Article(id=1215700880196817636, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1215700878661702357, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202401009, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1705420800000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-17, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1767775276468, onlineDateStr=2026-01-07, pubDate=1719244800000, pubDateStr=2024-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1767775276468, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1767775276468, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767775276468, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1215700878661702357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2024', volume='53', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='150', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1767775276102, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767775427616, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1215701514199417515, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1215700878661702357, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1215701514199417516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1215700878661702357, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=79, endPage=86, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1215700880406532837, articleId=1215700880196817636, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Thermodynamic characteristics of waste heat utilization system applying S-CO2 partial expansion cycle, columnId=1211002405299294959, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Thermal energy science research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In the system realizing waste heat utilization through thermal cycle, there is a mutual restriction relationship between the cycle thermal efficiency and the utilization rate of heat source, solving this problem is the key to build an efficient waste heat utilization system. Taking supercritical carbon dioxide cycle as an example, this paper constructs a new cycle, namely the partial expansion cycle, to broaden the waste heat absorption temperature range, so as to enhance the waste heat utilization rate. After coupling gas turbine exhaust, the waste heat utilization system’s power generation efficiency reaches 28.62%, the cycle thermal efficiency reaches 34.03%, and the heat source utilization rate reaches 84.11%. Moreover, to demonstrate the advantages of the partial expansion cycle, a waste heat utilization system is constructed based on the single regenerative Brayton cycle and the recompressed Brayton cycle. Furthermore, the three cycles are compared. Through calculation using the first and second law of thermodynamics, it is found that the power generation efficiency of the partial expansion cycle is higher than that of the other two classical cycles. Via analyzing the circulation process, it is found that the reason for the high efficiency of the partial expansion cycle is that the partial expansion structure broadens the endotherm temperature zone, makes the heat source utilization rate increase greatly, and thus improves the power generation efficiency.

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针对通过热力循环实现余热利用的系统,解决循环热效率与热源利用率之间的相互制约问题是构建高效余热吸收系统的关键。以超临界二氧化碳循环为例,为拓宽余热吸收温区从而提高余热利用效率,构建了新型循环即部分膨胀循环,耦合燃气轮机排气后,余热利用系统的发电效率为28.62%,循环热效率34.03%,热源利用率84.11%。为论证部分膨胀循环的优势,进一步构建了基于单回热布雷顿循环与再压缩布雷顿循环的余热利用系统,并对3种循环进行对比,通过热力学第一定律、第二定律计算分析,发现部分膨胀循环的发电效率均高于其他2种经典循环;通过分析循环流程,揭示了部分膨胀循环效率较高的原因,即部分膨胀结构拓宽了吸热温区,使得热源利用率大幅升高,从而提高了发电效率。

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孙恩慧(1991),男,博士,讲师,主要研究方向为超临界二氧化碳发电技术,
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王慧芳(1981),女,工程师,主要研究方向为电力工程,

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Main design parameters of the waste heat utilization system applying S-CO2 partial expansion cycle

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数数值
透平入口温度T6/℃517.6
透平入口压力P6/MPa24
压缩机C1入口温度T1/℃32
压缩机C1入口压力P1/MPa8
透平等熵效率ηT,s/%90
压缩机等熵效率ηC,s/%85
回热器压降ΔP/MPa0.1
回热器夹点温度ΔTpin/℃10
环境温度T0/℃25
环境压力P0/kPa101.325
), ArticleFig(id=1215700889231347810, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700880196817636, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

S-CO2部分膨胀循环余热利用系统主要设计参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数数值
透平入口温度T6/℃517.6
透平入口压力P6/MPa24
压缩机C1入口温度T1/℃32
压缩机C1入口压力P1/MPa8
透平等熵效率ηT,s/%90
压缩机等熵效率ηC,s/%85
回热器压降ΔP/MPa0.1
回热器夹点温度ΔTpin/℃10
环境温度T0/℃25
环境压力P0/kPa101.325
), ArticleFig(id=1215700889323622509, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700880196817636, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Parameters of the exhaust from a typical F-class gas turbine

