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Article(id=1215700811573805678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1215700809971581533, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202312190, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1703606400000, receivedDateStr=2023-12-27, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1767775260107, onlineDateStr=2026-01-07, pubDate=1716566400000, pubDateStr=2024-05-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1767775260107, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1767775260107, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767775260107, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1215700809971581533, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2024', volume='53', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='148', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1767775259725, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767775403954, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1215701414953796264, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1215700809971581533, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1215701414953796265, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1215700809971581533, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=47, endPage=55, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1215700811812881014, articleId=1215700811573805678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Study on control strategy and variable load rate of linear fresnel solar power station, columnId=1211002405299294959, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Thermal energy science research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Solar power plants can be complementary to other new energy power generation stations, and can also undertake the task of peak modulation and frequency modulation of power grid, which have attracted more and more attentions. In this paper, the dynamic simulation model of thermal storage system and power generation system is built and verified by Apros software. The coordinated control system of solar power plant considering the influence of heat storage is designed, and the maximum variable load rate of the solar power plant in different load intervals is studied. The results show that the proposed coordinated control strategy has a good control effect. Compared with the control without heat storage control, the deviation of main steam pressure with heat storage control reduces from 0.17 MPa to 0.07 MPa. Under the set limit conditions, the maximum load rise rate of 100%THA~75%THA load interval is 11.57%/min, and the maximum load reduction rate is 8.94%/min. The results can provide reference for peak shaving and frequency modulation operation of photothermal power plants.

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太阳能光热发电可以与其他新能源发电互补运行，也可以承担电网调峰调频任务，因此受到越来越多的关注。以线性菲涅尔式光热电站为研究对象，利用Apros软件搭建储热系统和发电系统的动态仿真模型并进行了模型验证，设计了考虑蓄热影响的光热电站协调控制系统，研究该电站在不同负荷区间的最大变负荷速率。研究结果表明：所提出的光热电站协调控制策略控制效果良好，与未采用蓄热控制相比，采用蓄热控制后主蒸汽压力偏差由0.17 MPa减小到0.07 MPa；在设定的限制条件下，100%THA~75%THA负荷区间最大升负荷速率为11.57%/min，最大降负荷速率为8.94%/min。研究结果可为光热电站调峰调频运行提供参考。

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李根（1986），男，博士，教授，主要研究方向为太阳能光热发电，。
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高湘彬（1990）男，助理工程师，主要研究方向为燃料管理与分析技术，。

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高湘彬（1990）男，助理工程师，主要研究方向为燃料管理与分析技术，。

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高湘彬（1990）男，助理工程师，主要研究方向为燃料管理与分析技术，。

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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700811573805678, language=CN, label=图11, caption=100%THA~75%THA不同速率降负荷时压力和蒸汽温度的偏差, figureFileSmall=BcgH3/qKBE29nYWpGiqHUg==, figureFileBig=lxwYyWU82nprXaKB2bPRrg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215700818712510474, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700811573805678, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Parameters of the superheater model

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项目数值
管外径/mm16.00
管厚度/mm1.50
管数794
管长/m18.49
换热面积/m2738.00
壳侧体积/m30.34
), ArticleFig(id=1215700818788007952, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700811573805678, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

过热器模型参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数值
管外径/mm16.00
管厚度/mm1.50
管数794
管长/m18.49
换热面积/m2738.00
壳侧体积/m30.34
), ArticleFig(id=1215700818892865557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700811573805678, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Steady state verification of main parameters of power generation system of solar power plant

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主要参数100%THA75%THA50%THA
设计值模拟值误差/%设计值模拟值误差/%设计值模拟值误差/%
功率/MW50.0650.06037.5037.50025.0225.00-0.08
主蒸汽温度/℃538.0538.00541.5541.50544.0544.00
主蒸汽压力/MPa12.2012.2009.219.250.436.496.490
主蒸汽流量/(kg·s–1)41.3941.35-0.1030.7030.750.1620.7020.720.10
给水温度/℃253.50251.80-0.67237.70237.60-0.04217.90218.800.41
再热蒸汽温度/℃538.0538.00541.5541.50543.9543.90
再热蒸汽压力/MPa2.272.290.881.721.741.161.181.190.85
再热蒸汽流量/(kg·s–1)36.2936.28-0.0327.3027.310.0418.6618.65-0.05
排汽焓/(kJ·kg–1)2 446.42 441.9-0.182 476.52 475.9-0.022 526.52 517.6-0.35
), ArticleFig(id=1215700818968363036, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700811573805678, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

