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Article(id=1215700812823708318, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1215700809971581533, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202401006, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1704816000000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-10, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1767775260405, onlineDateStr=2026-01-07, pubDate=1716566400000, pubDateStr=2024-05-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1767775260405, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1767775260405, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767775260405, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1215700809971581533, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2024', volume='53', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='148', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1767775259725, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767775403954, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1215701414953796264, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1215700809971581533, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1215701414953796265, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1215700809971581533, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=75, endPage=81, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1215700813087949479, articleId=1215700812823708318, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Calibration test method for inlet air volume of medium speed coal mill under hot conditions based on powder tube dynamic pressure and coal powder distribution, columnId=1211002405299294959, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Thermal energy science research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Due to the characteristics of the medium transported by medium speed coal mill and the limitations of the inlet pipeline and space, the testing method under cold pure air conditions cannot guarantee the timeliness of the calibration test for the inlet air volume. Under hot conditions, the outlet pipeline of the coal mill was selected as test object for its stable flow field. The dynamic pressure and pulverized coal distribution characteristics of each powder pipe were tested by the equal cross-section grid method. The flow velocity of the air-powder mixture was obtained by the cyclic iterative method. Finally, the inlet air volume of the coal mill was compared and calibrated by the difference between the measured air-powder mixture flow rate, the coal quantity and the design sealing air volume. The practical results show that, on the basis of the same measured original data, the inlet flow rate obtained by the method above is closer to the real value, the accuracy can be improved by about 15 percentage points compared with the calculation results with cold conditions method. This method is simple to test and practical, which can effectively improve the timeliness and accuracy of the inlet air volume calibration results of medium-speed coal mill under hot conditions, and at the same time, it also has a certain guiding role in test of the flow rate of powder-containing gas in similar industrial environments.

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针对中速磨煤机输运介质特点及入口管路、空间等限制，冷态纯空气条件下的测试方法无法保证磨煤机入口风量标定测试及时性的问题，热态运行工况下，选取流场稳定的磨煤机出口管道，采用等截面网格法测试各粉管动压和煤粉分配特性，并用循环迭代法获取风粉混合物流速，最终以实测的磨煤机出口风粉混合物流量与煤量、设计密封风量的差值对磨煤机入口风量进行标定。试验结果表明，在相同的实测原始数据基础上，采用上述方法获取的磨煤机入口流量更接近真实值，准确性较采用冷态纯空气条件下的计算结果提升约15百分点。该方法测试简单，实操性强，可有效提升中速磨煤机入口风量标定结果的准确性和及时性，同时，对相似工业环境中含粉气流流量的测试也有一定的指导作用。

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王洋（1988），男，高级工程师，主要研究方向为电站锅炉燃烧及环保技术，。
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许积庄（1969），男，高级工程师，主要研究方向为火电厂热能动力系统控制及优化，。

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许积庄（1969），男，高级工程师，主要研究方向为火电厂热能动力系统控制及优化，。

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许积庄（1969），男，高级工程师，主要研究方向为火电厂热能动力系统控制及优化，。

