Article(id=1215700816300786561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1215700809971581533, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202312146, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=1703260800000, revisedDateStr=2023-12-23, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1767775261234, onlineDateStr=2026-01-07, pubDate=1716566400000, pubDateStr=2024-05-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1767775261234, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1767775261234, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767775261234, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1215700809971581533, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2024', volume='53', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='148', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1767775259725, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767775403954, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1215701414953796264, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1215700809971581533, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1215701414953796265, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1215700809971581533, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=141, endPage=148, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1215700816627942291, articleId=1215700816300786561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Array eddy current testing of pitch bearings for in-service wind turbines with high viscosity lubricating grease adhesion, columnId=1211002409397129992, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Power generation technology forum, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to realize efficient and accurate detection of the pitch bearing tooth surface of wind turbines in service under the adhesion of high viscosity lubricating grease, profiling array eddy current technology is used to study the effects of different coil arrangement methods and lifting distances on the detection results of bearing tooth surface defects. It can be concluded that, the edge effect range of Z-shaped and composite coil layout is different, and the composite profiling probe is significantly shorter than the Z-shaped probe. By detecting the artificial groove defects of 10.00 mm×0.50 mm×1.00 mm (slot length × slot width × slot depth), it indicates that the lifting distance limits for inner and outer toothed bearings are 1.04 mm and 1.43 mm, respectively. Experimental verification is conducted on the in-service fan bearings under the condition of high viscosity lubricating grease on the surface, and the results of defect size and position detection are accurate, with an error of less than 5%. This provides technical support and new ideas for supervision and inspection of the pitch bearing gear tooth surface in service.

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为实现在役风力发电机组变桨轴承高黏润滑油脂附着状态下轮齿齿面的高效精准检测,采用仿形阵列涡流技术,研究不同线圈排布方式和提离距离对轴承轮齿齿面缺陷检测结果的影响。结果表明:Z字型和复合型线圈排布方式的边缘效应范围不同,复合型仿形探头较Z字型明显缩短;通过检测10.00 mm×0.50 mm×1.00 mm(槽长×槽宽×槽深)人工槽缺陷,得出内、外齿型轴承的提离距离极限分别为1.04 mm和1.43 mm;对在役风机轴承在表面有高黏润滑油脂条件下进行了试验验证,检测缺陷尺寸与位置结果准确,误差小于5%。该研究成果可为变桨轴承轮齿齿面在役状态下的监督检测提供技术支撑及新思路。

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侯召堂(1980),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为电站金属材料无损检测,
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张福祥(1990),男,博士,工程师,主要研究方向为电站金属材料失效分析及检测评估,

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张福祥(1990),男,博士,工程师,主要研究方向为电站金属材料失效分析及检测评估,

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张福祥(1990),男,博士,工程师,主要研究方向为电站金属材料失效分析及检测评估,

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在役风力发电机组变桨轴承高黏润滑油脂附着状态下阵列涡流检测
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张福祥 1 , 侯召堂 1 , 孟永乐 1 , 殷尊 1 , 吕一楠 1 , 孙璞杰 1 , 张国辉 2 , 虞学鹏 2 , 杨立平 3 , 刘涛 3 , 常毅君 4 , 蒋金忠 4
热力发电 | 发电技术论坛 2024,53(5): 141-148
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热力发电 | 发电技术论坛 2024, 53(5): 141-148
在役风力发电机组变桨轴承高黏润滑油脂附着状态下阵列涡流检测
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张福祥1 , 侯召堂1 , 孟永乐1, 殷尊1, 吕一楠1, 孙璞杰1, 张国辉2, 虞学鹏2, 杨立平3, 刘涛3, 常毅君4, 蒋金忠4
作者信息
  • 1.西安热工研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710054
  • 2.华能新能源股份有限公司蒙东分公司,内蒙古 通辽 028000
  • 3.华能酒泉风电有限责任公司,甘肃 酒泉 736100
  • 4.华能(浙江)能源开发有限公司玉环分公司,浙江 台州 317604
  • 张福祥(1990),男,博士,工程师,主要研究方向为电站金属材料失效分析及检测评估,

通讯作者:

