Article(id=1215700882008752657, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1215700878661702357, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202401025, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1706544000000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-30, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1767775276901, onlineDateStr=2026-01-07, pubDate=1719244800000, pubDateStr=2024-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1767775276901, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1767775276901, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767775276901, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1215700878661702357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2024', volume='53', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='150', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1767775276102, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767775427616, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1215701514199417515, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1215700878661702357, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1215701514199417516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1215700878661702357, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=132, endPage=141, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1215700884135264840, articleId=1215700882008752657, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Three-dimensional numerical study on anti-freezing characteristics of natural draft wet cooling tower at constant heat load, columnId=1211002405299294959, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Thermal energy science research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Against the actual problems that the wet cooling tower is easy to hang ice at the bottom of the packing and the upper edge of the inlet in winter, a three-dimensional numerical model of the cooling tower based on the constant heat load is established. The anti-freezing characteristics of the cooling tower in severe cold weather without anti-freezing device are explored, and the variation characteristics and influencing factors of key parameters such as the water temperature distribution of packing bottom and the air mass flow at tower top outlet are analyzed. The results show that, the lower the ambient temperature, the greater the influence of the unit load on the average water temperature and the lowest water temperature at the bottom of the packing. The main factors affecting the change of the difference between the average water temperature and the lowest water temperature at the packing bottom include unit load, wind velocities and water distribution mode. Among them, the influence of water distribution mode is greater, followed by unit load, and the influence of wind velocities is less. The air mass flow at tower top outlet is positively correlated with the unit load and negatively correlated with the ambient temperature. When the ambient temperature is the same, the air mass flow at tower top outlet of the outer ring with underwater is less than that of the full tower. The water temperature inside the lower part of the windward side and the outside of the leeward side is the lowest, and the freezing risk is the greatest. When the wet cooling tower is running in winter, the anti-freezing device should be arranged on the windward side and the leeward side.
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针对湿式冷却塔(湿冷塔)冬季运行易出现填料底层、进风口上缘等位置易挂冰的实际问题,建立了基于定热负荷的自然通风湿冷塔三维数值模型,探究了湿冷塔在严寒天气不外加防冻装置运行时的防冻特性规律,分析了填料底层水温、通风量等关键参数的变化特征及影响因素。研究结果表明:环境温度越低,机组负荷对填料底层平均水温、最低水温的影响越大;填料底层水温偏差变化的主要因素是机组负荷、环境风速、配水方式,其中配水方式的影响幅度较大,机组负荷次之,环境风速影响较小;通风量与机组负荷呈正相关关系,与环境温度呈负相关关系;环境温度相同时,外圈配水下的通风量小于全塔配水;迎风侧内部较低处及背风侧外部的水温最低,冻结风险最大,湿冷塔冬季运行时,应着重在迎风侧和背风侧进行防冻装置布置。
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1.济宁华源热电有限公司,山东 济宁 272113, bio={"content":"
王中华(1982),男,工程师,主要研究方向为火电厂安全节能运行,jinanlanchen@126.com。
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王中华(1982),男,工程师,主要研究方向为火电厂安全节能运行,jinanlanchen@126.com。
