Article(id=1215700882008752657, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1215700878661702357, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202401025, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1706544000000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-30, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1767775276901, onlineDateStr=2026-01-07, pubDate=1719244800000, pubDateStr=2024-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1767775276901, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1767775276901, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767775276901, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1215700878661702357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2024', volume='53', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='150', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1767775276102, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767775427616, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1215701514199417515, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1215700878661702357, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1215701514199417516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1215700878661702357, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=132, endPage=141, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1215700884135264840, articleId=1215700882008752657, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Three-dimensional numerical study on anti-freezing characteristics of natural draft wet cooling tower at constant heat load, columnId=1211002405299294959, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Thermal energy science research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Against the actual problems that the wet cooling tower is easy to hang ice at the bottom of the packing and the upper edge of the inlet in winter, a three-dimensional numerical model of the cooling tower based on the constant heat load is established. The anti-freezing characteristics of the cooling tower in severe cold weather without anti-freezing device are explored, and the variation characteristics and influencing factors of key parameters such as the water temperature distribution of packing bottom and the air mass flow at tower top outlet are analyzed. The results show that, the lower the ambient temperature, the greater the influence of the unit load on the average water temperature and the lowest water temperature at the bottom of the packing. The main factors affecting the change of the difference between the average water temperature and the lowest water temperature at the packing bottom include unit load, wind velocities and water distribution mode. Among them, the influence of water distribution mode is greater, followed by unit load, and the influence of wind velocities is less. The air mass flow at tower top outlet is positively correlated with the unit load and negatively correlated with the ambient temperature. When the ambient temperature is the same, the air mass flow at tower top outlet of the outer ring with underwater is less than that of the full tower. The water temperature inside the lower part of the windward side and the outside of the leeward side is the lowest, and the freezing risk is the greatest. When the wet cooling tower is running in winter, the anti-freezing device should be arranged on the windward side and the leeward side.

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针对湿式冷却塔(湿冷塔)冬季运行易出现填料底层、进风口上缘等位置易挂冰的实际问题,建立了基于定热负荷的自然通风湿冷塔三维数值模型,探究了湿冷塔在严寒天气不外加防冻装置运行时的防冻特性规律,分析了填料底层水温、通风量等关键参数的变化特征及影响因素。研究结果表明:环境温度越低,机组负荷对填料底层平均水温、最低水温的影响越大;填料底层水温偏差变化的主要因素是机组负荷、环境风速、配水方式,其中配水方式的影响幅度较大,机组负荷次之,环境风速影响较小;通风量与机组负荷呈正相关关系,与环境温度呈负相关关系;环境温度相同时,外圈配水下的通风量小于全塔配水;迎风侧内部较低处及背风侧外部的水温最低,冻结风险最大,湿冷塔冬季运行时,应着重在迎风侧和背风侧进行防冻装置布置。

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赵元宾(1981),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为高效能量利用技术,
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王中华(1982),男,工程师,主要研究方向为火电厂安全节能运行,

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王中华(1982),男,工程师,主要研究方向为火电厂安全节能运行,

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王中华(1982),男,工程师,主要研究方向为火电厂安全节能运行,

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figureFileSmall=N3VK55kDokYddeHuKRBg1g==, figureFileBig=CJuGBKyQp3Og5wKCObKGgA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215700895195643915, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700882008752657, language=CN, label=图12, caption=雨区循环水温度、空气温度分布, figureFileSmall=N3VK55kDokYddeHuKRBg1g==, figureFileBig=CJuGBKyQp3Og5wKCObKGgA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215700895363416080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700882008752657, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Geometric structural parameters of the cooling tower

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项目数值
塔顶高度/m120.00
塔顶出口半径/m28.60
喉部高度/m96.00
喉部半径/m27.20
0 m处半径/m48.60
进风口顶部高度/m8.30
填料顶部高度/m10.70
填料底部高度/m9.45
除水器顶部高度/m12.70
填料顶部半径/m45.50
填料底部半径/m45.90
百叶窗叶片尺寸(L×h)/(mm×mm)145×20
), ArticleFig(id=1215700896625901590, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700882008752657, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