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参数数值
烟气各成分摩尔分数Ar0.008 9
CO20.040 4
H2O0.086 7
N20.743 2
O20.120 8
温度/℃629.00
压力/MPa0.11
质量流量/(kg·s–1)448.70
), ArticleFig(id=1215700889462034552, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700880196817636, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

某典型F级燃气轮机的排气参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数数值
烟气各成分摩尔分数Ar0.008 9
CO20.040 4
H2O0.086 7
N20.743 2
O20.120 8
温度/℃629.00
压力/MPa0.11
质量流量/(kg·s–1)448.70
), ArticleFig(id=1215700889587863682, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700880196817636, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Parameters of each state point of the single regenerative Brayton cycle

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
状态点温度/℃压力/MPa状态点温度/℃压力/MPa
132.008.00672.978.10
262.9724.207629.000.11
3382.9524.108392.950.11
4517.6024.009211.940.11
5392.958.20
ηth,1=36.79%,ηre=70.41%,ηe=25.91%,We=78.23 kW,x1=0.243 9,m(CO2)=733.24 kg/s
), ArticleFig(id=1215700889680138376, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700880196817636, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

单回热布雷顿循环各状态点参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
状态点温度/℃压力/MPa状态点温度/℃压力/MPa
132.008.00672.978.10
262.9724.207629.000.11
3382.9524.108392.950.11
4517.6024.009211.940.11
5392.958.20
ηth,1=36.79%,ηre=70.41%,ηe=25.91%,We=78.23 kW,x1=0.243 9,m(CO2)=733.24 kg/s
), ArticleFig(id=1215700889764024463, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700880196817636, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Exergic loss equation of each component in the single regenerative Brayton cycle

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部件㶲损方程
压缩机LC=ECm(CO2)(e2e1)
透平LT=m(CO2)(e4e5)ET
回热器LR=m(CO2)(e5e6)m(CO2)(e3e2)
加热器2LH2=mgas(e7e8)m(CO2)(e4e3)
加热器1LH1=mgas(e8e9)x1[m(CO2)(e3e2)]
预冷器LPC=m(CO2)(e6e1)
), ArticleFig(id=1215700889927602333, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700880196817636, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

单回热布雷顿循环各部件㶲损方程

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部件㶲损方程
压缩机LC=ECm(CO2)(e2e1)
透平LT=m(CO2)(e4e5)ET
回热器LR=m(CO2)(e5e6)m(CO2)(e3e2)
加热器2LH2=mgas(e7e8)m(CO2)(e4e3)
加热器1LH1=mgas(e8e9)x1[m(CO2)(e3e2)]
预冷器LPC=m(CO2)(e6e1)
), ArticleFig(id=1215700890019877026, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700880196817636, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Parameters of each state point of the partial expansion cycle

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状态点温度/℃压力/MPa状态点温度/℃压力/MPa
132.008.00948.5015.20
263.1224.3010192.1615.10
3192.1624.2011384.2415.00
4384.2424.1012320.188.20
5517.6024.001373.128.10
6394.248.3014629.000.11
7202.168.2015394.240.11
873.128.1016126.010.11
ηth,1=34.03%,ηre=84.11%,ηe=28.62%,We=86.43 kW,m(CO2)=913.10 kg/s,x1=0.287,x3=0.599,x4=0.194
), ArticleFig(id=1215700890091180201, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700880196817636, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

部分膨胀循环各状态点参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
状态点温度/℃压力/MPa状态点温度/℃压力/MPa
132.008.00948.5015.20
263.1224.3010192.1615.10
3192.1624.2011384.2415.00
4384.2424.1012320.188.20
5517.6024.001373.128.10
6394.248.3014629.000.11
7202.168.2015394.240.11
873.128.1016126.010.11
ηth,1=34.03%,ηre=84.11%,ηe=28.62%,We=86.43 kW,m(CO2)=913.10 kg/s,x1=0.287,x3=0.599,x4=0.194
), ArticleFig(id=1215700890200232111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700880196817636, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

