Article(id=1215700811116626534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1215700809971581533, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202310169, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1697040000000, receivedDateStr=2023-10-12, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1767775259998, onlineDateStr=2026-01-07, pubDate=1716566400000, pubDateStr=2024-05-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1767775259998, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1767775259998, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767775259998, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1215700809971581533, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2024', volume='53', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='148', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1767775259725, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767775403954, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1215701414953796264, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1215700809971581533, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1215701414953796265, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1215700809971581533, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1, endPage=9, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1215700811313758825, articleId=1215700811116626534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Research and application progress of judging the performance of flocs based on image processing in water coagulation, columnId=1215700810680418912, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Power plant chemistry and materials research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Raw water pretreatment can be divided into three stages: coagulation, sedimentation and filtration. The flocculation process directly affects the structure of alum and the turbidity of effluent. At present, the method of measuring the turbidity of the effluent is usually used to control the dosage of coagulant, but due to the time lag, it can not quickly reflect the coagulation effect and adjust the dosage of the feedback. With the rapid development of computer technology, the application of alum image processing technology can realize rapid, accurate and real-time detection of flocs state, so as to control the dosage more accurately and improve the coagulation effect. From the perspective of computer vision technology, this paper summarizes the technical characteristics of alum image acquisition and processing in flocs, introduces the method of real-time tracking and calculating the characteristic parameters of alum structure, such as equivalent particle size, fractal dimension, etc., and some test results are also provided. Through these parameters the best coagulation effect can be judged, which provides the basis for coagulation control and dosing.

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原水预处理主要分为混凝、沉淀和过滤3个阶段,混凝中的絮凝过程直接影响矾花结构与出水浊度;目前多采用检测出水浊度方法来控制混凝剂加药量,但因时间滞后无法快速反映混凝效果与反馈调节加药量。随着计算机技术的快速发展,利用矾花图像处理技术能够实现快速、准确、实时检测絮凝状态,从而更准确控制加药量,提高混凝效果。从计算机视觉技术角度,概述了絮凝中矾花图像采集与处理的技术特点,介绍了实时跟踪和计算矾花结构特征参数如等效粒径、分形维数等方法,并给出了部分试验结果,通过这些参数可以判断最佳混凝效果,为混凝控制与加药提供依据。

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乔越(1992),男,硕士,工程师,主要研究方向为电厂化学技术监督、腐蚀防护技术等,
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郭上科(1982),男,工程师,主要研究方向为电厂化学水处理技术研究与应用,

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郭上科(1982),男,工程师,主要研究方向为电厂化学水处理技术研究与应用,

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郭上科(1982),男,工程师,主要研究方向为电厂化学水处理技术研究与应用,

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基于图像处理判断水混凝中矾花性能的研究及应用进展
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郭上科 1 , 郭俊文 2 , 文昌璧 1 , 李博润 1 , 滕维忠 2 , 江小伟 1 , 章德才 1 , 乔越 2
热力发电 | 电厂化学与材料研究专题 2024,53(5): 1-9
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热力发电 | 电厂化学与材料研究专题 2024, 53(5): 1-9
基于图像处理判断水混凝中矾花性能的研究及应用进展
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郭上科1 , 郭俊文2, 文昌璧1, 李博润1, 滕维忠2, 江小伟1, 章德才1, 乔越2
作者信息
  • 1.华能海南发电股份有限公司东方电厂,海南 东方 572633
  • 2.西安热工研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710054
  • 郭上科(1982),男,工程师,主要研究方向为电厂化学水处理技术研究与应用,

通讯作者:

乔越(1992),男,硕士,工程师,主要研究方向为电厂化学技术监督、腐蚀防护技术等,
Research and application progress of judging the performance of flocs based on image processing in water coagulation