光热电站发电系统主要参数稳态验证

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
主要参数100%THA75%THA50%THA
设计值模拟值误差/%设计值模拟值误差/%设计值模拟值误差/%
功率/MW50.0650.06037.5037.50025.0225.00-0.08
主蒸汽温度/℃538.0538.00541.5541.50544.0544.00
主蒸汽压力/MPa12.2012.2009.219.250.436.496.490
主蒸汽流量/(kg·s–1)41.3941.35-0.1030.7030.750.1620.7020.720.10
给水温度/℃253.50251.80-0.67237.70237.60-0.04217.90218.800.41
再热蒸汽温度/℃538.0538.00541.5541.50543.9543.90
再热蒸汽压力/MPa2.272.290.881.721.741.161.181.190.85
再热蒸汽流量/(kg·s–1)36.2936.28-0.0327.3027.310.0418.6618.65-0.05
排汽焓/(kJ·kg–1)2 446.42 441.9-0.182 476.52 475.9-0.022 526.52 517.6-0.35
), ArticleFig(id=1215700819069026342, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700811573805678, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Structural parameters of heat exghanger

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项目数值
管外径/mm12.700
管内径/mm12.500
管数306
管长/m3.400
换热面积/m241.500
壳侧体积/m30.255
), ArticleFig(id=1215700820323123245, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700811573805678, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

换热器结构参数

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项目数值
管外径/mm12.700
管内径/mm12.500
管数306
管长/m3.400
换热面积/m241.500
壳侧体积/m30.255
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Actual lifting rate between 75%THA and 100%THA

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设定速率/(%·min–1)负荷偏差/MW实际变化量/MW实际变负荷速率/(%·min–1)
30.03412.4662.98
40.06012.4403.96
50.07312.4274.95
60.13012.3705.91
70.20012.3006.87
80.29012.2107.79
90.33012.1708.74
100.35012.1509.72
110.39012.11010.61
120.45012.05011.57
130.51011.99012.40
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75%THA~100%THA实际升负荷速率

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设定速率/(%·min–1)负荷偏差/MW实际变化量/MW实际变负荷速率/(%·min–1)
30.03412.4662.98
40.06012.4403.96
50.07312.4274.95
60.13012.3705.91
70.20012.3006.87
80.29012.2107.79
90.33012.1708.74
100.35012.1509.72
110.39012.11010.61
120.45012.05011.57
130.51011.99012.40
), ArticleFig(id=1215700820620918848, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700811573805678, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Actual load reduction rate between 100%THA and 75%THA

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设定速率/(%·min–1)负荷偏差/MW实际变化量/MW实际变负荷速率/(%·min–1)
3-0.06012.4402.970
4-0.11012.3903.950
5-0.13012.3704.930
6-0.17012.3305.890
7-0.26012.2406.830
8-0.41012.0907.720
9-0.72011.7808.460
10-1.33011.1708.940
11-1.82010.6809.350
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100%THA~75%THA实际降负荷速率

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3-0.06012.4402.970
4-0.11012.3903.950
5-0.13012.3704.930
6-0.17012.3305.890
7-0.26012.2406.830
8-0.41012.0907.720
9-0.72011.7808.460
10-1.33011.1708.940
11-1.82010.6809.350
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线性菲涅尔式光热电站控制策略及变负荷速率研究
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高湘彬 1 , 廖超豪 2 , 李根 2
热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2024,53(5): 47-55
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热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2024, 53(5): 47-55
线性菲涅尔式光热电站控制策略及变负荷速率研究
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高湘彬1 , 廖超豪2, 李根2
作者信息
  • 1.新疆新能集团有限责任公司乌鲁木齐电力建设调试所，新疆　乌鲁木齐　830000
  • 2.华南理工大学电力学院，广东　广州　510641

    • 高湘彬（1990）男，助理工程师，主要研究方向为燃料管理与分析技术，。

通讯作者:

李根（1986），男，博士，教授，主要研究方向为太阳能光热发电，。
Study on control strategy and variable load rate of linear fresnel solar power station
Xiangbin GAO1 , Chaohao LIAO2, Gen LI2
Affiliations
  • 1.Xinjiang Xinneng Group Company Limited Urumqi Electric Power Construction and Commissioning Institute, Urumqi 830000, China
  • 2.School of Electric Power Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
出版时间: 2024-05-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202312190
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摘要
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太阳能光热发电可以与其他新能源发电互补运行，也可以承担电网调峰调频任务，因此受到越来越多的关注。以线性菲涅尔式光热电站为研究对象，利用Apros软件搭建储热系统和发电系统的动态仿真模型并进行了模型验证，设计了考虑蓄热影响的光热电站协调控制系统，研究该电站在不同负荷区间的最大变负荷速率。研究结果表明：所提出的光热电站协调控制策略控制效果良好，与未采用蓄热控制相比，采用蓄热控制后主蒸汽压力偏差由0.17 MPa减小到0.07 MPa；在设定的限制条件下，100%THA~75%THA负荷区间最大升负荷速率为11.57%/min，最大降负荷速率为8.94%/min。研究结果可为光热电站调峰调频运行提供参考。

太阳能热发电  /  动态模型  /  控制策略  /  变负荷速率  /  Apros软件

Solar power plants can be complementary to other new energy power generation stations, and can also undertake the task of peak modulation and frequency modulation of power grid, which have attracted more and more attentions. In this paper, the dynamic simulation model of thermal storage system and power generation system is built and verified by Apros software. The coordinated control system of solar power plant considering the influence of heat storage is designed, and the maximum variable load rate of the solar power plant in different load intervals is studied. The results show that the proposed coordinated control strategy has a good control effect. Compared with the control without heat storage control, the deviation of main steam pressure with heat storage control reduces from 0.17 MPa to 0.07 MPa. Under the set limit conditions, the maximum load rise rate of 100%THA~75%THA load interval is 11.57%/min, and the maximum load reduction rate is 8.94%/min. The results can provide reference for peak shaving and frequency modulation operation of photothermal power plants.

