Article(id=1215700813817762649, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1215700809971581533, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202400001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1704470400000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-06, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1767775260643, onlineDateStr=2026-01-07, pubDate=1716566400000, pubDateStr=2024-05-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1767775260643, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1767775260643, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767775260643, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1215700809971581533, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2024', volume='53', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='148', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1767775259725, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767775403954, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1215701414953796264, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1215700809971581533, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1215701414953796265, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1215700809971581533, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=93, endPage=100, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1215700814102975326, articleId=1215700813817762649, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Empirical analysis of safety and economy of distributed photovoltaic access to thermal power plant service system, columnId=1211002405299294959, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Thermal energy science research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In the context of current energy structure transformation, conventional thermal power would gradually transform into grid source support and system regulation. Coupling with distributed photovoltaic power is an effective attempt for thermal power enterprises to achieve cost reduction and efficiency improvement. However, due to the lack of relevant guidance for the connection of non centralized power sources for the factory use, there is a lack of evaluation strategies and empirical references for system security and stability. For this purpose, taking the thermal photovoltaic complementary energy supply system of a thermal power plant in northwest China as an example, its operating characteristics are analyzed and a technical framework for stability evaluation is provided. In examples of different power units, grid connection levels, and minimum photovoltaic unit layout, application evaluation issues such as static power flow, transient stability, and power quality are discussed. It is calculated that the power consumption reduction efficiency of thermal power units in this case achieves an improvement of 18%~42%. This conclusion has typical reference significance for the application of the power generation technology model of “distributed photovoltaic access to plant use systems” in thermal power plants.

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传统火电在当前能源结构转型的背景下将逐步转型为网源支撑和系统调节,与分布式光伏的厂用发电耦合是火电企业实现降本增效的一种有效尝试。但因厂用非统调电源的接入暂无相关规程指导,在系统安全稳定方面缺乏评估策略和实证参考。为此,以西北某火电厂的火电光伏互补供能系统为例,分析了其运行特点并给出了稳定性评价的技术框架,在不同机组、并网等级和最小光伏单元布置的实例中,讨论了静态潮流、暂态稳定和电能质量等应用评价问题,计算得到本例场站下火电机组厂用电减损效能实现了18%~42%的提升。该结论对火电厂应用“分布式光伏接入厂用系统”的发电技术模式有着典型的借鉴意义。

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雷阳(1993),男,硕士,工程师主要研究方向为电源侧网源协调控制优化技术与励磁系统涉网性能试验研究,

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雷阳(1993),男,硕士,工程师主要研究方向为电源侧网源协调控制优化技术与励磁系统涉网性能试验研究,

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雷阳(1993),男,硕士,工程师主要研究方向为电源侧网源协调控制优化技术与励磁系统涉网性能试验研究,

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分布式光伏接入火电厂厂用系统的安全经济性分析
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雷阳 1 , 聂思聪 1 , 吕小秀 1 , 何信林 1 , 王海强 2 , 倪继文 1
热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2024,53(5): 93-100
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热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2024, 53(5): 93-100
分布式光伏接入火电厂厂用系统的安全经济性分析
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雷阳1 , 聂思聪1, 吕小秀1, 何信林1, 王海强2, 倪继文1
作者信息
  • 1.西安热工研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710054
  • 2.西安益通热工技术服务有限责任公司,陕西 西安 710054
  • 雷阳(1993),男,硕士,工程师主要研究方向为电源侧网源协调控制优化技术与励磁系统涉网性能试验研究,

Empirical analysis of safety and economy of distributed photovoltaic access to thermal power plant service system
Yang LEI1 , Sicong NIE1, Xiaoxiu LYU1, Xinlin HE1, Haiqiang WANG2, Jiwen NI1
Affiliations
  • 1.Xi’an Thermal Power Research Institute Co., Ltd., Xi’an 710054, China
  • 2.Xi’an Yitong Thermal Service Co., Ltd., Xi’an 710054, China
出版时间: 2024-05-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202400001
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传统火电在当前能源结构转型的背景下将逐步转型为网源支撑和系统调节,与分布式光伏的厂用发电耦合是火电企业实现降本增效的一种有效尝试。但因厂用非统调电源的接入暂无相关规程指导,在系统安全稳定方面缺乏评估策略和实证参考。为此,以西北某火电厂的火电光伏互补供能系统为例,分析了其运行特点并给出了稳定性评价的技术框架,在不同机组、并网等级和最小光伏单元布置的实例中,讨论了静态潮流、暂态稳定和电能质量等应用评价问题,计算得到本例场站下火电机组厂用电减损效能实现了18%~42%的提升。该结论对火电厂应用“分布式光伏接入厂用系统”的发电技术模式有着典型的借鉴意义。

