Article(id=1215700815893943204, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1215700809971581533, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202401003, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1704988800000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-12, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1767775261138, onlineDateStr=2026-01-07, pubDate=1716566400000, pubDateStr=2024-05-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1767775261138, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1767775261138, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767775261138, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1215700809971581533, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2024', volume='53', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='148', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1767775259725, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767775403954, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1215701414953796264, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1215700809971581533, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1215701414953796265, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1215700809971581533, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=28, endPage=36, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1215700816242070450, articleId=1215700815893943204, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Study on anti-coking and corrosion-resistant of nano-high-entropy ceramic coating on an ultra supercritical 1 000 MW unit boiler, columnId=1215700810680418912, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Power plant chemistry and materials research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To solve the problems of fouling, slagging, and high-temperature corrosion in an ultra supercritical 1 000 MW unit boiler fueled by Zhundong coal, engineering verification test of nano-high-entropy ceramic coating in separated over fire air (SOFA) area of the boiler rear water wall was carried out, based on the coal characteristics, slagging condition and corrosion type of the boiler. Several methods such as macrographic check, scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectrum, friction coefficient and surface energy test were applied to observe the change of nano-high-entropy ceramic coating before and after experiments, thus to reveal the possible slag resistance and corrosion resistance mechanisms of nano-high-entropy ceramic coating. The results show that, the coating remained intact after 11 months’ boiler operation, with no obvious slagging and corrosion pits on the surface and no significantly thinning of the pipe wall. Nano-high-entropy ceramic coating can better solve the problems of fouling, slagging and high-temperature corrosion on the boiler water wall, which provides a guarantee for safe operation of the boiler fueled by Zhundong coal.

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针对某台超超临界1 000 MW机组燃用准东煤锅炉水冷壁出现的沾污结渣、高温腐蚀问题,基于锅炉的燃烧煤种特性、结焦状况以及腐蚀类型,开展了纳米高熵陶瓷涂层在锅炉后墙水冷壁燃尽风区域的工程验证试验。采用宏观检查、扫描电子显微镜(scanning electron microscope,SEM)、X射线衍射(X-ray diffraction,XRD)、拉曼光谱、摩擦系数及表面能测试等方法,分析了纳米高熵陶瓷涂层的使用效果,揭示了纳米高熵陶瓷涂层的防沾污结渣、耐腐蚀机制。试验结果表明,涂层在锅炉运行11个月后完好,表面无明显结焦物、无明显腐蚀凹坑,管壁未发生明显减薄。纳米高熵陶瓷涂层能够较好地解决锅炉水冷壁沾污结渣以及高温腐蚀的问题,为燃用准东煤锅炉的安全运行提供保障。

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张国山(1972),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为热能动力工程,
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马军(1978),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为热能动力工程,

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Guilin: Guilin University of Electronic Technology, 2022: 1., articleTitle=Study on heat transfer characteristics of graphite/polymer thermal interface materials based on surface modulatio, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215700839138775762, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700815893943204, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=41, issue=4, pageStart=185, pageEnd=186, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[27], rfOrder=47, authorNames=寇天翔, journalName=冶金与材料, refType=null, unstructuredReference=寇天翔. 石墨类型对镍基自润滑材料性能的影响分析[J]. 冶金与材料, 2021, 41(4): 185-186., articleTitle=石墨类型对镍基自润滑材料性能的影响分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215700839197496019, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700815893943204, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=41, issue=4, pageStart=185, pageEnd=186, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[27], rfOrder=48, authorNames=KOU Tianxiang, journalName=Metallurgy and Materials, refType=null, unstructuredReference=KOU Tianxiang. 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Metallurgy and Materials, 2021, 41(4): 185-186., articleTitle=Analysis of the effect of graphite type on the properties of nickel-based self-lubricating materials, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1215700834130776672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700815893943204, awardId=XDA29020402, language=EN, fundingSource=Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA29020402), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1215700834210468451, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700815893943204, awardId=XDA29020402, language=CN, fundingSource=中国科学院战略性先导科技专项(XDA29020402), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1215700821149405321, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700815893943204, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215700821170376842, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700815893943204, 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figureFileBig=miQq3TVTCldld9xncoxWXQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215700831513530914, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700815893943204, language=CN, label=图14, caption=水冷壁表面的接触角测试, figureFileSmall=Pc6lq1+lUhT8N1fCOUfxyw==, figureFileBig=miQq3TVTCldld9xncoxWXQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215700831593222691, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700815893943204, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Design parameters of the boiler