侯召堂(1980),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为电站金属材料无损检测,
Array eddy current testing of pitch bearings for in-service wind turbines with high viscosity lubricating grease adhesion
Fuxiang ZHANG1 , Zhaotang HOU1 , Yongle MENG1, Zun YIN1, Yinan LYU1, Pujie SUN1, Guohui ZHANG2, Xuepeng YU2, Liping YANG3, Tao LIU3, Yijun CHANG4, Jinzhong JIANG4
Affiliations
  • 1.Xi’an Thermal Power Research Institute Co., Ltd., Xi’an 710054, China
  • 2.Huaneng New Energy Co., Ltd., Mengdong Branch, Tongliao 028000, China
  • 3.Huaneng Jiuquan Wind Power Co., Ltd., Jiuquan 736100, China
  • 4.Huaneng (Zhejiang) Energy Development Co., Ltd., Yuhuan Branch, Taizhou 317604, China
出版时间: 2024-05-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202312146
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为实现在役风力发电机组变桨轴承高黏润滑油脂附着状态下轮齿齿面的高效精准检测,采用仿形阵列涡流技术,研究不同线圈排布方式和提离距离对轴承轮齿齿面缺陷检测结果的影响。结果表明:Z字型和复合型线圈排布方式的边缘效应范围不同,复合型仿形探头较Z字型明显缩短;通过检测10.00 mm×0.50 mm×1.00 mm(槽长×槽宽×槽深)人工槽缺陷,得出内、外齿型轴承的提离距离极限分别为1.04 mm和1.43 mm;对在役风机轴承在表面有高黏润滑油脂条件下进行了试验验证,检测缺陷尺寸与位置结果准确,误差小于5%。该研究成果可为变桨轴承轮齿齿面在役状态下的监督检测提供技术支撑及新思路。

在役风机  /  变桨轴承  /  高黏润滑油  /  涡流检测

In order to realize efficient and accurate detection of the pitch bearing tooth surface of wind turbines in service under the adhesion of high viscosity lubricating grease, profiling array eddy current technology is used to study the effects of different coil arrangement methods and lifting distances on the detection results of bearing tooth surface defects. It can be concluded that, the edge effect range of Z-shaped and composite coil layout is different, and the composite profiling probe is significantly shorter than the Z-shaped probe. By detecting the artificial groove defects of 10.00 mm×0.50 mm×1.00 mm (slot length × slot width × slot depth), it indicates that the lifting distance limits for inner and outer toothed bearings are 1.04 mm and 1.43 mm, respectively. Experimental verification is conducted on the in-service fan bearings under the condition of high viscosity lubricating grease on the surface, and the results of defect size and position detection are accurate, with an error of less than 5%. This provides technical support and new ideas for supervision and inspection of the pitch bearing gear tooth surface in service.

