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Article(id=1215700879425061347, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1215700878661702357, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202402016, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1707148800000, receivedDateStr=2024-02-06, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1767775276285, onlineDateStr=2026-01-07, pubDate=1719244800000, pubDateStr=2024-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1767775276285, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1767775276285, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767775276285, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1215700878661702357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2024', volume='53', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='150', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1767775276102, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767775427616, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1215701514199417515, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1215700878661702357, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1215701514199417516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1215700878661702357, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=58, endPage=64, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1215700879617999332, articleId=1215700879425061347, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Preliminary exploration of efficiency evaluation for integrated energy system, columnId=1215700879274070743, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=New energy power generation technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To accurately assess the overall performance of integrated energy systems, with a focus on their key characteristics of low carbon emissions and high efficiency, and to facilitate the safe integration of renewable energy, this study proposes a weighted energy utilization efficiency index. The integrated energy system in industrial parks is identified as a typical scenario for the application of comprehensive energy. Considering the relatively low energy conversion efficiency of renewable sources in these systems, the study evaluates the performance of the renewable and fossil fuel energy systems using energy efficiency ratios and primary energy utilization rates. Moreover, the proportion of supplied energy is utilized as a weighting factor to indicate the system’s relative significance within the total energy framework, leading to the calculation of the weighted energy utilization efficiency for the park’s integrated energy system. Through comparative analysis with conventional metrics such as primary energy utilization rate and exergy efficiency, the results indicate that the proposed index can effectively reflect the level of renewable energy integration, showcasing the system’s core features of low carbon and high efficiency. This is crucial for directing strategies towards energy saving and consumption reduction.

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为合理评价综合能源的整体性能，突出系统低碳高效的核心特征，指导可再生能源安全消纳，提出了一种加权能源利用率评价指标。园区级综合能源系统是综合能源应用中一个典型场景，考虑到系统中的可再生能源具有能量转化效率低的特点，分别采用能效比和一次能源利用率评价可再生能源系统和化石能源系统的性能，再以供能量占比作为权重反映该系统在整个能源系统的相对重要性，计算出园区级综合能源的加权能源利用率。通过算例对比分析了所提指标与传统一次能源利用率和㶲效率指标的区别，结果表明，该指标的评价结果能够反映系统的可再生能源消纳水平，体现低碳、高效的核心特征，对于指导系统节能降耗具有重要意义。

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韦良炜（1999），男，硕士研究生，主要研究方向为综合能源系统性能评价，。

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韦良炜（1999），男，硕士研究生，主要研究方向为综合能源系统性能评价，。

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韦良炜（1999），男，硕士研究生，主要研究方向为综合能源系统性能评价，。

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Geneva: International Electrotechnical Commission, 2017: 1., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1215700885095760506, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700879425061347, awardId=HNBZ21-I008, language=EN, fundingSource=Science and Technology Project of China Huaneng Group Co., Ltd.