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Guangdong Electric Power, 2006, 19(10): 20-21., articleTitle=Calculational methods of dusty airflow density, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1215700821296201826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700812823708318, awardId=2023-KJ-005, language=EN, fundingSource=Science and Technology Project of State Power Investment Corporation Limited(2023-KJ-005), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1215700821396865128, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700812823708318, awardId=2023-KJ-005, language=CN, fundingSource=国家电力投资集团有限公司科技项目(2023-KJ-005), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1215700814694368006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700812823708318, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215700814702756615, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700812823708318, companyId=1215700814694368006, language=EN, 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label=图3, caption=忽略煤粉影响时各磨煤机入口风量计算结果, figureFileSmall=XBIjdt0MudxtPJD5EfUZIg==, figureFileBig=tBMsGvtkm8H0i+4pPTzIEQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215700818561515520, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700812823708318, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Comparison of airflow velocity and density deviation inside the powder tube at outlet of the coal mill, figureFileSmall=fQVSVrOwDrgrvZNO4y74Ww==, figureFileBig=UeY8FEoaU5XPQ8W1ihy0ZQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215700818641207302, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700812823708318, language=CN, label=图4, caption=磨煤机出口粉管内气流速度与密度偏差对比, figureFileSmall=fQVSVrOwDrgrvZNO4y74Ww==, figureFileBig=UeY8FEoaU5XPQ8W1ihy0ZQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215700818716704779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700812823708318, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=The calculated air flow at inlet of each mill considering the influence of coal powder, figureFileSmall=2Ij2xYCEEdypeKhpUhGiUg==, figureFileBig=cCWohMboHVnw8Nk6UT8N/w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215700818792202257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700812823708318, language=CN, label=图5, caption=考虑煤粉影响时各磨煤机入口风量计算结果, figureFileSmall=2Ij2xYCEEdypeKhpUhGiUg==, figureFileBig=cCWohMboHVnw8Nk6UT8N/w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215700818897059862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700812823708318, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Parameter table of the coal mill

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数值备注
磨煤机型号HP863
型式碗式弹簧加载
制造厂家上海重型机器厂
最大出力/(t·h–1)48.1R75=25%
最大给料粒度/mm38
最大空气流量/(kg·h–1)63 834
密封风量/(kg·s–1)0.825
传动方式螺旋伞齿/行星轮二级传动
减速比25:1
), ArticleFig(id=1215700818980945950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700812823708318, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

磨煤机参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数值备注
磨煤机型号HP863
型式碗式弹簧加载
制造厂家上海重型机器厂
最大出力/(t·h–1)48.1R75=25%
最大给料粒度/mm38
最大空气流量/(kg·h–1)63 834
密封风量/(kg·s–1)0.825
传动方式螺旋伞齿/行星轮二级传动
减速比25:1
), ArticleFig(id=1215700819064832037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700812823708318, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

The cold state calibration coefficients of the air volume at mill inlet

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
磨编号ABCDE
风量标定系数0.961.050.950.930.96
), ArticleFig(id=1215700820302151723, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700812823708318, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

磨煤机入口风量冷态标定系数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
磨编号ABCDE
风量标定系数0.961.050.950.930.96
), ArticleFig(id=1215700820394426417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700812823708318, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Testing raw data of coal mill A

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
粉管编号A1A2A3A4
压差1/Pa517548634614
压差2/Pa571546634671
压差3/Pa551502570690
压差4/Pa523472526702
压差5/Pa566478514593
压差6/Pa564450490600
静压/Pa746823765553
风温/℃64.964.964.964.9
给煤量/(t·h–1)35.00
取样煤粉量/g38.6834.1949.9238.92
各管所占比例0.240.210.310.24
各管煤流量/(t·h–1)8.377.4010.808.42
), ArticleFig(id=1215700820474118200, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700812823708318, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

磨煤机A测试原始数据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
粉管编号A1A2A3A4
压差1/Pa517548634614
压差2/Pa571546634671
压差3/Pa551502570690
压差4/Pa523472526702
压差5/Pa566478514593
压差6/Pa564450490600
静压/Pa746823765553
风温/℃64.964.964.964.9
给煤量/(t·h–1)35.00
取样煤粉量/g38.6834.1949.9238.92
各管所占比例0.240.210.310.24
各管煤流量/(t·h–1)8.377.4010.808.42
), ArticleFig(id=1215700820574781501, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700812823708318, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

The calculated flow rates ignoring the influence of coal powder

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
粉管编号A1A2A3A4
压差方根平均值/Pa0.523.4222.3323.6625.38
大气压力/Pa101 800
空气密度/(kg·m–3)1.0521.0531.0531.050
忽略煤粉时计算流速/(m·s–1)25.8224.6226.0928.02
忽略煤粉时计算流量/(t·h–1)24.1022.9824.3526.09
磨煤机出口计算流量/(t·h–1)97.52
设计密封风量/(t·h–1)2.97
磨煤机入口计算流量/(t·h–1)94.55
给煤量/(t·h–1)35.0
磨煤机入口流量与给煤量差值/(t·h–1)59.55
磨煤机入口表盘风量/(t·h–1)78.40
), ArticleFig(id=1215700820646084674, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700812823708318, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

