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Article(id=1215700816724411288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1215700809971581533, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202401010, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1704988800000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-12, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1767775261336, onlineDateStr=2026-01-07, pubDate=1716566400000, pubDateStr=2024-05-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1767775261336, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1767775261336, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767775261336, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1215700809971581533, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2024', volume='53', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='148', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1767775259725, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767775403954, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1215701414953796264, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1215700809971581533, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1215701414953796265, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1215700809971581533, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=109, endPage=114, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1215700816980263847, articleId=1215700816724411288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Analysis and treatment of difficulties in NOx emission control of a supercritical 660 MW circulating fluidized bed boiler, columnId=1211002405299294959, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Thermal energy science research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

It is difficult to control NOx emissions during full load operation of a 660 MW supercritical circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boiler in a certain power plant, and its instantaneous value is prone to exceed the ultra-low emission limit. In addition, the selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR) system has a high ammonia consumption and severe ammonia escape issues. To solve these problems, on-site experiments on NOx original emissions, SNCR denitrification efficiency, CO mass concentration and bottom slag combustibles were conducted, and optimization experiments on secondary air volume layout were also performed. It was found that, the original NOx emissions of the CFB boiler were relatively low, with a maximum of 120 mg/m3 (standard condition) during full load operation and a NOx mass concentration below 50 mg/m3 during medium and low loads. However, there was a significant deviation in NOx mass concentration between the front and rear ends of the furnace, and the NOx in flue gas was mainly generated in front of the furnace. The reason why NOx emissions are difficult to control is due to the low denitrification efficiency of SNCR and uneven coal feeding in the furnace. The SNCR denitrification efficiency at inlet of the 6 separators was all below 50%, among which the denitrification efficiency of four separators B, C, E, and F was below 40%. Furthermore, according to the distribution of parameters in the furnace depth direction, such as the bed temperature, the content of combustible materials in bottom slag, and the variation of CO mass concentration, it can be determined that the uniformity of coal feeding in the furnace also had a significant effect on the control of NOx emissions at full load. Currently, the power plant cannot achieve uniform coal feeding without renovation, but the original NOx generation can be reduced by adjusting the secondary air volume ratio in the depth direction of the furnace, with a reduction of up to 9.77%.

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为解决某电厂超临界660 MW循环流化床（circulating fluidized bed，CFB）锅炉满负荷运行NOx排放较难控制、瞬时值易超过超低排放限值且选择性非催化还原（selective non-catalytic reduction，SNCR）脱硝系统氨耗量较大氨逃逸严重的问题，现场进行了NOx原始排放、SNCR脱硝效率、CO质量浓度及底渣可燃物的试验，并进行了二次风量布置优化试验。研究发现：锅炉原始NOx排放较低，满负荷运行时不超过120 mg/m3（标准状态，下同）；中低负荷时NOx质量浓度低于50 mg/m3，但炉膛前后NOx质量浓度偏差较大，烟气中的NOx主要在炉膛前部产生。NOx排放较难控制的原因是SNCR脱硝效率较低和炉膛给煤不均。6台分离器入口的SNCR脱硝效率均低于50.0%，其中B、C、E、F 4台分离器脱硝效率低于40.0%。此外，从原始NOx生成来看，根据炉膛深度方向上床温分布、底渣可燃物质量分数和CO质量浓度变化可以确定，炉膛给煤不均也对满负荷NOx排放控制影响显著。当前，电厂若不进行给煤系统改造暂无法实现给煤均匀，但可以通过调整炉膛深度方向二次风量配比降低原始NOx生成，降幅可达9.77%。

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雷雨（1991），男，博士，工程师，主要研究方向为固体燃料燃烧及污染物控制，。
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张文祥（1984），男，硕士，高级工程师，主要研究方向为火力发电系统及污染物控制，。

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张文祥（1984），男，硕士，高级工程师，主要研究方向为火力发电系统及污染物控制，。