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3.School of Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1215700890690962307, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700882008752657, authorId=1215700890485441401, language=CN, stringName=赵元宾, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
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Boundary conditions of the model and schematic diagram of heat and mass transfer, figureFileSmall=DFRDD2IL0tV6jjIauYKevA==, figureFileBig=UOCCsX8y7v8/dwqQ4yR61Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215700893295625149, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700882008752657, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
模型边界条件及传热传质示意, figureFileSmall=DFRDD2IL0tV6jjIauYKevA==, figureFileBig=UOCCsX8y7v8/dwqQ4yR61Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215700893379511234, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700882008752657, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=
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不同环境温度、机组负荷下填料底层平均水温、最低水温分布, figureFileSmall=IidJ+jRSXZQ4AqQ2rr43eA==, figureFileBig=T/f2/LkyPGDB8+X8uUjnhQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215700893551477707, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700882008752657, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=
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不同环境温度、机组负荷下填料底层水温分布, figureFileSmall=qbMShZZlXbRmfI+FsF7MZQ==, figureFileBig=guTWaiSVUE+tpcBiNXT+tQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215700893727638484, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700882008752657, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=
Air mass flow at tower top outlet at different ambient temperatures and loads, figureFileSmall=07wqoKJ/pe12bD80BbboXQ==, figureFileBig=LSvsspH2iCyu6k9XDfOwGA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215700893790553048, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700882008752657, language=CN, label=图5, caption=
不同环境温度、机组负荷下塔顶出口通风量, figureFileSmall=07wqoKJ/pe12bD80BbboXQ==, figureFileBig=LSvsspH2iCyu6k9XDfOwGA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215700893891216349, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700882008752657, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=
Pressure distribution in cross section of the cooling tower at different ambient temperatures, figureFileSmall=sSmdi9hHr7ZGN01gqCeH4w==, figureFileBig=FnMrTzlSyDDee30czJAIiQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215700893975102433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700882008752657, language=CN, label=图6, caption=
不同环境温度下湿冷塔剖面压力分布, figureFileSmall=sSmdi9hHr7ZGN01gqCeH4w==, figureFileBig=FnMrTzlSyDDee30czJAIiQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215700894046405603, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700882008752657, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=
Water temperature distribution of packing bottom at different ambient wind velocities, figureFileSmall=d7+nTIvS1SYzsXEo45G0GA==, figureFileBig=uLjtmH5SrMRo3XJxL7aYcQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215700894117708776, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700882008752657, language=CN, label=图7, caption=
不同环境风速下填料底层水温分布, figureFileSmall=d7+nTIvS1SYzsXEo45G0GA==, figureFileBig=uLjtmH5SrMRo3XJxL7aYcQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215700894205789163, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700882008752657, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=
Air mass flow at tower top outlet at different ambient wind velocities, figureFileSmall=d3rUIxq9FykOQVY0f9tkJw==, figureFileBig=Qm1FlAymza1Y19oePqiiaA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215700894356784110, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700882008752657, language=CN, label=图8, caption=
不同环境风速下塔顶出口通风量, figureFileSmall=d3rUIxq9FykOQVY0f9tkJw==, figureFileBig=Qm1FlAymza1Y19oePqiiaA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215700894457447411, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700882008752657, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=
