Article(id=1215700817110291430, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1215700809971581533, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202311177, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1701273600000, receivedDateStr=2023-11-30, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1767775261428, onlineDateStr=2026-01-07, pubDate=1716566400000, pubDateStr=2024-05-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1767775261428, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1767775261428, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767775261428, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1215700809971581533, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2024', volume='53', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='148', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1767775259725, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767775403954, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1215701414953796264, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1215700809971581533, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1215701414953796265, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1215700809971581533, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=82, endPage=92, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1215700817412281336, articleId=1215700817110291430, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Investigation on operating characteristics of a 660 MW high moisture lignite-fired boiler under ultra-low load operating conditions, columnId=1211002405299294959, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Thermal energy science research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To unveil the ultra-low load operating characteristics and performance optimization method of large-scale units burning high moisture lignite, the influences of burners operating scheme under 33%BMCR condition on the coal combustion, heat transfer and NOx transformation characteristics of a 660 MW unit utility boiler were investigated, based on an established and validated simulation model of coal-fired boiler. The results show that, well-organized flow and combustion field can still be formed inside the furnace under ultra-low load condition, but the overall boiler performance deteriorates evidently, such as obvious decreases in combustion temperature and heat transfer intensity, and increase in NOx emission at outlet of the furnace. When 4 layers of burners are in-service, continuous lower-middle groups or middle-upper groups of burners should be put into operation, to prevent the significant deteriorations of combustion and heat transfer processes and the significant increase in NOx emissions. The number of in-service burners layers significantly affects the overall boiler performance. When there are only two layers of burners in-service, the intense coal combustion area is too concentrated, which is not conducive to maintaining a high combustion temperature and heat transfer intensity, and NOx emissions at the furnace outlet increase at the same time. These findings reveal the influences of burner operating scheme under ultra-low load condition on the overall performance of a 660 MW lignite boiler, which can provide guidance for deep peak shaving operation adjustment and optimization of coal-fired units in the context of large-scale renewable energy power grid connection in the future.

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为揭示大容量高水分褐煤机组的超低负荷运行特性及性能优化方式,基于建立并验证的燃煤锅炉燃烧模型,研究了33%最大连续额定负荷下燃烧器运行方式对660 MW高水分褐煤锅炉炉内燃烧、传热及NOx转化特性的影响。结果表明:超低负荷下炉内仍可形成良好组织的流动及燃烧场,但锅炉综合性能显著下降,如燃烧温度及受热面吸热量显著降低、炉膛出口NOx排放增加等;运行4层燃烧器时投运连续的下、中间组或中间、上组燃烧器,可有效防止燃烧、传热过程的显著恶化及NOx排放的明显增加;燃烧器投运层数影响锅炉综合性能,运行2层燃烧器时炉内剧烈燃烧区域过于集中,不利于维持较高的燃烧温度及传热强度,炉膛出口NOx排放升高。研究结果揭示了超低负荷下燃烧器投运位置及层数对660 MW高水分褐煤锅炉综合性能的影响,可为大规模可再生能源电力并网背景下高水分褐煤机组参与深度调峰的运行调整及优化提供指导。

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张忠孝(1959),男,博士,长聘教授,主要研究方向为煤的清洁高效燃烧与利用技术,
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李子祥(1991),男,博士,助理研究员,主要研究方向为燃煤电厂设计与运行优化、化石燃料高效低排放燃烧技术,

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李子祥(1991),男,博士,助理研究员,主要研究方向为燃煤电厂设计与运行优化、化石燃料高效低排放燃烧技术,

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label=Tab.1, caption=

Properties of practically used lignite coal with high moisture content

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
收到基工业分析
固定碳w/%挥发分w/%灰分w/%水分w/%低位发热量/(kJ·kg–1)
24.7720.3716.8638.0012 120
干燥无灰基元素分析w/%
CHONS
75.175.4516.640.951.79
), ArticleFig(id=1215700831257678360, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700817110291430, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

实际燃用高水分褐煤特性参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
收到基工业分析
固定碳w/%挥发分w/%灰分w/%水分w/%低位发热量/(kJ·kg–1)
24.7720.3716.8638.0012 120
干燥无灰基元素分析w/%
CHONS
75.175.4516.640.951.79
), ArticleFig(id=1215700831425450526, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700817110291430, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Mass fractions of simplified coal components of high moisture lignite

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
挥发分组分水分焦炭
CH4HCNH2COCO2H2O(g)H2O(l)C<s>
1.3290.2322.3366.1524.1033.03445.70637.108
), ArticleFig(id=1215700831513530912, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700817110291430, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