Shangke GUO1 , Junwen GUO2, Changbi WEN1, Borun LI1, Weizhong TENG2, Xiaowei JIANG1, Decai ZHANG1, Yue QIAO2
Affiliations
  • 1.Huaneng Hainan Power Generation Co., Ltd. Dongfang Power Plant, Dongfang 572633, China
  • 2.Xi’an Thermal Power Research Institute Co., Ltd., Xi’an 710054, China
出版时间: 2024-05-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202310169
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原水预处理主要分为混凝、沉淀和过滤3个阶段,混凝中的絮凝过程直接影响矾花结构与出水浊度;目前多采用检测出水浊度方法来控制混凝剂加药量,但因时间滞后无法快速反映混凝效果与反馈调节加药量。随着计算机技术的快速发展,利用矾花图像处理技术能够实现快速、准确、实时检测絮凝状态,从而更准确控制加药量,提高混凝效果。从计算机视觉技术角度,概述了絮凝中矾花图像采集与处理的技术特点,介绍了实时跟踪和计算矾花结构特征参数如等效粒径、分形维数等方法,并给出了部分试验结果,通过这些参数可以判断最佳混凝效果,为混凝控制与加药提供依据。

絮凝  /  矾花  /  图像处理  /  等效粒径  /  分形维数

Raw water pretreatment can be divided into three stages: coagulation, sedimentation and filtration. The flocculation process directly affects the structure of alum and the turbidity of effluent. At present, the method of measuring the turbidity of the effluent is usually used to control the dosage of coagulant, but due to the time lag, it can not quickly reflect the coagulation effect and adjust the dosage of the feedback. With the rapid development of computer technology, the application of alum image processing technology can realize rapid, accurate and real-time detection of flocs state, so as to control the dosage more accurately and improve the coagulation effect. From the perspective of computer vision technology, this paper summarizes the technical characteristics of alum image acquisition and processing in flocs, introduces the method of real-time tracking and calculating the characteristic parameters of alum structure, such as equivalent particle size, fractal dimension, etc., and some test results are also provided. Through these parameters the best coagulation effect can be judged, which provides the basis for coagulation control and dosing.

coagulation  /  flocs  /  image processing  /  equivalent particle size  /  fractal dimension
郭上科, 郭俊文, 文昌璧, 李博润, 滕维忠, 江小伟, 章德才, 乔越. 基于图像处理判断水混凝中矾花性能的研究及应用进展. 热力发电, 2024 , 53 (5) : 1 -9 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202310169
