Article(id=1215700880679158252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1215700878661702357, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202402020, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1706716800000, receivedDateStr=2024-02-01, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1767775276584, onlineDateStr=2026-01-07, pubDate=1719244800000, pubDateStr=2024-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1767775276584, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1767775276584, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767775276584, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1215700878661702357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2024', volume='53', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='150', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1767775276102, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767775427616, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1215701514199417515, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1215700878661702357, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1215701514199417516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1215700878661702357, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1, endPage=11, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1215700880918233585, articleId=1215700880679158252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Status and research progress of geothermal power generation development and utilization, columnId=1213131705389597040, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Technical and economic review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Geothermal power generation, as one of the main ways to develop and utilize geothermal resources, is of great significance to promote the low-carbon and clean energy structure and the realization of the “dual carbon”. Firstly, the development history of geothermal resources in the world is analyzed. Then, main geothermal power generation technologies such as dry steam power generation, flash steam power generation, binary cycle power generation and wellhead power generation technology are overviewed. On this basis, the hot dry rock power generation, thermovoltaic power generation, supercritical CO2 cycle power generation, combined power generation technology and multi-energy eomplementary power generation technologies such as geothermal-solar, geothermal-wind, geothermal-biomass, and geothermal-ocean energy, are elaborated in detail. Finally, combining with the current situation and existing problems of geothermal power generation in China, some suggestions for the development of geothermal power generation are put forward, to provide reference for the future development of geothermal power generation.

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地热发电作为地热资源开发利用的主要方式之一,其发展对于促进能源结构低碳清洁、推动“双碳”目标的实现意义重大。在明确世界及中国地热能发电发展历程,以及干蒸汽发电技术、闪蒸式发电技术、双循环(双工质)发电技术、全流发电技术等主要地热发电技术概况的基础上,详细阐述了干热岩发电技术、热伏发电技术、超临界CO2循环发电技术、联合发电技术,以及地热-太阳能、地热-风能、地热-生物质能、地热-海洋能等多能互补发电技术等新兴地热发电技术及其研究进展,结合我国地热发电现状及存在问题,提出了我国地热发电发展的建议,以期对我国地热发电的未来发展提供参考借鉴。

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赵晏强(1985),男,研究馆员,主要研究方向为学科情报研究与服务,
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李娜娜(1988),女,博士,副研究馆员,主要研究方向为岩土工程情报分析,

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language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Annual change of global geothermal power generation capacity, figureFileSmall=p7j45WJ6LlH/YAIzg6yShA==, figureFileBig=bl7EuS1GBM/G1++T3NK56A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215700887884972772, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700880679158252, language=CN, label=图1, caption=全球地热发电装机容量年度变化

数据来源:IRENA[10]和THINK GEOENERGY[11]

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全球地热发电现状与研究进展
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李娜娜 1 , 陶诚 1 , 孔彦龙 2 , 白冰 3 , 熊萍 1 , 赵晏强 1, 4
热力发电 | 技术经济综述 2024,53(6): 1-11
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热力发电 | 技术经济综述 2024, 53(6): 1-11
全球地热发电现状与研究进展
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李娜娜1 , 陶诚1, 孔彦龙2, 白冰3, 熊萍1, 赵晏强1, 4
作者信息
  • 1.中国科学院武汉文献情报中心科技大数据湖北省重点实验室,湖北 武汉 430071
  • 2.中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所,中国科学院页岩气与地质工程重点实验室,北京 100029
  • 3.中国科学院武汉岩土力学研究所岩土力学与工程国家重点实验室,湖北 武汉 430071
  • 4.中国科学院大学信息资源管理系,北京 100049
  • 李娜娜(1988),女,博士,副研究馆员,主要研究方向为岩土工程情报分析,

通讯作者:

赵晏强(1985),男,研究馆员,主要研究方向为学科情报研究与服务,
Status and research progress of geothermal power generation development and utilization
Nana LI1 , Cheng TAO1, Yanlong KONG2, Bing BAI3, Ping XIONG1, Yanqiang ZHAO1, 4