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张文祥（1984），男，硕士，高级工程师，主要研究方向为火力发电系统及污染物控制，。

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Clean Coal Technology, 2019, 25(6): 43-50., articleTitle=Research progress on the effect of low-NOx combustion on furnace sulfur fixation in the CFB boiler, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1215700818779619343, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700816724411288, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215700818800590867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700816724411288, companyId=1215700818779619343, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.SujinShuozhou Gangue Power Generation Co., Ltd., Shuozhou 036800, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215700818808979475, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700816724411288, companyId=1215700818779619343, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.苏晋朔州煤矸石发电有限公司，山西　朔州　036800)]), AuthorCompany(id=1215700818909642775, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700816724411288, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215700818913837080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700816724411288, companyId=1215700818909642775, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.Xi’an Thermal Power Research Institute Co., Ltd., Xi’an 710054, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215700818922225689, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700816724411288, companyId=1215700818909642775, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.西安热工研究院有限公司，陕西　西安　710054)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1215700823154278584, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700816724411288, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Raw NOx emissions at different loads (O2 volume fraction is 6%), figureFileSmall=TG0FwyhRpDTmsXClRRshxg==, figureFileBig=V2TSYIs83iP77qKoTSLpLA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215700823254941887, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700816724411288, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同负荷NOx原始排放（O2体积分数6%）, figureFileSmall=TG0FwyhRpDTmsXClRRshxg==, figureFileBig=V2TSYIs83iP77qKoTSLpLA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215700823506600139, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700816724411288, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=The denitrification efficiency of SNCR, figureFileSmall=TWyHh1agQzVdGwnCKwCfbA==, figureFileBig=gGyZpxcdj7O2wzSysdIQIA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215700824819417302, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700816724411288, language=CN, label=图2, caption=SNCR脱硝效率, figureFileSmall=TWyHh1agQzVdGwnCKwCfbA==, figureFileBig=gGyZpxcdj7O2wzSysdIQIA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215700824907497693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700816724411288, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=The bed temperature distribution in depth direction of the furnace, figureFileSmall=xOnbZ4eswKRaQ+uDOSJrzw==, figureFileBig=qqgnfNp7KoFjraW2CXSMww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215700824987189471, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700816724411288, language=CN, label=图3, caption=炉膛深度方向床温分布, figureFileSmall=xOnbZ4eswKRaQ+uDOSJrzw==, figureFileBig=qqgnfNp7KoFjraW2CXSMww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215700825104629990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700816724411288, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=The combustible content of bottom slag on different belts, figureFileSmall=DbLKmWFRIvZyABlVr3oGYQ==, figureFileBig=VwNIFTSI92WSKP0qQqVh+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215700825247236331, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700816724411288, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同输渣皮带底渣可燃物质量分数, figureFileSmall=DbLKmWFRIvZyABlVr3oGYQ==, figureFileBig=VwNIFTSI92WSKP0qQqVh+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215700825339511023, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700816724411288, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=The CO mass concentration at outlet of the cyclone separator, figureFileSmall=Oa9MqgeOAmttOcvIlDJGQA==, figureFileBig=r1cHD+4oaRrUTRxMD8ovGg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215700825461145844, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700816724411288, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同分离器出口CO质量浓度, figureFileSmall=Oa9MqgeOAmttOcvIlDJGQA==, figureFileBig=r1cHD+4oaRrUTRxMD8ovGg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215700825536643319, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700816724411288, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=The effect of secondary air valve opening on NOx emissions, figureFileSmall=rAQhRPvj4jyBTJR704Pj9Q==, figureFileBig=5c8m+wrbEJEWLKxQ/mP47Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215700825633112314, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700816724411288, language=CN, label=图6, caption=二次风阀门开度对NOx排放的影响, figureFileSmall=rAQhRPvj4jyBTJR704Pj9Q==, figureFileBig=5c8m+wrbEJEWLKxQ/mP47Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215700825746358526, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700816724411288, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Main design parameters of the boiler