忽略煤粉影响的流量计算结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
粉管编号A1A2A3A4
压差方根平均值/Pa0.523.4222.3323.6625.38
大气压力/Pa101 800
空气密度/(kg·m–3)1.0521.0531.0531.050
忽略煤粉时计算流速/(m·s–1)25.8224.6226.0928.02
忽略煤粉时计算流量/(t·h–1)24.1022.9824.3526.09
磨煤机出口计算流量/(t·h–1)97.52
设计密封风量/(t·h–1)2.97
磨煤机入口计算流量/(t·h–1)94.55
给煤量/(t·h–1)35.0
磨煤机入口流量与给煤量差值/(t·h–1)59.55
磨煤机入口表盘风量/(t·h–1)78.40
), ArticleFig(id=1215700820759330888, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700812823708318, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

The calculated flow velocity considering the influence of coal powder

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
粉管编号A1A2A3A4
假设风速/(m·s–1)22.4821.6521.8724.63
空气流量/(kg·s–1)5.835.625.676.37
给煤量/(t·h–1)35.00
取样煤粉量/g38.6834.1949.9238.92
各管所占比例0.240.210.310.24
各管煤量/(t·h–1)8.377.4010.808.42
μ0.400.370.530.37
k0.800.800.800.80
风粉气流密度/(kg·m–3)1.391.361.501.36
风粉气流流速/(m·s–1)22.4821.6521.8724.63
计算与假设的流速差值/%0000
), ArticleFig(id=1215700820843216971, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700812823708318, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

考虑煤粉影响的流速计算结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
粉管编号A1A2A3A4
假设风速/(m·s–1)22.4821.6521.8724.63
空气流量/(kg·s–1)5.835.625.676.37
给煤量/(t·h–1)35.00
取样煤粉量/g38.6834.1949.9238.92
各管所占比例0.240.210.310.24
各管煤量/(t·h–1)8.377.4010.808.42
μ0.400.370.530.37
k0.800.800.800.80
风粉气流密度/(kg·m–3)1.391.361.501.36
风粉气流流速/(m·s–1)22.4821.6521.8724.63
计算与假设的流速差值/%0000
), ArticleFig(id=1215700821069709398, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700812823708318, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

The calculated flow rate considering the influence of coal powder

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
粉管编号A1A2A3A4
压差方根平均值/Pa0.523.4222.3323.6625.38
大气压力/Pa101 800
风粉气流密度/(kg·m–3)1.391.361.501.36
风粉气流流速/(m·s–1)22.4821.6521.8724.63
实测风粉流量/(kg·s–1)7.687.268.078.24
出口风粉总流量/(t·h–1)112.48
给煤量/(t·h–1)35.0
实测磨煤机出口风量/(t·h–1)77.48
设计密封风量/(t·h–1)2.97
实测磨煤机入口风量/(t·h–1)74.51
磨煤机入口表盘风量/(t·h–1)78.40
标定系数0.95
), ArticleFig(id=1215700821170372700, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700812823708318, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