(HNBZ21-I008), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1215700885175452292, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700879425061347, awardId=HNBZ21-I008, language=CN, fundingSource=中国华能集团有限公司总部科技项目(HNBZ21-I008), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1215700880834347501, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700879425061347, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215700880838541806, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700879425061347, companyId=1215700880834347501, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Xi’an Thermal Power Research Institute Co, Ltd, Xi’an 710054, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215700880846930415, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700879425061347, companyId=1215700880834347501, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=西安热工研究院有限公司，陕西　西安　710054)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1215700883887800890, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700879425061347, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Input-output energy flow diagram of the industrial park integrated energy system, figureFileSmall=3E4XmlcpdrIx4XxFUlpJqA==, figureFileBig=4qTLJIFNfkNCcvvTVSOXkg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215700883963298365, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700879425061347, language=CN, label=图1, caption=园区级综合能源系统输入输出能流, figureFileSmall=3E4XmlcpdrIx4XxFUlpJqA==, figureFileBig=4qTLJIFNfkNCcvvTVSOXkg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215700884156236361, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700879425061347, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Schematic diagram of the weighted energy utilization rate definition method, figureFileSmall=9zdGPfAO6Zz7zSDHjIsLvQ==, figureFileBig=RbDZ3PLVu4rRDVzWS7bmyA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215700884261093965, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700879425061347, language=CN, label=图2, caption=加权能源利用率定义方法示意, figureFileSmall=9zdGPfAO6Zz7zSDHjIsLvQ==, figureFileBig=RbDZ3PLVu4rRDVzWS7bmyA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215700884353368661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700879425061347, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Framework diagram of the integrated energy composition in a specific industrial park, figureFileSmall=9U+6iZloKYwwH5rayFRc1A==, figureFileBig=3lBerhLH2pK0NFvEmAlaqA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215700884441449048, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700879425061347, language=CN, label=图3, caption=某园区综合能源构成框架, figureFileSmall=9U+6iZloKYwwH5rayFRc1A==, figureFileBig=3lBerhLH2pK0NFvEmAlaqA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215700884537918045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700879425061347, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Main equipment parameters and values in the system

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
设备项目数值
燃气轮机环境温度/℃20
大气压力/MPa0.1
相对湿度/%60
输入燃料温度/℃25
天然气低位热值/(kJ·kg–1)48 604.9
发电机效率/%98.5
输出电功率/kW47 000
余热锅炉节点温差/℃14
接近点温差/℃8
热端温差/℃28
汽轮机额定功率/kW21 559
发电机效率/%98.5
工业供汽压力/MPa0.012
工业供汽温度/℃316
采暖/供冷用抽汽压力/MPa0.003
采暖/供冷用抽汽温度/℃182
吸收式制冷机组额定制冷量/kW1 635
冷冻水出口温度/℃7
冷冻水进口温度/℃12
制冷系数COP0.73
热网换热器供水温度/℃70
回水温度/℃30
光伏系统型号STP280-24/Vd
输出功率/W254
标准辐照度/(W·m–2)1 000
光伏组件个数60 000
逆变器效率/%96
), ArticleFig(id=1215700884617609825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700879425061347, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

系统主要设备参数及数值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
设备项目数值
燃气轮机环境温度/℃20
大气压力/MPa0.1
相对湿度/%60
输入燃料温度/℃25
天然气低位热值/(kJ·kg–1)48 604.9
发电机效率/%98.5
输出电功率/kW47 000
余热锅炉节点温差/℃14
接近点温差/℃8
热端温差/℃28
汽轮机额定功率/kW21 559
发电机效率/%98.5
工业供汽压力/MPa0.012
工业供汽温度/℃316
采暖/供冷用抽汽压力/MPa0.003
采暖/供冷用抽汽温度/℃182
吸收式制冷机组额定制冷量/kW1 635
冷冻水出口温度/℃7
冷冻水进口温度/℃12
制冷系数COP0.73
热网换热器供水温度/℃70
回水温度/℃30
光伏系统型号STP280-24/Vd
输出功率/W254
标准辐照度/(W·m–2)1 000
光伏组件个数60 000
逆变器效率/%96
), ArticleFig(id=1215700884701495909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700879425061347, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Design parameters for typical operating conditions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目设计工况冬季工况夏季工况
环境温度/℃20528
大气压力/MPa0.10.10.1
相对湿度/%604070
燃料气压力/MPa0.0050.0050.005
燃料气温度/℃25.010.032.0
燃料低位热值/(kJ·kg–1)48 604.948 604.948 604.9
凝汽器循环水入口水温/℃15.008.0024.00
补水温度/℃15.008.0024.00
太阳辐照度/(W·m–2)1 0006001 000
供热回水温度/℃3030
供热供水温度/℃7070
冷冻水回水温度/℃1212
冷冻水供水温度/℃77
工业用汽抽汽量/(t·h–1)121610
热网供水流量/(t·h–1)70700
冷冻水供水流量/(t·h–1)281.30281.3