冷却塔几何结构参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数值
塔顶高度/m120.00
塔顶出口半径/m28.60
喉部高度/m96.00
喉部半径/m27.20
0 m处半径/m48.60
进风口顶部高度/m8.30
填料顶部高度/m10.70
填料底部高度/m9.45
除水器顶部高度/m12.70
填料顶部半径/m45.50
填料底部半径/m45.90
百叶窗叶片尺寸(L×h)/(mm×mm)145×20
), ArticleFig(id=1215700896768507932, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700882008752657, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Grid independence validation

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网格数118万150万203万
出塔水温计算值19.7319.7519.75
出塔水温偏差0.040.020.02
循环水温降10.1110.1110.11
), ArticleFig(id=1215700896869171230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700882008752657, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

网格独立性验证

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网格数118万150万203万
出塔水温计算值19.7319.7519.75
出塔水温偏差0.040.020.02
循环水温降10.1110.1110.11
), ArticleFig(id=1215700896974028836, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700882008752657, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Validation for the numerical model

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工况C1C2C3
环境温度/℃21.120.922.8
相对湿度/%666651
环境风速/(m·s–1)0.96.00.7
大气压/kPa100.1100.199.9
循环水流量/(m3·h–1)33 08433 08433 084
进塔水温/℃30.2229.7136.02
出塔水温实测值/℃20.7820.2324.45
出塔水温计算值/℃20.9520.3824.34
计算误差/℃0.170.150.11
), ArticleFig(id=1215700897066303528, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700882008752657, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

模型验证

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工况C1C2C3
环境温度/℃21.120.922.8
相对湿度/%666651
环境风速/(m·s–1)0.96.00.7
大气压/kPa100.1100.199.9
循环水流量/(m3·h–1)33 08433 08433 084
进塔水温/℃30.2229.7136.02
出塔水温实测值/℃20.7820.2324.45
出塔水温计算值/℃20.9520.3824.34
计算误差/℃0.170.150.11
), ArticleFig(id=1215700897162772522, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700882008752657, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

The water temperature difference at the packing bottom at different ambient temperatures

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环境温度/℃填料底层水温偏差/℃
40%负荷60%负荷80%负荷100%负荷
06.929.6311.6814.15
–57.289.5712.2214.67
–106.899.0110.9313.14
–156.538.7311.0813.47
–206.749.1810.9412.87
), ArticleFig(id=1215700897242464304, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700882008752657, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同环境温度填料底层水温偏差

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环境温度/℃填料底层水温偏差/℃
40%负荷60%负荷80%负荷100%负荷
06.929.6311.6814.15
–57.289.5712.2214.67
–106.899.0110.9313.14
–156.538.7311.0813.47
–206.749.1810.9412.87
), ArticleFig(id=1215700897334738993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700882008752657, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

The water temperature difference at the packing bottom at different ambient wind velocities

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
环境风速/
(m.s–1)
填料底层水温偏差/℃
40%负荷60%负荷80%负荷100%负荷
3.86.538.7311.0813.47
8.08.9412.0514.9517.64
12.08.9812.4114.9517.96
), ArticleFig(id=1215700897477345334, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700882008752657, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

不同环境风速填料底层水温偏差

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
环境风速/
(m.s–1)
填料底层水温偏差/℃
40%负荷60%负荷80%负荷100%负荷
3.86.538.7311.0813.47
8.08.9412.0514.9517.64
12.08.9812.4114.9517.96
), ArticleFig(id=1215700897582202937, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700882008752657, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

The water temperature difference at the packing bottom and air mass flow at tower top outlet in different water distribution modes

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配水方式环境
温度/℃
填料底层
偏差/℃
通风量/(kg·s–1)
全塔配水–104.3812 576.27
–201.7013 794.26
外圈配水–109.0110 849.56
–206.2311 916.17
), ArticleFig(id=1215700897657700413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700882008752657, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