solar thermal power generation  /  dynamic model  /  control strategy  /  variable load rate  /  Apros software
高湘彬, 廖超豪, 李根. 线性菲涅尔式光热电站控制策略及变负荷速率研究. 热力发电, 2024 , 53 (5) : 47 -55 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202312190
Xiangbin GAO, Chaohao LIAO, Gen LI. Study on control strategy and variable load rate of linear fresnel solar power station[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2024 , 53 (5) : 47 -55 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202312190
正文
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近年来，能源结构清洁化转型和“双碳”目标的提出促进了可再生能源的发展，大容量可再生能源的装机数量在逐年增加[1-2]，其中太阳能以其分布广、可持续的特点受到了越来越多的关注[3]。太阳能发电主要分为光伏发电和光热发电。光伏发电成本低，但具有间歇性且易受天气影响；而光热发电由于其可储热、灵活性高的优点，可与其他新能源发电互补运行，也可承担电网调峰调频任务[4-5]。从电站的安全性和负荷稳定性出发，研究光热电站的控制策略和不同负荷区间的最大变负荷速率具有重要意义。目前，一些学者针对光热电站的仿真模型与动态特性开展了相关研究。Wei等人[6]建立了槽式光热电站动态模型，并与Andasol 2号电站的运行数据进行对比验证。Wang等人[7]研究了槽式光热电站在云层扰动时的动态特性，发现储热系统的投运可以减小汽包液位、发电功率等参数的波动。Wang等人[8]对云层扰动下光热电站蒸汽发生系统进行了优化。Al-Maliki等人[9]利用Apros软件搭建了光热电站仿真模型，设计了考虑集热工质温度和储热状态的光热电站运行策略。文献[10]对夏季多云期间的光热电站进行了模拟，模拟结果与实际值吻合较好，发现储热系统可以减小多云期间光热电站的功率波动。Zhang等人[11]研究了槽式光热电站的启动动态过程，比较了2种熔盐防凝方式下系统的动态性能。Henrion等人[12]研究了光热电站蒸汽发生系统的启动过程。
在光热电站控制方面，Al-Maliki等人[13]搭建了西班牙50 MW光热电站仿真模型，介绍了集热场、储热系统、汽包液位等控制策略。Liang等人[14]将模型预测控制用于光热电站的功率跟踪，并与汽轮机跟随和蒸汽发生系统跟随的方式做了对比。林克曼等[15]建立了光伏-光热联合发电系统的动态模型，提出了考虑储热的上下2层控制策略，上层为协调控制层，进行功率分配，下层为子系统控制层，响应上层的功率信号。Yao等人[16]利用MATLAB建立了光热电站两级分层控制系统，详细阐述了主控制系统和子控制系统，通过与实际数据对比验证了动态模型和控制策略的可用性，分析结果表明所提出的控制策略能够有效抑制熔盐温度和负荷需求的扰动。
综上所述，已有研究多侧重于光热电站仿真模型、动态特性和控制策略，缺少对光热电站变负荷速率的研究。本文利用Apros软件搭建了线性菲涅尔式光热电站仿真模型，设计了完整的电站控制系统，研究了线性菲涅尔式光热电站的最大变负荷速率，研究结果可为电站的调峰调频运行提供参考。
1　光热电站模型
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1.1　线性菲涅尔式光热发电系统
线聚焦式光热发电系统主要有槽式和线性菲涅尔式。相比于槽式，线性菲涅尔式光热发电具有较低的建设和维护成本，接收器固定、占地少、风载荷小。本文研究对象为中国西部某50 MW线性菲涅尔式光热电站，其热力系统如图1所示，该电站由集热场、储热系统和发电系统组成。
集热场接收太阳能，将低温熔盐加热为高温熔盐，储存在热盐罐中；然后热熔盐进入蒸汽发生系统，产生的过热蒸汽进入汽轮机系统做功发电，冷熔盐回到冷盐罐中重新进入集热场。其中集热场包含80条1 100 m长的集热回路，采用二元硝酸盐（质量分数60%NaNO3+40%KNO3）作为集热工质。集热场东西两侧各布置40条回路，在额定工况下，单侧集热场熔盐流量为606.27 kg/s，入口温度为290 ℃，出口温度为550 ℃。储热系统采用双罐直接储热，实现了集热场和发电系统的解耦运行，设计的储热容量可维持电站运行约15 h。发电系统由汽轮机系统、回热系统和蒸汽发生系统组成，额定工况下发电功率为50 MW，主蒸汽流量、压力和温度分别为41.39 kg/s、12.20 MPa和538.0 ℃。