考虑煤粉影响的流量计算结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
粉管编号A1A2A3A4
压差方根平均值/Pa0.523.4222.3323.6625.38
大气压力/Pa101 800
风粉气流密度/(kg·m–3)1.391.361.501.36
风粉气流流速/(m·s–1)22.4821.6521.8724.63
实测风粉流量/(kg·s–1)7.687.268.078.24
出口风粉总流量/(t·h–1)112.48
给煤量/(t·h–1)35.0
实测磨煤机出口风量/(t·h–1)77.48
设计密封风量/(t·h–1)2.97
实测磨煤机入口风量/(t·h–1)74.51
磨煤机入口表盘风量/(t·h–1)78.40
标定系数0.95
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基于粉管动压和煤粉分配的热态条件下中速磨煤机入口风量标定试验方法
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许积庄 1 , 沈志刚 1 , 沈娅芳 1 , 王洋 2 , 潘胜中 1 , 陈模 1 , 张钧玮 1
热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2024,53(5): 75-81
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热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2024, 53(5): 75-81
基于粉管动压和煤粉分配的热态条件下中速磨煤机入口风量标定试验方法
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许积庄1 , 沈志刚1, 沈娅芳1, 王洋2 , 潘胜中1, 陈模1, 张钧玮1
作者信息
  • 1.厦门华夏国际电力发展有限公司，福建　厦门　350200
  • 2.西安热工研究院有限公司，陕西　西安　710054

    • 许积庄（1969），男，高级工程师，主要研究方向为火电厂热能动力系统控制及优化，。

通讯作者:

王洋（1988），男，高级工程师，主要研究方向为电站锅炉燃烧及环保技术，。
Calibration test method for inlet air volume of medium speed coal mill under hot conditions based on powder tube dynamic pressure and coal powder distribution
Jizhuang XU1 , Zhigang SHEN1, Yafang SHEN1, Yang WANG2 , Shengzhong PAN1, Mo CHEN1, Junwei ZHANG1
Affiliations
  • 1.Xiamen Huaxia International Power Development Co., Ltd., Xiamen 350200, China
  • 2.Xi’an Thermal Power Research Institute Co., Ltd., Xi’an 710054, China
出版时间: 2024-05-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202401006
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摘要
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针对中速磨煤机输运介质特点及入口管路、空间等限制，冷态纯空气条件下的测试方法无法保证磨煤机入口风量标定测试及时性的问题，热态运行工况下，选取流场稳定的磨煤机出口管道，采用等截面网格法测试各粉管动压和煤粉分配特性，并用循环迭代法获取风粉混合物流速，最终以实测的磨煤机出口风粉混合物流量与煤量、设计密封风量的差值对磨煤机入口风量进行标定。试验结果表明，在相同的实测原始数据基础上，采用上述方法获取的磨煤机入口流量更接近真实值，准确性较采用冷态纯空气条件下的计算结果提升约15百分点。该方法测试简单，实操性强，可有效提升中速磨煤机入口风量标定结果的准确性和及时性，同时，对相似工业环境中含粉气流流量的测试也有一定的指导作用。

中速磨煤机  /  风粉混合物  /  一次风量  /  电站锅炉

Due to the characteristics of the medium transported by medium speed coal mill and the limitations of the inlet pipeline and space, the testing method under cold pure air conditions cannot guarantee the timeliness of the calibration test for the inlet air volume. Under hot conditions, the outlet pipeline of the coal mill was selected as test object for its stable flow field. The dynamic pressure and pulverized coal distribution characteristics of each powder pipe were tested by the equal cross-section grid method. The flow velocity of the air-powder mixture was obtained by the cyclic iterative method. Finally, the inlet air volume of the coal mill was compared and calibrated by the difference between the measured air-powder mixture flow rate, the coal quantity and the design sealing air volume. The practical results show that, on the basis of the same measured original data, the inlet flow rate obtained by the method above is closer to the real value, the accuracy can be improved by about 15 percentage points compared with the calculation results with cold conditions method. This method is simple to test and practical, which can effectively improve the timeliness and accuracy of the inlet air volume calibration results of medium-speed coal mill under hot conditions, and at the same time, it also has a certain guiding role in test of the flow rate of powder-containing gas in similar industrial environments.