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项目BMCRBRL
过热蒸汽流量/(t·h–1)2 995.002 850.51
过热蒸汽出口压力/MPa28.2528.02
过热蒸汽出口温度/℃605605
再热蒸汽流量/(t·h–1)2 396.772 284.34
再热蒸汽进口压力/MPa5.6075.337
再热蒸汽出口压力/MPa5.4275.165
再热蒸汽进口温度/℃384.9347.5
再热蒸汽出口温度/℃613613
给水温度/℃309.2305.9
锅炉计算效率/%94.7994.83
), ArticleFig(id=1215700831719051814, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700815893943204, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

锅炉设计参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目BMCRBRL
过热蒸汽流量/(t·h–1)2 995.002 850.51
过热蒸汽出口压力/MPa28.2528.02
过热蒸汽出口温度/℃605605
再热蒸汽流量/(t·h–1)2 396.772 284.34
再热蒸汽进口压力/MPa5.6075.337
再热蒸汽出口压力/MPa5.4275.165
再热蒸汽进口温度/℃384.9347.5
再热蒸汽出口温度/℃613613
给水温度/℃309.2305.9
锅炉计算效率/%94.7994.83
), ArticleFig(id=1215700831811326507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700815893943204, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Quality analysis for the boiler design and actually-fired coal

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项目设计广汇潞安吐鲁准东
元素分析war(C)/%55.9552.5766.1235.0957.72
war(H)/%3.703.353.362.532.94
war(N)/%0.820.640.710.730.52
war(O)/%10.9811.828.548.869.85
war(S)/%0.820.400.291.200.59
工业分析war(M)/%16.0021.8013.9022.6021.60
wad(M)/%6.7713.216.0111.135.69
war(A)/%11.739.247.0828.996.78
wdaf(V)/%43.1147.8229.4243.6531.46
高位发热量/(kJ·kg–1)22.4521.1325.4613.8622.24
低位发热量/(kJ·kg–1)21.3219.9024.4512.8221.14
灰熔融性DT/℃1 0901 1201 1401 1201 090
ST/℃1 1101 1301 1501 3801 100
HT/℃1 1201 1401 1601 3901 110
FT/℃1 1301 1501 1701 4101 120
灰分分析w(Na2O)/%2.640.550.480.612.88
w(K2O)/%1.051.211.151.280.53
), ArticleFig(id=1215700831899406895, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700815893943204, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

锅炉设计和实际燃用煤质分析

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项目设计广汇潞安吐鲁准东
元素分析war(C)/%55.9552.5766.1235.0957.72
war(H)/%3.703.353.362.532.94
war(N)/%0.820.640.710.730.52
war(O)/%10.9811.828.548.869.85
war(S)/%0.820.400.291.200.59
工业分析war(M)/%16.0021.8013.9022.6021.60
wad(M)/%6.7713.216.0111.135.69
war(A)/%11.739.247.0828.996.78
wdaf(V)/%43.1147.8229.4243.6531.46
高位发热量/(kJ·kg–1)22.4521.1325.4613.8622.24
低位发热量/(kJ·kg–1)21.3219.9024.4512.8221.14
灰熔融性DT/℃1 0901 1201 1401 1201 090
ST/℃1 1101 1301 1501 3801 100
HT/℃1 1201 1401 1601 3901 110
FT/℃1 1301 1501 1701 4101 120
灰分分析w(Na2O)/%2.640.550.480.612.88
w(K2O)/%1.051.211.151.280.53
), ArticleFig(id=1215700832004264498, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700815893943204, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

EDS analysis for the corrosive steel pipes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试样编号COSCrFeAlSiNaKCa
试样14.9539.932.680.8647.120.801.291.240.400.73
试样212.1838.301.790.7446.490.100.40
), ArticleFig(id=1215700832062984759, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700815893943204, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

腐蚀样管EDS分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试样编号COSCrFeAlSiNaKCa
试样14.9539.932.680.8647.120.801.291.240.400.73
试样212.1838.301.790.7446.490.100.40
), ArticleFig(id=1215700832142676539, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700815893943204, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Performance indexes of nano-high-entropy ceramic coating

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基本特性性能指标
涂料类型水性环保耐高温腐蚀防护涂料
粘结剂高温无机树脂
使用温度不高于1 000 ℃
适用基材20G、Q235G、12CrMoVG、15CrMoG、T91
TP347、P91
发射率0.94
导热率40.5 W/(m·K)
耐高温性能800 ℃漆面无明显变色、无明显脱落现象
热膨胀系数13.73×10–6/℃
抗热震性能45次无开裂
耐高温腐蚀700 ℃硫酸盐腐蚀,120 h后涂层完好
附着力11 MPa
), ArticleFig(id=1215700832218174015, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700815893943204, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