Affiliations
  • 1.National Science Library (Wuhan), Chinese Academy of Sciences/Hubei Key Laboratory of Big Data in Science and Technology, Wuhan 430071, China
  • 2.Key Laboratory of Shale Gas And Geoengineering, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100029, China
  • 3.State Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
  • 4.Department of Information Resources Management, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
出版时间: 2024-06-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202402020
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地热发电作为地热资源开发利用的主要方式之一,其发展对于促进能源结构低碳清洁、推动“双碳”目标的实现意义重大。在明确世界及中国地热能发电发展历程,以及干蒸汽发电技术、闪蒸式发电技术、双循环(双工质)发电技术、全流发电技术等主要地热发电技术概况的基础上,详细阐述了干热岩发电技术、热伏发电技术、超临界CO2循环发电技术、联合发电技术,以及地热-太阳能、地热-风能、地热-生物质能、地热-海洋能等多能互补发电技术等新兴地热发电技术及其研究进展,结合我国地热发电现状及存在问题,提出了我国地热发电发展的建议,以期对我国地热发电的未来发展提供参考借鉴。

地热资源  /  地热发电  /  发电技术  /  现状与问题  /  建议

Geothermal power generation, as one of the main ways to develop and utilize geothermal resources, is of great significance to promote the low-carbon and clean energy structure and the realization of the “dual carbon”. Firstly, the development history of geothermal resources in the world is analyzed. Then, main geothermal power generation technologies such as dry steam power generation, flash steam power generation, binary cycle power generation and wellhead power generation technology are overviewed. On this basis, the hot dry rock power generation, thermovoltaic power generation, supercritical CO2 cycle power generation, combined power generation technology and multi-energy eomplementary power generation technologies such as geothermal-solar, geothermal-wind, geothermal-biomass, and geothermal-ocean energy, are elaborated in detail. Finally, combining with the current situation and existing problems of geothermal power generation in China, some suggestions for the development of geothermal power generation are put forward, to provide reference for the future development of geothermal power generation.

geothermal resource  /  geothermal power generation  /  power generation technology  /  current situation and existing problem  /  suggestion
李娜娜, 陶诚, 孔彦龙, 白冰, 熊萍, 赵晏强. 全球地热发电现状与研究进展. 热力发电, 2024 , 53 (6) : 1 -11 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202402020