Parameters of each state point of the recompression Brayton cycle

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
状态点温度/℃压力/MPa状态点温度/℃压力/MPa
132.008.007199.568.20
262.9724.30872.978.10
3189.5624.209629.000.11
4382.9524.1010392.950.11
5517.6024.0011211.940.11
6392.958.30
ηth,1=40.04%,ηre=57.92%,ηe=23.19%,We=70.02 kW,x1=0.142,x2=0.224,m(CO2)=736.41 kg/s
), ArticleFig(id=1215700890317672634, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700880196817636, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

再压缩布雷顿循环各状态点参数

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状态点温度/℃压力/MPa状态点温度/℃压力/MPa
132.008.007199.568.20
262.9724.30872.978.10
3189.5624.209629.000.11
4382.9524.1010392.950.11
5517.6024.0011211.940.11
6392.958.30
ηth,1=40.04%,ηre=57.92%,ηe=23.19%,We=70.02 kW,x1=0.142,x2=0.224,m(CO2)=736.41 kg/s
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S-CO2部分膨胀循环余热利用系统热力学特性研究
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王慧芳 1 , 孙恩慧 2 , 赵乘新 2 , 徐进良 2 , 乔加飞 3 , 王兵兵 3
热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2024,53(6): 79-86
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热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2024, 53(6): 79-86
S-CO2部分膨胀循环余热利用系统热力学特性研究
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王慧芳1 , 孙恩慧2 , 赵乘新2, 徐进良2, 乔加飞3, 王兵兵3
作者信息
  • 1.国电电力发展股份有限公司,北京 100101
  • 2.华北电力大学低品位能源多相流与传热北京市重点实验室,北京 102206
  • 3.国能国华(北京)电力研究院有限公司,北京 102209
  • 王慧芳(1981),女,工程师,主要研究方向为电力工程,

通讯作者:

孙恩慧(1991),男,博士,讲师,主要研究方向为超临界二氧化碳发电技术,
Thermodynamic characteristics of waste heat utilization system applying S-CO2 partial expansion cycle
Huifang WANG1 , Enhui SUN2 , Chengxin ZHAO2, Jinliang XU2, Jiafie QIAO3, Bingbing WANG3
Affiliations
  • 1.Guodian Electric Power Development Co., Ltd., Beijing 100101, China
  • 2.Beijing Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow and Heat Transfer for Low Grade Energy Utilization, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
  • 3.Guoneng Guohua (Beijing) Electric Power Research Institute Co., Ltd., Beijing 102209, China
出版时间: 2024-06-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202401009
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针对通过热力循环实现余热利用的系统,解决循环热效率与热源利用率之间的相互制约问题是构建高效余热吸收系统的关键。以超临界二氧化碳循环为例,为拓宽余热吸收温区从而提高余热利用效率,构建了新型循环即部分膨胀循环,耦合燃气轮机排气后,余热利用系统的发电效率为28.62%,循环热效率34.03%,热源利用率84.11%。为论证部分膨胀循环的优势,进一步构建了基于单回热布雷顿循环与再压缩布雷顿循环的余热利用系统,并对3种循环进行对比,通过热力学第一定律、第二定律计算分析,发现部分膨胀循环的发电效率均高于其他2种经典循环;通过分析循环流程,揭示了部分膨胀循环效率较高的原因,即部分膨胀结构拓宽了吸热温区,使得热源利用率大幅升高,从而提高了发电效率。

余热利用  /  超临界二氧化碳循环  /  部分膨胀  /  热源利用率

In the system realizing waste heat utilization through thermal cycle, there is a mutual restriction relationship between the cycle thermal efficiency and the utilization rate of heat source, solving this problem is the key to build an efficient waste heat utilization system. Taking supercritical carbon dioxide cycle as an example, this paper constructs a new cycle, namely the partial expansion cycle, to broaden the waste heat absorption temperature range, so as to enhance the waste heat utilization rate. After coupling gas turbine exhaust, the waste heat utilization system’s power generation efficiency reaches 28.62%, the cycle thermal efficiency reaches 34.03%, and the heat source utilization rate reaches 84.11%. Moreover, to demonstrate the advantages of the partial expansion cycle, a waste heat utilization system is constructed based on the single regenerative Brayton cycle and the recompressed Brayton cycle. Furthermore, the three cycles are compared. Through calculation using the first and second law of thermodynamics, it is found that the power generation efficiency of the partial expansion cycle is higher than that of the other two classical cycles. Via analyzing the circulation process, it is found that the reason for the high efficiency of the partial expansion cycle is that the partial expansion structure broadens the endotherm temperature zone, makes the heat source utilization rate increase greatly, and thus improves the power generation efficiency.