纳米高熵陶瓷涂层性能指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基本特性性能指标
涂料类型水性环保耐高温腐蚀防护涂料
粘结剂高温无机树脂
使用温度不高于1 000 ℃
适用基材20G、Q235G、12CrMoVG、15CrMoG、T91
TP347、P91
发射率0.94
导热率40.5 W/(m·K)
耐高温性能800 ℃漆面无明显变色、无明显脱落现象
热膨胀系数13.73×10–6/℃
抗热震性能45次无开裂
耐高温腐蚀700 ℃硫酸盐腐蚀,120 h后涂层完好
附着力11 MPa
), ArticleFig(id=1215700832314643011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700815893943204, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

EDS analysis of each layer

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
元素外层沉积层内层沉积层纳米高熵陶瓷涂层渗透层基材
B18.250.060.070.020.01
C45.476.216.017.635.64
O23.0522.735.2517.237.10
Na0.542.520.960.650.20
Mg0.350.930.200.060
Al2.895.429.190.050
Si4.7111.229.560.370.12
Zr00.064.220.160
S0.2415.560.8516.420.41
K0.460.660.370.190.12
Ca1.612.690.590.240.15
Ti0.220.290.160.020.14
Ce00.444.040.130.41
Cr00.166.551.681.06
Mn00.310.350.500.58
Fe2.2030.801.6358.8084.07
), ArticleFig(id=1215700832411112007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700815893943204, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

各层EDS分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
元素外层沉积层内层沉积层纳米高熵陶瓷涂层渗透层基材
B18.250.060.070.020.01
C45.476.216.017.635.64
O23.0522.735.2517.237.10
Na0.542.520.960.650.20
Mg0.350.930.200.060
Al2.895.429.190.050
Si4.7111.229.560.370.12
Zr00.064.220.160
S0.2415.560.8516.420.41
K0.460.660.370.190.12
Ca1.612.690.590.240.15
Ti0.220.290.160.020.14
Ce00.444.040.130.41
Cr00.166.551.681.06
Mn00.310.350.500.58
Fe2.2030.801.6358.8084.07
), ArticleFig(id=1215700832503386699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700815893943204, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

Test parameters for distilled water and diiodomethane

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液体γLP /(mJm1)  γLD/(mJm1)γL/(mJm1)γLP/γLD
蒸馏水51.021.872.82.36
二碘甲烷2.348.550.80.05
), ArticleFig(id=1215700833778455118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700815893943204, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

蒸馏水和二碘甲烷的测试参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
液体γLP /(mJm1)  γLD/(mJm1)γL/(mJm1)γLP/γLD
蒸馏水51.021.872.82.36
二碘甲烷2.348.550.80.05
), ArticleFig(id=1215700833883312723, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700815893943204, language=EN, label=Tab.7, caption=

Contact angle of distilled water and diiodomethane on surface of the water wall

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使用试剂喷涂涂层水冷壁表面无涂层水冷壁表面
蒸馏水63.7270.536
二碘甲烷70.2341.936
), ArticleFig(id=1215700833992364633, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700815893943204, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

蒸馏水、二碘甲烷在不同样品的接触角

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
使用试剂喷涂涂层水冷壁表面无涂层水冷壁表面
蒸馏水63.7270.536
二碘甲烷70.2341.936
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纳米高熵陶瓷涂层在超超临界1 000 MW机组锅炉的防结焦耐腐蚀应用研究
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马军 1 , 张国山 1 , 高祥虎 2 , 葛长虎 1 , 姚小军 1 , 李明 1 , 鲁种伟 2 , 赵士杰 2 , 刘宝华 2 , 董猛 3 , 姬海民 4
热力发电 | 电厂化学与材料研究专题 2024,53(5): 28-36
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热力发电 | 电厂化学与材料研究专题 2024, 53(5): 28-36
纳米高熵陶瓷涂层在超超临界1 000 MW机组锅炉的防结焦耐腐蚀应用研究
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马军1 , 张国山1 , 高祥虎2, 葛长虎1, 姚小军1, 李明1, 鲁种伟2, 赵士杰2, 刘宝华2, 董猛3, 姬海民4
作者信息
  • 1.甘肃电投常乐发电有限责任公司,甘肃 酒泉 736100
  • 2.中国科学院兰州化学物理研究所,甘肃 兰州 730000
  • 3.东方电气集团东方锅炉股份有限公司,四川 成都 611731
  • 4.西安热工研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710054
  • 马军(1978),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为热能动力工程,

通讯作者:

张国山(1972),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为热能动力工程,
Study on anti-coking and corrosion-resistant of nano-high-entropy ceramic coating on an ultra supercritical 1 000 MW unit boiler
Jun MA1 , Guoshan ZHANG1 , Xianghu GAO2, Changhu GE1, Xiaojun YAO1, Ming LI1, Zhongwei LU2, Shijie ZHAO2, Baohua LIU2, Meng DONG3, Haimin JI4
Affiliations
  • 1.Gansu Power Investment Changle Power Generation Co., Ltd., Jiuquan 736100, China
  • 2.Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
  • 3.Dongfang Boiler Co., Ltd., Dongfang Electric Corporation, Chengdu 611731, China
  • 4.Xi’an Thermal Power Research Institute Co., Ltd., Xi’an 710054, China
出版时间: 2024-05-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202401003
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针对某台超超临界1 000 MW机组燃用准东煤锅炉水冷壁出现的沾污结渣、高温腐蚀问题,基于锅炉的燃烧煤种特性、结焦状况以及腐蚀类型,开展了纳米高熵陶瓷涂层在锅炉后墙水冷壁燃尽风区域的工程验证试验。采用宏观检查、扫描电子显微镜(scanning electron microscope,SEM)、X射线衍射(X-ray diffraction,XRD)、拉曼光谱、摩擦系数及表面能测试等方法,分析了纳米高熵陶瓷涂层的使用效果,揭示了纳米高熵陶瓷涂层的防沾污结渣、耐腐蚀机制。试验结果表明,涂层在锅炉运行11个月后完好,表面无明显结焦物、无明显腐蚀凹坑,管壁未发生明显减薄。纳米高熵陶瓷涂层能够较好地解决锅炉水冷壁沾污结渣以及高温腐蚀的问题,为燃用准东煤锅炉的安全运行提供保障。

纳米高熵陶瓷涂层  /  锅炉  /  水冷壁  /  防沾污结渣  /  耐腐蚀

To solve the problems of fouling, slagging, and high-temperature corrosion in an ultra supercritical 1 000 MW unit boiler fueled by Zhundong coal, engineering verification test of nano-high-entropy ceramic coating in separated over fire air (SOFA) area of the boiler rear water wall was carried out, based on the coal characteristics, slagging condition and corrosion type of the boiler. Several methods such as macrographic check, scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectrum, friction coefficient and surface energy test were applied to observe the change of nano-high-entropy ceramic coating before and after experiments, thus to reveal the possible slag resistance and corrosion resistance mechanisms of nano-high-entropy ceramic coating. The results show that, the coating remained intact after 11 months’ boiler operation, with no obvious slagging and corrosion pits on the surface and no significantly thinning of the pipe wall. Nano-high-entropy ceramic coating can better solve the problems of fouling, slagging and high-temperature corrosion on the boiler water wall, which provides a guarantee for safe operation of the boiler fueled by Zhundong coal.