), ArticleFig(id=1215700884793770600, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700879425061347, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

典型工况设计参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目设计工况冬季工况夏季工况
环境温度/℃20528
大气压力/MPa0.10.10.1
相对湿度/%604070
燃料气压力/MPa0.0050.0050.005
燃料气温度/℃25.010.032.0
燃料低位热值/(kJ·kg–1)48 604.948 604.948 604.9
凝汽器循环水入口水温/℃15.008.0024.00
补水温度/℃15.008.0024.00
太阳辐照度/(W·m–2)1 0006001 000
供热回水温度/℃3030
供热供水温度/℃7070
冷冻水回水温度/℃1212
冷冻水供水温度/℃77
工业用汽抽汽量/(t·h–1)121610
热网供水流量/(t·h–1)70700
冷冻水供水流量/(t·h–1)281.30281.3
), ArticleFig(id=1215700884877656685, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700879425061347, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Calculation results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目设计工况冬季工况夏季工况
天然气输入功率/kW121 354129 315116 804
太阳能输入功率/kW116 40069 840116 400
燃气轮机输出电功率/kW44 229.7047 673.2041 931.79
汽轮机输出电功率/kW17 666.9718 358.9217 459.00
光伏系统输出电功率/kW13 359.548 166.3613 359.54
热网热负荷功率/kW3 251.843 251.840
工业供汽热负荷功率/kW10 060.4813 474.928 305.83
供冷冷负荷功率/kW1 639.5001 639.50
可再生能源供能占比0.1480.0900.162
一次能源利用率/%37.9445.6635.46
㶲效率/%33.6839.5432.68
天然气联产系统一次能源
利用率/%		63.3364.0059.36
光伏系统能量转化效率/%11.9611.9611.96
光伏系统能效比/%79.5781.0679.57
加权能源利用率/%65.7365.5362.63
), ArticleFig(id=1215700884978319987, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700879425061347, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

计算结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目设计工况冬季工况夏季工况
天然气输入功率/kW121 354129 315116 804
太阳能输入功率/kW116 40069 840116 400
燃气轮机输出电功率/kW44 229.7047 673.2041 931.79
汽轮机输出电功率/kW17 666.9718 358.9217 459.00
光伏系统输出电功率/kW13 359.548 166.3613 359.54
热网热负荷功率/kW3 251.843 251.840
工业供汽热负荷功率/kW10 060.4813 474.928 305.83
供冷冷负荷功率/kW1 639.5001 639.50
可再生能源供能占比0.1480.0900.162
一次能源利用率/%37.9445.6635.46
㶲效率/%33.6839.5432.68
天然气联产系统一次能源
利用率/%		63.3364.0059.36
光伏系统能量转化效率/%11.9611.9611.96
光伏系统能效比/%79.5781.0679.57
加权能源利用率/%65.7365.5362.63
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综合能源系统能效评价方法初探
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韦良炜 , 付昶 , 王伟锋 , 薛志恒 , 刘磊
热力发电 | 新能源发电技术专题 2024,53(6): 58-64
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热力发电 | 新能源发电技术专题 2024, 53(6): 58-64
综合能源系统能效评价方法初探
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韦良炜 , 付昶, 王伟锋, 薛志恒, 刘磊
作者信息
  • 西安热工研究院有限公司，陕西　西安　710054

    • 韦良炜（1999），男，硕士研究生，主要研究方向为综合能源系统性能评价，。

Preliminary exploration of efficiency evaluation for integrated energy system
Liangwei WEI , Chang FU, Weifeng WANG, Zhiheng XUE, Lei LIU
Affiliations
  • Xi’an Thermal Power Research Institute Co, Ltd, Xi’an 710054, China
出版时间: 2024-06-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202402016
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摘要
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为合理评价综合能源的整体性能，突出系统低碳高效的核心特征，指导可再生能源安全消纳，提出了一种加权能源利用率评价指标。园区级综合能源系统是综合能源应用中一个典型场景，考虑到系统中的可再生能源具有能量转化效率低的特点，分别采用能效比和一次能源利用率评价可再生能源系统和化石能源系统的性能，再以供能量占比作为权重反映该系统在整个能源系统的相对重要性，计算出园区级综合能源的加权能源利用率。通过算例对比分析了所提指标与传统一次能源利用率和㶲效率指标的区别，结果表明，该指标的评价结果能够反映系统的可再生能源消纳水平，体现低碳、高效的核心特征，对于指导系统节能降耗具有重要意义。

综合能源系统  /  性能分析  /  能效评价

To accurately assess the overall performance of integrated energy systems, with a focus on their key characteristics of low carbon emissions and high efficiency, and to facilitate the safe integration of renewable energy, this study proposes a weighted energy utilization efficiency index. The integrated energy system in industrial parks is identified as a typical scenario for the application of comprehensive energy. Considering the relatively low energy conversion efficiency of renewable sources in these systems, the study evaluates the performance of the renewable and fossil fuel energy systems using energy efficiency ratios and primary energy utilization rates. Moreover, the proportion of supplied energy is utilized as a weighting factor to indicate the system’s relative significance within the total energy framework, leading to the calculation of the weighted energy utilization efficiency for the park’s integrated energy system. Through comparative analysis with conventional metrics such as primary energy utilization rate and exergy efficiency, the results indicate that the proposed index can effectively reflect the level of renewable energy integration, showcasing the system’s core features of low carbon and high efficiency. This is crucial for directing strategies towards energy saving and consumption reduction.