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目锅炉最大连续出力工况锅炉额定出力工况
锅炉蒸发量/(t·h–1)2 1622 099
过热器出口蒸汽压力/MPa25.4025.40
过热器出口蒸汽温度/℃571.0571.0
再热蒸汽流量/(t·h–1)1 781.961 727.50
再热器进口蒸汽压力/MPa5.7985.614
再热器出口蒸汽压力/MPa5.5585.381
再热器进口蒸汽温度/℃346.8345.0
再热器出口蒸汽温度℃569.0569.0
省煤器进口给水温度/℃295293
), ArticleFig(id=1215700825863799044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700816724411288, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

锅炉主要设计参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目锅炉最大连续出力工况锅炉额定出力工况
锅炉蒸发量/(t·h–1)2 1622 099
过热器出口蒸汽压力/MPa25.4025.40
过热器出口蒸汽温度/℃571.0571.0
再热蒸汽流量/(t·h–1)1 781.961 727.50
再热器进口蒸汽压力/MPa5.7985.614
再热器出口蒸汽压力/MPa5.5585.381
再热器进口蒸汽温度/℃346.8345.0
再热器出口蒸汽温度℃569.0569.0
省煤器进口给水温度/℃295293
), ArticleFig(id=1215700825985433865, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700816724411288, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

The coal properties

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目设计煤种实际煤种
元素分析w(Car)/%31.5041.50
w(Har)/%1.882.83
w(Oar)/%6.138.95
w(Nar)/%0.610.76
w(Sar)/%1.810.46
工业分析w(Mar)/%4.926.30
w(Aar)/%53.1539.20
w(Vdaf)/%48.1942.22
Qnet.ar/(MJ·kg–1)11.8315.47
), ArticleFig(id=1215700826153206030, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700816724411288, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

煤质特性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目设计煤种实际煤种
元素分析w(Car)/%31.5041.50
w(Har)/%1.882.83
w(Oar)/%6.138.95
w(Nar)/%0.610.76
w(Sar)/%1.810.46
工业分析w(Mar)/%4.926.30
w(Aar)/%53.1539.20
w(Vdaf)/%48.1942.22
Qnet.ar/(MJ·kg–1)11.8315.47
), ArticleFig(id=1215700826262257940, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700816724411288, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Original opening of the secondary air electric valve

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
阀门左外左内上左内下右内下右内上右外
199100999710099
2948986848595
3858479808484
4797879798078
5677544454555
6664439404550
745444343
84442
), ArticleFig(id=1215700826379698455, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700816724411288, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

二次风电动阀门原始开度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
阀门左外左内上左内下右内下右内上右外
199100999710099
2948986848595
3858479808484
4797879798078
5677544454555
6664439404550
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超临界660 MW循环流化床锅炉NOx排放控制困难分析及处理
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张文祥 1 , 晏海能 1 , 孙志军 1 , 雷雨 2 , 薛宁 2 , 武晓峰 1
热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2024,53(5): 109-114
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热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2024, 53(5): 109-114
超临界660 MW循环流化床锅炉NOx排放控制困难分析及处理
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张文祥1 , 晏海能1, 孙志军1, 雷雨2 , 薛宁2, 武晓峰1
作者信息
  • 1.苏晋朔州煤矸石发电有限公司，山西　朔州　036800
  • 2.西安热工研究院有限公司，陕西　西安　710054

    • 张文祥（1984），男，硕士，高级工程师，主要研究方向为火力发电系统及污染物控制，。

通讯作者:

雷雨（1991），男，博士，工程师，主要研究方向为固体燃料燃烧及污染物控制，。
Analysis and treatment of difficulties in NOx emission control of a supercritical 660 MW circulating fluidized bed boiler
Wenxiang ZHANG1 , Haineng YAN1, Zhijun SUN1, Yu LEI2 , Ning XUE2, Xiaofeng WU1
Affiliations
  • 1.SujinShuozhou Gangue Power Generation Co., Ltd., Shuozhou 036800, China
  • 2.Xi’an Thermal Power Research Institute Co., Ltd., Xi’an 710054, China
出版时间: 2024-05-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202401010
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摘要
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为解决某电厂超临界660 MW循环流化床（circulating fluidized bed，CFB）锅炉满负荷运行NOx排放较难控制、瞬时值易超过超低排放限值且选择性非催化还原（selective non-catalytic reduction，SNCR）脱硝系统氨耗量较大氨逃逸严重的问题，现场进行了NOx原始排放、SNCR脱硝效率、CO质量浓度及底渣可燃物的试验，并进行了二次风量布置优化试验。研究发现：锅炉原始NOx排放较低，满负荷运行时不超过120 mg/m3（标准状态，下同）；中低负荷时NOx质量浓度低于50 mg/m3，但炉膛前后NOx质量浓度偏差较大，烟气中的NOx主要在炉膛前部产生。NOx排放较难控制的原因是SNCR脱硝效率较低和炉膛给煤不均。6台分离器入口的SNCR脱硝效率均低于50.0%，其中B、C、E、F 4台分离器脱硝效率低于40.0%。此外，从原始NOx生成来看，根据炉膛深度方向上床温分布、底渣可燃物质量分数和CO质量浓度变化可以确定，炉膛给煤不均也对满负荷NOx排放控制影响显著。当前，电厂若不进行给煤系统改造暂无法实现给煤均匀，但可以通过调整炉膛深度方向二次风量配比降低原始NOx生成，降幅可达9.77%。

循环流化床锅炉  /  NOx排放  /  选择性非催化还原  /  给煤

It is difficult to control NOx emissions during full load operation of a 660 MW supercritical circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boiler in a certain power plant, and its instantaneous value is prone to exceed the ultra-low emission limit. In addition, the selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR) system has a high ammonia consumption and severe ammonia escape issues. To solve these problems, on-site experiments on NOx original emissions, SNCR denitrification efficiency, CO mass concentration and bottom slag combustibles were conducted, and optimization experiments on secondary air volume layout were also performed. It was found that, the original NOx emissions of the CFB boiler were relatively low, with a maximum of 120 mg/m3 (standard condition) during full load operation and a NOx mass concentration below 50 mg/m3 during medium and low loads. However, there was a significant deviation in NOx mass concentration between the front and rear ends of the furnace, and the NOx in flue gas was mainly generated in front of the furnace. The reason why NOx emissions are difficult to control is due to the low denitrification efficiency of SNCR and uneven coal feeding in the furnace. The SNCR denitrification efficiency at inlet of the 6 separators was all below 50%, among which the denitrification efficiency of four separators B, C, E, and F was below 40%. Furthermore, according to the distribution of parameters in the furnace depth direction, such as the bed temperature, the content of combustible materials in bottom slag, and the variation of CO mass concentration, it can be determined that the uniformity of coal feeding in the furnace also had a significant effect on the control of NOx emissions at full load. Currently, the power plant cannot achieve uniform coal feeding without renovation, but the original NOx generation can be reduced by adjusting the secondary air volume ratio in the depth direction of the furnace, with a reduction of up to 9.77%.