Shangke GUO, Junwen GUO, Changbi WEN, Borun LI, Weizhong TENG, Xiaowei JIANG, Decai ZHANG, Yue QIAO. Research and application progress of judging the performance of flocs based on image processing in water coagulation[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2024 , 53 (5) : 1 -9 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202310169
随着水源环境污染与排放污水处理要求的提高,作为水处理的基本单元—混凝处理的要求也日趋严格[1-2]。目前,给水处理、污水处理中大都配备了混凝处理单元,混凝效果的好坏直接影响到最终水质情况[3]。目前,主要是通过出水浊度测定判断混凝效果,通过肉眼观察矾花的大小与数量来调节混凝剂加药量,很大程度上依赖于工作人员经验[4]
随着数字图像处理技术的发展、成熟,其应用领域日趋广泛[5]。通过图像采集、图像分割处理获取絮体的位置和轮廓信息,代替肉眼对混凝过程中絮体特性进行实时监测和分析,可以提高判断的可靠性和精度,降低系统误差[6-7];另外,分析混凝过程中的絮凝图像,得到絮体结构的相关参数,如尺寸和分形维数等[8-9],在不同混凝条件下,考察絮体的结构特征与出水水质、沉降速度等指标的相关性,构建相应数学模型,并将结果反馈至混凝剂加药控制系统,实现混凝过程精准的自动控制[10]。本文从絮体监测方法、图像采集预处理技术、图像分析方法等方面叙述了图像处理技术在混凝过程中应用情况,讨论其技术特点,分析了絮凝中矾花的检测、自动加药控制等应用前景。
早期对于絮凝过程调控的依据除了通过肉眼,以经验判断絮凝剂的添加量和絮凝是否到达终点以外,还建立了多种间接反映絮体尺寸变化和分布的监控方法。
PDA早期常用于工业监测水中悬浮物的凝聚和分解状态。基本原理是高强度的发光二极管射出1束狭窄的光照射流动的悬浮液,光束中的颗粒数目会因混合物中的局部振动而持续变化[11],这种变化会引起透射光强度的波动,由1个感光二极管监测光强度,将振动信号转换为1个与光强度成比例的电压值输出。振动信号的频率由悬浮物的流速、光束的宽度决定,所以可以用振动信号来表示悬浮物粒子的大小和凝聚力。Huang等人[12]采用PDA2000对絮团粒径、生长、破碎、再生长和自然沉降进行研究,发现硫酸铝(AS)和聚合氯化铝(PAC)混合使用能够提高脱色效率,以及中性和碱性条件下,复合生物絮凝剂(CBS)能够显著提高AS和PAC的脱色性能。PDA用于絮凝的监测具有价格便宜、测量方便等优点,所以早期广泛用于水中悬浮物的测量。但PDA不可避免地会受到外界光源的影响,导致精确度较差,现在被慢慢淘汰。
通过颗粒计数仪来表征絮体尺寸的方法,其原理是颗粒计数器按照颗粒大小分为几个不同的通道,得到不同颗粒大小的输出量,从而进一步获得絮凝过程的粒径分布。Zhu等人[13]通过PCX2200颗粒计数器对实验过程中的水样进行不间断采样并计数,计数后再通过蠕动泵转移回絮凝体系中,组成絮凝过程的实时监测系统;颗粒计数器输出数据分为7个通道,通过不同通道的数据变化判断絮体在实验中的分布范围变化,然后转换为分形维数来评估絮凝过程。这种通过颗粒计数仪搭建的絮凝过程实时监测系统,基本能够实现对于絮体尺寸变化分布的在线监测,同时还能保持对于絮凝过程的无干扰。但颗粒计数仪对低浊度水样的检测能力较低,且对粒径小于2 μm的颗粒无检测能力。
浊度计也是一种用于水处理水质监测的常规仪器。常规的浊度测试是用浊度去除率指标来衡量的,但剩余浊度并不是水处理过程中浊度去除率的唯一指标,较大的悬浮颗粒可能对于浊度值的贡献反而小于胶体范围内的颗粒,絮体的特性会显著影响浊度去除率[14-15]。Cheng等人[16]采用浊度计搭建浊度在线连续监测系统,将浊度计的探头插入絮凝容器,无需采样过程,可以直接获得浊度值波动信号,通过浊度标准差SD与絮体直径成正比的关系,间接获得絮体的粒径尺寸变化信息,从而实现实时监测絮凝过程。该系统通过浊度计能够比较好的监测絮凝过程,但是由于其探头深入水样,可能会对絮凝过程絮体的形成造成一定影响。
颗粒计数仪可用于液体中直径为2~1 000 μm的颗粒物统计。浊度则是反映水中悬浮物(颗粒直径>0.1 μm)和胶体(颗粒直径为0.001~0.100 μm)含量的综合性指标,其无法直接指示颗粒数及粒径大小。于是刘宏远等[17]采取在线浊度仪和在线颗粒计数仪联用的方式对水质进行监控,研究表明联用弥补了彼此的缺陷,可直观反映不同粒径的颗粒物分布情况及水质情况,但联用对颗粒物的反应存在时间差,且成本较高,目前尚未推广。
激光粒度仪体积小巧、性能稳定可靠、分析范围广,曾被运用于水质中颗粒物的粒径分布检测。其原理是一束平行光传播过程中遇到障碍物颗粒,会发生一定偏转角度的散射,该角度跟颗粒的大小相关,激光粒度仪通过光波的这种物理特性进行粒径分析。Chen等人[18]通过使用Mastersizer 3000E激光粒度仪和蠕动泵持续抽样测定和测定后返样,实现对絮体粒径变化的在线监测,通过仪器记录絮体生成的完整过程,并转换为絮体的分形维数,探究了聚氯化铝PAC和PAC/壳聚糖(CTS)复合材料的絮凝效果。但实际水厂絮凝过程的在线监测取样量巨大,会使仪器超负荷,减少仪器使用寿命,所以很难在工业上推广使用。