integrated energy system  /  performance analysis  /  evaluation of energy efficiency
韦良炜, 付昶, 王伟锋, 薛志恒, 刘磊. 综合能源系统能效评价方法初探. 热力发电, 2024 , 53 (6) : 58 -64 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202402016
Liangwei WEI, Chang FU, Weifeng WANG, Zhiheng XUE, Lei LIU. Preliminary exploration of efficiency evaluation for integrated energy system[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2024 , 53 (6) : 58 -64 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202402016
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随着我国能源革命持续向纵深推进，电力逐渐由过去的二次能源转变为其他行业的基础能源，能源体系发生了深刻的变革，不断向低碳化、智能化、多元化方向发展[1]。2020年9月，国家提出了“双碳”目标[2]。2023年9月，国家发改委进一步提出了加快构建清洁低碳、安全充裕、经济高效、供需协同、灵活智能新型电力系统[3]的发展需求，为“双碳”目标背景下我国的电力转型指明了方向。
构建综合能源系统是解决电力转型过程中新问题、新挑战的关键途径之一[4]。综合能源系统通过多种能源资源的协调互补，“源-网-荷”深度融合，平抑了新能源消纳过程功率负荷的波动，实现了多种能源用能形式的优化和能量的梯级利用，系统具有较高的能量利用效率。园区级综合能源系统是综合能源应用的典型场景[1]，在规模上处于中间形态，广泛应用于工业园区、科技园区和独立供电区，能够同时满足用户对于冷、热、电负荷的需求。
能效反映了能源消耗水平和利用效果，是能源有效利用程度的衡量[5]。合理评价园区级综合能源的能效对于反映系统性能状况，指导可再生能源安全消纳具有重要意义。郭艳飞等[6]构建了综合能源系统的能量分析和㶲分析数学模型，用能量效率和㶲效率计算包含电、冷、热等不同形态能源的区域综合能源系统规划方案性能。薛屹洵等[7]从追溯系统能量来源的角度，细化系统的输入能量，着眼于一次能源中的不可再生部分，定义多能协同园区的能效评价指标。徐聪等[8]将可再生能源、废热等这一类低品位的非化石能源按做功能力统一折算成燃料，与输入系统的燃料相加，以计算系统的能力转化效率。胡枭等[9]通过引入能量品质系数的概念来量化不同形式能量的品质差异，并基于㶲分析的黑箱模型计算区域综合能源系统的总体㶲效率。吴京锴等[10]引入能量价值参数来修正不同能量质量的电、热、冷能量，将输出能量价值总量与输入能量价值之比定义为能量质量的能效综合指标，用该指标评价多能协同园区系统性能。
多能协同互补是园区级综合能源的特征之一，在园区级综合能源能效评价方面，大多学者围绕着如何衡量不同品位的能源进行研究。然而，能效评价的意义最终都应该落足于指导系统的节能降耗。因此，在园区级综合能源系统规划设计和运行阶段，如何通过合理的能效评价，体现出多能互补系统相较于传统供能方式的优越性，突出其低碳高效的特征，指导可再生能源安全消纳，成为园区级综合能源能效评价亟需解决的问题。
基于此，本文从能效评价的意义出发，综合考虑园区级综合能源系统多能流输入输出特性，针对可再生能源发电互补能量转化效率低的特点，着眼于解决传统能效评价方法在评价园区级综合能源系统效率时存在失真的问题，提出能够反映园区综合能源低碳、高效核心特征的整体性能评价指标，助力于指导园区级综合能源系统节能降耗。