circulating fluidized bed boiler  /  NOx emission  /  SNCR  /  coal feeding
张文祥, 晏海能, 孙志军, 雷雨, 薛宁, 武晓峰. 超临界660 MW循环流化床锅炉NOx排放控制困难分析及处理. 热力发电, 2024 , 53 (5) : 109 -114 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202401010
Wenxiang ZHANG, Haineng YAN, Zhijun SUN, Yu LEI, Ning XUE, Xiaofeng WU. Analysis and treatment of difficulties in NOx emission control of a supercritical 660 MW circulating fluidized bed boiler[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2024 , 53 (5) : 109 -114 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202401010
正文
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循环流化床（circulating fluidized bed，CFB）锅炉得益于其煤种适应性广、污染物原始排放低的优点而取得迅速发展[1-3]。当前由于燃煤成本及深度调峰的影响，燃煤电厂实际使用煤种往往偏离设计煤种较大且存在调峰过程NOx控制困难的问题[4-5]。为满足国家环保要求的超低排放标准，大部分CFB锅炉通常采用增大选择性非催化还原（selective non-catalytic reduction，SNCR）还原剂喷入量来提高脱硝效率，降低NOx排放，但这种方法经济性不佳且氨逃逸严重，同时会增大锅炉尾部设备堵塞和腐蚀的风险，最终影响机组运行安全[6-8]。
大量学者针对CFB锅炉NOx排放控制进行了研究。当前的研究重点主要集中于运行床温和氧量的控制、一二次风配比和SNCR喷枪及布置优化[2,9-14]。研究表明，入炉煤质偏离设计煤质会影响物料循环的建立[15-16]，进而导致床温偏差增大和NOx排放控制困难[4,17]，最终影响锅炉运行经济性。钟犁等[10]发现，可以通过调节一二次风配比达到降低锅炉平均床温、降低NOx排放的效果。何川等针对多数现役CFB机组各分离器对应脱硝喷枪为统一调节，还原剂耗量较高的问题[18-20]，提出了一种基于气体组分分区喷氨的方法，在保证脱硝效率、降低氨逃逸的同时提高锅炉运行经济性[21]。但当前研究基本聚焦于330 MW以下CFB机组，且研究方法主要局限于通过燃烧调整或设备优化改造降低NOx排放或提高SNCR脱硝效率以满足超低排放要求，针对660 MW CFB锅炉NOx排放特性及NOx控制限制因素的研究鲜有报道。
基于此，本文对某电厂660 MW CFB锅炉当前存在问题及限制锅炉NOx排放的影响因素进行研究，并针对限制因素给出给煤均匀性改造和二次风配风调整的优化方向，为大型CFB锅炉运行及NOx控制提供借鉴参考。
1　锅炉设备概况
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该电厂现服役锅炉为东方锅炉厂自主研发的双布风板单炉膛、H型布置、平衡通风、一次中间再热的超临界660 MW CFB锅炉。其两侧共对称布置6台高温冷却式旋风分离器，其中锅炉左侧（A侧）从炉前至炉后依次布置A、B、C 3台分离器，右侧（B侧）布置D、E、F 3台分离器。分离的物料一部分经过布置在炉膛两侧的外置式换热器后返回炉膛，另一部分经U型阀后直接返回炉膛。6台分离器入口均布置SNCR脱硝系统进行NOx脱除。锅炉采用长链给煤方式。锅炉两侧各布置2台刮板给煤机，单台给煤机在炉前、炉中、炉后部设3个给煤口。锅炉尾部烟道内从上到下依次布置低温过热器、低温再热器、省煤器和空气预热器，其中空气预热器采用2台四分仓回转式空气预热器。锅炉主要设计参数及入炉煤煤质特性见表1、表2。