不同配水方式填料底层水温偏差、湿冷塔塔顶出口空气质量流量

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配水方式环境
温度/℃
填料底层
偏差/℃
通风量/(kg·s–1)
全塔配水–104.3812 576.27
–201.7013 794.26
外圈配水–109.0110 849.56
–206.2311 916.17
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基于定热负荷的自然通风湿式冷却塔防冻特性三维数值研究
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王中华 1 , 石秀刚 1 , 岳增刚 1 , 王伟 1 , 马成辉 1 , 郭常敏 2 , 赵元宾 3
热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2024,53(6): 132-141
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热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2024, 53(6): 132-141
基于定热负荷的自然通风湿式冷却塔防冻特性三维数值研究
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王中华1 , 石秀刚1, 岳增刚1, 王伟1, 马成辉1, 郭常敏2, 赵元宾3
作者信息
  • 1.济宁华源热电有限公司,山东 济宁 272113
  • 2.济南蓝辰能源技术有限公司,山东 济南 250101
  • 3.山东大学能源与动力工程学院,山东 济南 250061
  • 王中华(1982),男,工程师,主要研究方向为火电厂安全节能运行,

通讯作者:

赵元宾(1981),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为高效能量利用技术,
Three-dimensional numerical study on anti-freezing characteristics of natural draft wet cooling tower at constant heat load
Zhonghua WANG1 , Xiugang SHI1, Zenggang YUE1, Wei WANG1, Chenghui MA1, Changmin GUO2, Yuanbin ZHAO3
Affiliations
  • 1.Jining Huayuan Thermal Power Co., Ltd., Jining 272113, China
  • 2.Jinan Lanchen Energy Technology Co., Ltd., Jinan 250101, China
  • 3.School of Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China
出版时间: 2024-06-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202401025
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针对湿式冷却塔(湿冷塔)冬季运行易出现填料底层、进风口上缘等位置易挂冰的实际问题,建立了基于定热负荷的自然通风湿冷塔三维数值模型,探究了湿冷塔在严寒天气不外加防冻装置运行时的防冻特性规律,分析了填料底层水温、通风量等关键参数的变化特征及影响因素。研究结果表明:环境温度越低,机组负荷对填料底层平均水温、最低水温的影响越大;填料底层水温偏差变化的主要因素是机组负荷、环境风速、配水方式,其中配水方式的影响幅度较大,机组负荷次之,环境风速影响较小;通风量与机组负荷呈正相关关系,与环境温度呈负相关关系;环境温度相同时,外圈配水下的通风量小于全塔配水;迎风侧内部较低处及背风侧外部的水温最低,冻结风险最大,湿冷塔冬季运行时,应着重在迎风侧和背风侧进行防冻装置布置。

湿式冷却塔  /  防冻特性  /  填料  /  水温偏差  /  定热负荷

Against the actual problems that the wet cooling tower is easy to hang ice at the bottom of the packing and the upper edge of the inlet in winter, a three-dimensional numerical model of the cooling tower based on the constant heat load is established. The anti-freezing characteristics of the cooling tower in severe cold weather without anti-freezing device are explored, and the variation characteristics and influencing factors of key parameters such as the water temperature distribution of packing bottom and the air mass flow at tower top outlet are analyzed. The results show that, the lower the ambient temperature, the greater the influence of the unit load on the average water temperature and the lowest water temperature at the bottom of the packing. The main factors affecting the change of the difference between the average water temperature and the lowest water temperature at the packing bottom include unit load, wind velocities and water distribution mode. Among them, the influence of water distribution mode is greater, followed by unit load, and the influence of wind velocities is less. The air mass flow at tower top outlet is positively correlated with the unit load and negatively correlated with the ambient temperature. When the ambient temperature is the same, the air mass flow at tower top outlet of the outer ring with underwater is less than that of the full tower. The water temperature inside the lower part of the windward side and the outside of the leeward side is the lowest, and the freezing risk is the greatest. When the wet cooling tower is running in winter, the anti-freezing device should be arranged on the windward side and the leeward side.