medium-speed coal mill  /  air-powder mixture  /  primary air volume  /  power station boilers
许积庄, 沈志刚, 沈娅芳, 王洋, 潘胜中, 陈模, 张钧玮. 基于粉管动压和煤粉分配的热态条件下中速磨煤机入口风量标定试验方法. 热力发电, 2024 , 53 (5) : 75 -81 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202401006
Jizhuang XU, Zhigang SHEN, Yafang SHEN, Yang WANG, Shengzhong PAN, Mo CHEN, Junwei ZHANG. Calibration test method for inlet air volume of medium speed coal mill under hot conditions based on powder tube dynamic pressure and coal powder distribution[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2024 , 53 (5) : 75 -81 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202401006
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随着国际能源供应和环境保护形势的发展变化，燃煤电站锅炉不断向着大容量、高参数、低能耗、高灵活性的方向发展[1-2]。磨煤机作为电站锅炉的重要辅机设备，其设备型式和性能也随着主机设备的需求不断提升[3-4]。中速磨煤机因磨损件使用寿命长、电耗小，在我国燃煤电站中应用广泛[5-6]。锅炉燃烧所需的一次风从磨煤机入口风道进入，对磨制的煤粉进行干燥和输运，风煤比的精准控制对炉内燃烧工况及机组运行指标均有重要影响[7-12]。燃煤量主要由燃料热值和负荷需求决定，为维持各负荷工况下适宜的风煤比，磨煤机入口一次风量应随煤量的变化适时调整。因此，热态运行中表盘磨煤机入口风量监测数据的准确性就显得非常重要。
磨煤机入口风道上装有风量测量装置，目前主要有防堵型机翼式、文丘里式、匀速管式、横截面式和插入多点匀速式等多种在线风量测量装置，各种型式的风量测量装置在其设计的应用环境中均能保证测试结果的准确性[13-16]。但是，针对中速磨煤机入口风道，因空间限制、管路分配、冷热风混合不均、磨损堵塞等问题，磨煤机入口风量测量的准确性得不到有效保障[17-20]。
实际生产中，通常在冷态通风条件下采用等截面网格法对磨煤机入口风量测点进行标定测试，以实测通风量与表盘显示通风量的比值给定标定系数。因磨煤机入口风道风压高、流场紊乱、测试空间狭小等限制，冷态试验通常选用流场稳定的磨煤机出口粉管进行测试，利用磨煤机出口实测风量与设计的密封风量计算磨煤机入口风量[21-22]。但是，热态运行中磨煤机入口通常混合热风和调温冷风，长时间运行后测点可能发生局部磨损或堵塞，冷态试验给定的标定系数适用性将明显下降，导致热态运行中磨煤机入口风量的准确性降低甚至失真，严重影响锅炉的日常运行调整。
本文在磨煤机入口风量冷态测试方法的基础上，通过对热态运行中测试对象和测试环境的分析研究，提出磨煤机热态运行中利用可准确获取的参数计算磨煤机入口风量的方法，及时、准确地测试并修正表盘磨煤机入口风量，有效保障热态运行中风煤比的准确控制，提升锅炉运行性能。
1　测试原理及方法
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1.1　问题的提出