2　锅炉存在问题及分析
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2.1　锅炉NOx排放
当前该660 MW CFB锅炉通过布置在6台分离器入口的SNCR脱硝系统降低NOx排放，脱硝还原剂为厂区对面化工厂生产的氨气。锅炉满负荷运行时NOx排放较难控制，瞬时值易超出超低排放限值，此时SNCR增大喷氨量脱硝效果不佳且氨耗量较大氨逃逸严重。基于此，本文对锅炉NOx原始排放及SNCR脱硝效果进行研究，通过不锈钢管在分离器进出口抽取烟气经混合器过滤降温后，测量了660、495、330 MW 3个不同负荷下NOx原始排放及SNCR脱硝效率。由于分离器出口之后烟气温度低于SNCR脱硝温度区间[22-23]，此位置之后SNCR无脱硝效果，故分离器进、出口NOx质量浓度分别为锅炉原始NOx质量浓度和脱硝后NOx质量浓度，两者之差为SNCR脱除NOx质量浓度。图1为不同负荷下锅炉NOx原始排放情况。由图1可知：当前锅炉原始NOx排放质量浓度较低，660 MW负荷下D分离器入口NOx质量浓度最高，但也未超过120 mg/m3（标准状态，下同）；495 MW和330 MW负荷时，NOx原始生成质量浓度相比660 MW负荷明显降低，此时分离器入口NOx质量浓度平均值小于50 mg/m3，SNCR脱硝系统无需投运；此外，3个负荷下，炉前A、D分离器入口NOx质量浓度明显高于炉中部B、E分离器，也又明显高于炉后C、F分离器，说明当前NOx排放较难控制主要是由于燃烧过程中炉前NOx生成质量浓度较高导致的。
NOx原始排放质量浓度不高，但锅炉满负荷运行时NOx排放难于控制，说明当前SNCR脱硝系统运行存在问题。因此，本文在660 MW负荷下对SNCR脱硝系统的脱硝效率进行了研究，结果如图2所示。由图2可知，6台分离器入口SNCR脱硝系统的脱硝效率较低均低于50.0%。其中炉前A、D分离器处SNCR脱除NOx质量浓度最高约50 mg/m3，脱硝效率分别为49.0%和41.8%，其余4台分离器脱硝效率均低于40.0%。这主要是因为该电厂SNCR采用氨气经管道喷入分离器入口，在分离器内与烟气发生反应，但喷口处氨气气流刚性较差且分离器入口烟气流场湍动剧烈，氨气与烟气无法均匀混合并发生反应，进而导致SNCR脱硝效率较低[24]，锅炉满负荷运行时NOx排放控制困难。
2.2　炉内燃烧情况分析
在SNCR脱硝系统脱硝效率较低的情况下，只有通过降低燃烧过程中NOx原始排放才能提高锅炉满负荷运行时NOx控制能力。基于此，本文对满负荷时炉内的燃烧情况进行研究。满负荷工况下炉膛A侧和B侧的床温沿炉膛深度方向的变化如图3所示。
由图3可知：锅炉满负荷运行时A、B两侧的床温偏差较小；A侧和B侧的床温测点最高温度分别为921.0 ℃和927.3 ℃，最低温度分别853.4 ℃和865.9 ℃；A侧床温偏差为67.6 ℃，B侧床温偏差为61.4 ℃；床温沿着炉膛深度方向整体呈现炉前高炉后低的趋势。该锅炉密相区与稀相区共布置3层温度测点，测量结果均呈现炉前高炉后低的趋势。这与2.1节炉前A、D分离器入口NOx质量浓度显著高于炉后4台分离器入口NOx质量浓度的趋势相同。
同时，本文还对锅炉底渣可燃物和烟气中CO质量浓度进行分析以研究炉内实际燃烧情况。该660 MW CFB锅炉在炉膛底部从炉前至炉后方向依次布置5条输渣皮带，满负荷情况下对5条输渣皮带上的底渣分别取样。不同输渣皮带上的底渣可燃物质量分数如图4所示。由图4可知，沿炉前至炉后方向底渣可燃物整体呈上升趋势，第1、2条输渣皮带上的底渣可燃物量低于3%，而第5条输渣皮带上的底渣可燃物质量分数高于10%。