高水分褐煤简化煤种组分质量分数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
挥发分组分水分焦炭
CH4HCNH2COCO2H2O(g)H2O(l)C<s>
1.3290.2322.3366.1524.1033.03445.70637.108
), ArticleFig(id=1215700831593222694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700817110291430, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Simulation condition setting and the operating parameters

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工况组工况燃烧器
层数
一次风率燃尽风率关闭喷口位置运行喷口风速/(m·s–1)
燃烧器二次风燃尽风一次风二次风燃尽风
1120.280.20PA3—PA6SA4—SA9SOFA1, SOFA424.244.234.8
2PA1, PA2,
PA5, PA6
SA1—SA3, SA6—SA9
3PA1—PA4SA1—SA6
2430.300.16PA4—PA6SA6—SA9SOFA1, SOFA417.229.327.8
5PA1,PA5,PA6SA1, SA7—9
6PA1,PA2,PA6SA1—SA3, SA9
7PA1—PA3SA1—SA4
3840.350.16PA5,PA6SA7—SA9SOFA1, SOFA415.123.927.8
9PA3,PA4SA4—SA6
10PA1,PA2SA1—SA3
), ArticleFig(id=1215700831719051816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700817110291430, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

研究工况设置及其操作参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况组工况燃烧器
层数
一次风率燃尽风率关闭喷口位置运行喷口风速/(m·s–1)
燃烧器二次风燃尽风一次风二次风燃尽风
1120.280.20PA3—PA6SA4—SA9SOFA1, SOFA424.244.234.8
2PA1, PA2,
PA5, PA6
SA1—SA3, SA6—SA9
3PA1—PA4SA1—SA6
2430.300.16PA4—PA6SA6—SA9SOFA1, SOFA417.229.327.8
5PA1,PA5,PA6SA1, SA7—9
6PA1,PA2,PA6SA1—SA3, SA9
7PA1—PA3SA1—SA4
3840.350.16PA5,PA6SA7—SA9SOFA1, SOFA415.123.927.8
9PA3,PA4SA4—SA6
10PA1,PA2SA1—SA3
), ArticleFig(id=1215700831836492332, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700817110291430, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Shared operating parameters and boundary conditions

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项目数值
一次风及煤粉颗粒温度/K338
二次风及燃尽风温度/K671
受热面壁温水冷壁/K750
分隔屏过热器/K850
末级过热器/K893
计算域出口温度/K1 200
压力/Pa-200
), ArticleFig(id=1215700831916184111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700817110291430, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

通用操作参数及边界条件

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数值
一次风及煤粉颗粒温度/K338
二次风及燃尽风温度/K671
受热面壁温水冷壁/K750
分隔屏过热器/K850
末级过热器/K893
计算域出口温度/K1 200
压力/Pa-200
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660 MW高水分褐煤锅炉超低负荷运行特性研究
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李子祥 1, 2 , 张启超 1 , 乌晓江 1 , 叶妮娜 1 , 许芸 3 , 张忠孝 1
热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2024,53(5): 82-92
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热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2024, 53(5): 82-92
660 MW高水分褐煤锅炉超低负荷运行特性研究
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李子祥1, 2 , 张启超1, 乌晓江1, 叶妮娜1, 许芸3, 张忠孝1
作者信息
  • 1.上海交通大学机械与动力工程学院,上海 200240
  • 2.上海能源建设工程设计研究有限公司,上海 200135
  • 3.国家能源集团科学技术研究院有限公司,南京 210046
  • 李子祥(1991),男,博士,助理研究员,主要研究方向为燃煤电厂设计与运行优化、化石燃料高效低排放燃烧技术,

通讯作者:

张忠孝(1959),男,博士,长聘教授,主要研究方向为煤的清洁高效燃烧与利用技术,
Investigation on operating characteristics of a 660 MW high moisture lignite-fired boiler under ultra-low load operating conditions
Zixiang LI1, 2 , Qichao ZHANG1, Xiaojiang WU1, Nina YE1, Yun XU3, Zhongxiao ZHANG1
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Mechanical and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
  • 2.Shanghai Energy Construction Engineering Design and Research Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200135, China
  • 3.Science and Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd. of CHN ENERGY, Nanjing 210046, China
出版时间: 2024-05-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202311177
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为揭示大容量高水分褐煤机组的超低负荷运行特性及性能优化方式,基于建立并验证的燃煤锅炉燃烧模型,研究了33%最大连续额定负荷下燃烧器运行方式对660 MW高水分褐煤锅炉炉内燃烧、传热及NOx转化特性的影响。结果表明:超低负荷下炉内仍可形成良好组织的流动及燃烧场,但锅炉综合性能显著下降,如燃烧温度及受热面吸热量显著降低、炉膛出口NOx排放增加等;运行4层燃烧器时投运连续的下、中间组或中间、上组燃烧器,可有效防止燃烧、传热过程的显著恶化及NOx排放的明显增加;燃烧器投运层数影响锅炉综合性能,运行2层燃烧器时炉内剧烈燃烧区域过于集中,不利于维持较高的燃烧温度及传热强度,炉膛出口NOx排放升高。研究结果揭示了超低负荷下燃烧器投运位置及层数对660 MW高水分褐煤锅炉综合性能的影响,可为大规模可再生能源电力并网背景下高水分褐煤机组参与深度调峰的运行调整及优化提供指导。