实际应用过程中，风量的测量实质是截面内平均风速的测量，为保证平均风速测试的准确性和代表性，通常需对所测截面进行等截面划分[23]。中速磨煤机入口通常为方形风道且截面尺寸较大，部分风道上还设计有方圆接口以及异形件，致使风道内流场紊乱甚至存在涡流，不适宜进行标定测试。选择管径小且流场稳定的磨煤机出口粉管进行风速和流量测试，利用质量守恒原理，计算出磨煤机入口风量为：
Qin=∑i=1nQi,mix+Qsz−Qco−Qs
式中：Qin为磨煤机入口风量，t/h；∑i=1nQi,mix为实测磨煤机出口所有粉管风粉混合物流量之和，t/h；Qsz为石子煤量，t/h；Qco为给煤量，t/h；Qs为设计的密封风量，t/h。
试验测试过程中，给煤量和密封风量均能比较准确的获取，磨煤机出口粉管内流速的测量基于伯努利方程由测试动压获取：
v=K2Δpρ
式中：v为粉管内的风粉混合物流速，m/s；K为测试仪器风速标定系数；Δρ为管内测试动压，Pa；ρ为管内介质密度，kg/m3。
与冷态纯空气状态下不同，热态运行中管内为风粉气固两相流，煤粉颗粒对风粉混合物流速的影响主要有2种处理方式：一种是忽略煤粉对气流的影响，仍采用冷态纯空气条件下的计算方法，但对测试仪器存在限制性要求，需采用BS-1型靠背式测速管[24-25]；另一种则将煤粉和空气视为整体考虑流体的物理性质，以风粉气固两相流体的质量流量、密度、流通面积来获取风粉混合物流速。二者处理方式在实际测试和计算过程中的区别本质上是对风粉混合物气流密度的处理。含尘气流密度的计算公式为：
ρ=μ+μ(1+ΔM100)ΔM100+1(273+t2)101.3273(pa+pp)[μ(1+ΔM100)ΔM1000.804+11.285]+μVc
式中：ρ为含粉气流密度，kg/m3；μ为含粉气流煤粉质量分数，kg/kg；pa为测量时当地实际大气压，Pa；ρp为气流静压，Pa；Vc为每千克煤粉的体积，取0.001 m3/kg；ΔM为水分蒸发量，%。
ΔM=(Mar−Mpc)/(100−Mpc)
式中：Mpc为煤粉水分，%；Mar为原煤水分，%。
实际应用过程中，因电厂原煤水分Mar多变，煤粉水分Mpc也很难获取，故而含粉气流密度计算准确性得不到有效保证。
郭玉泉等[25]提出将粉管内煤粉和空气视为整体给出了含粉气流密度的计算方法。
ρmix=ρair(1+kμ)
式中：ρmix为粉管内风粉混合物气流密度，kg/m3；ρair为粉管内纯空气密度，kg/m3；k为考虑管内煤粉和空气流速差异的系数，取0.75~0.80；μ为煤粉质量分数，kg/kg。
其中，煤粉质量分数μ是煤粉流量和空气流量的比值，各粉管内煤粉质量小且连续流动，直接测取管内煤粉流量偏差很大，在管内流速未知的情况下，空气流量无从获取，故管内介质密度的计算也存在困难。
1.2　煤粉流量的处理
因各粉管内煤粉质量少、粒径小，采用图1所示的平头式煤粉等速取样装置进行长时间取样易发生堵塞、跑粉等问题，煤粉流量直接测试的系统误差和偶然误差不可控。
为尽量保证数据的准确性，在仪器使用可控边界内，控制各粉管取样时间（2~3 min），以相同取样时间内各粉管取样煤粉的质量占比和给煤量计算各粉管的质量流速。
Qi,co=mi∑i=1nmi⋅Qco
式中：Qi,co为第i个粉管内的煤粉流量，t/h；mi为取样的第i个粉管内的煤粉试样的质量，g；Qco为单台磨入口的给煤量，t/h；n为磨出口粉管数量。
1.3　空气流量的处理
在粉管内流速未知的情况下，空气质量无法获取，采用“先估后校+循环迭代”的方法先假设磨煤机出口各粉管内的风粉流速，以该假设流速计算出空气流量，进而结合已获取的煤粉流量计算出煤粉质量分数和风粉混合物密度，最后利用式(2)获取管内风粉混合物流速。
当计算流速与假设流速不一致时，用计算流速替换假设流速，进行循环迭代，直至二者相等，此时获取的流速即可作为粉管内实测流速参与后续流量的计算。
1.4　计算步骤
依据上述相关过程参数计算的分析和处理，热态条件下磨煤机入口流量测试及计算流程见图2。
步骤1　测试磨煤机出口每个粉管的动压值，分别计算磨煤机出口每个粉管的空气密度和磨煤机出口每个粉管内煤粉流量；