Nana LI, Cheng TAO, Yanlong KONG, Bing BAI, Ping XIONG, Yanqiang ZHAO. Status and research progress of geothermal power generation development and utilization[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2024 , 53 (6) : 1 -11 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202402020
地热能是一种清洁可再生能源,具有储量丰富、分布广泛、清洁环保、稳定可靠等特点。地热发电作为地热能最主要的开发利用方式之一,与其他可再生能源发电技术相比,具有能源利用率高、不受天气条件影响、经济等优点,具有广阔发展前景。国际能源署(IEA)提出到2050年世界地热发电量将达到每年1 400 TW·h[1]
为了促进地热能资源的开发利用,希腊、印度尼西亚、秘鲁等多个国家设定地热发展目标[2]。2021年,我国国家发展改革委员会、国家能源局和财政部等多部门联合发布的《关于促进地热能开发利用的若干意见》提出:“到2025年,在资源条件好的地区建设一批地热能发电示范项目,全国地热能发电装机容量比2020年翻一番;到2035年,地热能发电装机容量力争比2025年翻一番”。国家发展改革委员会、国家能源局印发的《“十四五”现代能源体系规划》指出,提升地热能开发利用的技术水平和经济性,在具备高温地热资源条件的地区有序开展地热能发电示范。
在全球传统能源市场动荡和绿色低碳发展理念的推动下,地热发电成为调整能源结构、节能减排、改善环境、助力“双碳”目标实现的重要选择。开展全球地热发电理论研究与技术应用的现状分析,对于我国地热发电的未来发展具有重要的参考意义。本文通过分析全球地热发电发展历程、我国地热发电潜力及现状、地热发电技术进展,提出我国地热发电的对策建议,以期为地热发电技术的发展及相关工作的开展提供参考借鉴。
早在20世纪初,世界范围内就开始了地热发电的探索。1904年,意大利托斯卡Larderello地热田首次利用地热能驱动小型发电机发电;1913年,在该地热田建立了世界首座地热发电站,装机容量为250 kW[3]。1958年,第一个商业化闪蒸式地热电站在新西兰Wairakei地热田建成[3]。1960年,美国在加利福尼亚州Geysers地热田建成第一座装机容量11 MW的干蒸汽地热电站[3]。20世纪七八十年代的石油危机[4]、20世纪八九十年代的政治动荡和经济冲击[5-6]促进了地热发电装机容量的显著增长。近年来,地热发电装机容量增速放缓(图1)。截至2022年,全球地热发电装机容量为14.62 GW[7],主要分布在亚洲、北美洲、欧亚大陆和大洋洲。其中,美国、印度尼西亚、菲律宾、土耳其、新西兰和墨西哥等国家的地热发电规模和占比较大。
目前,地热发电技术未达到2050年净零排放情景的目标。2050年净零排放情景要求2021—2030年间,地热发电能力每年增长13%,约3.6 GW[8]。“碳中和”愿景下,地热资源开发利用受到许多国家的关注与推广。以德国为例,目前已经拥有37座地热发电设施,并计划新增16座地热发电及供热设施[9]
我国地热发电实践始于1970年,广东丰顺86 kW地热发电站的投产使我国成为世界上第八个成功利用地热进行发电的国家[12]。之后,河北怀来、江西宜春等地陆续建成了中低温小型地热发电站[13]。1977年,中国第一座兆瓦级高温地热电站在西藏羊八井发电成功[14]。然而,大多数地热发电站在运行一段时间后,由于效率和经济效益不佳等问题而关闭;之后我国地热发电产业发展几乎停滞,地热发电装机容量未出现明显增长。2018年底,西藏羊易地热电站完成一期16 MW建设,2019年2月底完成满负荷并网发电[15]。近年来深层地热发电研究取得突破。2021年,河北省唐山市干热岩开发关键技术研究与示范项目实现了深层地热试验性发电[16]。2022年,青海共和盆地实现了我国首次干热岩试验性发电并网[17]。然而,我国深层地热发电尚处于探索阶段,仅有少量试验机组运行,未实现规模化发电。
中国地热资源储量丰富,地热资源分布呈现从中部向东部和西南部地热资源增多、温度升高的趋势。《地热能开发利用“十三五”规划》指出,我国浅层地热能年可开采资源量折合7亿t标准煤;水热型地热能资源量折合1.25万亿t标准煤,年可开采量折合19亿t标准煤;埋深3 000~10 000 m干热岩型地热能基础资源量折合标准煤856万亿t。已有研究表明,我国适用于发电的地热资源主要分布在西南和东南沿海地区,总发电潜力达996万kW,其中,高温地热资源和中低温地热资源发电潜力分别为846万kW和150万kW[18]。目前,我国可勘探地热资源以中低温地热为主,这也是我国地热资源储量与美国相当,但是发电装机容量相差甚远的原因之一[19]
目前,华北、云南、河北等地有中低温地热发电项目建设,但是整体来看,项目建设规模不大,且分布比较分散;高温地热发电项目主要集中于西南地区,特别是西藏地区的高温地热发电项目更集中,西藏羊八井、羊易等地区地热发电开发力度较大;发电技术主要采用闪蒸发电、双工质循环发电和全流发电技术[20]
2020年底,我国地热发电装机容量为44.56 MW,与《地热能开发利用“十三五”规划》中计划新增地热发电装机容量500 MW的目标差距较大;地热发电装机容量从20世纪70年代末的第8位下降到目前的近20位,地热发电装机不足全球的1%,发展明显落后于国外。