waste heat utilization  /  supercritical carbon dioxide cycle  /  partial expansion  /  heat source utilization rate
王慧芳, 孙恩慧, 赵乘新, 徐进良, 乔加飞, 王兵兵. S-CO2部分膨胀循环余热利用系统热力学特性研究. 热力发电, 2024 , 53 (6) : 79 -86 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202401009
Huifang WANG, Enhui SUN, Chengxin ZHAO, Jinliang XU, Jiafie QIAO, Bingbing WANG. Thermodynamic characteristics of waste heat utilization system applying S-CO2 partial expansion cycle[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2024 , 53 (6) : 79 -86 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202401009
燃气轮机被广泛用作发电、船舶等领域的主发动机,其排烟温度较高,大量余热需要被底循环吸收[1-4]。超临界二氧化碳(S-CO2)布雷顿循环具有循环效率高、部件小巧、系统紧凑的特点,可与燃气轮机构成复合循环,提高系统性能[5-6]。然而,燃气轮机余热温区较宽,如何改进S-CO2循环结构实现高效余热吸收,是该领域的研究重点。
虽然传统循环的余热回收大大提高了原有系统的效率,但仍有较多的余热没有得到充分利用,这是因为CO2在底循环的回热器中被预热,导致吸热温区变窄。当前余热吸收领域的S-CO2循环构建多基于典型循环及其改进循环,例如:Sharma等人[7]对船用燃气轮机和再压缩循环的耦合系统进行能量和㶲分析,发现该系统较原燃气轮机系统的热效率提高了10%,净功率增加了25%;Zhou等人[8]研究了以再压缩循环为循环主体的系统,发现再压缩循环的冷却器的部分余热被跨临界二氧化碳(T-CO2)底循环吸收,因此循环效率提高,然而在余热利用领域,再压缩循环普遍被认为不适合作为底循环[9-12]
现阶段围绕单回热循环进行系统构建的研究较多:Uusitalo等人[13]研究了利用单回热循环吸收高温烟气余热的系统特性,发现单回热循环最大输出功率提高了9.6%左右,能够有效提高余热利用效率;Hou等人[14]围绕单回热循环构建了燃气轮机余热系统,为了进一步吸收热源余热,在热源低温段耦合了有机朗肯循环(organic Rankine cycle,ORC),结果表明该系统的㶲经济系数、最佳㶲效率分别达到31.88%、62.23%;Song等人[15]基于单回热循环回收柴油发动机废气和水套冷却水中的废热,研究发现改进循环的功率输出比原系统高7.4%;Kim等人[16]比较了9种S-CO2底循环,发现具有较高循环热效率的再压缩循环不适合作为底循环,而单回热循环具有较高的净功且结构更简单,具备应用潜力;Kim等人[17]评估了用于余热回收的传统、级联和部分加热CO2循环的热性能,指出单回热循环系统效率最高;Cao等人[18]基于S-CO2基本循环进行系统构建,由于透平排气温度较高,因此增加了1个换热器,排气余热通过T-CO2循环吸收,该燃气轮机级联CO2循环的效率比无余热利用的燃气轮机循环提高了17.03%以上;Manente等人[19]比较了不同循环流程在主气参数600 ℃时利用高温余热的性能,循环将压缩机出口的工质进行分流,一部分进入热源吸热,进而在高温透平膨胀,另一部分进入高温回热器吸热,再进入低温透平膨胀,与单回热循环的系统相比,新提出的双膨胀单流分流循环功率提高了3%。