1　园区级综合能源系统简介
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园区级综合能源服务对象涵盖了产业园区、综合社区和独立供电区。强调用户侧的参与和可再生能源的分布式利用，为用户提供更加廉价、高效、清洁和可靠的综合能源服务，具有系统结构相对简单、多能耦合更为紧密的特征[1]。
系统对应的能源设备主要由中小型容量的产能和能源耦合转化设备组成，通过多种能源资源的协调互补和优化配置来满足不同类型的能源需求。园区级综合能源系统输入输出能流如图1所示，系统主要组成包括了分布式电源、气-电-热设备、气-电设备、气-热设备和电-热设备。
分布式电源包括风电、光伏等可再生能源转换设备，依靠可再生能源进行发电，降低了化石能源的消耗，提高系统的可持续性。气-电-热设备包括了热电联产，这些设备能够同时产生电能和热能，提高能源的综合利用效率。气-电设备包括了燃气轮机，通过优化能源的使用，提高系统的灵活性。气-热设备包括了燃气锅炉，通过燃烧天然气等气体燃料提供热能。电-热设备包括了热泵和电锅炉。
系统输出能量为冷、热、电负荷功率，输入能量由可再生能源、化石能源和网购电3部分组成。化石能源输入的能量包含了煤、天然气，可再生能源输入的能量包含风能、太阳能，当能源系统发生故障或供电不足时，通过外部电网购电，假设网购电均由化石能源转化而来，风电、光伏的输出直接作为系统输出电功率的一部分，不考虑储能。因此，输出电负荷功率的组成包括了化石能源和可再生能源2部分：
P=∑Pre+∑Pfosre∈{wind,PV}fos∈{coal,gas}
式中：P为园区电负荷功率，kW；Pre为可再生能源re的电负荷功率，kW；Pfos为化石能源fos的电负荷功率，kW；下标re代表可再生能源种类，fos代表化石能源种类。
2　能效评价指标探讨
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2.1　一次能源利用率
一次能源利用率指标计算相对简单，在园区综合能源能效评价中应用广泛。通常定义为系统输出的能量与输入的能量之比：
ηe=P+Qc+Qh∑Qfos+∑Qre+Pgrid/ηgrid
式中：Qh为园区热负荷功率，kW；Qc为园区冷负荷功率，kW；Qfos为化石燃料燃烧产生的热功率，kW；Qre接收到可再生能源的功率，kW；Pgaid为外部电网输入的电功率，kW；ηgrid为考虑了网购电中化石能源转化和电网输送过程损耗的总效率。
由于可再生能源的能量密度较低，在计算系统输入能量时，能量品位差异较大的可再生能源与化石能源直接求和可能会缺乏合理性。当园区综合能源包含较多制冷系数大于1的热泵机组时，一次能源利用率的评价结果能较明显地突出系统高效节能的特征。
2.2　㶲效率
㶲考虑了能量品位的差异，用于衡量能量转化为功的能力[11]。㶲效率能够评价系统的热力学完善程度，园区综合能源的㶲效率定义为系统的输出㶲与输入㶲之比：
ηex=P+λcQc+λhQh∑λfosQfos+∑λreQre
式中：λ为对应能量的能质系数，通常认为电能能够完全转化为其他形式的能量，以电能为基准，能质系数为1。园区综合能源供冷的温度和环境温度差别较小，由于㶲效率的出发点是衡量系统的做功能力，导致冷能的能质系数和冷量㶲都偏小，最终的㶲效率评价结果偏低。对于冷量供应较大的园区综合能源，㶲效率的评价结果将难以突出系统高效的优势。
2.3　折算标煤的能效指标
文献[12]将能效定义为用户侧负荷需求的总量与输入的化石能源折算为标煤后的总量之比：
ηt=Dh'+Dc'+De'+Xc+Xh+XeFiθf+Eiθe
式中：Fi为输入的燃料量，MJ；Ei为外部输入的电量，MJ；θf、θe分别为输入的化石燃料和电网供电的折标煤系数。
折标煤法是能量价值折算的另一思路，本质上还是基于热力学第一定律，但指标的计算严重依赖于所能追溯到的电网侧数据，而这些数据通常是难以获取的。