满负荷工况6台分离器出口CO质量浓度如图5所示。由图5可知：炉前的A、D分离器出口CO质量浓度较低，低于134 mg/m3；而炉后的C、F分离器出口CO质量浓度超过烟气分析仪量程10 720 mg/m3。二次风沿炉膛深度方向均匀分布，而炉前炉后的底渣可燃物和CO质量浓度存在明显差异，这表明当前锅炉采用的长链给煤方式存在给煤不均的问题。炉前给煤量少，风量较为充足，同时床温较高，燃烧较为充分，底渣可燃物质量分数和CO质量浓度较低；炉后给煤量过大，风量不足，同时床温偏低，导致燃烧不充分，底渣可燃物质量分数和CO质量浓度较高。此外，燃烧过程中炉前风量充足为氧化性气氛，同时炉前床温较高有助于NOx的生成（图3），而炉后风量不足为还原性气氛，且炉后床温较低不利于NOx的生成[25-26]。因此，给煤不均是床温偏差和2.1节中炉膛前后NOx质量浓度偏差产生的根本原因。
2.3　锅炉NOx减排措施
锅炉满负荷运行NOx排放控制困难的根本原因是锅炉入炉煤存在给煤不均的问题。但当前电厂入炉煤质较差导致入煤量大，给煤机出力较大，给煤口易于卡塞且单个给煤口入炉煤计量困难。对此，可以通过优化炉内配风，改善炉内燃烧进而降低原始NOx排放，故本文进行了炉膛前后二次风进风量对NOx排放质量浓度影响的研究。
当前锅炉二次风布置在锅炉下部2个裤衩腿内外两侧，裤衩腿内侧布置上下2层二次风，裤衩腿外侧布置1层二次风，共计42个二次风口。其中A、B两侧外侧各布置8个外二次风口，内侧分上下2层共布置13个内二次风口，内侧上二次风口7个，下二次风口6个。二次风阀门布置及初始开度见表3。
其中阀门1—8为炉后至炉前方向依次编号。试验期间通过调节各二次风阀门开度，调整炉膛深度方向不同位置二次风的进风量，进而研究不同阀门开度对炉膛NOx排放的影响。具体阀门开度对NOx影响如图6所示。试验期间保持SNCR脱硝系统各阀门开度不变，其中部分工况入炉煤质较好SNCR并未投运。试验过程中保持负荷稳定，其他运行参数不变，二次风阀门开度调节后每5 min记录1组数据，并进行分析。
由图6可知，炉膛前后二次风进风量对NOx排放影响显著。当炉前阀门开度增大、炉后阀门开度减小，即炉前二次风量增大时（工况1和工况3），NOx排放显著升高，2个工况下NOx质量浓度升高超过21.40%。这是由于炉前煤量较小，风量较大，氧化性气氛较强，入炉煤在料层分布不均时易产生局部高温点，导致热力型NOx生成，致使NOx质量浓度增加。而当炉前二次风量减小时（工况5），NOx排放基本未发生变化，当炉前与炉中部风量均减小（工况4），NOx排放明显降低，从36.54 mg/m3降低至32.97 mg/m3，降幅达9.77%。
3　结论
收起
1）满负荷锅炉原始NOx排放较低不超过120 mg/m3，中低负荷时NOx质量浓度低于50 mg/m3，SNCR无需投运。但炉膛前后NOx质量浓度偏差较大，烟气中的NOx主要在炉膛前部产生。
2）当前锅炉SNCR脱硝效率较低，6台分离器入口的SNCR脱硝效率均低于50.0%，A、D分离器处SNCR脱硝效率较高，分别为49.0%和41.8%，其余4台分离器脱硝效率均低于40.0%。
3）NOx原始生成方面，从炉膛深度方向床温分布、底渣可燃物质量分数和CO质量浓度变化可以确定，给煤不均是造成满负荷NOx排放控制困难的根本原因。对此，可以通过调整炉膛深度方向二次风量降低原始NOx生成，降幅可达9.77%。
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2024年第53卷第5期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202401010
  • 接收时间：2024-01-12
  • 首发时间：2026-01-07
  • 出版时间：2024-05-25
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    1.苏晋朔州煤矸石发电有限公司，山西　朔州　036800
    2.西安热工研究院有限公司，陕西　西安　710054

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雷雨（1991），男，博士，工程师，主要研究方向为固体燃料燃烧及污染物控制，。
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