in-service wind turbines  /  pitch bearing  /  high viscosity lubricating oil  /  eddy current testing
张福祥, 侯召堂, 孟永乐, 殷尊, 吕一楠, 孙璞杰, 张国辉, 虞学鹏, 杨立平, 刘涛, 常毅君, 蒋金忠. 在役风力发电机组变桨轴承高黏润滑油脂附着状态下阵列涡流检测. 热力发电, 2024 , 53 (5) : 141 -148 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202312146
Fuxiang ZHANG, Zhaotang HOU, Yongle MENG, Zun YIN, Yinan LYU, Pujie SUN, Guohui ZHANG, Xuepeng YU, Liping YANG, Tao LIU, Yijun CHANG, Jinzhong JIANG. Array eddy current testing of pitch bearings for in-service wind turbines with high viscosity lubricating grease adhesion[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2024 , 53 (5) : 141 -148 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202312146
在“双碳”目标指引下,风力发电逐渐从补充能源向主流能源转变,成为全球实现碳中和目标的主力军,同时,也是我国参与国际竞争的战略性高端绿色装备制造产业之一[1-3]。风力发电机组主要由叶片、变桨系统、传动系统、偏航系统、塔架、塔筒等组成[4]。风力发电机组的使用寿命最短为20年,而风力发电机组绝大部分部件均距地面数十米甚至上百米,服役期间,若因各种原因导致这些部件更换或下架,则会大大增加风机的运维成本。变桨轴承是在役风力发电机变桨系统组的重要核心构件,其质量可靠性直接决定风力发电机组的安全运行[5-7]。同时,由于其尺寸大、刚性差、工作受载复杂等特点,风机正常运行及启停阶段均会受到复杂的交变载荷,应力集中部位易出现裂纹,对其工作寿命提出了严峻的考验[8]
风机轴承轮齿在制造过程中多采用磁粉检测缺陷,但是轴承组装完成后,因结构限制,且轴承轮齿表面缺陷有高黏润滑油脂附着,导致磁粉检测难以实施[9-12]。目前,主要通过风场巡检人员外观目视手段检查在役风机轴承齿轮裂纹情况,高度依赖现场巡检人员素养与经验,导致检测精度差、效率低。为此,亟需开发一种高效、精准检测在役风机轴承轮齿齿面缺陷的方法。
涡流检测是建立在电磁感应原理基础之上的一种无损检测方法,由于轴承轮齿为导电材料,涡流检测适用于表面和近表面裂纹检测,并且对涡流检测探头进行仿轮齿形状设计,大大提高了轮齿裂纹的检测率[13-15]。本文采用涡流检测技术对在役风机变桨轴承轮齿表面缺陷进行检测。
变桨轴承主要组成部件为套圈、滚珠、保持架等[16]。变桨轴承按照动力传递方式分为外齿式和内齿式,典型宏观形貌如图1所示。
阵列涡流检测(eddy current arrays,ECA)技术是近些年出现的一项新型涡流检测技术,它是通过涡流线圈结构的特殊设计,并借助涡流仪强大的分析、计算及处理功能,实现对材料和零件快速、有效地检测[17]
轴承轮齿处缺陷主要起源于轮齿齿面,即缺陷为表面缺陷[18-20],且在役条件下,轮齿齿面可成为检测面。为此,针对表面缺陷,通过对比常用的无损检测方法特点,选择阵列涡流检测方法可有效解决常规表面无损检测方法(磁粉检测和渗透检测)无法对高黏润滑油脂附着状态下轴承轮齿面进行检测的问题,且检测效率高。轮齿被检测面范围大,为了高效检出轴承轮齿齿面缺陷,使用八通道仿形阵列涡流探头对缺陷进行检测,仿形指阵列涡流探头外壳体与轴承轮齿尺寸、形状相适应。
内齿型和外齿型变桨轴承实物形貌如图2所示。轴承轮齿齿面裂纹方向通常平行或垂直于轴承轴向,综合目前ETC涡流仪的检测灵敏度和危害变桨轴承运行安全因素,在轮齿齿面设计人工缺陷,缺陷尺寸为10.0 mm×0.5 mm×1.0 mm(槽长×槽宽×槽深),人工缺陷位置示意如图3所示。
针对轮齿齿型特征,设计仿形探头壳体,探头壳体内排布有检测线圈。