我国地热资源开发存在地质背景复杂,资源富集机理不清,埋藏深度达、工程地质条件复杂、开发技术难度大等问题[21],一定程度上限制了地热资源的开发利用。由于前期的勘探和技术投入巨大,云南瑞丽地热发电站的效益有待进一步评估。广东丰顺邓屋地热电站作为唯一的中低温地热电站,由于技术问题,利润也不高[6]
总体来看,我国地热资源以中低温地热为主,地热发电装机容量较小,地热发电的规模和水平在国际社会排名整体靠后,地热发电发展缓慢、未形成规模化开发利用。地热发电技术的成熟度和经济性成为制约地热发电的关键。
地热发电的关键影响因素主要包括地热资源的温度、流量、载体类型、水质类型以及当地的气候环境、地质条件和政策因素等,这对发电技术、地热电站的设计、发电效率和经济效益等都造成影响[20]。由于地热资源种类多、品质不同,地热发电方式多种多样。现有的地热发电技术主要包括干蒸汽发电、闪蒸式发电、双循环发电和全流发电技术。
干蒸汽发电技术是最早的地热发电技术,适用于直接从地热储层产生干蒸汽的情况。世界上第一座地热电站-意大利托斯卡Larderello地热电站即采用干蒸汽发电技术。干蒸汽地热发电贡献了全球约23%的地热发电能力,至2014年发电功率总计达到2 863 MW[22-23]。全球干蒸汽地热发电站主要集中于美国、意大利和日本等高温地热资源丰富的国家。在我国,西藏羊八井电站2号机组采用干蒸汽发电系统[24]
干蒸汽发电技术的循环效率可以达到20%以上,主要适用于高温地热田,要求地热温度必须高于250 ℃,且需要有足够的地压,以确保地下蒸汽能够正常喷出[24]。干蒸汽发电系统作为地热发电的主要形式之一,具有工艺简单、技术成熟、安全可靠、成本低廉等优势。但是,热蒸汽的直接利用增加了涡轮叶片的腐蚀,导致运营费用增加[25]
闪蒸式发电技术中汽轮机由蒸汽推动进行发电。为了获得更多蒸汽,通常需要进行多次降压扩容,使系统处于负压状态,这增加了对系统设备的要求。按照扩容次数,地热发电系统有单级扩容、双级扩容和多级扩容等形式。与单级闪蒸系统不同,双级或多级闪蒸系统中的地热水需要先进入一级闪蒸器,产生的蒸汽进入汽轮机高压缸,从一级闪蒸器出来的热水再进入二级闪蒸器,经过二次或多次扩容之后的蒸汽进入汽轮机进行发电[26-27]。闪蒸式地热发电系统是全球现有地热发电厂最常用的技术[23]。日本的八丁原地热电站是世界上首次采用二次闪蒸的地热电站,通过二次闪蒸电站效率约提高18%[26]。我国西藏羊八井地热电站的3—9号机组主要采用闪蒸式发电技术[14]
闪蒸式地热发电系统的循环效率略低于干蒸汽发电系统,其中,一级和二级闪蒸系统的循环效率分别为12%~15%和15%~20%[24],适用于中高温地热田。闪蒸式地热发电系统的设备简单,可采用混合式热交换器,但存在设备尺寸大、易腐蚀结垢、热效率低等缺点。由于直接以地下热水蒸汽为工质,因而对地下热水的温度、矿化度、不凝气体含量等具有较高要求[22,26]
双循环地热发电系统的发展为中低温地热资源发电提供了有效解决方案。双循环地热发电系统主要包括有机朗肯循环(organic Rankine cycle,ORC)和卡林那循环(Kalina cycle)2种形式。
ORC发电系统作为目前世界范围内采用较多的双工质循环发电系统,是利用中低温地热资源的理想途径。地热温度85~170 ℃即可采用该技术进行发电,通常采用沸点较低的异丁烷、异戊烷或二者的混合物作为工质。1970年,美国就使用ORC系统在阿拉斯加州采用74 ℃的温泉水进行发电[15]。2009年,法国Soultz地热田建成1.5 MW的ORC地热电站[28]。目前,中国最大单机容量的地热发电站羊易地热发电站就是采用的此类发电系统[29]。由ORC发电系统衍生出的双级ORC发电系统具有更高的工作效率[30-31],实现了对不同温度地热能的分段利用,有效提升了系统性能。
ORC中使用纯净的低沸点工质进行发电,避免了地热流体对管路的腐蚀[32],但地热水系统和低沸点工质系统同时运行导致发电系统的复杂性增加、投资和运行成本提高。同时,低沸点工质多为易燃易爆品,需要注意工质的储存和安全使用[24]。ORC系统需要根据地热资源类型匹配不同沸点工质,以充分利用地热能、提高地热能利用效率[33]。ORC系统中热交换效率是关键影响因素之一,因此,未来对于热转换器的设计和优化研究对于ORC系统具有重要意义[34]
卡林那循环发电系统基于传统的ORC双循环系统进行改进,由美国科学家AlexanderI Kalina于20世纪80年代提出[35],此后,在世界能源领域引起广泛关注。卡林那循环常以氨水混合物为工质进行发电,是有效利用中低温地热进行发电的技术之一。例如,冰岛采用中低温卡林那循环发电系统,以氨水混合物为工质,建成了2 MW的地热电站[36]
卡林那循环能够更充分地利用地热资源的热量,降低发电的热水消耗率,但存在系统结构复杂、投资费用较高的问题[14]。理论上,卡林那循环比纯工质ORC系统的单位热消耗量净电能生产量高15%~50%。但实际运行中,受流动阻力和泵的功耗影响,卡林那循环发电系统并未表现出理想性能[23,27]
全流发电技术的工作流程与水蒸气朗肯循环相似,但是省去了过滤装置,同时采用了全流程膨胀器代替汽轮机。该技术主要适用于蒸汽型地热和温度较高的干热岩型地热,对水热型地热并不适用[20]。全流发电系统的概念最早由美国劳伦斯利弗莫尔实验室的Austin和Ryley于1978年提出[37],但研究应用一直相对落后[20,38]