wet cooling tower  /  anti-freezing characteristics  /  packing  /  water temperature deviation  /  constant heat load
王中华, 石秀刚, 岳增刚, 王伟, 马成辉, 郭常敏, 赵元宾. 基于定热负荷的自然通风湿式冷却塔防冻特性三维数值研究. 热力发电, 2024 , 53 (6) : 132 -141 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202401025
Zhonghua WANG, Xiugang SHI, Zenggang YUE, Wei WANG, Chenghui MA, Changmin GUO, Yuanbin ZHAO. Three-dimensional numerical study on anti-freezing characteristics of natural draft wet cooling tower at constant heat load[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2024 , 53 (6) : 132 -141 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202401025
自然通风逆流湿式冷却塔(湿冷塔)是火电机组常用的冷端冷却构筑物之一。然而,冬季寒冷多风的气象条件常造成湿冷塔填料区、进风口上缘等位置结冰。结冰形成的冰凌和冰柱不仅阻挡进风,恶化冷却塔汽-水两相传热传质[1-2],导致出塔水温升高[3],还会增加支承结构的载荷,严重时可能造成填料垮塌,危及机组安全运行。在此背景下,湿冷塔冬季防冻研究成为近年来的热点之一。
改变配水方式是改善湿冷塔冬季防冻的主要措施之一。配水方式变化对于湿冷塔冷却特性影响较大:段文博等[4]指出,低淋水密度下液滴对空气的阻挡作用小,通风量较大,出塔水温降低;陈瑞等[5]研究了不同风速下分区配水对冷却塔换热性能的影响,结果表明低风速下分区配水时冷却塔效率更高。通过调整配水方式,增大单位填料面积的淋水量,是防止冬季结冰常用的治理措施[6]
极低的环境温度和频繁波动的环境侧风是导致水蒸气在湿冷塔内结冰的主要因素[7-8]。刘德民[9]利用用户自定义函数法探究了侧风对冷却塔性能的影响机理,结果表明,环境侧风改变了冷却塔内流场及传热效果,环境侧风存在时,塔内流场均匀性恶化,出塔水温升高。刘娟[10]指出环境风速一定时,湿冷塔基环面水滴的平均最低水温随环境温度的降低而降低;环境温度一定时,基环面水滴温度在环境风速为4 m/s时最高,环境风速1.5 m/s和6 m/s时基环面水滴温度低于环境风速4 m/s工况。Al-waked[11]通过对一自然通风逆流湿式冷却塔建立三维数值模型,探究了环境侧风对湿冷塔性能的影响,结果表明:当环境风速从0增大到7.5 m/s时,湿冷塔出塔水温会升高1.7 K。赵元宾等[12-13]指出当存在侧风时,湿冷塔内会产生横向通风,横向通风能够增加湿冷塔的传热传质,但是同时会阻碍纵向通风,阻碍程度随风速变化而变化。李永华等[14-15]利用数值模拟的方法探究了湿冷塔内温度场随环境风速的变化规律,结果表明:环境温度一定时,随环境风速的增大,湿冷塔内温度最高点逐渐从背风侧转向迎风侧。Derken和Bender等人[16-18]对机械通风逆流湿式冷却塔进行了一系列风洞试验和数值模拟,得出环境侧风影响下冷却塔通风量在迎风侧和背风侧的差异。
“三改联动”大背景下,火电机组多承担着深度调峰的重任[19],而汽轮机排汽温度在调峰过程中随机组负荷的波动而变化[20]。对于供热机组,冬季低温环境时,冷却塔更易长时间处于低负荷运行状态[21-22],较低的机组负荷往往会引起进塔水温较低,增大了湿冷塔结冰风险[23-26]