nano-high-entropy ceramic coating  /  boiler  /  water wall  /  anti-fouling and anti-slagging  /  corrosion resistance
马军, 张国山, 高祥虎, 葛长虎, 姚小军, 李明, 鲁种伟, 赵士杰, 刘宝华, 董猛, 姬海民. 纳米高熵陶瓷涂层在超超临界1 000 MW机组锅炉的防结焦耐腐蚀应用研究. 热力发电, 2024 , 53 (5) : 28 -36 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202401003
Jun MA, Guoshan ZHANG, Xianghu GAO, Changhu GE, Xiaojun YAO, Ming LI, Zhongwei LU, Shijie ZHAO, Baohua LIU, Meng DONG, Haimin JI. Study on anti-coking and corrosion-resistant of nano-high-entropy ceramic coating on an ultra supercritical 1 000 MW unit boiler[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2024 , 53 (5) : 28 -36 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202401003
准东煤田是中国目前发现的最大整装煤田,煤田面积约1.3万km2,预测煤炭资源储量约3 900亿t[1-3],但由于新疆准东地区特殊的地质原因和气候影响,准东煤中碱金属钠和钾的质量分数总体为2%~10%,远高于国内其他地区的动力煤[4-6]。文博等[7]研究了准东煤的分布及碱金属含量,准东煤灰中的钠、钙含量较高导致其具有严重结渣和沾污特性。孙洪民[8]研究了准东煤结渣和沾污的机理,结果表明准东煤中碱及碱金属元素含量高是造成燃用准东煤锅炉结渣沾污问题的根本原因。白杨等[9]在350 MW机组锅炉上开展了高比例燃用准东高碱煤试验研究。结果发现准东高碱煤燃用比例超过70%时,出现了极为严重的炉膛结渣、沾污堵塞问题。因此,解决准东煤结焦和高温腐蚀的问题对于保障我国能源安全和实现煤炭清洁高效利用具有重要的现实意义。
采用防护涂层技术是有效减轻炉膛受热面沾污结渣及高温腐蚀问题的有效途径之一[10-11]。肖宏博等[12]研究了防腐蚀喷涂材料45CT和PS45的耐腐蚀性能,2种喷涂材料腐蚀后在表面形成致密的Cr2O3与Cr2NiO4结构,具有优异的抗高温硫腐蚀能力。蒙殿武等[13]采用超音速电弧喷涂在基材上制备了FeCrNiBSi和FeCrNi 2种涂层。结果表明相对于FeCrNi涂层,FeCrNiBSi涂层具有更好的抗高温腐蚀性能和更高的表面硬度。汪亚军等[14]利用等离子喷涂制备了3种镍基涂层,研究了镍基涂层在不同烟气气氛下对水冷壁管的抗腐蚀性能,3种涂层均具有显著的抗H2S腐蚀性能。韩鹏飞等[15]研究了MIG堆焊技术在煤粉炉水冷壁及过热器的抗腐蚀特性。结果表明堆焊Alloy 622具有优异的抗高温腐蚀性能,可以很好地解决煤粉炉的高温腐蚀问题。然而,上述防护技术存在施工工艺复杂、孔隙率高、成本高、无防结焦功能、对人体有伤害、环境污染严重等问题,难以实现大规模推广应用。
本文基于锅炉设计参数、燃烧煤种特性、炉膛结焦状况及腐蚀类型,采用中国科学院兰州化学物理研究所自主研发的纳米高熵陶瓷涂层,解决超超临界1 000 MW机组燃用准东煤锅炉水冷壁沾污结渣及高温腐蚀的问题。通过宏观检查、微观形貌、摩擦系数及表面能测试等方法,分析了纳米高熵陶瓷涂层的使用效果与防护机理。
锅炉为哈尔滨锅炉厂有限责任公司生产的超超临界直流锅炉、一次中间再热、平衡通风,采用低NOx主燃烧器和高位燃尽风分级燃烧技术,反向双切圆燃烧方式。锅炉本体为单炉膛、尾部双烟道结构、紧身封闭布置、固态排渣、全钢悬吊结构Π型布置。锅炉设计参数见表1
锅炉实际燃用煤种为广汇、潞安、吐鲁、准东煤按一定比例配制的混煤。锅炉设计和实际燃烧煤种煤质分析见表2。准东煤煤灰中Na2O、K2O质量分数为3.41%,碱金属质量分数大于3%时,低熔点的Na2O、K2O与燃烧形成的SO3反应生成硫酸钠、硫酸钾,吸附于高温受热面,与金属表面的氧化物(Fe2O3)或金属基体(Fe、Cr、Mn)发生反应,加剧了锅炉的高温腐蚀[16]。吐鲁煤种的全硫St,ar质量分数为1.20%,高于设计煤种。全硫St,ar质量分数增大也进一步增加锅炉高温腐蚀的风险[17]