1.2　光热电站Apros仿真模型
本文以研究发电系统控制策略和变负荷速率为主要目的，因此重点介绍发电系统模型。仿真模型采用Apros软件进行搭建，该软件内置的热工过程模块与自动控制模块可满足电站建模需求，在光热电站建模方面已有较多应用。
1.2.1　汽轮机系统和回热系统
图2为汽轮机系统和回热系统的仿真模型。汽轮机系统采用50 MW超高压、双缸、一次中间再热凝汽式汽轮机。在搭建汽轮机模型时，将高压缸分为2个级组，级组间进行1级抽汽，低压缸分为7个级组，级组间分别进行3—8级抽汽。汽轮机采用Turbine组件进行建模，其压降和焓降的计算如式(1)—式(4)所示：
Δp=0.5kρu2
ΔH=q[h1−(h1−href)(p2p1)η0.47−href]
k=2[K2ρ(1+p2p1)]
K=qp1v1p12−p22
式中：Δp为汽轮机压降，Pa；k为汽轮机截面损失系数；ρ为流体密度，kg/m3；u为流体流速，m/s；ΔH为汽轮机焓降，kW；q为流体质量流量，kg/s；h为流体焓值，kJ/kg；p为流体压力，Pa；η为等熵膨胀率；K为弗留格尔系数；v为流体比容，m3/kg；下标0、1、2分别表示额定条件下、汽轮机入口和汽轮机出口，ref表示参考点。
回热系统包括3级高压加热器和4级低压加热器，除第7级低压加热器采用疏水泵与主给水混合外，其余加热器均为疏水逐级自流，此外，第3级高压加热器设置了外置式蒸汽冷却器。
1.2.2　蒸汽发生系统
图3为蒸汽发生系统的仿真模型，该模型主要包括过热器、再热器、蒸发器、汽包、预热器和低负荷预热器。以上换热器均采用逆流式换热器进行建模，以过热器为例进行简要说明。
首先根据过热器的换热面积、换热管外径和长度，计算过热器的换热管数，之后根据壳侧直径和换热管的横截面积计算壳侧面积，具体数值见表1。
为了保证计算的准确性，将过热器计算节点设置为10，可生成4层结构，分别为换热管内、换热管内壁、换热管外壁和壳侧。换热系数的计算如式(5)所示，压损的计算如式(6)和式(7)所示。
Nu=0.023Re0.8/Prn
Δpf=0.5fρu2
Δpr=0.5λρLu2d
式中：Re为雷诺数；Pr为普朗特数；n取0.3（冷却流体时）或0.4（加热流体时）；Δpf为形状阻力损失，Pa；Δpr为摩擦阻力损失，Pa；f为形状阻力损失系数；λ为摩擦阻力损失系数；L为管道长度，m；d为管道直径，m。
1.3　模型验证
1.3.1　稳态验证
本文对比了光热电站在100%THA、75%THA和50%THA工况下的主要参数。表2为模拟值和设计值的对比结果。由表2可以看出，75%THA工况下再热蒸汽压力的误差最大，为1.16%，说明该模型具有较好的准确性。
1.3.2　动态验证
由于缺少该电站的实际运行数据，并且很难做到机组模型的全范围动态验证，所以本文以文献[17]管壳式换热器的动态实验和仿真结果为依据，对Apros软件中的换热器模型进行验证。表3为文献[17]管壳式换热器的结构参数。
图4和图5是管壳式换热器导热油和熔盐参数的实验和模拟结果。
由图4和图5可以看出，基于Apros软件搭建的管壳式换热器的模拟结果与实验值吻合较好，相对误差在±1.2%以内，并且与该文献基于DYCM方法模拟结果的误差更小，因此可以验证Apros动态模型准确可靠。
2　光热电站协调控制系统设计及优化
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为了开展光热电站变负荷研究，本文设计并搭建了光热电站协调控制系统，包括主控制系统和子控制系统。
2.1　协调控制系统设计
光热电站协调控制系统主要参考火电机组的协调控制系统进行搭建。主控制系统的控制量为进入蒸汽发生系统的熔盐流量和主蒸汽（主汽）调节阀开度，被控量为负荷和主蒸汽压力（主汽压）。
熔盐流量由负荷偏差和主蒸汽压力偏差进行控制，并受主蒸汽温度（主汽温）偏差的影响，其控制逻辑由2个部分组成。
1）负荷设定值与实际值的偏差加上主蒸汽压力设定值与实际值的偏差作为PI控制器的输入参数，用于控制主蒸汽压力，同时加快负荷的响应。
2）当主蒸汽温度设定值和实际值的偏差超过死区后，通过控制器改变熔盐流量来减小主蒸汽温度的偏差。在电站稳定运行时，该控制的输出信号为0。
主蒸汽调节阀开度的控制逻辑如图6所示，主要由负荷偏差和主蒸汽压力偏差来控制。负荷偏差经过PI控制器控制调节阀开度使实际负荷跟随设定负荷，并且当主蒸汽压力偏差超过设定死区后，也开始影响调节阀开度。
光热电站子控制系统主要包括主蒸汽温度和再热蒸汽温度控制、汽包液位控制和低负荷预热器控制。