步骤2　预设磨煤机出口每个粉管内风粉混合物的气流速度，结合步骤1计算得到的空气密度，计算磨煤机出口每个粉管内的空气流量；
步骤3　根据步骤1计算得到的磨煤机出口每个粉管内煤粉流量和步骤2中得到的磨煤机出口每个粉管内的空气流量，计算磨煤机出口每个粉管内的煤粉质量分数；
步骤4　根据步骤1得到的空气密度和步骤3得到的磨煤机出口每个粉管内的煤粉质量分数，计算磨煤机出口每个粉管内的风粉混合物气流密度；
步骤5　根据步骤1得到的磨煤机出口各粉管的动压值和步骤4中得到的风粉混合物气流密度，计算磨煤机出口各粉管内的风粉混合物流速；
步骤6　计算步骤5得到的磨煤机出口各粉管内的风粉混合物流速与步骤2中预设的磨煤机出口各粉管内的风粉混合物假定流速之间的差值；若该差值等于0时，进入步骤7；否则，返回步骤2；
步骤7　通过步骤4中得到的磨煤机出口每个粉管内的风粉混合物气流密度和步骤5得到的磨出口每个粉管内的风粉混合物流速，计算磨煤机出口每个粉管内的风粉混合物流量，之后进入步骤8；
步骤8　重复执行步骤2至步骤6，直至差值等于0，其中，迭代过程中，将步骤5得到的磨煤机出口每个粉管内的风粉混合物流速替换步骤2中预设的磨煤机出口每个粉管内的风粉混合物假定气流速度；根据步骤7得到的磨煤机出口各个粉管内的风粉混合物流量计算得到磨煤机入口风量。
2　测试对象简介
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某电厂4号锅炉为上海锅炉厂设计、制造的亚临界参数，一次中间再热、自然循环汽包炉，锅炉型号为SG-1025/17.47-M895。采用平衡通风、四角切圆燃烧方式，配5台中速磨煤机，BMCR工况下4台运行，1台备用。磨煤机参数见表1。
锅炉原设计燃用烟煤，当前煤质变化频繁，风煤比控制需适应性调整，但因在线风量测量装置的局限性，表盘磨煤机入口风量准确性得不到有效保障，运行过程中风煤比无法根据入炉煤变化准确调控，造成燃烧生成的NOx浓度高、送粉管道磨损严重、燃烧器喷口结焦挂渣、煤粉管弯头积粉自燃等诸多问题，严重影响锅炉运行的经济性和安全性。
利用停炉检修机会，电厂更换了各磨煤机入口风量测点，并在冷态空气动力场试验期间对风量测点进行了标定测试，冷态试验给定的标定系数见表2。
热态启炉后，因风温升高以及调温冷风的混入，在线风量测量装置的运行环境发生变化，需在热态运行条件下对磨煤机入口风量表盘值进行标定测试和校核。
3　试验结果对比分析
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热态运行工况下，分别维持各磨煤机表盘给煤量和风量稳定，测试、取样磨煤机出口煤粉管道内动压、静压、风温等参数，因测试期间基本无石子煤排出，故计算过程中忽略石子煤量的影响。以磨煤机A为例，测试原始数据见表3。
3.1　忽略煤粉对气流影响的计算结果
基于实测原始数据，忽略煤粉对磨出口粉管内风粉混合物流速的影响，近似采用冷态通风条件下纯空气的计算方法，则磨煤机入口计算流量见表4。
由测试结果可知，热态运行中，如果忽略煤粉对磨煤机出口粉管内风粉混合物流速的影响，近似采用冷态通风条件下的测试与计算方法，则磨煤机A入口流量实测值为94.55 t/h，较表盘显示的磨煤机入口风量偏大20.60%；如果在测试结果基础上去除给煤量后，磨煤机A入口风量实测值为59.55 t/h，较表盘显示的磨煤机入口风量低24.04%，二者与表盘风量的偏差均超过20%，失真严重。各台磨煤机的测试与计算比对结果见图3。
如图3所示的各磨煤机测试比对结果可知，热态运行中，忽略煤粉对磨煤机出口粉管内风粉混合物流速的影响，近似采用冷态通风条件下的测试与计算方法，去除给煤量前后测试偏差均接近或超过20%。因表盘磨煤机入口风量测点投用时间短且在纯空气环境中运行，即使存在少许粉尘和部分冷风混流的干扰，风量测试结果也不应产生如此大的偏差，可见冷态纯空气状态下的计算方法在热态带粉工况下并不适用。