褐煤  /  超低负荷  /  燃烧器位置  /  燃烧器层数  /  锅炉性能

To unveil the ultra-low load operating characteristics and performance optimization method of large-scale units burning high moisture lignite, the influences of burners operating scheme under 33%BMCR condition on the coal combustion, heat transfer and NOx transformation characteristics of a 660 MW unit utility boiler were investigated, based on an established and validated simulation model of coal-fired boiler. The results show that, well-organized flow and combustion field can still be formed inside the furnace under ultra-low load condition, but the overall boiler performance deteriorates evidently, such as obvious decreases in combustion temperature and heat transfer intensity, and increase in NOx emission at outlet of the furnace. When 4 layers of burners are in-service, continuous lower-middle groups or middle-upper groups of burners should be put into operation, to prevent the significant deteriorations of combustion and heat transfer processes and the significant increase in NOx emissions. The number of in-service burners layers significantly affects the overall boiler performance. When there are only two layers of burners in-service, the intense coal combustion area is too concentrated, which is not conducive to maintaining a high combustion temperature and heat transfer intensity, and NOx emissions at the furnace outlet increase at the same time. These findings reveal the influences of burner operating scheme under ultra-low load condition on the overall performance of a 660 MW lignite boiler, which can provide guidance for deep peak shaving operation adjustment and optimization of coal-fired units in the context of large-scale renewable energy power grid connection in the future.