主蒸汽温度和再热蒸汽温度控制[16]　主蒸汽温度采用从冷盐罐抽出冷熔盐与进入蒸汽发生系统的热熔盐相混合的方式进行控制。再热蒸汽温度采用改变熔盐分流比的方式进行控制，通过调节过热器和再热器熔盐管路上的阀门，调整进入再热器的热熔盐流量。
汽包液位控制　汽包液位采用三冲量控制，与传统火电控制方法相似，不再赘述。
低负荷预热器控制　当给水温度低于250.0 ℃时，低负荷预热器开始运行，并从汽包抽取蒸汽加热给水，抽汽量根据给水温度的偏差进行控制。
2.2　协调控制系统优化
为了提高光热电站的灵活性，本文对进入蒸汽发生系统的熔盐流量控制进行了优化。优化后的控制逻辑如图7所示。
控制逻辑中新增控制为：
1）根据负荷设定值输出稳态工况下对应的熔盐流量，并与当前变负荷速率经函数处理后形成的加速信号叠加，共同作为熔盐流量的前馈控制；
2）光热电站蒸汽发生系统含有汽包，蓄热量较大，为此添加了基于蓄热量偏差的辅助控制，蓄热量的计算参考文献[18]。
2.3　变负荷控制效果分析
为了验证控制系统的控制效果，研究了光热电站变负荷时主要参数的变化规律，并以100%THA~ 75%THA降负荷为例说明，降负荷速率为3%/min。
图8为在100%THA~75%THA负荷区间降负荷时采用蓄热控制和未采用蓄热控制主要参数偏差对比，本文提到偏差均为设定值减去实际值。由图8可见，添加蓄热控制后，主蒸汽压力偏差减小，降负荷过程中的最大偏差由0.17 MPa变为0.07 MPa，并且负荷偏差也减小。表明对于带汽包的光热电站，添加蓄热控制可以有效减小变负荷过程中的压力偏差。
图9为降负荷过程中负荷和主蒸汽压力的变化。由图9可以看出，负荷和主蒸汽压力跟随较好，负荷最大偏差为0.24 MW，超调量为0.17 MW，主蒸汽压力的最大偏差为0.07 MPa，占额定主蒸汽压力的0.57%。
在整个降负荷过程中，主蒸汽温度和再热蒸汽温度的最大偏差分别为1.26 ℃和1.23 ℃。由以上参数的变化可知，所提出的控制策略效果较好，可以保证变负荷过程中各参数的稳定。
3　光热电站最大变负荷速率研究
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本节研究不同负荷区间升负荷和降负荷时最大变负荷速率。由于光热电站变负荷速率与负荷变化区间、负荷变化幅度、控制策略及参数设置等因素相关，因此在研究变负荷速率时，设定变负荷区间75%THA~ 100%THA，变负荷幅度25%THA。考虑光热发电系统安全性，主蒸汽压力和蒸汽温度限制范围为：1）主蒸汽和再热蒸汽温度在设定温度的±5 ℃范围内；2）主蒸汽压力最大值不超过13.50 MPa。
3.1　升负荷时最大变负荷速率
首先对不同速率升负荷时主蒸汽压力和蒸汽温度的偏差进行研究。图10为75%THA~100%THA负荷区间以不同速率升负荷时主蒸汽压力和蒸汽温度的偏差。
从图10可以看出，升负荷时主蒸汽压力偏差先上升后下降，即升负荷初期主蒸汽压力的实际值小于设定值，之后逐渐增大，最大偏差为-0.80 MPa，但未超过设定的上限值。对于蒸汽温度偏差的变化，在设定升负荷速率为12%/min时，主蒸汽温度偏差接近下限值，最大偏差为-4.95 ℃；在设定升负荷速率为13%/min时，主蒸汽温度偏差超过了下限值，最大偏差为-5.32 ℃。再热蒸汽温度虽然未超过上限值，但在变负荷结束时熔盐流量下降较快，使再热蒸汽温度快速降低，最大偏差为4.86 ℃。
在光热电站变负荷过程中，实际变负荷速率与设定速率存在差异，所以对比75%THA~100%THA实际升负荷速率的区别，结果见表4。实际变负荷速率为变负荷期间负荷实际变化量的平均变化速率。
由表4可见，随着设定速率逐渐增大，实际变负荷速率与设定速率的差值越来越大，即随着变负荷速率增加，负荷跟随效果呈衰减趋势。在设定速率为13%/min时，主蒸汽温度超过了上限，可认为在75%THA~100%THA负荷区间最大升负荷速率为11.57%/min。
光热电站升负荷时，负荷、主蒸汽压力和主蒸汽温度三者的控制作用相互影响，分析如下：
根据设计的控制策略，升负荷时进入蒸汽发生系统的熔盐流量上升，主蒸汽调节阀开度增加。熔盐流量快速上升会导致主蒸汽压力和温度在升负荷过程中高于设定值，这时主蒸汽压力控制和主蒸汽温度控制都输出熔盐流量降低的信号，限制了升负荷速率。但两者的控制作用相互制约，即主蒸汽压力的控制信号能够减缓主蒸汽温度的上升趋势，主蒸汽温度的控制信号也能够减缓主蒸汽压力的上升趋势，间接地减弱了对升负荷速率的限制。当主蒸汽压力偏差超过死区时，会使调节阀开度增大，也有利于升负荷，所以光热电站升负荷速率较快。
3.2　降负荷时最大变负荷速率
图11为在100%THA~75%THA负荷区间不同速率降负荷时主蒸汽压力和蒸汽温度的偏差。由图11可见，降负荷速率在7%/min以下时，各参数偏差较小，特别是压力偏差，但降负荷速率在7%/min以上时，偏差明显增大。