Water temperature distribution in packing bottom at 12.0 m/s wind velocity, 60% load, figureFileSmall=D4syhgOd9IZ3Go+yNdZwlw==, figureFileBig=BBO27q86+CWs4XQkv3mZYQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215700894574887926, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700882008752657, language=CN, label=图9, caption=
60%负荷风速12.0 m/s填料底层水温分布, figureFileSmall=D4syhgOd9IZ3Go+yNdZwlw==, figureFileBig=BBO27q86+CWs4XQkv3mZYQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215700894650385400, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700882008752657, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=
The aerodynamic field distribution in cross section of the rain zone at crosswind speed of 12.0 m/s, figureFileSmall=uzQktNl86SS0zkDvDxGtEg==, figureFileBig=6tMwbcmkGhq87eTQOIhU8A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215700894721688572, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700882008752657, language=CN, label=图10, caption=
侧风风速12.0 m/s雨区横截面空气动力场分布, figureFileSmall=uzQktNl86SS0zkDvDxGtEg==, figureFileBig=6tMwbcmkGhq87eTQOIhU8A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215700894834933761, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700882008752657, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=
The water temperature distribution in packing bottom in different water distribution modes, figureFileSmall=e8e4g2VDfs+u4q/YQZIs/g==, figureFileBig=vvXkncBpMNWa/laNCoMIJg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215700894910431237, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700882008752657, language=CN, label=图11, caption=
不同配水方式下填料底层水温分布, figureFileSmall=e8e4g2VDfs+u4q/YQZIs/g==, figureFileBig=vvXkncBpMNWa/laNCoMIJg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215700895078203403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700882008752657, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=
The distribution of circulating water temperature and air temperature in rain field, figureFileSmall=N3VK55kDokYddeHuKRBg1g==, figureFileBig=CJuGBKyQp3Og5wKCObKGgA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215700895195643915, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700882008752657, language=CN, label=图12, caption=
雨区循环水温度、空气温度分布, figureFileSmall=N3VK55kDokYddeHuKRBg1g==, figureFileBig=CJuGBKyQp3Og5wKCObKGgA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215700895363416080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700882008752657, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=
Geometric structural parameters of the cooling tower
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 项目 | 数值 |
|---|
| 塔顶高度/m | 120.00 |
| 塔顶出口半径/m | 28.60 |
| 喉部高度/m | 96.00 |
| 喉部半径/m | 27.20 |
| 0 m处半径/m | 48.60 |
| 进风口顶部高度/m | 8.30 |
| 填料顶部高度/m | 10.70 |
| 填料底部高度/m | 9.45 |
| 除水器顶部高度/m | 12.70 |
| 填料顶部半径/m | 45.50 |
| 填料底部半径/m | 45.90 |
| 百叶窗叶片尺寸(L×h)/(mm×mm) | 145×20 |
), ArticleFig(id=1215700896625901590, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700882008752657, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
冷却塔几何结构参数
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 项目 | 数值 |
|---|
| 塔顶高度/m | 120.00 |
| 塔顶出口半径/m | 28.60 |
| 喉部高度/m | 96.00 |
| 喉部半径/m | 27.20 |
| 0 m处半径/m | 48.60 |
| 进风口顶部高度/m | 8.30 |
| 填料顶部高度/m | 10.70 |
| 填料底部高度/m | 9.45 |
| 除水器顶部高度/m | 12.70 |
| 填料顶部半径/m | 45.50 |
| 填料底部半径/m | 45.90 |
| 百叶窗叶片尺寸(L×h)/(mm×mm) | 145×20 |
), ArticleFig(id=1215700896768507932, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700882008752657, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=
Grid independence validation
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 网格数 | 118万 | 150万 | 203万 |
|---|
| 出塔水温计算值 | 19.73 | 19.75 | 19.75 |
| 出塔水温偏差 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.02 |
| 循环水温降 | 10.11 | 10.11 | 10.11 |
), ArticleFig(id=1215700896869171230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700882008752657, language=CN, label=表2, caption=
网格独立性验证
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 网格数 | 118万 | 150万 | 203万 |
|---|