lignite  /  ultra-low load  /  burners location  /  number of burner layers  /  boiler performance
李子祥, 张启超, 乌晓江, 叶妮娜, 许芸, 张忠孝. 660 MW高水分褐煤锅炉超低负荷运行特性研究. 热力发电, 2024 , 53 (5) : 82 -92 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202311177
Zixiang LI, Qichao ZHANG, Xiaojiang WU, Nina YE, Yun XU, Zhongxiao ZHANG. Investigation on operating characteristics of a 660 MW high moisture lignite-fired boiler under ultra-low load operating conditions[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2024 , 53 (5) : 82 -92 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202311177
尽管近年来可再生能源电力占比逐渐增加,但基于化石燃料燃烧的火力发电仍是我国电力供应的主力军。2022年,我国燃煤火电装机容量及发电量达13.32亿kW、5.73万亿kW·h,占全国发电装机总量及发电总量的50%、60以上[1-2]。然而,大量化石能源消耗带来了严重的环境问题,尤其是全球变暖。我国宣布将力争于2030年前实现CO2排放达峰、并努力争取于2060年前实现碳中和。在碳中和目标下,构建以新能源为主体的新型电力系统成为必由之路,燃煤火电将逐渐由主力电源向调峰电源转变,因而未来燃煤火电机组将更多地在超低负荷下运行[3-4]
研究表明,低负荷运行将导致燃煤机组性能显著下降,造成炉内烟气流场组织恶化、煤粉燃烧稳定性变差、锅炉热效率降低、炉内NOx生成增加,炉膛出口烟温过低导致SNCR脱硝效率下降、氨逃逸等问题[5-8]。不少学者开展了优化燃煤锅炉低负荷下性能的研究。童家麟等[9]提出优化配煤和配风可减少低负荷下600 MW烟煤锅炉的NOx排放。Chang等人[10]发现调整燃烧器倾角有利于促进630 MW锅炉低负荷下的煤粉燃烧及NOx减排。陈辉等[11]则发现关小燃烧器煤层辅助风可促进1 000 MW塔式锅炉炉内煤粉的提前着火并降低灰渣含碳量。
鉴于优质燃煤的持续消耗,不少机组开始燃用高水分褐煤进行发电。但与优质燃煤锅炉相比,受限于褐煤水分高、灰分高、热值低等固有特性,直接燃用高水分褐煤的锅炉炉内燃烧温度普遍偏低,具有更小的截面热负荷和容积热负荷[12-13]。超低负荷下入炉燃料及空气量的大幅降低将加剧上述问题,使得高水分褐煤锅炉低负荷运行特性及性能提升方式不同于优质燃煤机组。然而,目前关于高水分褐煤锅炉超低负荷运行特性、尤其是其性能优化的研究较少。为助力高水分褐煤锅炉参与深度调峰,需探究超低负荷下高水分褐煤锅炉运行特性及燃烧组织优化方式。为此,本文选取一台660 MW高水分褐煤锅炉为研究对象,以数值模拟方式详细探究超低负荷下(33%最大连续额定负荷(BMCR))燃烧组织方式(投运燃烧器位置、层数)对炉内燃烧、传热及NOx转化过程等锅炉综合性能的影响。研究结果将为高水分褐煤锅炉超低负荷运行优化调整提供指导。
该锅炉采用一次通风、Π型布置,设计蒸汽参数为25.4 MPa、571 ℃,具体结构如图1所示。该褐煤锅炉冷灰斗底部至悬挂受热面顶部的高度约68.5 m,主燃区炉宽、炉深分别为20.0 m、20.3 m,炉顶设有2组屏式过热器受热面和1组末级过热器受热面。为简化模拟研究,将炉膛主燃区简化为20.2 m×20.2 m的方形截面,忽略悬挂受热面的实际管束结构,而将其简化为双面受热平板[14]
锅炉采用分级燃烧技术来降低NOx生成与排放。主燃区设有7层煤粉燃烧器及10层二次风喷口,在BMCR工况下煤粉燃烧器投运6层、1层备用。本文模拟过程中仅考虑满负荷下实际运行的6层煤粉燃烧器(PA1—PA6)及对应的9层二次风喷口(SA1—SA9)。主燃区上方设有4层燃尽风喷口(SOFA1—SOFA4)以保证煤粉燃尽。主燃区煤粉燃烧器和二次风喷口偏离炉墙中心线5 m安装,均匀分为3组,各组内煤粉燃烧器和二次风喷口交替布置。燃尽风喷口布置在炉膛四角,喷口轴线与下游炉壁呈48°夹角安装,燃尽风旋流方向与主燃区气流相反,以降低炉膛上部烟气残余旋转。