锅炉停机检修发现,炉膛水冷壁受热面存在大面积的高温腐蚀。截取腐蚀区域的水冷壁管进行分析,样管取样位置为炉膛后墙C层吹灰器(标高47 m)部位的管子,样管材质为15CrMoG,规格为Φ38.0 mm×7.3 mm。样管向火面形貌如图1所示。
1)宏观检查
裸眼观察,样管向火面均存在明显的壁厚减薄,表面存在褐色附着物,未见吹损或磨损痕迹。向火面上布满了大小不一的凹坑,大多呈现圆形,直径5~20 mm,深度约为1 mm。
2)扫描电子显微镜/能量色散X射线谱/X射线衍射分析
在样管上取2个试样进行扫描电子显微镜(scanning electron microscope,SEM)和能量色散X射线谱(X-ray energy dispersive spectrum,EDS)分析。对试样1的表面进行分析,对试样2横截面腐蚀凹坑区域进行分析,分析结果见图2表3。对腐蚀区域水冷壁表面的腐蚀产物进行X射线衍射(X-ray diffraction,XRD)分析,结果如图3所示。EDS分析和XRD分析结果均表明腐蚀产物主要成分为铁氧化物和硫化物。
3)综合分析
锅炉为超超临界锅炉,介质最高温度约为380 ℃,对应最高壁面温度约为450 ℃。根据水冷壁温度和烟气气氛特点,常见腐蚀类型为硫化物腐蚀,腐蚀产物一般以硫化铁、氧化铁居多。
针对硫化物腐蚀,其腐蚀过程主要为[18-19]
①燃煤中的黄铁矿(FeS2)随着未燃尽煤粉到达受热面管壁上,分解为自由原子硫和硫化亚铁。反应式为:
FeS2FeS+[S]
当管子附近有一定浓度的H2S和SO2时,也可生成自由原子硫。反应式为:
H2S+SO22H2O+[S]
②在还原性气氛中,没有过剩的氧原子,单独的硫原子在壁面温度达到350 ℃时,即可发生硫化作用。反应式为:
Fe+[S]FeS
③硫化氢还可以通过疏松的Fe2O3与较致密的磁性氧化铁层(Fe3O4,即Fe2O3+FeO)中复合的FeO发生反应。反应式为:
FeO+H2SFeS+Η2O
④硫化亚铁缓慢氧化成黑色磁性氧化铁。反应式为:
FeS+5O2Fe3O4+SO3
根据腐蚀样管取样位置,一般情况下,该区域氧气充分混合,不易发生硫化物腐蚀。但是实际分析结果表明,该区域水冷壁产生了硫化物腐蚀,造成管子外壁产生大量的腐蚀坑,从而导致管子壁厚减薄。造成该区域发生硫化物腐蚀的原因除了燃煤中硫含量较高、壁温较高以及存在煤粉未燃尽等原因外,也可能与空气动力场有关。
纳米高熵陶瓷涂层是由纳米高熵陶瓷骨料、功能性填料及无机粘结剂组成的水性环保涂层,其性能见表4
该涂层具有以下特征:
1)采用具有耐磨、耐腐蚀、优异热稳定性及红外辐射性能的高熵陶瓷骨料,实现涂层防护与节能增效的耦合。
2)高导热率。采用晶粒高度定向排布的织构化h-BN陶瓷,实现涂层优异的定向导热性能[20]
3)强韧化。采用高模量、高强度的晶须(SiCw、Si3N4w、Al2O3w等),通过晶须的拔出与桥联以及裂纹偏转与钝化等实现强韧化[21]
4)红外辐射节能增效。具有红外辐射功能的材料,强化炉膛内辐射传热,降低炉膛出口烟温;同时强化燃烧,提高煤粉的燃尽率,从而减少灰渣含碳量[22]
5)陶瓷化使涂层表面致密、孔隙率较低、耐磨,形成的陶瓷釉可起到阻隔外部腐蚀介质侵入作用[23]
6)防结焦、耐腐蚀。调配组分使涂层表面能低,可减少锅炉高温烟气中熔融物对锅炉管的粘附,进而降低锅炉管表面沾污结焦;与碱金属硫酸盐的化学不亲和性,避免形成腐蚀点[24]
选择腐蚀严重的后墙右侧高层燃尽风区域(标高为49.6~55.8 m)和低层燃尽风区域(标高为43.2~48.8 m)进行纳米高熵陶瓷涂层验证试验,喷涂总面积约为105 m2
纳米高熵陶瓷防护涂层施工工艺主要包括水冷壁管的表面喷砂去污、材料喷涂以及固化。具体喷砂和喷涂后的效果如图4所示。
具体喷涂施工工艺流程如下。
1)喷砂选用粒径为0.5~1.0 mm的石英砂。喷砂工艺要求为:喷砂压力为0.7~0.8 MPa、粗糙度为50~70 μm,金属表面喷砂处理至国家标准《涂覆涂料前钢材表面处理表面清洁度的目视评定第1部分:未涂覆过的钢材表面和全面清除原有涂层后的钢材表面的锈蚀等级和处理等级》(GB/T 8923.1—2011)Sa2.5级。
2)喷砂完成后采用雾化喷枪将调配好的纳米高熵陶瓷防护涂层浆料均匀喷涂在金属表面。喷涂工艺要求:环境温度15~25 ℃、相对湿度40%~ 85%、喷涂压力为0.6~0.8 MPa。喷涂分2次进行,每次湿膜厚度为60~90 μm,2次喷涂涂层湿膜厚度为120~180 μm(干膜厚度60~90 μm)。
3)喷涂完成后涂层需自然干燥24 h以上,待启炉后随炉升温固化。
水冷壁表面宏观形貌如图5所示。