螺杆膨胀机的出现有效推动了全流发电技术的发展。我国自20世纪80年代开始了螺杆膨胀机的研究[39]。与传统蒸汽轮机不同,全流式螺杆膨胀机具有适用范围广、效率高、成本低和安全性高等优点,在我国西藏羊易地热田发电中已经得到了验证性使用[40]
全流发电机适用于小容量地热发电,井口发电机的开发模式是较理想的应用场景[29]。井口发电机是功率小于10 MW的模块化装置,通常采用单井发电的标准设计。由于其可以在地热田开发的早期阶段产生收益,减少投资回报时间,后续可以实现边发电边开发,因此井口发电机已经成为一种有吸引力的解决方案[41]
干热岩发电技术通过打2口井至地壳深处的干热岩体,通过注入井将水注入,水与地下热储进行热交换之后从生产井抽出再进行发电,发电之后将水注入生产井进行循环使用。干热岩资源的开发利用需要借助增强型地热系统(enhanced geothermal systems,EGS)[42]
全球干热岩资源发电潜力巨大,预计到2050年全球装机容量将达到70 GW,届时占全球电力生产总量的比值将达到4.2%[43]。自法国Soultz建立了世界上第一个干热岩发电项目,世界主要国家和地区开展了一系列干热岩发电研究。目前,欧洲和美国已经全面开始了EGS的全面试点实施,美国、法国、德国、澳大利亚等[44-46]均具备了兆瓦级干热岩发电能力。中国干热岩开发利用程度较低,无大规模干热岩发电项目投运及并网[47],相关研究目前还处于起步阶段。为了加快干热岩发电技术研究,2017年,国家发展改革委员会、国家能源局和国土资源部联合发布《地热能开发利用“十三五”规划》,提出要积极开展干热岩发电试验研究。
干热岩地热发电技术优势明显:一方面,干热岩储量大,可以实现长时间持续供应;另一方面,干热岩发电系统是封闭的循环系统,几乎不会对环境造成污染或破坏,是未来地热发电的重要发展方向之一。目前,干热岩发电仍面临诸多待解决的问题[47]。例如,对干热岩的形成机制和分布规律未完全掌握,需要开展进一步的资源勘探与资源评价研究;干热岩发电过程需要解决高温钻井、致密干热岩层中的热储层构造、高效流动换热、地下事件检测等技术问题;储层激发过程中可能会诱发地震,干热岩开发利用过程中的环境地质风险评估和监督机制不够完善。
热伏发电技术基于塞贝克效应,在一定的温差下,可以直接将热能转换为电能,也被称为半导体发电或温差发电,为低品位热源提供了有效解决方案。与传统的地热能发电中先将热能转化为机械能,再转化为电能不同,热伏发电可以实现地热能与电能之间的直接转换,发电装置具有运行简单、无机械能损耗、体积小、灵活度高、稳定性好、环保等优势,成为中低温地热发电更具竞争力的选择。热伏发电技术与太阳能光伏发电、燃料电池并称为21世纪三大最具潜力的新能源技术[48],可能成为地热发电领域突破性的解决方案[49]
Liu等人[50]设计了利用温差发电机(thermoelectric generator,TEG)的温差发电系统并开展了实验研究,建立了模块尺寸和材料性能对热伏发电影响的模型[51],为热伏发电机的配置和设计优化提供了理论依据。后来,Li等人[52]设计构建了一种5层TEG,并在美国加州Geysers的Bottle Rock地热田对该设备进行了测试,整个TEG装置在152 ℃温差下发电。这是全球首次在地热井中采用温差发电技术成功发电500 W[53]。Liu等人[54]提出了带冷流体的井下分段同心圆柱形热电发电器,为油田地热的就地开发提供了解决途径。Ding等人[55]设计了一种大型地面分段环形同心圆柱热伏发电机。
我国谢和平院士团队围绕热伏发电技术开展了研究,系统提出了基于大尺寸单晶热伏材料的高效、稳定中低温地热热伏发电技术构想[56],研发了结构紧凑的TEG装置,用于中低温地热资源的开发利用[57]。经过多年攻关,该团队自主研发了全球首款1 000 W的模块化地热热伏发电机[58]
超临界CO2循环发电是以超临界CO2为工质,采用超临界CO2布雷顿循环系统将地热能转化成电能的发电技术[59]。该技术具有循环效率高、能量密度高、换热率高、体积小、环保等优点[60],适用于核电、工程热发电、地热发电等多种热源[61]
美国能源部在2012年启动了一个名为“超临界CO2电力系统”(S-CO2-power cycle)的研究项目,旨在研究和开发具有高效率和低成本的超临界CO2工质发电系统。美国桑迪亚国家实验室[62]对先进的CO2布雷顿循环进行了研究,探讨将超临界工作流体应用于地热、太阳能、核能等各种热源发电。
现阶段对于中低温地热发电的CO2发电系统的研究较少。Ruiz Casanova等人[63]对4种不同的超临界CO2布雷顿循环进行了热力学分析,研究发现,中冷回注布雷顿循环性能最好,热效率和㶲效率分别达到11.51%和52.49%。值得一提的是,2021年,中国华能集团有限公司自主研发的超临界CO2循环发电试验机正式投运[64],为我国在CO2地热发电方面的应用提供了重要技术支撑。
为了充分利用地热资源,可以将多种发电技术的优势进行综合发挥,提升发电技术的运行效率。例如,可以将闪蒸系统和双工质系统联合进行发电,即通过扩容式蒸汽系统对高温阶段的地热水进行发电;在地热水温度不满足扩容发电运行条件时,采用双工质循环或卡林那循环技术进行发电,以有效提高发电效率[22,65]。土耳其Kizildere地热电站采用扩容系统和双工质循环系统,最大功率可达18.238 kW,循环效率为38.58%,而且联合发电系统的性能更加稳定[66]