早期在线监测系统大都利用絮体的某种参数和仪器测量参数之间的线性关系,来实现对絮凝过程的在线监测。但这种间接监测系统,容易受外界因素干扰,并且可能在一定干扰下保持一定的相关性,从而难以察觉絮凝过程的异常状态。因此,需要一种能够直接观察到絮体状态的监测方法,基于图像处理的絮体监测技术也随之快速进步,流程如图1所示。
图像采集系统作为整个检测系统的最前端,主要包括检测传感器、图像数字化以及图像传输[19]。该系统主要基于高速摄影机或者水下探头采集矾花图像,通常需要在外部增加1个光源。随着科学技术的迅猛发展,越来越清晰的成像技术使得通过相机采集图像用于监测絮凝过程越来越具有吸引力[20]
目前,图像采集过程中常使用电荷耦合器件(charge coupled device,CCD)摄像机,因其成像的直观性、可视性,以及良好的环境适应性而被广泛应用[21]。王瑞萍等[22]2006年通过CCD相机搭建了对絮凝全过程进行跟踪拍摄的计算机监测系统,利用CCD相机对混凝过程中的絮体图像进行采集,图像信号经放大后输入计算机进行粒径计算和统计计算,得到絮体相关参数,并确定了与沉淀池出水浊度相关的参数。Zhang等人[23]搭建了基于高速摄影机分析絮体结构特征和上浮速度的自动跟踪平台,侧面外加光源进行补光,摄影机从正面记录絮体的生长和上升过程,絮体背景板为黑色,可以避免絮体影子的干扰。CCD相机虽然具有良好的成像功能,但其成像只能从1个面采集图像,且得到的都是二维图像,而絮体本身在环境中又是混乱无序的,故相机拍摄的图像通常会出现较多重叠。
Asensi等人[24]在对活性污泥法的研究中,为了观察絮体的尺寸、密度等对二次沉降的影响,开发了一种基于数字图像分析和统计处理的全自动活性污泥絮体识别和形态表征的装置,将提取的污泥样品置于载玻片上,然后用相机耦合1个全尺寸捕捉絮体的显微镜来采集絮体图像,因样品溶液在载玻片上平铺开来,絮体分散较好,这样采集到的絮体图像重叠较少,能更加准确表征出絮体真实的形态、尺寸等。该方法避免了絮体重叠,但因统计分析需采集大量图像样本,且处理效率较低,很难实现工业化。
对图像进行预处理是增强图像一个重要步骤,这样做不仅能有效去除噪声,保证图片的清晰度,而且可以增加图片的对比度,抑制外部干扰因素,为后面的处理识别和跟踪提供良好的基础[25]。图像预处理的方法通常有2种:空间域的处理和频率域的处理。空间域处理主要包括灰度化、中值滤波、对比度加强等步骤,针对图像特性,达到增强图像的效果[26]。频率域处理围绕卷积定理,将图片映射到频率域进行频谱处理增强图像,常使用傅里叶变换结合数字滤波方法[27]。但频率域处理过程较复杂,且时间上无法与感应器相匹配,絮体的图像识别无法与混凝反应控制相匹配,难以投入实际生产。故对矾花的预处理通常集中在空间域层面(图2)。
1)图像灰度化 彩色图像(RGB图像)会占用大量内存空间,所以为了使软件能够快速处理需要将其转换成灰度图像。图像灰度化通常有4种方法:①分量法,根据图像颜色特性的需要选取1种颜色,以该颜色分量的亮度值作为最后的灰度值;②最值法,按照图像某位置像素的RGB 3个分量中的最大值作为当前像素灰度值;③平均值法,将图像某位置像素的RGB 3个分量总和后求平均值,作为当前像素的灰度值;④加权平均法,根据观察习惯,对RGB 3个分量分配相应的权重,进行加权平均后得出最终的灰度值,这也是图像灰度化处理最常用的方法[28]
2)图像滤波 图像获取过程中,受干扰源影响,导致图像成片质量降低,故需要对图像进行滤波处理,目的就是滤除噪声点,让像素信息接近真实值。图像滤波主要分为线性滤波和非线性滤波[29]。与线性滤波相比,非线性滤波能够在去噪的同时保护图像细节,是目前图像滤波方法中研究的热点,具有代表性的是卡尔曼滤波和粒子滤波。Singh等人[30]利用改进的卡尔曼滤波实现降噪,提高了图像分辨率;Van等人[31]使用粒子滤波方法抑制高分辨率图像中的噪声。
3)对比度加强 由于水下复杂的成像环境,以及光在水中传播出现的光散射或吸收等情况,往往导致水下图像出现色偏、对比度低、模糊、光照不均匀等现象,降低图像边缘辨识度。所以,在观察图像之前,需要对图像进行对比度拉伸或者对比度增强处理,以便获得高质量的水中矾花图像。陈娟等[32]提出了多种边缘检测技术在实际应用中进行综合选优的方案;王芳等[33]利用多尺度、多结构的数学形态对图像目标进行了边缘提取,稳定性更高。
4)图像分割 图像分割是将特征目标从复杂环境中分割出来,每个区域具有其独特的信息,以便于后续对絮体目标图像的特征提取,是图像处理到图像分析的关键步骤[34]。图像分割有很多种方法,其中最常用的是阈值法,其本质是根据区域内部灰度的一致性和区间灰度的多样性进行分割[35]。但该方法分割范围小,分割精度差,难以分割复杂图像。Pedor等人[36]使用了基于图像分割方法,该方法具有较好的分割效果,但计算量大且算法复杂。文献[37]使用了一种基于边缘的分割方法,通过检测图像的边缘来分割图像,该方法计算效率高,但对于图像中的未闭合边界可能导致不充分的分割结果。