图5可见:在锅炉中运行约11个月后,喷涂纳米高熵陶瓷涂层的水冷壁表面附着浮灰,使用毛刷可轻易去除;清除表面浮灰后,管壁外表面为一层黑色物质,其表面光滑致密,具有明显的润滑特性;去除黑色物质后,可以观察到一层致密的褐色层;在褐色层下方可观察到本项目喷涂的纳米高熵陶瓷涂层,涂层表面完好、与基材紧密结合,无明显开裂和脱落等现象;管壁表面无明显结焦物、无明显腐蚀凹坑。
本次试验前锅炉已运行约1年,水冷壁管壁因高温腐蚀减薄至约为6.95 mm。本次试验后,经第三方检测,喷涂涂层区域的水冷壁平均壁厚为6.90 mm,管壁未发生明显减薄,表明纳米高熵陶瓷涂层具有良好的防沾污结渣和耐腐蚀性能。
而相同区域未喷涂防护涂层的水冷壁表面则出现明显的腐蚀凹坑,并且表面附着较厚、相对松散的褐色腐蚀产物。经第三方检测,水冷壁平均壁厚为5.32 mm,未喷涂防护涂层的水冷壁发生明显的管壁减薄现象。
截取喷涂涂层区域的水冷壁管作为样管,进行截面SEM分析研究,结果如图6所示。在样管的不同区域多次取样,SEM截面形貌均呈现连续的多层结构。水冷壁向火面管壁从最外层到基材,存在5个不同的分层,其EDS结果如表5所示。
根据元素成分及表观现象的差异,将多层结构分别命名为外层沉积层、内层沉积层、纳米高熵陶瓷涂层、渗透层和水冷壁基材。
由样管截面SEM可知,外层沉积层厚度约为700 μm。外层沉积呈黑色。EDS结果显示外层沉积层主要由C、O、Al、Si、Ca、Fe等元素构成,且C元素的质量分数较高,为45.47%,这表明外层沉积层中未燃尽碳含量较高。该锅炉采用典型的两级燃烧法,燃烧器所在的主燃区供氧不足,使得主燃烧器与分离燃尽风之间的水冷壁区形成强还原性气氛,导致该区域未燃尽碳含量较高。未燃尽碳含量较高也可能与壁温或燃烧参数调整有关。在该区域内煤粉不能完全燃烧,大量未燃尽煤粉吸附在涂层表面[25]
图6可知,内层沉积层厚度约为300 μm。由表5可知,该层的主要元素为C、O、Na、Al、Si、S、Ca、Fe,且Fe元素的质量分数为30.80%,推测内层沉积层主要存在Fe2O3、Al2O3、CaO、C等,均为煤灰的主要成分。图7为内层沉积层元素mapping谱图。
图6可知,纳米高熵陶瓷涂层厚度约为70 μm,与涂层的设计干膜厚度(60~90 μm)相一致。涂层与金属基底上的凹坑形成镶嵌结构,界面处紧密结合,无分层现象,证明涂层具有与基材匹配的热膨胀系数,确保涂层在锅炉运行过程中不随负荷的变化而脱落。由表5可知,构成该层的主要元素为C、O、Si、Al、Zr、Ce、Cr,其中Si、Al、Zr、Ce、Cr为防护涂层的组成元素。涂层中S元素质量分数为0.85%,内层沉积层中S元素质量分数为15.56%,渗透层中的S元素质量分数为16.42%,表明涂层对腐蚀性元素具有良好的阻隔作用。此外,涂层致密、元素分布均匀,无明显裂纹、孔隙等缺陷(图8),没有形成腐蚀通道,减少与基材发生反应,进一步证明涂层具有优异的耐腐蚀性能。
图6可知,基材的渗透层厚度约为150 μm。图9为渗透层元素EDS manpping谱图。结合表5图9可知:该层主要由O、S、Cr、Fe等元素组成,其中Fe、Cr元素为15CrMoG的组成元素;该层中S、O元素的分布均匀,存在元素的渗透现象,因此命名为渗透层。在本次试验前,水冷壁管已经运行了18个月,并发生严重的高温腐蚀。喷砂处理只除去了基材表面的腐蚀层,并没有去除渗透到基材中的S元素。
表5可知,水冷壁基材主要是由Fe元素构成。Fe元素质量分数为84.07%,是构成基材的主要元素。该层无腐蚀性元素,证明在基材没有发生腐蚀。
为证实涂层在锅炉运行过程中起到的防护作用,对未涂覆防护涂层的水冷壁截面形貌也进行了表征分析,结果如图10所示。未喷涂防护涂层的金属表面存在较厚的腐蚀层,在截管制样的过程中脱落,仅剩1层约为150 μm的腐蚀层,其形貌不平整、松散、杂乱无序,界面处也没有明显的分层现象,金属基材被明显腐蚀。
图11a)为喷涂涂层表面外层沉积层的XRD谱图。由图11a)可见:在2θ为20.3°处出现了SiO2(100)特征峰,SiO2是煤灰的成分之一;在2θ为26.5°处出现了类石墨碳(111)特征峰,其峰值较高,表明外层沉积层的主要成分为类石墨碳。图11b)为喷涂涂层表面内层沉积层的XRD谱图。分析可知,内层沉积层的主要成分是Fe2O3,该结果与截面EDS分析相吻合。