| 出塔水温计算值 | 19.73 | 19.75 | 19.75 |
| 出塔水温偏差 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.02 |
| 循环水温降 | 10.11 | 10.11 | 10.11 |
), ArticleFig(id=1215700896974028836, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700882008752657, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=
Validation for the numerical model
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 工况 | C1 | C2 | C3 |
|---|
| 环境温度/℃ | 21.1 | 20.9 | 22.8 |
| 相对湿度/% | 66 | 66 | 51 |
| 环境风速/(m·s–1) | 0.9 | 6.0 | 0.7 |
| 大气压/kPa | 100.1 | 100.1 | 99.9 |
| 循环水流量/(m3·h–1) | 33 084 | 33 084 | 33 084 |
| 进塔水温/℃ | 30.22 | 29.71 | 36.02 |
| 出塔水温实测值/℃ | 20.78 | 20.23 | 24.45 |
| 出塔水温计算值/℃ | 20.95 | 20.38 | 24.34 |
| 计算误差/℃ | 0.17 | 0.15 | 0.11 |
), ArticleFig(id=1215700897066303528, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700882008752657, language=CN, label=表3, caption=
模型验证
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 工况 | C1 | C2 | C3 |
|---|
| 环境温度/℃ | 21.1 | 20.9 | 22.8 |
| 相对湿度/% | 66 | 66 | 51 |
| 环境风速/(m·s–1) | 0.9 | 6.0 | 0.7 |
| 大气压/kPa | 100.1 | 100.1 | 99.9 |
| 循环水流量/(m3·h–1) | 33 084 | 33 084 | 33 084 |
| 进塔水温/℃ | 30.22 | 29.71 | 36.02 |
| 出塔水温实测值/℃ | 20.78 | 20.23 | 24.45 |
| 出塔水温计算值/℃ | 20.95 | 20.38 | 24.34 |
| 计算误差/℃ | 0.17 | 0.15 | 0.11 |
), ArticleFig(id=1215700897162772522, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700882008752657, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=
The water temperature difference at the packing bottom at different ambient temperatures
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 环境温度/℃ | 填料底层水温偏差/℃ |
|---|
| 40%负荷 | 60%负荷 | 80%负荷 | 100%负荷 |
|---|
| 0 | 6.92 | 9.63 | 11.68 | 14.15 |
| –5 | 7.28 | 9.57 | 12.22 | 14.67 |
| –10 | 6.89 | 9.01 | 10.93 | 13.14 |
| –15 | 6.53 | 8.73 | 11.08 | 13.47 |
| –20 | 6.74 | 9.18 | 10.94 | 12.87 |
), ArticleFig(id=1215700897242464304, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700882008752657, language=CN, label=表4, caption=
不同环境温度填料底层水温偏差
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 环境温度/℃ | 填料底层水温偏差/℃ |
|---|
| 40%负荷 | 60%负荷 | 80%负荷 | 100%负荷 |
|---|
| 0 | 6.92 | 9.63 | 11.68 | 14.15 |
| –5 | 7.28 | 9.57 | 12.22 | 14.67 |
| –10 | 6.89 | 9.01 | 10.93 | 13.14 |
| –15 | 6.53 | 8.73 | 11.08 | 13.47 |
| –20 | 6.74 | 9.18 | 10.94 | 12.87 |
), ArticleFig(id=1215700897334738993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700882008752657, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=
The water temperature difference at the packing bottom at different ambient wind velocities
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
环境风速/ (m.s–1) | 填料底层水温偏差/℃ |
|---|
| 40%负荷 | 60%负荷 | 80%负荷 | 100%负荷 |
|---|
| 3.8 | 6.53 | 8.73 | 11.08 | 13.47 |
| 8.0 | 8.94 | 12.05 | 14.95 | 17.64 |
| 12.0 | 8.98 | 12.41 | 14.95 | 17.96 |
), ArticleFig(id=1215700897477345334, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700882008752657, language=CN, label=表5, caption=
不同环境风速填料底层水温偏差
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
环境风速/ (m.s–1) | 填料底层水温偏差/℃ |
|---|
| 40%负荷 | 60%负荷 | 80%负荷 | 100%负荷 |
|---|
| 3.8 | 6.53 | 8.73 | 11.08 | 13.47 |
| 8.0 | 8.94 | 12.05 | 14.95 | 17.64 |
| 12.0 | 8.98 | 12.41 | 14.95 | 17.96 |
), ArticleFig(id=1215700897582202937, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700882008752657, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=
The water temperature difference at the packing bottom and air mass flow at tower top outlet in different water distribution modes
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 配水方式 | 环境 温度/℃ | 填料底层 偏差/℃ | 通风量/(kg·s–1) |
|---|
| 全塔配水 | –10 | 4.38 | 12 576.27 |
| –20 | 1.70 | 13 794.26 |
| 外圈配水 | –10 | 9.01 | 10 849.56 |
| –20 | 6.23 | 11 916.17 |
), ArticleFig(id=1215700897657700413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700882008752657, language=CN, label=表6, caption=
不同配水方式填料底层水温偏差、湿冷塔塔顶出口空气质量流量
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 配水方式 | 环境 温度/℃ | 填料底层 偏差/℃ | 通风量/(kg·s–1) |
|---|
| 全塔配水 | –10 | 4.38 | 12 576.27 |
| –20 | 1.70 | 13 794.26 |
| 外圈配水 | –10 | 9.01 | 10 849.56 |
| –20 | 6.23 | 11 916.17 |
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