通过建立单通道探头检测平板试块缺陷的有限元模型,对线圈的直径、高度、匝数和激励频率进行优化。在此基础上,得出检测轮齿试块的有限元模型仿真结果,验证多通道探头检测变桨轴承轮齿齿面的检测效果。
仿真计算时,空气主要由探头间隙空气、探头提离空气、近场空气及远场空气组成,用来模拟磁场衰减和解决磁场截断效应问题,从而保证仿真的准确性。采用线圈平行于缺陷方向扫查的检测方式,三维实体模型如图4所示。
1)激励频率优化
激励频率以10 kHz为间隔在60~140 kHz间依次变化,记录每个频率点的感应电动势信号幅值,幅值特性曲线如图5所示。由图5可知:激励频率小于100 kHz时,电压幅值随着激励频率增加而增加;激励频率大于100 kHz时,激励频率增加,电压幅值减小;当激励频率为100 kHz时,电压幅值最大。
2)线圈线径优化
将激励线圈线径分别设置为0.035、0.050、0.065、0.080、0.095、0.110 mm,研究线圈线径对磁场的影响,结果如图6所示。由图6可见,线圈线径大小对感应电动势影响明显,电压幅值随线圈线径增加而减小。
3)线圈匝数优化
激励线圈匝数从40匝变化到240匝,观察线圈匝数变化对磁场的影响,结果如图7所示。由图7可见,随着线圈匝数提高,电压幅值逐渐升高,最后匝数增长至160匝左右,幅值变化量达到最大并趋于平稳。
4)激励线圈高度优化
激励线圈高度直接影响磁场的大小和检测深度。将激励线圈高度分别设置为2、3、4、5、6 mm,激励线圈高度对检测信号感应电动势的影响如图8所示。
综上可得,ECA的激励频率为100 kHz,激励线圈高度4 mm,匝数为160匝时检测效果较好。
在线圈排布上,为适应狭小检测空间条件下检测,分别设计Z字型和一字型。Z字型为线圈与线圈间呈Z字型交叉错位排布,一字型为线圈与线圈间呈一字型排布。为有效提高一字型线圈排布方式对轮齿齿底工作面的检测效果,将探头前端实物线圈设计为Z字型,即设计为一字与Z字型线圈排布方式的复合型排布方式。Z字型与复合型探头壳体如图9所示。
以外齿型轴承为例,采用Z字型、复合型线圈排布方式的涡流探头对2号、4号、6号试块人工槽缺陷进行检测,检测结果如图10图11所示。结果包括8个通道,分别检测轮齿齿面不同位置的阻抗信号和依据阻抗信号强度呈现的缺陷成像结果。缺陷信号定义为阻抗图信号纵向大于等于1格(缺陷信号大于等于1格时,缺陷信号的信噪比达到3:1,信噪比良好)。缺陷阻抗信号呈竖直相位,或者与竖直方向呈一定角度的信号,与纵向夹角一般小于45°。
图10a)可知,2号缺陷平行于齿根且位于齿边缘处,第4通道出现缺陷信号,由于第5—第7通道临近边缘,发生边缘效应。缺陷信号与滑移信号同时出现,且缺陷信号幅值不高,其原因是Z字型线圈排布方式存在较大检测边缘距离所致,C扫描图在第5—第7通道范围内呈现的图像为边缘效应产生,而非缺陷产生。由图10b)可知,4号缺陷(垂直于变桨轴承轴向)处于轮齿边缘,未能有效检测出。由图10c)可知,在第1通道出现的阻抗信号为6号缺陷(平行于变桨轴承轴向)检测信号,C扫描图中在第1通道范围内呈现水平缺陷信号。
图11a)可知,在第4通道出现缺陷阻抗信号为2号缺陷(平行于变桨轴承轴向,且位于齿边缘处)检测信号,C扫描图在第4通道范围内呈现水平缺陷信号。由图11b)可知,在第5—第8通道存在阻抗信号,第5—第7通道阻抗信号为4号缺陷(垂直于变桨轴承轴向,处于轮齿边缘)检测信号,第8通道阻抗信号为边缘效应所致,C扫描图在第5—第7通道范围内呈现垂直缺陷信号。由图11c)可知,在第1通道存在缺陷阻抗信号,为6号缺陷平行于变桨轴承轴向)检测信号,C扫描图中在第1通道范围内呈现水平缺陷信号。
根据图10图11的涡流检测结果可知,Z字型线圈排布方式检测外齿型轴承轮齿齿面尺寸为10.00 mm×0.50 mm×1.00 mm(槽长×槽宽×槽深)的不同人工槽缺陷时,缺陷信号成像断续,呈现缺陷形貌特征效果较差。且对轴承轮齿边缘的2号、4号和6号缺陷的检测效果差。复合型线圈排布方式检测外齿型轴承轮齿齿面尺寸为10.0 mm×0.5 mm×1.0 mm(槽长×槽宽×槽深)的不同人工槽缺陷时,1—6号缺陷信噪比均大于3:1,检测边缘距离显著缩小,扩大了检测范围。
特氟龙胶带可以防止仿形涡流探头的磨损,一层特氟龙胶带厚度约为0.13 mm,为模拟高黏润滑油脂附着状态下的检测,须研究提离距离对检测信号的影响,为此,采用粘贴不同层数特氟龙胶带,对内、外齿型变桨轴承轮齿齿面人工缺陷进行检测。