以上循环多集中于单回热循环及复合的级联循环,然而,单回热循环效率较低而复合的级联循环结构较复杂,因此需要构建结构简单且高效的循环。受分流膨胀思路的启发,本文从循环膨胀做功角度对循环进行结构优化,构建部分膨胀循环,该循环拓宽了系统的吸热温区,可更好地平衡循环热效率与热源利用率之间的制约关系。
对本文系统进行如下假设:1)热力学计算在整个系统稳定运行的前提下进行;2)循环中各部件能量守恒;3)计算软件由Fortran语言开发,CO2的物理性质取自REFPROP(9.1)[20]。系统主要设计参数取值见表1[21-22]
烟气参数选自某典型F级天然气燃气轮机的排气参数,详细的烟气成分、流量、压力及温度等参数见表2[23]
本文涉及的不同循环在部件层面的计算均可采用经典的热力学方法,以单回热布雷顿循环为例,其流程图与T-s图如图1所示。单回热布雷顿循环是最典型的S-CO2循环,由压缩机、透平、回热器、冷却器、加热器1、加热器2构成。CO2工质进入压缩机等熵压缩后,一股(点2)经过分流进入加热器1加热,一股进入回热器预热,两股工质在点3汇流,共同进入加热器2,加热后进入透平内等熵膨胀做功,后进入回热器、冷却器冷却。x1为点2分流进入加热器1的分流比,x1=(h8h9mgas/[(h3-h2m(CO2)],h为各点焓值,m(CO2)为底循环中CO2的质量流量,kg/s。单回热布雷顿循环各状态点参数见表3
将本文模型与文献[20-21]中的单回热布雷顿循环进行对比,结果表明误差均控制在0.5%~1.0%内。
压缩机出口(点2)状态参数由压缩机进口(点1)状态参数和压缩机等熵效率ηC,s确定:
ηC,s=h2,sh1h2h1
式中:h1h2h2,s分别为压缩机的入口焓、出口焓和等熵出口焓,kJ/(kg·s)。
压缩机耗功WC为:
WC=m(CO2)(h2h1)
透平出口(点5)状态参数由透平入口(点4)状态参数和透平等熵效率ηT,s确定:
ηT,s=h4h5h4h5,s
式中:h4h5h5,s分别为透平的入口焓、出口焓和等熵出口焓,kJ/(kg·s)。
透平输出功WT为:
WT= m(CO2)(h4h5)
回热器低压侧出口温度T6由压缩机出口温度T2和回热器端差ΔTR确定,回热器高压侧出口焓h3由回热器热平衡确定:
T6=T2+ΔTR
回热器换热量QR为:
QR=m(CO2)(h3h2)(1x1)=m(CO2)(h5h6)
式中:h2h3h5h6分别为回热器冷流股进、出口焓与热流股进、出口焓,kJ/(kg·s)。
加热器1中能量守恒方程为:
QHeater1=m(CO2)(h3h2)x1=mgas(h8h9)
式中:QHeater1为加热器1中的换热量,kJ。
加热器2中能量守恒方程为:
QHeater2=m(CO2)(h4h3)=mgas(h7h8)
式中:h7h8h9分别为加热器2进口焓、加热器2出口焓、加热器1出口焓,kJ/(kg·s);mgas为烟气流量,kg/s;QHeater1QHeater2分别为加热器1、加热器2中的换热量,kJ。
加热器中理论最大吸热量QH,max为:
QH,max=mgas(h7hgas,0)
式中:hgas,0为烟气在环境温度下的焓,kJ/(kg·s)。
冷却器中能量守恒方程为:
Qpc=m(CO2)(h2h1)
式中:Qpc为冷却器中的的换热量,kJ。
单回热布雷顿循环的热效率(热力学第一定律效率)ηth,1为:
ηth,1=WTWCQH
式中:QH为吸热热量,kJ。
循环的输出净功Wnet为:
Wnet=WTWC
燃气轮机热源的热回收效率ηre可定义为:
ηre=QHQH,max=mgas(h7h9)mgas(h7hgas,0)
式中:Qgas为烟气放热量,kJ。
系统净发电效率ηe可定义为:
ηe=ηth,1×ηre=WnetQH,max=WTWCmgas(h7hgas,0)
㶲作为评价系统能量价值的参数,从“量”与“质”的结合上规定了能量的“价值”。在余热吸收系统中使用㶲分析法可深度分析循环系统对热量利用的程度,清晰揭示系统内各部件中能量利用的“质量”与损失。其中流体的㶲可表示为:
E=me=m[hh0T0(ss0)]
式中:h0为计算环境条件下的焓值,kJ/(kg·s);T0为温度,K;s0为熵值,kJ/(kg·K);m为流体的质量流量,kg/s;eh、s分别为计算环境条件下流体的比㶲、比焓和比熵,kJ/s。
图1中单回热布雷顿循环各部件的㶲损方程见表4
热力学第二定律效率可定义为:
ηII=ETECEH,gas
式中:ETECEH,gas分别为透平做功、压缩机耗功和烟气输入㶲,kJ/(kg·s)。
构建部分膨胀循环如图2所示,该循环可视为2个单回热循环的耦合,由压缩机、加热器1、加热器2、透平1、透平2、低温回热器、回热器1、回热器2、回热器3与冷却器构成。CO2工质进入压缩机等熵压缩后,一股经过分流(点2)进入加热器1加热,一股进入回热器3、回热器1预热,两股工质同时在点4汇流,共同进入加热器2,将主流温度提升至516.7 ℃后进入透平1内等熵膨胀做功。膨胀后的工质在点6分流,一股经过回热器2供给工质加热(点10—11),一股经过回热器3给点3—4工质回热,后在点8汇流,最后经过冷却器冷却。从主压缩机中间压力为15.2 MPa时进行抽气进入底循环,经过低温回热器、换热器2后进入分级透平,膨胀后的工质经过低温换热器后于点8汇合。烟气从点14进入,将热量释放给CO2循环侧后从点16流出。为最大程度上减少㶲损,控制各夹点温差均为10 ℃,如点7与点10、点6与点11,通过能量守恒计算得出各分流比x1x3x4,其中x1为点2分流进入加热器1的分流比,x3为点6进入回热器1的分流比,x4为从压缩机抽气(点9)进入低温回热器的分流比,表5为部分膨胀循环各状态点参数。
为了更清晰地解释部分膨胀循环的构建流程,对该循环进行了拆分[24-26],如图3所示。从图3可看出,将拆分后的部分膨胀循环分为顶循环SC1与底循环SC2,原顶循环(点5—6)的膨胀过程叠加了底循环(点11—12)的膨胀过程,拉长了整个膨胀过程。
2个循环共用1个压缩机与冷却器,因此拆分后的顶循环SC1拥有MC(a)、冷却器(a),底循环SC2拥有MC(b)、冷却器(b),因控制了(点8)的温度与低温回热器的热侧出口温度(点13)相同,即TR3与LTR的热侧温度相同,所以可视为底循环SC2对顶循环SC1削弱了回热,导致吸热温区增宽,吸热量增大,因此热源利用率提高。
选择主气压力与热源入口温度2种参数,观察其对循环效率的影响,结果如图4所示。
图4a)可以看出:提高主气压力使循环压比增大,拉长了膨胀区间,使得系统做功能力增强,循环热效率升高;同时,随主气压力增大,系统回热程度增大,工质对热源吸收能力降低,吸热量减小,因此热源利用率降低;因主气压力从16 MPa增至30 MPa时,循环热效率从29.44%增至35.92%,热源利用率从89.08%降至80.26%,循环热效率升高趋势大于热源利用率降低趋势,因此发电效率随主气压力升高而提高(从26.96%增至28.82%)。
图4b)可以看出:随着热源废气入口温度升高,循环主气参数与设计夹点均未发生变化,因此循环热效率不变;随着热源入口温度升高,换热量增大,CO2侧设计夹点温度不变,因此流量增大;而烟气侧流量不变,温差增大,使得排烟侧温区增宽,排烟温度降低,随着热源入口温度从550 ℃升至650 ℃,热源利用率从64.20%增至88.56%,循环热效率不变,所以发电效率从21.85%增至30.14%。
再压缩布雷顿循环的流程图与T-s图如图5所示。再压缩循环是太阳能、核能等领域最常用的循环,CO2工质在冷却器之前被分成两股,一股进入再压缩机(RC),从而减少了排放到环境中的热量,另一股通过冷却器进入主压缩机。进入低温回热器的工质与另一股工质具有相同的压力和温度,避免了混合损失。该循环由于低温回热器高压侧的质量流量较低,有效避免了夹点问题,使得循环回热程度升高,因此系统的循环热效率提高,但当该循环应用于余热吸收领域时,热源吸热的温差较小,排烟温度较高,热源利用率较低。x1为点2分流进入加热器1的分流比,x2为点8进入再压缩机的分流比,再压缩布雷顿循环各状态点参数见表6