对测试和计算过程的分析可知，产生偏差的根本原因在于热态风粉混合物的流速计算时，介质密度采用纯空气的密度进行计算，导致实际风粉混合物的密度显著减小，管内计算流速增大，在管径不变的情况下，介质密度和流速是计算质量流量的重要参数，两者反向变化的趋势必定导致计算结果的失真，故热态运行中对管内风速的测试计算不可忽略粉管内煤粉的影响。
3.2　考虑煤粉对气流影响的计算结果
考虑粉管内煤粉对气固两相流体的影响，计算过程中将煤粉和空气独立考虑，各粉管的煤粉流量由给煤量和煤粉样本取样结果确定，空气流量以假设的风粉混合物流速计算并进行反复迭代校核，进而计算出各粉管内实际的煤粉质量分数。仍以磨煤机A为例，计算结果见表5。
如图4所示，考虑煤粉对管内气流的影响后，计算获取的气流密度较纯空气密度提高约30%，风粉混合物流速较纯空气流速下降约13%。
采用基于煤粉样本取样和风速循环迭代计算得到的气流密度计算磨煤机入口流量，计算结果见表6。
由计算结果可知，试验获取的磨煤机入口实测风量准确性得到大幅提升，其与表盘风量的偏差下降到5%左右，实测结果更加接近真实值。
利用该方法对所有磨煤机入口风量进行测试与验证，结果如图5所示。
多台磨煤机测试验证结果表明，热态实测磨煤机入口风量与表盘在线风量的偏差基本在±5%左右，即热态试验给定的磨煤机入口风量系数在0.95~1.05，与停炉冷态纯空气试验期间的标定系数相近，说明热态运行中采用本文提供方法具有足够的准确性。
4　结论
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1）冷态纯空气状态下对煤粉管内流速的计算方法在热态带粉工况下不适用，热态运行工况下如果忽略煤粉颗粒对管内流速计算的影响，实测风量偏差接近或超过20%。
2）热态测试时磨煤机通风流量结果偏差的主要原因在于介质密度和流速的反向变化，因此，针对热态运行中磨煤机出口粉管内的气固两相流体，测试与计算的重点在于对管内风粉混合物密度的处理。
3）热态风量标定试验中采用煤粉样本取样和管内流速“先估后校+循环迭代”的方法可行，基于质量守恒原理，热态运行时采用该方法计算获取的磨煤机入口流量标定系数与冷态纯空气状态下的系数基本一致。
4）利用本文的方法可在热态运行中定期对磨煤机入口风量测点进行标定测试，摆脱了利用停炉检修机会才能准确测量的限制，有效提升锅炉运行边界变化后风煤比控制的准确性，保障锅炉运行的安全、经济和环保性能。
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  • 国家电力投资集团有限公司科技项目(2023-KJ-005)
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2024年第53卷第5期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202401006
  • 接收时间：2024-01-10
  • 首发时间：2026-01-07
  • 出版时间：2024-05-25
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  • 收稿日期：2024-01-10
基金
Science and Technology Project of State Power Investment Corporation Limited(2023-KJ-005)
国家电力投资集团有限公司科技项目(2023-KJ-005)
作者信息
    1.厦门华夏国际电力发展有限公司，福建　厦门　350200
    2.西安热工研究院有限公司，陕西　西安　710054

通讯作者:

王洋（1988），男，高级工程师，主要研究方向为电站锅炉燃烧及环保技术，。
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