10a));动叶通道逆压区也不断缩小,从全局逆压状态转变为仅20%相对叶高以下逆压,可见该工况整个通道内的压力分布都得到了较大优化(图10b))。从流场来看,当背压为3.7 kPa时,间隙涡几乎消失(图11b));背压继续降至2.5 kPa时,动叶通道内压差不断增大,汽流进口角也大幅减小,回流涡和分离涡径向和轴向长度都因此大幅缩减,流场稳定性大大提升(图11c))。此时,仅排气通道残余回流涡,但其对动叶通道的影响不大。
图11可以看出,当机组运行在10%THA工况时,随着背压的降低,静叶通道的进出口压力差不断增大,动叶通道也是如此。需要注意的是,动叶通道的平均压差从背压为4.9 kPa时的−400 Pa降至背压为2.5 kPa时的约–100 Pa,背压的降低虽然在一定程度对动叶通道压缩状态有一定缓解,但整个动叶通道仍处于全局逆压状态。从流场来看,随着背压的降低,由于静叶入口压力不断提升,动静叶间隙的压力差正向扩大,这使得间隙涡的发展受到一定限制。当背压降低至2.5 kPa时,间隙涡已经接近消失。由于动叶通道仍处于全局逆压状态,且动叶通道各截面汽流进口角依然很大,因此分离涡和间隙涡仍然存在;分离涡径向长度只有小幅度减小,但并不明显;回流涡径向长度则从背压为4.9 kPa时的约65%相对叶高缩减至背压为2.5 kPa时的约45%相对叶高,即回流涡径向长度缩减约30%,这在一定程度上提升了流场稳定性。
图13是20%THA和10%THA工况下叶片扭矩随背压的变化情况。由图13可以看出,扭矩的变化情况与动叶通道进出口压差的变化一致,即2种工况下动叶扭矩都随背压的降低而不断增大。其中,20%THA工况时,当背压在3.7 kPa以下时动叶扭矩变为正值,此时蒸汽不消耗轴功;当背压进一步降低至2.5 kPa时,扭矩正向增至70 N·m以上,相较于背压为4.9 kPa时增大110 N·m,此时末级动叶可正常将蒸汽动能转化为转子的机械能,流场稳定性和效率都得到了提升。10%THA工况负荷时,背压的降低依然可以使得动叶扭矩呈增大趋势,但通过曲线斜率可以清晰看出,相较于20%THA工况,10%THA工况负荷时动叶扭矩的增大趋势显得较为平缓,从背压4.9 kPa降为2.5 kPa后扭矩仅增大35 N·m,远小于20%THA工况的110 N·m,且各背压下10%THA以下负荷的动叶扭矩始终为负值,转子做负功,末级效率和流场稳定性依然较低。
采用切缸运行方式同样可以大幅提升主蒸汽流量,对末级流场稳定性起到积极作用,为此本节对比分析了切缸前后流动结构变化情况。
对20%THA和10%THA 2种运行工况下切缸前后作了对比分析。图14图15图16分别是20%THA和10%THA工况下切缸运行前后压力分布、流线和各截面汽流进口角变化情况。从图14可以看出,20%THA工况时,切缸运行前后静叶通道内进出口压差均大于0,且压差在径向上呈减小趋势,说明流场的不稳定性在径向上增强,但整个静叶通道依然处于稳定状态,且切缸后平均压差相较于切缸前增大近4 000 Pa,提升效果显著。20%THA工况下,切缸前整个动叶通道压差均小于0,处于全局逆压状态。从图15可以看出,动叶顶部前缘处开始出现小范围间隙涡、分离涡和回流涡共同占据着整个通道。而切缸运行后动叶通道20%相对叶高以上部位压差均大于0,平均压差较切缸前增大近1 000 Pa;通过流线也可以看出间隙涡完全消失,回流涡径向长度缩减至20%相对叶高以下。切缸后动叶通道汽流进口角在整个叶高上都有所减小,50%相对叶高汽流进口角缩减约35°,远小于20%相对叶高缩减的90°,因此分离涡仅存在于50%相对叶高以上,其长度得到大幅缩减。
通过图15可以看出,10%THA工况时,切缸运行前后静叶通道约90%相对叶高以上部位压差小于0,处于逆压状态,间隙涡在径向和轴向上都有所增长。而切缸运行后静叶进出口平均压差增大约800 Pa,动叶顶部逆压差消失,间隙涡影响同时大幅缩减。至于动叶通道,通过压差分布图可以看出切缸后平均压差较切缸前增大约250 Pa;通过流线也可以看出,回流涡径向长度从65%相对叶高以下部分缩减至40%相对叶高以下部分,但切缸前后整个动叶通道仍然处于全局逆压状态。通过图16可以看出,切缸后50%相对叶高汽流进口角缩减约7°,50%相对叶高以下也仅缩减20°,相较于20%THA工况切缸,其进口角缩小程度十分有限。通过流线也可以看出,分离涡影响范围依然较大。
通过上述分析可知:在20%THA工况下进行切缸运行时可完全抑制间隙涡发展,大幅提升叶顶流场稳定性,还能有效缓解分离涡和回流涡的发展;但在10%THA工况下切缸操作改善效果有限,还需要探索其他方法。
针对10%THA工况时,切缸运行仅能遏制间隙涡的发展,对分离涡和回流涡的抑制效果非常有限的问题,对该工况同时采取降低背压至2.5 kPa和切缸运行2种措施后的流场特性进行研究。