分布式光伏  /  厂用系统  /  节能降耗  /  火电厂

In the context of current energy structure transformation, conventional thermal power would gradually transform into grid source support and system regulation. Coupling with distributed photovoltaic power is an effective attempt for thermal power enterprises to achieve cost reduction and efficiency improvement. However, due to the lack of relevant guidance for the connection of non centralized power sources for the factory use, there is a lack of evaluation strategies and empirical references for system security and stability. For this purpose, taking the thermal photovoltaic complementary energy supply system of a thermal power plant in northwest China as an example, its operating characteristics are analyzed and a technical framework for stability evaluation is provided. In examples of different power units, grid connection levels, and minimum photovoltaic unit layout, application evaluation issues such as static power flow, transient stability, and power quality are discussed. It is calculated that the power consumption reduction efficiency of thermal power units in this case achieves an improvement of 18%~42%. This conclusion has typical reference significance for the application of the power generation technology model of “distributed photovoltaic access to plant use systems” in thermal power plants.

distributed photovoltaic power  /  auxiliary power system  /  energy saving and emission conservation  /  thermal power plant
雷阳, 聂思聪, 吕小秀, 何信林, 王海强, 倪继文. 分布式光伏接入火电厂厂用系统的安全经济性分析. 热力发电, 2024 , 53 (5) : 93 -100 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202400001
Yang LEI, Sicong NIE, Xiaoxiu LYU, Xinlin HE, Haiqiang WANG, Jiwen NI. Empirical analysis of safety and economy of distributed photovoltaic access to thermal power plant service system[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2024 , 53 (5) : 93 -100 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202400001
在“碳达峰”和“碳中和”的工作目标下,加快构建以清洁能源为主体的新型电力系统是当前的重要方向[1]。据统计,2023年上半年国内的新增光伏装机达到7 842万kW,累计装机规模超过4.7亿kW,光伏正式成为我国装机规模第二大电源,在应对国内结构性资源紧缺及环境问题中,光伏发电起到至关重要的作用[2]
新能源的高比例接入也给新型能源结构下的电力系统带来了新挑战。传统一次能源均转化成电能接入电网,由于尚无直接的大规模、经济性储能技术[3-5],电力系统必须满足实时供需平衡,这对高不确定性可再生能源的利用提出挑战。目前,大型燃煤电厂的厂用电率在4%~5% [6],微电网的接入能有效降低厂用电率[7]、建设成本[8]、能源供应成本[9-12]。许多大型火电厂利用机组屋顶、厂房空地等空闲场地来安装光伏发电系统[13-15]和风力发电系统,然后与大电网相连,按照新能源补贴和上网电价结算[16-19]。但随着新能源补贴逐渐下降,从经济性和实用性来看,这种简单粗放型的新能源发电系统将不再具备竞争优势。而火电厂整体作为一个电源系统,如何高效利用分布式能源管理系统,优先消纳光伏,联合厂用电满足内部多元的负荷需求,降低损耗,提高电厂运行效率,保证电能质量,这已成为备受关注的课题[20-23]