锅炉实际燃用高水分褐煤特性参数见表1。由表1可见,燃煤含水率高达38.00%。为此,锅炉采用直吹式制粉系统,热一次风干燥煤粉颗粒并携带其入炉燃烧,研磨干燥后的煤粉颗粒粒径分布可由Rosin-Rammler模型拟合,颗粒最大粒径、最小粒径和平均粒径依次为1 100、10、90 um。在BMCR工况下,每小时消耗536.1 t高水分褐煤将产生1 913 t过热蒸汽。
大型燃煤电站锅炉炉内实际煤粉燃烧行为十分复杂,为此选用FLUENT商用软件开展模拟研究,并基于前人推荐选取合适的子模型及模型参数,各模型介绍及模型参数的选取可参见文献[15-16],对选用模型简述如下。
鉴于煤粉炉中颗粒相浓度较低,选用Euler-Lagrange方法考虑炉内空气/煤粉流动特性,并分别采用雷诺平均N-S方程、牛顿第二定律求解连续气相与离散颗粒相的运动信息[17];借助基于“猜测-修正”的SIMPLE算法耦合速度和压力的求解过程;采用引入湍流动能k和湍流耗散率ε参数并考虑涡流影响的RNG k-ε模型模拟气相湍流运动,并借助随机轨道模型考虑气相湍流对颗粒的影响[18];煤粉热解过程由兼顾低温及高温区间挥发分析出速率的双竞速模型计算[19];挥发分气相燃烧过程由混合物分数—PDF模型考虑[20],该模型仅求解混合分数及其方差的输运方程,并据此求解燃烧系统中各组分含量;借助扩散/动力学限制模型模拟焦炭反应速率,以同时考虑气体扩散及化学反应对其燃烧的影响[21];采用P-1模型考虑炉内辐射传热,并由WSGGM模型确定气相发射率[22]
本文所研究锅炉实际燃用褐煤含水率过高,采用常用的经验燃料流方法(给出燃煤无灰基元素组成)定义煤种组成无法准确反映水分蒸发过程及燃烧环境中大量水分存在对燃煤着火及燃烧过程的影响[21],因而本文选用了简化煤种组分方法定义高水分褐煤特性。该方法中,以简化后的多种主要燃煤组分(挥发分、水分、焦炭)代替其详细化学组成,并指定水分及焦炭分别以H2O(l)、C<s>形式进入炉膛,从而可显示考虑水分蒸发过程及水蒸气存在的影响。该方法用于高水分褐煤燃烧过程模拟的有效性已得到充分验证[23-24],其思路及各组分的质量分数如图2所示,具体计算过程可参见文献[24]。基于该方法计算的实际高水分褐煤简化煤种组分质量分数见表2
与烟气中其他重要组分相比,NOx相关组分的体积分数极低,且反应过程对炉内流动、燃烧过程的影响较小。因此,对NOx转化行为的模拟采用单向耦合的后处理方式,且仅考虑热力型NOx、燃料型NOx,而忽略体积分数低的快速型NOx[25]。借助拓展的Zeldovich机理考虑热力型NOx生成,其速率由多个温度依赖的化学反应决定;燃料型NOx由De Soete提出的全局模型考虑(图3),其燃料氮以挥发分氮(HCN/NH3)中间体形式释放,而后经氧化还原竞争反应消耗,焦炭氮直接转化为NO[26]。同时,生成的NOx也将被还原,其中气相均相还原反应由局部平衡方式计算,而焦炭表面的NOx异相还原由Levy等人提出的模型考虑[27]。NOx生成/还原反应模型中的参数设置由煤种热解测量参数及前人研究中的推荐值确定,具体设置可参见文献[28]。
为分析超低负荷下燃烧器投运层数对锅炉性能的影响,设计了表3所示的3个燃烧工况组,其投运的燃烧器层数分别为2层、3层、4层。由于超低负荷下投运5层燃烧器将使得一次风速度过低,不利于其携带煤粉颗粒进入炉膛,本文并未考虑这一情景。每个工况组下设有3个燃烧工况,各工况间的差异在于投运燃烧器数量及二次风喷口位置的不同。表3中所有工况均处于33%BMCR下,此时锅炉燃煤消耗量为49.6 kg/s,所需燃烧空气量为282.9 kg/s,锅炉设计一次风、二次风、燃尽风风率分别为0.35、0.45、0.20。
通常,低负荷下需向不投运的煤粉燃烧器及二次风喷口中通入少量空气(3 m/s)来防止喷口被烧坏,这部分空气取自二次风管,从而导致主燃区二次风量降低。在本文所研究的33%BMCR,大量煤粉燃烧器及二次风喷口不再投运,因而较多二次风被抽取至这些喷口中。为避免仍在投运的燃烧器及二次风喷口中风速过低,对各工况组风率分配进行了适当调整。除表3中运行喷口位置及风速参数差异外,模拟过程中各工况间相同的操作参数及边界条件见表4
为验证所建立高水分褐煤锅炉燃烧模型的可靠性,在先前的工作中开展了网格无关性验证,并基于合理网格系统下的模拟结果与实际测量结果对比进行了模型准确性验证[16,29]。首先,设计了网格数量分别为228万、453万和681个六面体单元的3组网格系统进行网格无关性测试,并选取沿炉膛高度方向上的截面平均烟气流速(流动)、烟气温度(燃烧)及四侧炉膛水冷壁受热面上的平均热负荷强度(传热)作为网格质量评价指标。结果表明,网格数量从228万增加到453万时,各评价指标参数的分布曲线存在较大差异;网格数量继续升高至681万时,尽管各分布曲线与453万网格工况下仍存在一定差异,但差距明显缩小。因此认为,453万个六面体单元的网格系统足以产生不显著依赖于网格密度的模拟结果。