本文综合湿冷塔冬季低热负荷运行特点,以定热负荷为边界,建立自然通风湿冷塔三维数值计算模型,从而可在严寒环境中、低热负荷状态下计算分析湿冷塔水温分布规律,研究反映湿冷塔冷却能力的平均水温、反映湿冷塔防冻特性的局部最低水温及其分布规律,可为湿冷塔冬季的防冻节能运行提供理论基础。
本文研究的660 MW自然通风湿冷塔,塔高120.00 m,填料高度为1.25 m,整塔淋水面积6 000 m2。冷却塔几何结构及机组配置参数详见表1
湿冷塔自进风口顶部至地面,环塔周设置百叶窗,百叶窗沿塔周均分为8个区域,高度方向均分上下2部分,冬季通过调整不同百叶窗开度实现湿冷塔防冻。计算域整体高度1 000 m,半径600 m。采用六面体网格进行网格划分,同时对塔内主要传热传质区进行网格加密,网格划分如图1所示。
塔内湿空气流动为连续相运动,其质量、动量、能量守恒方程,组分平衡方程的通用表达形式为:
(ρuiϕΓϕϕ)=Si
式中:ρ为湿空气密度,kg/m3ui为各方向速度值,m/s;φ为通用变量;Γφ为广义扩散系数;Si为广义扩散源项。
循环水在湿冷塔内首先经过配水区,经喷嘴雾化后呈现出水滴形式,喷洒在填料区,在填料区循环水则呈水膜状态进行传热传质,经过填料区后,循环水重新以水滴的状态进入雨区[27]。雨滴下落过程中通常将雨滴看作刚性球体进行模拟,并将雨滴运动简化为垂直向下运动。填料区汽-水两相之间的传热传质,通常利用填料区传质系数试验公式[28]以及Lewis因子关联式[29]来描述。单位体积填料区的传质系数βxv表示为:
βxv=Bgmqn
式中:βxv为单位体积填料内的传质系数,kg/(m3·s);g为空气质量流量,kg/(m2·s);q为淋水密度,kg/(m2·s);Bmn均为试验常数。
Lef数表示传热与传质关系的系数:
Lef=khBxvcp,a
式中:kh为单位体积传热系数,kW/(m3·k);cp,a为湿空气定压比热容,kJ/(kg·K)。
填料的阻力特性通常可整理为风速与淋水密度的表达式[28,30]
Δpγ=APvM
式中:Δp为淋水填料阻力,Pa;γ空气重力密度,N/m3v为通过淋水填料的风速,m/s;ApM分别为阻力公式系数和指数,可表示为[28,30]
AP=Axq2+Ayq+Az
M=Mxq2+Myq+Mz
式中:Ax、Ay、Az、Mx、My、Mz均为试验系数。
本文所建湿冷塔填料特性为:
βxv=1423g0.67q0.36
AP=2.10×103q2+6.23×102q+0.758
M=1.4×103q23.45×102q+2.0
配水区、雨区内的汽-水两相之间的传热传质和阻力描述则采用离散相模型进行计算,具体表述可参考文献[31]。
无环境风时,认为计算域圆柱体侧表面为压力入口,圆柱体顶面为压力出口;当环境侧风存在时,设置圆柱体计算域迎风侧面为速度入口,背风侧面为压力出口,圆柱体顶面为压力出口;利用Porous Jump设置百叶窗边界条件,利用用户自定义函数实现空气通过百叶窗的进风方向变化;模型边界条件及传热传质如图2所示,采用无滑移边界条件处理包括地面、水池水面、塔壁等在内的壁面。
计算采用二阶迎风格式对控制方程对流项进行离散,采用SIMPLE半隐式算法对压力、速度迭代耦合;当比例残差均小于10–4,且100步连续迭代过程中冷却塔出口水温波动范围小于0.01 ℃,则认为迭代收敛。
定热负荷边界条件的设置:以配水面为循环水进口面,配水面循环水量取为实测循环水量;配水面循环水水温取为水池水面平均水温与定热负荷对应循环水温降之和,即通过保证配水面循环水水温与水池水面平均水温的差值为定热负荷对应的循环水温降,实现湿冷塔的定热负荷计算。
本文共建立了网格数为118万、150万和203万的3套网格系统,根据机组现场实测数据进行网格独立性验证,现场实测环境温度为-17.9 ℃,相对湿度为67%,大气压为100.2 kPa,循环水流量为33 084 m3/h,环境风速4.5 m/s,进塔水温29.88 ℃,出塔水温19.77 ℃,循环水温降10.11 ℃,整塔百叶窗上层全部关闭,下层全部开启(开度100%)。3套网格计算结果见表2。由表2可见,3套网格系统出塔水温计算值相对于实测出塔水温的偏差分别为0.04、0.02、0.02 ℃。为保证计算精度和计算速度,最终采用网格数为150万的网格进行数值模拟。