2.4　基于能量价值的能效指标
文献[10]引入能量价值参数α、β、γ分别为修正系统输出的冷、热、电能，对系统输入的能量则采用能质系数λ进行统一折算，将输出能量价值总量与输入之比定义为能效：
ηp=αEoe+βEoh+γEocqgasFin+Einλe
式中：Ein为时段内输入系统的电能，包括了电网购电和可再生能源输送电之和；Fin为时段内输入系统的燃料量；α、β、γ分别为电能、热能和冷能的能量价值参数；Eoe、Eoh、Eoc分别为系统输出的电能、热能和冷能；qgas为天然气热值。指标在㶲效率的基础上进行了拓展，考虑了不同输出能量获取难度的问题。
多能流输入输出、异质能流相互耦合是园区综合能源的显著特征之一，合理的系统能效评价绕不开如何定义系统的计算边界及如何衡量不同能源的品位2个关键问题。一次能源利用率和㶲效率是2种应用最为广泛的系统能效的计算方法，大多能效指标都是在这2种方法的基础上，围绕2个关键问题提出的。
评价方法应该结合所需达成的目的进行选择，评价指标的设计也应该结合评价的意义进行考虑。例如，若需要评价园区级综合能源系统的热力学完善程度，应用㶲效率评价即可。园区综合能源评价的意义在于指导节能降耗，那么评价指标应该最终突出其相对于传统能源系统低碳高效的核心特征。
3　加权能源利用率
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3.1　指标定义
风能、光能这一类可再生能源在自然界中广泛分布，理论上取之不尽用之不竭[9]，能量密度相对低于化石能源，在现有技术条件下的能量转化效率也偏低。以太阳能光伏发电这一类分布式电源系统为例，光伏发电系统能量效率定义为[13]：
ηPV=EPVAGPV
式中：ηPV为光伏系统整体能量效率；EPV为光伏系统输出的交流功率，kW；GPV为一段时间内光伏面板累计接收到的平均太阳辐照度，kW/m2；A为所有光伏组件接受太阳辐射的面积，m2。
光伏系统能量效率可以通过光伏组件进行计算：
ηPV=ηe,PV⋅ηPR,PV
ηe,PV=PPVAGPV,0
ηPR,PV=EPVPPV,0GPV,0GPV
式中：ηe,PV为光伏组件光电转化效率；ηPR,PV为光伏系统能效比；GPV,0为标准太阳辐照度，取1 kW/m2；PPV,0为所有组件最大功率和，kW。
由式(7)可以看出，光伏发电系统的整体效率由光伏组件的光电转化效率和系统能效比共同决定。光电转化效率决定了光伏组件将太阳能转换成电能的能力，由光伏组件的材料特性和结构设计决定，而对于已建成系统的这一效率基本上是无法改变的，数值上一般在15%~22%[13]。能效比反映的是系统级别的综合效率，包括设计、安装、运维等因素对电站整体性能的影响，根据综合运行效率的高低，数值在80%~90%[15]。相较于能量转化效率，工程中关注更多的是在同等的环境条件下，系统实际输出功率与设计值的差距究竟有多少，如光伏发电系统中的发电容量[14-15]、风力发电系统中的功率特性[16]。
基于此，在评价综合能源系统整体性能时，对化石能源系统和可再生能源系统采用不同的评价方法，具体如图2所示。对于化石能源系统参考能量平衡法，采用传统的一次能源利用率来进行衡量，关注化石能源到有用能输出的效率水平。而对于可再生能源系统，则引入能效比的概念，评价系统实际输出功率与理想条件下的最大输出功率之间的差距。能效比越高，表示可再生能源系统的实际输出与理论输出越接近，系统的运行和维护状况良好，能效损失较小。
同时，基于各能源系统对总供能量的贡献程度来分配权重，以反映不同能源系统在综合能源中的相对重要性。当某种可再生能源（如太阳能或风能）在总供能量中占有较大比例，那么该能源在综合能效评价中将获得较高的权重，以确保评价结果真实地反映系统的实际能源利用情况。
因此，提出加权能源利用率指标，定义如下：