随后,在先前的工作中选取453万网格系统下满负荷工况的炉膛出口处(图1a))烟气参数模拟结果与锅炉实际运行测量结果对比,发现烟气温度、烟气流速以及O2、H2O、CO2等烟气组分摩尔分数的模拟值与实测值的偏差基本在5.0%以内。因此,可认为所建立模型能够准确模拟满负荷工况下高水分褐煤锅炉炉内流动、燃烧、传热过程。由于超低负荷下除燃烧器运行位置及给煤量、风速等差异外,其余参数均与满负荷下基本相同,可以合理认为所建立并验证的模型能够用于超低负荷工况下的模拟研究。
与满负荷相比,超低负荷下入炉空气量及煤粉量显著减小,且未运行喷口中冷却风的投运使得投运燃烧器喷口中气流速度有所降低,这将不可避免地影响炉内空气动力组织、进而影响煤粉燃烧过程。为明确其影响,针对所研究33%BMCR工况,选取投运4层燃烧器燃烧工况的模拟结果进行分析。图4图5分别给出了超低负荷下炉内各炉膛高度横截面上的速度分布及炉内高温(1 550 K)等温面区域分布云图,以直观评价超低负荷下炉内流动及燃烧组织性能。其中,BTM、MID、TOP分别表示该工况中有下组、中间组、上组煤粉燃烧器及对应的二次风喷口投运。
切圆燃烧锅炉中,一、二次风气流入炉后通常在射流卷吸、气流相互挤压、壁面限制以及离心倾向的作用下,形成旋转上升的运动模式。由图4可知,超低负荷各工况条件下炉内仍可形成良好的旋转空气动力场,且燃烧器投运区域的气流速度高于非燃烧器投运区域。由图5进一步可知,炉内煤粉燃烧过程也呈边旋转上升边剧烈燃烧模式,高温区主要集中在壁面附近的旋转切圆环面上。可以发现,投运上组和下组燃烧器的工况9中高温区面积明显偏小,结合烟气速度、烟温分布,可认为在33%BMCR工况下,炉内仍具有良好的空气动力场及煤粉燃烧过程组织。
为避免重复,本节仅针对工况组3中投运4层煤粉燃烧器的工况展开分析。
为直观展示燃烧器投运位置对炉内燃烧、传热特性的影响,图6给出了沿炉膛高度横截面平均燃烧温度的分布,图7给出炉壁辐射热负荷强度的分布云图(负值表示炉壁从高温烟气中吸收热量)。由图6图7可以发现,超低负荷下炉内燃烧温度分布模式大体上仍与满负荷下相似[16]。由于煤粉沿炉膛高度间隔投入及分级燃烧,主燃区燃烧温度明显波动并在主燃区上方附近达到最高值,随后因燃烧强度降低及水冷壁管持续吸热而随炉膛高度升高而逐渐降低。
燃烧器投运位置显著影响炉内燃烧温度及传热强度的分布模式。由图6可知:工况8中更多的煤粉颗粒在主燃区中下部开始剧烈燃烧,主燃区中下部温度整体偏高;类似地,由于工况9和工况10中更多煤粉颗粒在主燃区中上部甚至燃尽区剧烈燃烧,主燃区中下部温度有所降低而主燃区上方温度升高,工况9和工况10中燃尽区及其上方(Y=20~25 m)温度普遍较工况8中升高约80~120 ℃。图7中传热强度峰值也出现明显上移,工况8中热负荷强度峰值(129.06 kW/m2)出现在主燃区中下部(Y=7.0 m),而工况10中热负荷强度峰值(129.81 kW/m2)上移至主燃区上部(Y=16 m),工况9中传热强度峰值位置同样位于主燃区中上部,但峰值明显降低至117.39 kW/m2,这与图5中其炉内高温区面积显著缩小一致。
由于工况9中投运了距离较远的下组和上组燃烧器,煤粉入炉后在相距较远的主燃区中下部和中上部燃烧,导致剧烈煤粉燃烧过程相对分散,不易形成高温与强传热区域。就燃烧温度及传热强度分布而言,投运中间组、下组燃烧器时较好,分别投运下组、上组燃烧器时效果最差。
图8给出了各工况下炉内煤粉燃烧相关主要组分分布。由图8可以发现,燃烧器投运位置显著改变了各组分的分布模式。与图6相似,主燃区各组分含量分布具有明显的波动性,均在投运燃烧器区域附近存在峰值或谷值。工况8和工况10中,部分煤粉及空气从主燃区下部进入炉膛后发生剧烈燃烧过程,因此其主燃区下部O2摩尔分数及未燃尽煤粉颗粒质量浓度较低、CO2摩尔分数较高,且燃烧过程中产生了较多的不完全燃烧产物CO。而下部燃烧器未投运的工况9中,主燃区下部O2摩尔分数和煤粉颗粒质量浓度反而偏高、CO2摩尔分数偏低,且几乎未生成CO。这是工况9中煤粉从中、上组燃烧器进入炉膛后,在旋转烟气的携带下大部分煤粉颗粒向上运动并在主燃区中上部剧烈燃烧,仅有少部分煤粉颗粒因重力作用下落至远离煤粉剧烈燃烧区的炉膛下部,且未能在此处有效燃烧。