除网格无关性验证外,本文选取3个现场实测工况C1、C2、C3对所建立的三维数值模型进行验证,各工况环境参数及计算结果见表3。由表3可见,在不同的环境气象参数及进塔水温下,各工况出塔水温计算值与出塔水温实测值之间的计算误差最大为0.17 ℃,最小为0.11 ℃。模型验证表明,本文所建自然通风湿式逆流冷却塔的三维数值计算模型具有较高的精确性。
火电机组运行过程中,汽轮机排放的蒸汽在凝汽器中利用循环水进行冷凝,循环水利用湿冷塔进行冷却。因此,凝汽器中水的温升近似等于湿冷塔中水的温降。当火电机组以恒定功率运行时,机组在凝汽器中排放的热量变化很小[32]。因此,当机组以恒定功率运行且循环水质量流量固定不变时,可认为湿冷塔在恒定热负荷下运行,湿冷塔中循环水温降可假定不变[33]。从冷却系统的角度来看,湿冷塔的冷却性能可通过定温降即定热负荷研究。
本文旨在研究无防冻装置时,湿冷塔本身的防冻特性,以便为后期防冻装置相关研究提供数据和理论支撑。研究过程中采用定热负荷方法对湿冷塔冬季运行工况进行数值模拟,探究填料底层平均水温、填料底层最低水温、填料底层水温偏差等特征在不同环境温度、环境风速及配水方式下的变化规律。数值模拟过程中低于0 ℃的循环水被视为过冷水,且认为各配水方式对应配水均匀分布,忽略循环水量较小时可能导致配水不均的影响。
图3为环境风速3.8 m/s、相对湿度60%外圈配水时,湿冷塔填料底层平均水温、最低水温随机组负荷、环境温度的变化规律。图4给出了不同环境温度、机组负荷下湿冷塔填料底层水温分布。
图3a)图4可见,在机组负荷一定时,填料底层平均水温随环境温度的降低而降低,且降幅较为规律:同一机组负荷下,环境温度每下降5 ℃,填料底层平均水温下降3.00~4.00 ℃。当环境温度一定时,填料底层平均水温随机组负荷的增大而升高:当环境温度相对较高(0、-5、-10 ℃)时,机组负荷每增加20%,填料底层平均水温将升高2.50~4.50 ℃;当环境温度相对较低(-15、-20 ℃)时,机组负荷每增加20%,填料底层平均水温将升高3.50~5.00 ℃,这表明随环境温度不断降低,机组负荷对填料底层平均水温的影响幅度逐渐增大。
图3b)图4可见:当机组负荷一定时,填料底层最低水温随环境温度的变化趋势与平均水温的变化趋势一致,随环境温度的降低而降低;但是,填料底层最低水温的波动范围明显小于平均水温的波动范围。当机组负荷为40%时,环境温度每降低5 ℃,填料底层最低水温的下降范围保持在3.50~3.80 ℃,可认为下降幅度一致,这表明填料底层最低水温与环境温度的变化近似呈线性关系。当环境温度一定时,填料底层最低水温随机组负荷的增加而升高:当环境温度为0 ℃时,机组负荷每增加20%,填料底层最低水温的变化幅度小于1.00 ℃;当环境温度为-20 ℃时,机组负荷每增加20%,填料底层最低水温的变化幅度为1.50~2.50 ℃。这表明,环境温度越低,在该气温下变负荷运行所引起的填料底层最低水温波动越大,但是,环境温度对填料底层最低水温的影响明显小于机组负荷。
图5给出了不同环境温度、机组负荷下的湿冷塔塔顶出口空气质量流量,图6给出了环境温度-5、-15 ℃、机组负荷60%下冷却塔剖面压力分布。由图5可见:当环境温度恒定时,整塔通风量与机组负荷变化呈正相关,随机组负荷升高而增大;而在稳定的机组负荷下,整塔通风量随环境温度降低逐渐增大。
对比图6a)、图6b)可知,环境温度越低,塔内同一位置处的压力越低,塔内外压力之差增大。塔内外压力差直接影响冷却塔抽力,内外压力差升高,湿冷塔抽力增大,使塔内通风量增大,这与图5给出的变化规律相吻合。
表4为环境风速3.8 m/s、相对湿度60%时,湿冷塔填料底层水温偏差随机组负荷、环境温度的变化规律。由表4可知:在同一环境温度下,随机组负荷的增大,填料底层水温偏差也不断增大;但是,在同一机组负荷下,填料底层水温偏差并未随环境温度的降低而降低,而是稳定在某一定值附近,例如:当机组负荷为40%时,填料底层水温偏差稳定在7 ℃左右。这表明,填料底层水温偏差受机组负荷影响较大,却几乎不受环境温度影响。