地热能与太阳能、生物质能等其他可再生能源结合的多能互补发电技术可以使中低温地热资源的热品质得到有效提高,进而提升系统的发电效率、增加系统的稳定性[14],是未来地热发电的重要研究方向之一。多能互补发电技术的研究主要集中于地热能与太阳能、地热能与风能、地热能与生物质能、地热能与海洋能等方面。
地热-太阳能发电技术能够解决单一太阳能发电成本高、发电不连续和发电量不稳定等问题,还能弥补单一中低温地热系统发电难度大、效率低和能源品位低等缺点[67],可以在没有任何环境污染的前提下有效增加地热能的发电量[68]。意大利国家电力公司ENEL在美国内华达州Stillwater地热电站实施了联合发电,2009年组合了太阳能光伏发电,2015年又组合了太阳能热发电[69]
早在1975年,Finlayson和Kammer就提出了太阳能和地热能混合系统,并对其进行了评估[70]。之后,研究人员围绕系统的效率和经济性开展了深入研究。Ghasemi等人[71]发现,与独立的地热系统相比,混合系统的年发电量提高了5.5%,效率比独立的太阳能系统提高了17.9%。Bonyadi等人[72]设计了一种新型太阳能与地热能多能互补的发电供热循环方案,与独立的地热发电厂相比,该系统的效率可提高12%。Alirahmi等人[73]对基于地热和太阳能的多发电系统进行了多目标优化,发现在最优工作点,系统的㶲效率和总单位成本分别达到30%和130美元/GJ。Sen等人[74]研究了地热-太阳能集成电站的热力学行为,系统能量效率和有效效率分别为5.9%和19%。Song等人[75]提出了超临界CO2工质的ORC太阳能-地热发电系统,并对发电系统的性能进行了对比分析。我国研究人员也开展了地热-太阳能发电技术的相关研究工作。例如,朱家玲等[76]对太阳能-地热能混合发电系统进行了优化探究,构建了太阳能与地热能耦合ORC发电系统模型,以拉萨地区为例进行了经济性评价[67]
太阳能地热发电技术运行稳定性好、以水为中间介质的系统避免了长时间使用后结构的腐蚀问题,提升了地热能应用效率,应用前景广阔[77];但是目前的研究集中于概念和理论研究方面,研究方法主要以数值分析为主,系统结构对效率的影响、发电系统的经济性等是目前的主要研究内容。受初始成本和系统的复杂性等因素影响,实际运行的太阳能-地热发电设施比较少[70,78]
舒明等[79]设计了一种由风能发电和地热能热管发电构成的风能与地热能协同发电系统。叶建[80]提出了风能及地热能发电的一体化装置,将风机叶片设置在地热井上,实现了风力发电和地热发电的一体化。Rahmanifard等人[81]以阿尔伯塔省为例,对地热能和风能的混合利用潜力进行了模拟研究,在4种研究方案中,风能/压缩空气能源系统-地热方案在平准化电力成本和排放方面取得了最佳结果。风能与地热能发电驱动的联产系统也是重要的研究方向。Mehrpooya等人[82]首次提出了风能与地热能混合发电驱动的氯化氢生产装置,并对其性能进行了研究分析。Bamisile等人[83]提出了基于风力涡轮机和卡林那系统的风能和地热能混合发电用于制氢、冷却等用途的多联产系统,并对其工艺性能进行了分析。
目前,风能受到世界各国的高度重视,风力发电技术成为新能源技术中最成熟的发电方式。然而,风力发电面临间歇性、能量密度低、随机波动性强、可控程度低、受地域条件限制等问题,风电的接入对于电网的运行可能产生不利影响。地热能能够实现稳定持续供应,不受季节交替及昼夜变化的影响,地热发电可以保证电网的稳定运行。通过将风能与地热能结合进行发电,可以提高2种能源的整体性能,现有的相关研究成果较少,且主要集中于概念设计与理论研究,是值得探索的研究方向。
地热与生物质能发电技术的工作原理是生物质原料经酸化水解、厌氧发酵后生成生物质燃气,进入燃气锅炉燃烧,对已经受到地热水加热的低沸点工质进行二次加热,使之由饱和蒸汽转为过热蒸汽,随后进入发电机组实现热能-机械能-电能的转变。位于意大利托斯卡纳区的全球首座地热能与生物质能联合发电厂Cornia 2地热发电厂于2014年开建,并于2015年建成投产。该联合发电厂可充分利用当地的森林生物质能,使发电厂发电能力提高3倍[84]
Thain和DiPippo[85]提出了地热-生物质电厂的概念,与2个彼此独立的发电系统相比,地热-生物质电厂的净发电量增加了32%,净功率可以提升32%[86]。Rostamzadeh等人[87]将地热能低温卡林那循环与生物质燃料燃气轮机相结合,研究发现,发电厂的㶲效率达到了74.9%。Lv等人[88]对基于再压缩布雷顿循环的地热-生物质能热电联产电厂进行了多目标优化和多变量研究,发现最大㶲效率为44.1%。对于另一种由固体氧化燃料电池和地热闪蒸循环组成的地热-生物质能系统,Wang等人[89-90]针对各种场景进行4E分析和多标准优化,系统的最大㶲效率为64%,产品成本为4.53美元/GJ。