ηIES=RP,fos⋅ηe,fos+∑RP,re⋅ηPR,re
其中：
ηe,fos=∑Pfos+Qh+Qc∑Qfos+Pgrid/ηgrid
RP,fos=Pfos+Qh+QcP+Qh+Qc
RP,re=PreP+Qh+Qc
ηPR,re=PrePre,ideal
式中：ηIES为加权能源利用率；ηe,fos为化石能源系统一次能源利用率；ηPR,re为可再生能源re的系统能效比；RP,fos为化石能源系统供能量占比；RP,re为可再生能源re的发电量占比；Pre,ideal为可再生能源re的理想电负荷功率，kW。
3.2　能效比
能效比通过比较系统的实际发电量与在理想条件下最大可能发电量之间的比例来反映系统性能。综合考虑了环境因素、系统配置、运维状况等对发电效率的影响。可再生能源能效比与实际电负荷功率、系统额定功率和测量时段内系统接受到的可再生能源强度有关，光伏发电系统和风力发电系统为例说明可再生能源能效比的计算方法。
3.2.1　光伏发电系统
ηPR,PV=PPVPPV,ideal
PPV,ideal=PPV,0⋅GPVGPV,0
式中：RPV,0为光伏系统额定输出电负荷功率，kW；GPV为测量时段内的平均太阳辐照度，kW/m2；GPV,0为标准太阳辐照度，取1 kW/m2。
3.2.2　风力发电系统
ηPR,wind=PwindPwind,ideal
Pwind,ideal=f(wind speed)
式中：Pwind为测量时段内平均风速对应的理想电负荷功率，kW；Pwind,ideal根据测量时段内的特定范围内的风速平均值查取给定的功率曲线图得到。
3.3　指标特点
加权能源利用率指标并非是一次能源利用率评价指标的简单推广，而是综合考虑了系统多能流的特性，体现了化石能源能源系统和可再生能源系统在输入能源价值上的差异，指标具有以下特点。
1）反映了可再生能源利用水平　通过供能量占比反映不同能源在综合能源系统中的相对重要性。当评价的结果接近于化石能源系统能量效率时，此时RP,re趋近0，表明系统的可再生能源利用率低；当评价的结果接近于可再生能源系统能效比时，此时RP,re趋近1，表明系统的可再生能源利用率高。
2）体现了园区综合能源低碳高效的核心特征　可再生能源的能效比高于化石能源系统的能量效率，在系统规定的电负荷下，可再生能源发电占比越高、可再生能源系统的性能越好、化石能源系统的冷热负荷功率越大，均能使加权能源利用率得到提高。
4　算例分析
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以某工业园区综合能源为例进行分析，系统构成框架如图3所示。该园区系统主要由天然气冷热电联产系统和光伏发电子系统2大模块构成。
输入能源包括天然气、太阳能，系统组成包括燃气轮机、蒸汽轮机、光伏面板等能源生产设备和余热锅炉、吸收式制冷机组、热网换热器等能源转化设备构成，系统为园区提供电力、工业用汽、采暖用水、冷冻水等多种形式的能源。系统的主要设备及参数见表1。
园区的冷热负荷需求受季节因素影响较大，夏季气温高，园区有供冷需求，无采暖供热需求，工业生产所需的热负荷较低；冬季气温低，园区有采暖供热需求，无冷冻水供冷需求，工业生产所需的热负荷偏大。光伏发电系统的出力受季节和天气因素的影响，夏季光照充足，太阳辐射强度大；冬季日照时间短，太阳辐射强度小，光伏系统的出力小。当系统采用孤岛模式运行时，无网购电输入，典型应用场景下系统设计参数值见表2。
采用一次能源利用率、㶲效率和加权能源利用率评价设计工况、冬季工况和夏季工况下园区综合能源的整体性能，经过仿真模型计算，结果见表3。由表3可得到以下结论。