2021年国务院发布《2030年前碳达峰行动方案》[24],提出加快智能光伏产业创新升级和特色应用,加速推进光伏发电多元布局。2022年工业和信息化部、国家能源局等部门共同印发了《智能光伏产业创新发展行动计划(2021—2025年)》[25],提出到2025年光伏产业智能化水平提升与新一代信息技术融合水平逐步深化。依据上述政策,在“十四五”时期,供给侧结构性改革成为光伏发电产业的主要内容,聚焦新技术、实行多能互补、提升智能化水平和发电质量,将成为光伏发电应用的新导向。
本文以西北某火电厂为研究对象,基于光伏发电接入该电厂厂用系统的实际案例,构建了光伏系统接入厂用电系统的火光互补系统框架,对火光互补的实施方案、经济性以及运行效果等方面进行分析,以期为其他电厂开展多能互补应用提供借鉴与参考。
静态潮流分析是关注分布式光伏接入火电厂厂用系统安全水平的首要问题。根据系统容量、运行策略和潮流分布水平从而对厂级电压水平、继电保护和运维管理等提出基准技术参考。
该火光互补系统分布式光伏接入在火电厂6/10 kV厂用电压等级,汇集后集中接入在开关柜备用柜内。分布式光伏发电的供电模式分为并网型和离网型(图1),重要级的厂电用系统负载应以并网型拓扑供电为主。
光伏发电单元依照火电厂内的场址地理环境布置,最小单元通过箱式变压器升压至6/10 kV的非统调电压等级接入厂用电系统。典型最小光伏单元结构如图2所示。
分布式光伏接入火电厂厂用电系统的潮流问题按照光伏逆变器的控制策略分为“纯自发自用”和“自发自用+余量上网”模式。通过厂用电光伏装机约束和增设光伏系统自动发电控制(AGC)调度策略来实现有序发电控制。无功功率则依靠火电厂发电机组来承担无功源,不额外增设补偿装置。厂用电系统配置及潮流分布示意如图3所示。
图3可见:火电厂厂用电系统常配置双段供电母线在“纯自发自用”模式下,支路1—支路5的有功方向均为由支路流向厂用电母线,无功方向受系统内的光伏容量、负荷和光伏的无功控制策略影响,可能存在无功倒送或厂用电变压器低压侧分支间的无功环流问题;在“自发自用+余量上网”模式下,除光伏支路有功输出外,其余支路功率流向均不确定。
并网型光伏接入厂用电系统后,并网点系统电压会随发电功率的增大而提高。多支路光伏集电线的无功分配需结合光伏发电功率、厂用负荷情况及系统参数进行综合优化。因此,非统调光伏接入火电厂常选择光伏的零无功功率调节策略来简化控制过程,以火电励磁系统承担无功调节。
以西北某火电厂厂用电接入并网型光伏发电项目为例,讨论静态潮流特性和分布规律。该例中厂用光伏为纯自发自用,最小光伏单元选择了串型接入方式,未投入逆功率保护。因此,讨论重点在于确定光伏最大接入功率边界和获取电压分布特性。以火光互补机组运行在深度调峰工况下的最小厂用负荷水平为背景工况,结合系统网损、逆功率等限制因素,分析光伏最大接入容量。
该厂某330 MW火电机组的典型深调工况下,发电机有功功率为P=109 MW,无功功率Q=97 Mvar;厂用6 kVA段光伏发电功率0.2 MW,B段光伏发电功率0.4 MW;厂用电系统6 A段总负荷水平为PL=3.74 MW,QL=2.5 Mvar;6B段为PL=7.26 MW,QL=3.0 Mvar。
在电力系统分析综合程序(PSASP)中配置该系统,并依照典型工况进行潮流配平。然后调整光伏发电功率分别为0、0.6、2.0、4.0、6.0、8.0、10.0、11.0 MW(0~0.87额定装机容量),其光伏并网点电压、厂用母线电压及厂用电系统网损结果如图4图6所示。
图4可知:该机组的厂用电系统随光伏发电功率从0逐渐增大到11 MW,光伏并网节点电压也随之逐渐升高,且电压都在正常运行范围内;当光伏并网容量达到11 MW时,仿真结果显示该机组厂高变高压侧的有功功率逆向,即发生逆功率。同时,当光伏容量加至10 MW时,该机组厂高变B支路有0.307 MW有功功率流向A段,厂用电系统A、B段会出现功率交互。因此,该机组可接光伏最大有功输出限值在11 MW附近,当前该机组实际安装光伏容量为12.698 MW,已大于仿真测算的最大限11 MW。因此,需关注在光伏并网发电功率增大时有可能出现的潮流倒送情况。
图4图5可知:在厂用电系统中并入一定体量的光伏系统,对于系统节点电压有一定提升和支持;同时,接入光伏容量越大,对节点电压支撑提升能力越强。
图6可知,该机组光伏发电功率从0逐渐增大到11 MW时,系统网络损耗呈先减后增势。该机组光伏发电功率从4 MW逐渐增大到6 MW时,系统网络损耗变化率为0.015 MW;该机组光伏发电功率从10 MW逐渐增大到11 MW时,系统网络损耗变化率为0.040 MW。可见,光伏发电功率越大,损耗加速增大。
因此,考虑到厂用电系统的经济性,应该找到电压稳定且网络损耗较小的光伏容量均衡点。以该厂用母线电压维持在标幺值1附近时为稳定判据,那么光伏接入容量范围为10~11 MW,厂用电系统的网损范围为0.229~0.269 MW。此时,在满足系统稳定性的同时,厂用网络损耗值最小,即得到最优经济运行点。
暂态稳定分析可用于评估系统关键控制参数整定、继电保护配置是否合理。电能质量需在关键测点进行现场实测性评估。
在同步发电机组近端并入的厂用非统调光伏电源,由于其电气距离较短及接入容量较小,在常规线性化阻抗法分析的稳定性模型中,光伏发电向发电机机电振荡回路注入的附件电磁转矩占比十分有限。因而光伏的接入不会产生新的机电振荡回路,机电暂态振荡分析可忽略其影响。