图12a)为喷涂涂层表面外层沉积层和内层沉积层的拉曼光谱。从拉曼光谱中可以看到,外层沉积层出现sp2类石墨碳结构,分别对应d峰(d-band)和g峰(g-band),sp2类石墨碳结构出现与煤粉未完全燃烧的碳有关。1 582 cm–1的g峰来源于石墨碳环中的sp2杂化C=C拉伸振动,1 350 cm–1出现的d峰与类石墨碳结构中的缺陷相关[26]。内层沉积层的XRD谱图中g峰消失,表明未燃碳的有序性降低、结构缺陷增加。另外,在606、483、404、287、222 cm–1处出现了明显的内层沉积层主要成分Fe2O3的特征峰,这与EDS、XRD的分析结果相一致。图12b)是后墙无涂层区域水冷壁表面的拉曼光谱。相同区域的后墙无涂层样管的拉曼光谱中,也出现了sp2结构类石墨碳的特征峰。根据电厂运行经验,水冷壁壁面附着未燃碳,锅炉运行时管壁表明耗氧量增加,易在该区域形成强还原性气氛,形成腐蚀环境[25]。然而,本实验中sp2结构类石墨碳具有较好的惰性、热稳定性、自润滑性能[27],不易与腐蚀产物发生化学反应,熔融的腐蚀产物不易粘在水冷壁表面,无法形成腐蚀点,可起到防结焦、耐腐蚀的作用。
分别对无涂层水冷壁原管、喷涂涂层区域水冷壁2种试样表面摩擦系数进行了测试。对摩材料分别是不锈钢球和氧化铝球,法向载荷2 N,测试时间为300 s。图13是2个试样的摩擦系数随时间的变化曲线。
图13可以看出,有涂层的试样表面摩擦系数明显小于无涂层的水冷壁。有涂层试样表面的摩擦系数较小,未燃尽煤粉或腐蚀产物在冲刷表面时的阻力较小,不容易减速沉积在涂层表面,有利于减缓结焦产物的形成和变大。
本研究采用Owens二液法分别对喷涂涂层区域清除表面煤粉和煤灰水冷壁表面和没有涂层的原管表面的表面能进行了实测和计算。使用式(6)进行表面能计算:
γL>(1+cosθ>)=2(γsd·γLd)1/2+2(γsP·γLP)1/2
式中:γL为表面张力;θ为接触角;γLd为非极性力;γLP为极性力;γsdγsP分别为待测样品的非极性力和色散力。
根据Owens法,采用2种探测液体在某种固体表面的接触角的数据,可以求出该固体表面张力的非极性值和极性值,二者的加和近似等于该固体总表面张力。本研究选择蒸馏水和二碘甲烷作为探测液体,这2种液体的测试结果见表6
分别测得蒸馏水、二碘甲烷在喷涂涂层水冷壁表面和没有涂层的水冷壁原管表面的接触角,结果如图14表7所示。
计算得到涂层区域水冷壁表面和没有涂层原管表面的表面能分别是38.200、41.839 mJ/m。对比表面能可知,有涂层的水冷壁表面能较低,可以减弱对碱金属硫酸盐等物质的吸附,进而减缓腐蚀,起到防护作用。
本研究在某台燃用准东煤的超超临界1 000 MW机组锅炉后墙水冷壁燃尽风区域开展了纳米高熵陶瓷涂层的防沾污结渣和耐高温腐蚀应用研究,具体结论如下。
1)纳米高熵陶瓷涂层在锅炉中运行约11个月后完好、与基材紧密结合,无明显开裂和脱落,涂层表面无明显结焦物、腐蚀凹坑,管壁未发生明显减薄,证明该涂层具有优异的抗沾污结渣和耐腐蚀性能。
2)纳米高熵陶瓷涂层具有低表面能、结构致密、与碱金属硫酸盐的化学不亲和性、与基材相匹配的热膨胀系数以及良好的导热系数等性能。各性能协同耦合作用,有利于减缓结焦物的粘附,阻隔腐蚀性元素的渗透,增强涂层的可靠性和使用寿命。
3)纳米高熵陶瓷涂层展现出良好的防沾污结渣和耐腐蚀特性,为目前及未来燃用准东煤锅炉,提供了一种有效地防沾污结渣及耐高温腐蚀的技术手段。
  • 中国科学院战略性先导科技专项(XDA29020402)
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2024年第53卷第5期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202401003
  • 接收时间:2024-01-12
  • 首发时间:2026-01-07
  • 出版时间:2024-05-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-12
基金
Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA29020402)
中国科学院战略性先导科技专项(XDA29020402)
作者信息
    1.甘肃电投常乐发电有限责任公司,甘肃 酒泉 736100
    2.中国科学院兰州化学物理研究所,甘肃 兰州 730000
    3.东方电气集团东方锅炉股份有限公司,四川 成都 611731
    4.西安热工研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710054

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张国山(1972),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为热能动力工程,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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