1）对于同一工况，园区综合能源整体的一次能源利用率均低于天然气联产系统一次能源利用率，原因是园区综合能源包括了光伏发电系统，光伏系统的能量转化效率约为12%，显著低于天然气联产系统的能量效率。若简单将太阳输入系统的能量按传统能量利用率的形式在分母求和，将导致系统整体的能量效率下降。以设计工况为例，考虑可再生能源互补后，系统的一次能源利用率由63.33%下降至37.94%。冬季工况和设计工况的天然气联产系统一次能源利用率均为64%左右，但是设计工况的可再生能源供能占比偏大约5.8百分点，导致园区综合的一次能源利用率反而偏低约8百分点。随着可再生能源发电占比的增加，园区综合能源一次能源利用率下降越明显。传统一次能源利用率评价方法难以反映出系统可再生能源互补带来的优势。
2）对于同一工况，园区综合能源整体的㶲效率均小于一次能源利用率。这是因为系统的收益㶲在数值上要小于系统输出的有用能，系统的输入能源由天然气和太阳能2部分组成，天然气的能质系数大于1，输入系统的㶲在数值上大于燃料输入系统的能量，虽然太阳能输入㶲值小于太阳能输入的能量，但是天然气在系统的输入能源中占主导作用，其能量和㶲值在数值上均大于太阳能，导致系统输入的㶲在数值上最终大于能量值，因此整体的㶲效率小于一次能源利用率。
3）对于同一工况，园区综合能源整体的加　权能源利用率均大于一次能源利用率。这是因为这2种指标在评价可再生能源系统上存在差异，一次能源利用率在计算时直接将能量密度相对较低的可再生能源作为系统输入能量的一部分，而加权能源利用率则是用能效比来评价可再生能源系统的性能，可再生能源系统的能效比要高于能量转化效率，例如案例中光伏系统的能效比在80%左右。随着系统可再生能源发电占比的增加和性能的提升，加权能源利用率将呈现增大的趋势。需要强调的是，园区综合能源能效评价的意义在于节能降耗，安全消纳可再生能源，评价的方向与当前大力提倡的开发利用可再生能源资源的理念是相符合的，能够体现系统可再生能源互补带来的优势。
5　结论
收起
多能流协调互补是园区综合能源的典型特征之一，针对传统能效评价方法在评价园区级综合能源系统效率时存在失真的问题，本文提出了加权能源利用率评价指标，主要研究结论如下。
1）所提指标对系统中可再生能源和化石能源分别采用能效比和一次能源利用率2种不同的评价方法，以供能量占比作为权重评价2种系统在整个能源系统的重要性，加权能源利用率指标能很好反映系统可再生能源消纳情况，同时也突出了系统低碳、高效的核心特征。
2）当前园区综合能源能效评价的研究大多围绕如何衡量不同品位能源展开。评价指标的设计应该最终回归到评价的意义上，对于园区综合能源的能效评价，其意义在于指导系统的节能降耗，所提指标需要能够体现综合能源协调互补相对于传统化石能源系统所具有的优势。
3）通过算例分析，对比了加权能源利用率、一次能源利用率和㶲效率指标之间的差异。加权能源利用率能很好反映系统可再生能源互补带来的优势，该特点对于指导可再生能源安全消纳具有重要意义。
基金
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  • 中国华能集团有限公司总部科技项目(HNBZ21-I008)
文献
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202402016
  • 接收时间：2024-02-06
  • 首发时间：2026-01-07
  • 出版时间：2024-06-25
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  • 收稿日期：2024-02-06
基金
Science and Technology Project of China Huaneng Group Co., Ltd.(HNBZ21-I008)
中国华能集团有限公司总部科技项目(HNBZ21-I008)
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    西安热工研究院有限公司，陕西　西安　710054
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