将单回热循环、部分膨胀循环、再压缩循环分别记作SC、PEC、RC,对3种循环进行热力学第一定律计算并分析,结果如图6所示。由于部分膨胀循环的底循环削弱了回热,使得其循环热效率低于单回热循环,而再压缩循环的回热量最高,因此循环热效率最高。由于部分膨胀循环的吸热温区较宽,因此热源利用率最高,由于发电效率为循环热效率与热源利用率的乘积,即使部分膨胀循环的循环热效率较低为34.03%,但热源利用率高达84.11%,远高于其余2种循环,因此发电效率最高,达到28.62%,发电量为86.43 kW。
对部分膨胀循环、单回热循环、再压缩循环进行热力学第二定律计算,结果如图7所示。从图7可看出:部分膨胀循环与单回热循环的㶲损多集中于回热器与加热器,因此,提高㶲效率的关键在于降低部分膨胀循环中的回热器㶲损,可通过控制夹点温差、控制流量等方式降低4个回热器的㶲损;而再压缩循环的㶲损多集中于2个加热器而并非回热器,这是由于再压缩循环的一部分回热量用于再压缩过程,降低了回热器的㶲损。
对于这3种循环,提高2个加热器与CO2工质换热温度的匹配性可以降低2个加热器中的㶲损。
1)从系统膨胀做功角度出发构建了部分膨胀循环,并利用拆分揭示了部分膨胀循环的结构对热源吸收的影响:拉长了整个膨胀过程,提高了做功量,拓宽了吸热温区,提高了热源利用率从而提升了发电效率。系统的发电效率达到28.62%,循环热效率为34.03%,热源利用率为84.11%。
2)对部分膨胀循环的变参数分析结果表明:随着主气压力的增大,系统做功能力增强,循环热效率升高;由于回热能力增强,工质对热源吸收能力降低,吸热量减小,因此热源利用率降低。循环热效率增长趋势大于热源利用率降低趋势,因此发电效率随着主气压力的增大而提高。
3)通过对单回热布雷顿循环、再压缩布雷顿循环、部分膨胀循环进行热力学第一定律和第二定律分析可知,部分膨胀循环的循环热效率虽较低,但热源利用率远高于其余2种循环,因此发电效率最高。部分膨胀循环与单回热循环的㶲损多集中于回热器与加热器,再压缩循环的㶲损多集中于2个加热器。降低㶲损较大的各部件的夹点以及提高换热器的温度匹配性是提高㶲效率的关键。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52206010)
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2024年第53卷第6期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202401009
  • 接收时间:2024-01-17
  • 首发时间:2026-01-07
  • 出版时间:2024-06-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-17
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(52206010)
国家自然科学基金项目(52206010)
作者信息
    1.国电电力发展股份有限公司,北京 100101
    2.华北电力大学低品位能源多相流与传热北京市重点实验室,北京 102206
    3.国能国华(北京)电力研究院有限公司,北京 102209

通讯作者:

孙恩慧(1991),男,博士,讲师,主要研究方向为超临界二氧化碳发电技术,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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种数
Number of
species
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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