地热-生物质能多联产系统研究方面,Heidarnejad等人[91]对地热-生物质能发电系统与海水淡化装置进行了全面的运行经济评估,系统的能量效率达19.4%。Malik等人[92]提出将生物质发电、地热发电和干燥装置集成的冷热电联产系统,多联产模式的总㶲效率为20%。Hashemian等人[93]提出由地热-生物质能提供动力的新型多联产装置,用于电力生产、供暖制冷及制氢等,研究发现系统的能源效率和㶲效率分别为58.54%和16.45%。Xing和Li[94]提出了由地热-生物质能联合驱动的制冷、供热、发电和制氢的多联产框架,研究发现多联产系统的能源效率和㶲效率分别为79.47%和17.87%。国内,赵波等[95]提出将生物质燃气与中低温地热能相结合进行发电,通过热力循环性能分析和发电成本评估,发现该系统的发电功率为单一地热发电系统的4.1倍,发电成本随生物质能利用分数的提高而大幅度降低。王义函等[96]提出了不同温度地热水与生物质热电联产机组集成的新耦合系统,通过热力学性能评估,发现耦合系统的㶲效率有较大提升,且新耦合系统经济优势明显。
生物质能储量丰富,并且与地热能、太阳能同属于可再生能源。地热能与生物质能综合利用系统旨在通过地热来提高生物质转化过程的效率,实现更高的功率输出[34]。与化石能源系统相比,地热-生物质能发电系统价格优势明显[97]。与单独的地热发电厂相比,地热-生物质能发电机组的排放更低,效率更高,而且由于生物质来源丰富,地热-生物质能组合发电具有巨大潜力[98]。目前关于地热-生物质能发电系统的研究成果较多,但具体应用较少。
我国学者提出地热能-海洋能温差发电系统[99],该系统主要包括海洋温差发电系统和地热发电系统。温海水穿过海洋温差发电系统后与地热发电系统的回灌井联通。海洋温差发电系统依靠海水压差作用和高效冷凝管等技术实现全流程污泵运行;地热发电系统则采用冷海水作为冷却水源维持更低的冷凝稳固。该系统可以有效提升能量利用率。
地热资源作为绿色可再生能源,在全球气候变化、节能减排的背景下,成为各国研究和利用的重要资源。地热发电具有度电环境影响小、经济性好、不受天气条件影响等优点。随着技术的突破,地热能发电量有望呈现快速增长。我国地热资源储量丰富、发电利用潜力巨大,但是地热发电存在发展缓慢、装机容量小、未形成规模化开发利用、经济性差等问题。在“双碳”目标背景下,地热发电市场前景广阔。为有效推进我国地热发电产业的快速发展,提出以下建议。
1)结合我国地热资源赋存条件,选择合适的地热发电技术 我国地热资源分布不均且以中低温地热资源为主,很难实现干蒸汽发电技术、闪蒸式发电技术的规模化应用与推广。中低温地热发电目前主要依靠双循环发电技术,但是高于60 ℃的排放温度限制了其广泛应用[57]。鉴于此,热伏发电,超临界CO2循环发电,地热资源与太阳能、风能、生物质能、海洋能等其他可再生能源的多能互补发电技术成为利用中低温地热资源进行发电的重要途径。
2)加强理论与技术研究,推进理论研究与产业发展的融合 紧密围绕国家“双碳”目标与能源安全战略,重视地热发电理论、关键技术和设备攻关,探索高效、低成本的发电技术与装备,为我国地热发电的规模化推广与应用奠定基础。坚持问题导向、应用牵引,出台利好政策,形成有利发展环境,鼓励政府、企业、高校/科研院所协同发力,实现政产学研用深度融合的创新发展模式。
3)开展重点区域示范项目建设,推动地热发电多元化发展 立足资源禀赋,在合适区域开展地热能与其他可再生能源相结合的发电示范项目建设,推动我国地热发电技术的多元化发展,为促进国家能源结构转型发展、保障国家能源安全、实现经济社会高质量发展助力。
  • 中国科学院武汉文献情报中心青年领军2021项目人才计划专项(E2KZ091002)
  • 国家自然科学基金重大项目(52192623)
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2024年第53卷第6期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202402020
  • 接收时间:2024-02-01
  • 首发时间:2026-01-07
  • 出版时间:2024-06-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-02-01
基金
2021 Young Leading Talents Program of Wuhan Library, Chinese Academy of Sciences(E2KZ091002)
中国科学院武汉文献情报中心青年领军2021项目人才计划专项(E2KZ091002)
Major Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China(52192623)
国家自然科学基金重大项目(52192623)
作者信息
    1.中国科学院武汉文献情报中心科技大数据湖北省重点实验室,湖北 武汉 430071
    2.中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所,中国科学院页岩气与地质工程重点实验室,北京 100029
    3.中国科学院武汉岩土力学研究所岩土力学与工程国家重点实验室,湖北 武汉 430071
    4.中国科学院大学信息资源管理系,北京 100049

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赵晏强(1985),男,研究馆员,主要研究方向为学科情报研究与服务,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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