图7为环境温度-15 ℃、相对湿度60%外圈配水时,不同负荷下的湿冷塔填料底层平均水温、最低水温在不同环境风速下的表现。图8给出了不同风速下的湿冷塔顶出口空气质量流量。
图7图8可见,在机组负荷一定时,填料底层平均水温及最低水温随环境风速的变化规律存在一临界值,二者均在环境风速8.0 m/s时达到最大,当环境风速高于或低于8.0 m/s时,填料底层平均水温及最低水温均有明显降低,塔内通风量随风速的变化印证了这一规律。无论在何种机组负荷下,填料底层平均水温在12.0 m/s风速下均高于3.8 m/s情况,而填料底层最低水温在12.0 m/s风速下均低于3.8 m/s情况,换言之,12.0 m/s风速下填料底层平均水温与最低水温之差将大于3.8 m/s风速下,具体见表5
表5可知:在各个机组负荷下,当环境风速从3.8 m/s增大到8.0 m/s时,填料底层水温偏差均表现出2.30~3.30 ℃的增幅;但是,当环境风速从8.0 m/s增大到12.0 m/s时,填料底层水温偏差仅出现0~0.40 ℃的增幅。这表明,机组负荷一定情况下,填料底层水温偏差随风速的增大将趋于某一定值,不会持续增加。
图9给出了环境温度-15 ℃机组负荷为60%、12.0 m/s大风速下湿冷塔填料底层水温分布。对比图4c)图9可知,随着环境侧风风速的增大,一方面,迎风侧高水温区域面积明显扩大,且最高水温升高,另一方面,塔内两侧水温升高,而背风侧最低水温变化幅度却较小,这是造成填料底层水温偏差增大的主要原因。
图10为侧风风速12.0 m/s雨区横截面空气动力场分布。由图10可见,环境侧风破坏了湿冷塔空气动力场的对称性,随着环境侧风风速的升高,雨区的穿堂风现象愈加明显。穿堂风造成了进风口区域空气直接穿过湿冷塔,且在雨区背风侧生成漩涡,严重扰乱了沿Z方向进入填料区域的空气流动,特别是在迎风侧。当侧风风速增大到一定程度时,湿冷塔抽力引起的空气回流被严重削弱,穿堂风及空气漩涡对塔内空气动力场的影响程度逐渐趋于稳定。
图11为环境温度-20 ℃、环境风速3.8 m/s、机组负荷60%时,湿冷塔采用不同配水方式得到的底部填料底层水温分布及流场分布。由图11a)可见,当湿冷塔采用全塔配水时,填料底层除迎风区域外的区域均明显低于0 ℃,填料底层平均水温为0.27 ℃,填料底层最低水温为-1.50 ℃。若将配水方式切换为外圈配水,如图11b)所示,填料底层水温大幅回升,此时填料底层平均水温为12.73 ℃,填料底层最低水温为3.55 ℃,具有充足的裕量防止环境气象导致填料底层最低水温进一步降低。
表6给出了机组负荷60%时不同配水方式下填料底层水温偏差及整塔通风量的统计数据。由表6可知,在某一特定环境温度下,外圈配水下的填料底层水温偏差明显高于全塔配水。就通风量而言,相较于全塔配水的通风量,外圈配水下的通风量较低。这表明,循环水质量流量恒定时,由内区不配水减小的空气流动阻力不能与外区淋水密度增大引起的空气流动阻力增加相平衡。综合图11a)、图11b)可知,在较低的环境温度下,全塔配水会导致填料底层水温大面积低于0 ℃,填料底层平均水温过低,导致填料底层水温偏差较小。外圈配水虽明显提高了填料区水温,但填料底层水温偏差较大,水温分布不均匀性提高。
图12展示了外圈配水下湿冷塔剖面雨区水温分布(上)及空气温度分布(下),并给出了空气在雨区的运动轨迹。
图12可见:迎风侧的雨区与进风口交界处存在较大的空气漩涡;循环水在经过雨区时,迎风侧的循环水温明显高于背风侧;迎风侧内部较低处以及背风侧外部的水温最低,冻结风险最大。实际运行过程中,较大的环境风会导致迎风侧循环水水滴运动路径偏移,逃离塔内,附着在进风口或人字柱上,额外增加冻结危险。湿冷塔冬季运行时,应着重在迎风侧、背风侧进行防冻装置布置。
本文基于火电机组在深度调峰过程中水温波动的工程实际,结合湿冷塔冬季实际应用场景,通过不同工况下的湿冷塔定热负荷数值模拟,探讨了填料底层平均水温、最低水温、填料底层水温偏差以及湿冷塔通风量在不同环境气象条件、机组负荷及配水方式下的变化规律,得到如下结果。