图17是10%THA工况下同时采取2种方法后的压力分布和流线。由图17a)可以看出,静叶通道径向上压差全部增大,平均压差扩大约2 200 Pa,叶顶逆压状态得到极大缓解,间隙涡完全消失。优化前动叶通道的全局逆压状态,在优化后得到扭转,20%相对叶高以上部分压差均大于0,通道内平均压差增大近800 Pa。通过图17b)可以看到,回流涡径向高度缩减近70%,大大提升了流场稳定性。
图18是10%THA工况下优化前后3个叶高截面的汽流进口角。由图18可以看出,优化后20%相对叶高处汽流进口角减小110°以上,50%相对叶高处汽流进口角则减小50°以上,优化后分离涡仅存在于50%相对叶高以上,径向长度缩小了50%,极大地抑制了分离涡的发展。此外,优化后动叶扭矩从−60 N·m增至70 N·m,可见末级做功能力也得到了较大的提升。
综上可知,10%THA工况下同时采取降背压和切缸运行能有效限制涡流组的发展,不仅能大幅提升流场稳定性,还能提升末级运行效率。
本文针对火电机组在超低负荷工况严重偏离设计状态,引起汽轮机末级流场失稳等安全隐患问题,采用CFD方法开展了数值模拟研究,分析了低负荷工况下末级通道内的流场特征,并尝试对失稳流场进行通流优化,取得了一些研究成果并得到以下结论。
1)机组负荷低于40%THA工况后,低压末级动叶吸力面尾缘、动叶压力面前缘和动静叶间隙顶部会依次出现由回流涡、分离涡和间隙涡组成的涡系结构,涡流的形成与发展与出入口压差和汽流进口角有密切关系,严重影响流场稳定性。
2)低负荷工况下流场稳定性随背压的降低而提升,当背压降至2.5 kPa时,20%THA工况下动叶通道20%相对叶高以上部位进出口压差都为正值,能有效抑制3种涡流的发展;且动叶扭矩相较于背压为4.9 kPa时增大110 N·m以上,末级流场稳定性大大提升。
3)20%THA工况下切缸运行时使得动叶通道20%相对叶高以上部位压差均大于0,平均压差较切缸前增大近1 000 Pa;且动叶通道汽流进口角在整个叶高上都有所减小,间隙涡完全消失,回流涡和分离涡径向长度大幅缩减,末级运行性能得到较大提升。
4)10%THA工况下同时采取降低背压和切缸运行后,流场中间隙涡完全消失,分离涡径向长度缩小50%,回流涡径向高度缩减近70%,极大地提高了流场稳定性。优化后动叶扭矩增大130 N·m左右,末级叶片做功能力也得到了较大的提升。
综上所述,本文结合降低背压和切缸运行2种方式对汽轮机低压末级进行流场重构,可优化末级通流结构,大幅改善低负荷工况下末级流场运行性能。后续将继续结合非定常流场计算验证该方案的有效性。
  • 珠海市产学研合作项目(2220004003010)
  • “十四五”国家重点研发计划(2022YFB4100805)
  • 中国华能集团有限公司总部科技项目“基础能源科技研究专项(三)(HNKJ22-H105)
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2024年第53卷第6期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202401021
  • 接收时间:2024-01-19
  • 首发时间:2026-01-07
  • 出版时间:2024-06-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-19
基金
Zhuhai Industry-University-Research Cooperation Project(2220004003010)
珠海市产学研合作项目(2220004003010)
Key Project of the National Fourteen-Five Year Research Program of China(2022YFB4100805)
“十四五”国家重点研发计划(2022YFB4100805)
Science and Technology Research Project of China Huaneng Group Co., Ltd.(HNKJ22-H105)
中国华能集团有限公司总部科技项目“基础能源科技研究专项(三)(HNKJ22-H105)
作者信息
    1.暨南大学重大工程灾害与控制教育部重点实验室国际能源学院(能源电力研究中心),广东 珠海 519070
    2.清华大学热科学与动力工程教育部重点实验室,北京 100084
    3.怀柔实验室山西研究院,山西 太原 030006
    4.广东珠海金湾发电有限公司,广东 珠海 519050
    5.山西国锦煤电有限公司,山西 吕梁 030500

通讯作者:

王卫良(1982),男,教授,主要研究方向为高效热力系统、火力发电节能降碳、碳中和与能源发展战略等,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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