考虑电磁暂态环境下的暂态稳定分析[26-27],可利用电磁暂态仿真软件PSCAD,结合同步发电机参数,参照励磁建模及调速系统参数,建立考虑AVR+PSS环节和热动部分(含高压缸+中压缸双刚体的汽轮机调节)的并网模型。工作流程如图7所示,KPKQ分别为机组计算的静态稳定性评价指标有功裕度系数和无功裕度系数。本例中光伏发电系统容量配置较低,仅占对应机组额定容量的1.36%,折合占厂用电变压器额定容量的20.00%,因此,在若干种N-1场景下,稳定裕度较高,所计算的KPKQ均满足稳定性需求。
以某电厂接入厂用电光伏系统的4台火电机组为例,分别在暂态仿真场景下测试光伏集电线/预制舱线路(F1)和厂用变压器低压侧母线(F2)发生三相短路,观测发电机电气状态量和系统各段电压情况。其中,机组1(G1)接入220 kV系统,机组2(G2)接入330 kV系统,机组3(G3)和机组4(G4)接入750 kV系统。P为机组有功功率,Q为机组无功功率,Ut为机组的机端电压,Us为电网系统电压,Uc为厂用母线电压,Pv为聚合后的光伏发电功率,记录上述参量在2种故障下的瞬时峰值和谷值,结果如图8所示。仿真结果表明,光伏发电系统下的暂态扰动对系统电压无影响,机端电压波动为4%~11%,在机组的大惯性支撑及励磁系统电力系统静态稳定器(PSS)的调节下,未发生持续性振荡,系统稳定。但厂用系统电压Uc在个别工况下出现了不满足6/10 kV配电网供电要求(不得低于-7%)的情况。因此,要求继电保护能迅速切除故障,厂用电快切系统亦能迅速响应以保障机组安全工作。此时,应校核相关保护定值和用电切换性能。
通过实测法分别测量某厂用电接入不同逆变器配置类型的光伏发电系统,选取机端电压、厂用母线并网电压和机组并网系统电压为观测点,分别进行电能质量测试。其中,集中式和串型最小光伏单元配置如图9所示。
图10图11分别展示了采用集中式和串型最小光伏单元布置的光伏厂用系统谐波测试结果及2种布置方式下的电压不平衡度测试结果。
图10图11可见,集中式和串型在不同测点的谐波含量合格(奇次谐波含量不超过3%为合格),但是在光伏并网点和系统电压测量段,串型接入形式的谐波明显高于集中式接入形式。这主要是因为串型接入的逆变器数量较多,导致并网点处谐波含量增大,同时也导致电压不平衡度微小升高。
图12展示了案例电厂某660 MW机组、厂用电和光伏的发电功率情况。为便于观察,光伏发电功率按照厂用变容量归化处理,其余按机组容量归化处理。由图12可见:昼间火电机组常处于低负荷调峰状态,光伏发电功率有效降低了厂用电率;火电厂用电总功率与机组有功出力变化高度一致,厂用电总功率也随光伏发电功率曲线波动。
按照式(1)计算光伏平均装机单位下的厂用电减损率[28]。上网净出发电量与厂用电率计算结果如图13所示。由图13可见,光伏接入对厂用电率的降本增效提质明显。本案例电厂多余台机组分别实现了18.16%~42.62%的计算厂用电减损效果。
ηc=ρbeρaf(PPVN/SGN)
式中:ρbe为光伏接入前的厂用电率,%;ρaf为光伏接入后的厂用电率,%;PPVN为光伏的额定装机容量,MW;SGN为发电机组的额定容量。
该机组配套光伏发电容量12.70 MW,静态投资约4 511万元,年均投资300.755万元,年发电量约17 090 MW·h。该厂光伏“自发自用,全部上网”,年度发电量可全部抵消为机组所发厂用电,则由光伏发电抵消的机组所发厂用电成本为246.15元/(MW·h)×17 690 MW·h=420.670万元。则每年节省厂用电成本的毛利润为420.670–300.755=119.91万元。
此外,取夏季大负荷期间的光伏发电和厂用电等实际数据比较,集中式布置较串型布置的日发电效率高出0.37百分点。可根据2类逆变器布置的造价、停电检修电量损失、当地光资源及厂用电系统情况等经济性因素,综合比选最佳厂用光伏接入方案。
本文以西北某火电厂厂用电系统接入分布式光伏的实际应用为例,构建了光伏系统接入厂用电系统的火光互补能源系统的稳定经济性评估框架,对火光互补能源的静态、暂态安全评价、电能质量、经济性以及运行效果等方面进行实例讨论。研究结果表明,火、光互补供能系统可有效提高能源利用率、支撑厂用电电压水平并有效实现了火电厂的节能减损,对火电厂应用“分布式光伏接入厂用系统”的发电技术模式有借鉴意义。
  • 西安热工研究院有限公司科研基金项目(TR-23-TYK03)
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2024年第53卷第5期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202400001
  • 接收时间:2024-01-06
  • 首发时间:2026-01-07
  • 出版时间:2024-05-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-06
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Research Fund Project of Xi’an Thermal Power Research Institute Co., Ltd.(TR-23-TYK03)
西安热工研究院有限公司科研基金项目(TR-23-TYK03)
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    1.西安热工研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710054
    2.西安益通热工技术服务有限责任公司,陕西 西安 710054
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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