随着特氟龙胶带层数的增加,缺陷信噪比不断降低。当增加特氟龙胶带的层数,直至缺陷检测信噪比小于3:1为止,获得内、外齿型轴承检测允许提离距离极限。针对外齿型轴承,对试块中1号缺陷进行检测,当特氟龙胶带层数粘贴至12层时,缺陷信噪比小于3:1,检测结果如图12所示。针对内齿型轴承,对试块中9-1和9-2缺陷进行检测,当特氟龙胶带层数粘贴至9层时,缺陷信噪比小于3:1,检测结果如图13所示。由图12图13可以得出,内、外齿型轴承的提离距离极限分别为1.04 mm和1.43 mm,均大于润滑油脂层的厚度(约0.50 mm)。
选用ECA-600八通道阵列涡流检测仪,激励频率范围宜为100 kHz,信号输出电压5 V,搭配复合型仿形阵列涡流探头。从轮齿的一端以20 mm/s的扫查速度对某风场变桨轴承进行在役状态下表面附着高黏润滑油脂条件下的风机变桨轴承轮齿进行涡流检测,检测轮齿表面状态如图14所示。
高黏润滑油脂附着条件下,轮齿表面缺陷目视难以发现。经现场清理油脂后,磁粉检测证实齿根处存在一条长度34.5 mm的裂纹,裂纹起始于距离轴承端面11.5 mm处,磁粉检测结果如图15所示。
采用内齿型分离式复合型涡流仿形探头对在役风机高黏润滑油脂附着状态下变桨轴承轮齿齿面进行检测,检测结果如图16所示。
图16可知,在第1通道存在典型缺陷阻抗信号,且C扫描图中第1通道范围内呈现水平缺陷信号,表明缺陷位置为齿根处,检测缺陷起始于轴承端面距离为12 mm处,检测缺陷长度约为36 mm,与磁粉检测结果相比误差小于5%。
综上可知,研发的涡流检测方法对在役风机变桨轴承齿面存在高黏润滑油附着状态下进行检测,缺陷信号信噪比均大于3:1,无缺处噪声信号的纵轴幅值保持在1格内,C扫描的缺陷成像清晰,检测缺陷位置与尺寸准确。
针对轴承轮齿齿面缺陷的特征,研究了仿形阵列涡流检测技术。设计和制作了一体式Z字型和分离式复合型仿形探头,得出了Z字型和复合型线圈排布方式的边缘效应范围不同,复合型仿形探头较Z字型明显缩短。研究了提离距离与缺陷检测的响应关系,通过检测10.0 mm×0.5 mm×1.0 mm(槽长×槽宽×槽深)人工槽缺陷,得出内、外齿型轴承的提离距离极限分别为1.04 mm和1.43 mm;对在役风机轴承在表面有高黏润滑油脂条件下进行了试验验证,检测缺陷尺寸与位置结果准确,误差小于5%。
  • 西安热工研究院有限公司科技项目(TN-22-TYK12)
  • 中国华能集团有限公司企业标准(TX-22-HNQBZ03-01)
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2024年第53卷第5期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202312146
  • 首发时间:2026-01-07
  • 出版时间:2024-05-25
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  • 修回日期:2023-12-23
基金
Science and Technology Project of Xi’an Thermal Power Research Institute Co., Ltd.(TN-22-TYK12)
西安热工研究院有限公司科技项目(TN-22-TYK12)
Enterprise Standard of China Huaneng Group Co., Ltd.(TX-22-HNQBZ03-01)
中国华能集团有限公司企业标准(TX-22-HNQBZ03-01)
作者信息
    1.西安热工研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710054
    2.华能新能源股份有限公司蒙东分公司,内蒙古 通辽 028000
    3.华能酒泉风电有限责任公司,甘肃 酒泉 736100
    4.华能(浙江)能源开发有限公司玉环分公司,浙江 台州 317604

通讯作者:

侯召堂(1980),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为电站金属材料无损检测,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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