1)填料底层平均水温、最低水温与环境温度、机组负荷的变化呈正相关,且环境温度越低,机组负荷对填料底层平均水温、最低水温的影响幅度越大。当环境温度与机组负荷相对稳定时,填料底层平均水温随环境风速的增大先升高后趋于稳定,填料底层最低水温则随环境风速增大先升高后降低。
2)填料底层水温偏差受机组负荷的影响较大,受环境温度的影响较小。机组负荷每增大20%,填料底层水温偏差约增大2.00~2.50 ℃。环境侧风造成填料底部高水温区域面积扩大,平均水温大幅度升高,导致填料底层水温偏差加大。填料底层水温偏差随环境风速的增大呈现出先升高后趋向稳定的变化趋势。
3)环境温度较低时,全塔配水造成填料底部水温大面积处于过冷状态,导致填料底部平均水温、最低水温差距较小。外圈配水相对于全塔配水可使填料底层平均水温、最低水温及填料底层水温偏差得到明显提高。–20 ℃下,外圈配水的填料底部最低水温由全塔配水的–1.50 ℃升高至3.55 ℃。
4)通风量与机组负荷呈正相关,与环境温度呈负相关。整塔通风量在环境风速增大时,呈现先降低后升高的趋势,最小值出现在8.0 m/s。环境温度相同时,外圈配水下的通风量小于全塔配水。湿冷塔在实际运行过程中,迎风侧和背风侧的循环水冻结风险较高,应特别注意在迎风侧和背风侧设置防冻装置。
综上,引起填料底层水温偏差变化的主要因素包括机组负荷、环境风速、配水方式,其中,配水方式的影响幅度较大,机组负荷次之,环境风速的影响幅度较小。在低负荷运行时(机组负荷<60%),环境温度降低至-20 ℃时,湿冷塔本身防冻性能急剧降低,需附加塔外防冻装置以降低冻结风险。以上研究可为湿冷塔冬季运行提供重要理论参考及数据支持,冬季进行湿冷塔防冻及回水温度控制时防冻装置(挡风板、百叶窗等)应根据环境气象条件及机组运行情况及时调整。
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2024年第53卷第6期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202401025
  • 接收时间:2024-01-30
  • 首发时间:2026-01-07
  • 出版时间:2024-06-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-30
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Science and Technology Innovation Capability Improvement Project of Medium-sized Enterprises in Shandong Province(2022TSGC1026)
山东省科技型中小企业创新能力提升工程(2022TSGC1026)
Science and Technology Project of China Huaneng Group Co., Ltd.(HNKJ22-HF107)
中国华能集团有限公司总部科技项目(HNKJ22-HF107)
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    1.济宁华源热电有限公司,山东 济宁 272113
    2.济南蓝辰能源技术有限公司,山东 济南 250101
    3.山东大学能源与动力工程学院,山东 济南 250061

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赵元宾(1981),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为高效能量利用技术,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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