就主燃区整体燃烧性能而言,在所研究的超低负荷条件下,投运下组、中间组燃烧器时质量浓度最优,此时炉内残余氧摩尔分数及未燃尽颗粒质量浓度最低,完全燃烧产物CO2摩尔分数最高。尽管工况8中主燃区中下部也产生了大量的不完全燃烧产物CO,但可在主燃区中上部迅速消耗燃尽。相反,投运相距较远的下组、上组燃烧器时主燃区整体燃烧性能最差。尽管工况9中为充分燃烧煤粉颗粒仍可在主燃区上方及燃尽区继续燃烧,且在炉膛出口处达到较高的燃尽率,但炉内剧烈燃烧区域的分散使得炉膛中下部燃烧温度及传热强度偏低,不利于锅炉高效运行。
为明确投运燃烧器位置对燃烧过程中NOx生成与排放特性的影响,图9给出了各工况下NOx相关参数的分布曲线。由图9可知,投运燃烧器位置将显著影响炉内NOx生成量及最终NOx排放。整体而言,工况9中炉内NOx摩尔分数显著偏高,最终排放水平(322.6×10–6)也高于工况8(261.42×10–6)和工况10(266.44×10–6)。同时,超低负荷下3个工况的炉膛出口NOx排放均高于满负荷条件下(224.80×10–6[28]。这是由于煤粉剧烈燃烧过程中,燃料N以HCN/NH3等中间体形式随挥发分一同释放,随后大量转化为NOx,如图9b)中煤粉入炉区域附近存在明显的HCN生成及消耗峰值。通常,煤粉燃烧过程中NOx的生成和还原过程同时发生,而在采用分级燃烧的煤粉炉中,部分已生成的NOx可在主燃区上方的高温还原性区域内被更有效地还原,其最终NOx排放有所降低。然而,在超低负荷工况下,炉内煤粉燃烧性能显著恶化并导致炉内燃烧温度偏低(图6)。尽管这将使得炉内热力型NOx的生成量降低,但热力型NOx生成仅在1 800 K以上才变得显著[20],而燃用褐煤时炉内燃烧温度水平较低,其热力型NOx占比降低,因此热力型NOx生成量下降不足以明显降低超低负荷下褐煤炉内NOx生成量。相反,燃烧温度的下降使得无法在主燃区上方创造出合适的高温还原性区域来还原已生成的燃料型NOx,因而工况8、工况9和工况10中NOx排放较满负荷工况下均明显增加。工况9中煤粉剧烈燃烧过程分散,炉内燃烧温度偏低而无法高效还原已生成的NOx;而工况8和工况10中煤粉分别从连续的中间组、下组和中间组、上组燃烧器进入炉膛,炉内煤粉剧烈燃烧过程相对连续,炉内较高的燃烧温度有利于部分已生成NOx的还原。因而,工况8中整个燃烧区域内已生成的NOx能够被有效还原,其NOx体积分数相对于满负荷工况有所增加,但幅度相对较小。而在工况9中,中上部煤粉燃烧时生成的NOx可在炉膛上部有效还原,炉内NOx摩尔分数也并未大幅升高。因此,工况9中炉内NOx摩尔分数及最终NOx排放明显高于工况8和工况10中。
如3.2节所示,超低负荷下燃烧器投运位置显著影响炉内煤粉燃烧、传热及污染物生成特性。本节将重点讨论33%BMCR工况下燃烧器投运层数对锅炉综合性能的影响。由于各燃烧器投运层数下分别设计了3~4个工况,逐一比较各工况下的综合燃烧性能难度较大。上述分析表明,4层燃烧器运行时,投运炉膛中间组、下组燃烧器时综合燃烧性能较好,炉内燃烧温度温度和传热强度较高,且NOx排放值较低。进一步地,图10给出了燃烧器运行层数为2和3时炉内温度沿炉膛高度的分布曲线,以简要表征各工况下炉内煤粉燃烧整体性能。由图10a)可知,对2层燃烧器,投运中间2层燃烧器时炉内烟气温度分布合理,主燃区中部温度及其上方温度均处于较高水平;类似地,图10b)中投运中间2层及下部1层燃烧器的工况5中温度水平分布较为合理。综上,工况2、工况5、工况8中主燃区整体燃烧性能相对较优,且对应的投运燃烧器位置基本位于主燃区中部。因此,本节将选取工况2、工况5、工况8来详细分析超低负荷下燃烧器投运层数对锅炉整体性能的影响。
图11给出了工况2、工况5、工况8中炉膛中心纵截面上的燃烧分布云图,图12则进一步给出了各工况下炉内平均燃烧温度沿炉膛高度的分布。可以发现,燃烧器投运层数显著影响炉内燃烧温度分布模式。整体而言,投运较多层数的燃烧器有利于提高主燃区温度水平,3个工况下主燃区(Y=0~20 m)平均温度分别为1 353.31、1 378.26、1 387.19 K。原因在于超低负荷下炉内燃烧温度水平较满负荷条件下已整体降低约200 K[16],若此时煤粉及燃烧空气仍集中地通过部分燃烧器进入炉膛中部,煤粉剧烈燃烧区域将集中在较小区域,而较大空间的炉膛上部、下部燃烧份额显著减小,导致整个炉膛高度范围内燃烧温度整体水平下降。
图13给出了水冷壁上热负荷强度平均值沿炉膛高度的分布。
图13可知,热负荷强度变化趋势与燃烧温度分布模式高度相似,投运4层燃烧器时水冷壁传热强度整体最高,而投运2层燃烧器时炉膛水冷壁传热强度最差。因此,就燃烧及传热过程而言,超低负荷下可适当增加燃烧器投运层数,以保证炉内剧烈燃烧过程的连续性,从而保证较高的传热效率、避免超低负荷下锅炉综合性能的明显下降。