主蒸汽温度偏差随着降负荷速率的增加越来越接近上限，而再热蒸汽温度偏差的变化幅度小于主蒸汽的。在设定降负荷速率为10%/min时，主蒸汽温度最大偏差为4.85 ℃，再热蒸汽温度最大偏差为3.98 ℃；在设定降负荷速率为11%/min时，主蒸汽温度最大偏差为5.08 ℃，超过了上限，再热蒸汽温度最大偏差为4.40 ℃。
表5为100%THA~75%THA负荷区间的实际降负荷速率。
由表5可见，设定速率在7%/min以上时，负荷偏差明显增大，该现象与主蒸汽压力和温度偏差超过死区有关。与升负荷相比，相同条件下降负荷时的实际变负荷速率偏小，说明升负荷时负荷跟踪效果优于降负荷。在设定速率为11%/min时主蒸汽温度超过下限，所以可认为在100%THA~75%THA负荷区间最大降负荷速率为8.94%/min。
光热电站降负荷过程中参数的变化规律与升负荷过程有明显区别，分析如下：
降负荷时熔盐流量降低，主蒸汽调节阀开度减小。对于主蒸汽压力，熔盐流量快速降低会使其下降较快，但由于降负荷过程中主蒸汽调节阀开度小，节流作用强，阻碍了主蒸汽压力的降低，导致主蒸汽压力高于设定值。由主蒸汽压力控制输出熔盐流量降低的信号，有利于负荷降低，但主蒸汽压力超过死区后，会使调节阀开度增加，该控制作用会阻碍负荷降低，且影响较大。对于主蒸汽温度，熔盐流量快速降低使其在降负荷过程中低于设定值，温度控制输出增加熔盐流量的信号，会阻碍负荷降低。
与升负荷相比，降负荷时各参数的控制相互阻碍，进一步增大了参数的偏差。特别是主蒸汽压力偏差超过死区后会增大调节阀开度，对负荷降低影响较大，所以降负荷的速率较小。
4　结论
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本文以线性菲涅尔式光热电站为研究对象，采用Apros软件搭建了完整的动态仿真模型，并验证了模型的准确性和可靠性。设计了电站的控制系统，研究了线性菲涅尔式光热电站在不同负荷区间的最大变负荷速率，得出了以下结论：
1）所提出的控制系统能够安全高效地实现控制目标：在3%/min的变负荷速率下，负荷由100%THA降低至75%THA过程中，负荷偏差低于0.24 MW，蒸汽温度偏差低于1.26 ℃，表明该控制系统具有良好的控制效果；与未采用蓄热控制相比，采用蓄热控制后，变负荷过程中主蒸汽压力偏差由0.17 MPa降为0.07 MPa，控制效果改善显著。
2）在本文的设定的安全性限制条件下，光热电站在100%THA~75%THA负荷区间最大升负荷速率为11.57%/min，最大降负荷速率为8.94%/min，主要限制因素为主蒸汽温度超温。
3）光热电站最大升负荷速率大于最大降负荷速率的原因是：升负荷时主要参数的控制相互制约作用较弱，变负荷速率高；降负荷时主蒸汽压力偏差和主蒸汽温度偏差对调节阀和熔盐流量影响较大，主要参数的控制相互制约作用较强，变负荷速率低。
基金
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  • 国家电网有限公司科技项目资助(SGXJXN00TSJS2200141)
文献
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2024年第53卷第5期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202312190
  • 接收时间：2023-12-27
  • 首发时间：2026-01-07
  • 出版时间：2024-05-25
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  • 收稿日期：2023-12-27
基金
Science and Technology Project of State Grid Corporation of China(SGXJXN00TSJS2200141)
国家电网有限公司科技项目资助(SGXJXN00TSJS2200141)
作者信息
    1.新疆新能集团有限责任公司乌鲁木齐电力建设调试所，新疆　乌鲁木齐　830000
    2.华南理工大学电力学院，广东　广州　510641

通讯作者:

李根（1986），男，博士，教授，主要研究方向为太阳能光热发电，。
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Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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