上述结果表明,超低负荷下燃烧器投运层数显著影响炉内燃烧温度分布,即燃烧模式发生变化,因而主燃区的氧化还原氛围也将相应改变。燃煤锅炉低负荷运行过程中,炉内NOx生成主要来源于燃料型NOx,而其生成受燃烧温度及燃烧氛围影响显著[29]。为揭示燃烧器投运层数对NOx转化特性的影响,图14给出了沿炉膛高度方向的NOx摩尔分数及燃料型NOx生成速率的分布情况。
图14可以发现,超低负荷下投运4层燃烧器时炉内整体NOx摩尔分数最低,而投运2层燃烧器时NOx水平最高,投运3层燃烧器时炉膛底部NOx摩尔分数较低,但在主燃区仍升高到较高水平。就炉膛出口NOx排放而言,投运2层、3层、4层燃烧器时炉膛出口NOx排放值分别为365.40×10–6、323.65×10–6、266.44×10–6。这是因为投运4层煤粉燃烧器时炉内燃烧区域相对连续(未聚集在较小区域),不易出现局部高温、高氧区域,因而燃烧过程中生成的NOx摩尔分数相对较少,如工况8的燃料型NOx生成速率峰值较低(图14b))。同时,此时炉内整体燃烧温度水平较高,部分已生成NOx可在炉内还原性组分(CO及未燃尽焦炭)作用下被有效还原,因此炉内整体NOx摩尔分数及最终排放均未较满负荷工况显著升高。然而,投运2层燃烧器时炉内煤粉燃烧过程相对集中,存在局部的高温、高氧剧烈燃烧区域,燃烧过程中燃料型NOx生成速率偏高(图14b)),因而将生成更多的初始燃料型NOx。但由于工况2中燃烧温度水平偏低,燃烧中大量生成的NOx无法被有效还原,从而导致该工况下整个炉膛高度范围内的NOx摩尔分数及最终NOx排放水平显著升高。
基于建立并验证的660 MW高水分褐煤锅炉模型,研究了超低负荷下燃烧组织方式,即燃烧器投运位置及层数对其锅炉炉内燃烧、传热及NOx生成排放特性的影响,主要结论如下。
1)33% BMCR下,炉内仍可建立较为良好的空气动力场及燃烧场,但此时锅炉综合性能显著低于满负荷工况。
2)当4层燃烧器运行时,投运下组和中间组燃烧器时可获得较优的燃烧、传热及NOx排放性能,而分别投运相距较远的下组和上组燃烧器时锅炉综合性能较差。
3)超低负荷时炉内燃烧温度整体水平偏低,不利于已生成NOx的还原,炉膛出口NOx排放较高。因而超低负荷时应投运连续的多层燃烧器喷口,保证炉内处于相对较高的温度水平以降低NOx排放。
4)超低负荷下燃烧器投运层数显著影响锅炉综合性能,投运4层燃烧器时燃烧、传热及NOx排放特性最优。投运2层燃烧器时炉内燃烧温度及传热强度最低、NOx排放最高,锅炉综合性能最差。
  • 清洁高效燃煤发电与污染控制国家重点实验室开发课题(D2021FK058)
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFB2403200)
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2024年第53卷第5期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202311177
  • 接收时间:2023-11-30
  • 首发时间:2026-01-07
  • 出版时间:2024-05-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-11-30
基金
Open Project of the State Key Laboratory of Clean and Efficient Coal Fired Power Generation and Pollution Control(D2021FK058)
清洁高效燃煤发电与污染控制国家重点实验室开发课题(D2021FK058)
National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFB2403200)
国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFB2403200)
作者信息
    1.上海交通大学机械与动力工程学院,上海 200240
    2.上海能源建设工程设计研究有限公司,上海 200135
    3.国家能源集团科学技术研究院有限公司,南京 210046

通讯作者:

张忠孝(1959),男,博士,长聘教授,主要研究方向为煤的清洁高效燃烧与利用技术,
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