从预处理之后的图像中提取有用的特征,能够对实现机器视觉目标识别及自动化控制起到决定性作用。图像提取指通过标记图像连通区域内的目标,采用遍历扫描的方式得到当前帧区域内矾花的长度、宽度、周长和面积等信息,再通过相关公式获取矾花等效粒径及分形维数等特征参数。
在图像提取过程中,常用的图像特征有颜色特征、纹理特征、空间关系特征、形状特征[38]。颜色特征只能描述图像区域所对应景物的视觉信息,对区域的方向、大小等变化不敏感;纹理特征描述图像区域内景物的表面特征,适合用于粗细、疏密等方面有较大差别的图像检索;空间关系特征描述图像中多个目标间的相对空间位置或相对方向关系,但不能有效表达场景信息;形状特征则描述了景物的轮廓信息,适用于获取絮凝过程中的矾花特征提取[39]。对于混凝过程的实时监测,矾花形状特征的提取方法有很多,常用的是摄影/软件分析,该方法便捷高效,由于是原位采集,避免了对矾花的破坏[40]。摄影/软件分析将预处理后的矾花图像通过软件分析得到几何信息,并计算得到特征参数。Wang等人[41]基于Image J软件提取矾花特征参数,通过图像分析方法对获得的图像进行分析,计算出矾花投影面积和周长,并采用Mastersizer测量絮团粒径,描绘不同类型混凝剂产生的矾花的分形维数及混凝机制。马启栋等[42]通过Image J软件对采集的矾花图像进行预处理,随后提取矾花纹理特征参数并分析,找到絮体结构参数与沉淀出水水质的相关性。但该方法拍摄过程易受环境干扰,造成图像清晰度变差产生误差,且对于高速紊流状态下的矾花无法精准采集。
近年来,随着计算机性能提升和算法快速发展,Image J软件已无法满足速度和精度的要求,神经网络技术应运而生,目前基于卷积神经网络的图像识别方法成为图像识别的主流算法[43]。李春静[44]利用MATLAB开发平台对自来水厂采集的矾花图像进行预处理,再利用算法框架进行数据分析,得到矾花特性的相关数据并分析得到特征曲线的趋势,以此进行权重打分达到检测混凝效果的目的。Zhang等人[45]基于Python和Open CV开发了一种动态跟踪上浮移动絮体的程序,直观地揭示了铜绿微囊藻混凝浮选絮体的最佳结构特征,通过获取絮体的面积和周长,并在尺度标定下自动计算絮体的平均直径和分形维数,该程序可以实时跟踪计算絮体的上升速度,同时记录絮体随上升速度的结构特征(粒径和分形维数)变化。翟士才等[46]以VS2010为平台,基于Open CV机器视觉库编写了1个系统软件,建立了1个以絮体沉速为主控的混凝剂投加模型,可在线跟踪絮体颗粒结构参数与沉速。神经网络对输入的图像数据量要求较高,有时会出现过度拟合,出现了模型对特定的数据集预测准确性变高,但预测性变差的问题。
由于矾花高度不规则的三维结构及其固有的细腻性、孔隙性,使得其结构特征的评价和量化非常困难[47]。通过计算机技术提取矾花图像信息,获取矾花的数量、等效粒径、分形维数等参数,可以找到出水水质与矾花分形维数与等效粒径之间的关联性。以矾花特性参数值来表征混凝效果,结果反馈至投药控制系统,从而及时准确控制投药量。
混凝水处理过程中,矾花形成得越好,沉淀越充分,出水浊度就越小。Kinoshita等人[48]使用界面沉降法测定高岭石絮体有效体积和单个絮体颗粒直径,实验表明高岭石絮体的平均粒径随着NaCl浓度变化而改变,且絮体的沉降速度与平均粒径呈正相关性。假设絮体在沉降过程中只受重力场的作用且为球状颗粒,则沉降速度可用Stokes公式描述:
v=(ρsρ)g18μds2
式中:v为矾花沉降速度;ρs为矾花的密度;ρ为水密度;ds为矾花直径;μ为水黏度系数;g为重力加速度。
进一步研究表明,随着矾花粒径的变化,其密度变化规律为:
ρsρ=dskp
式中:kp与原水的水质有关,取1.2~1.5。将式(2)代入式(1),得出矾花粒径与沉淀速度的关系式为:
v=gds(2kp)18u
由于矾花的形貌具有不规则性,其沉降速度肯定比同体积的球状矾花沉降速度慢,故需将不规则的粒子定义为在某种程度上与粒子等效的球体或圆,引入等效直径。这种将不规则粒子进行标准化的测量方法适用广泛,不同等效方法测的粒子尺寸也不相同。将图像捕捉到的不规则矾花粒径由等效粒径来反映,由于矾花的沉降速度与大小和圆形度有关,矾花圆形度越高,其沉降速度就越快[49]。矾花等效粒径Ф为:
Φ=2sπ[1(12sπl)k1]×[1(11m)k2]×(1s0sk3)
式中:s为矾花面积;l为矾花周长;s0为矾花中间空白区域面积;m为矾花的长宽比;k1k2k3分别为周长、长宽比、中空面积的折扣系数,取值范围为0~1,取0时表示没有折扣,取1表示折扣最大。各矾花的等效粒径不能反映整体的情况,所以要在得到各矾花Φ的基础上,计算Φ平均值。通过下式计算平均等效粒径[50]
φ=(niφi)/ni
式中:ni为等效粒径为φi的矾花数;φi为第i个矾花的等效粒径。
矾花的等效粒径与沉降水浊度紧密相关,大量研究表明,矾花等效粒径越大,沉降速度越快,即沉降越充分,出水水浊度越低,混凝效果也越好[51]。当投药量不足时,混凝剂水解形成的胶粒不能发生有效碰撞,形成的矾花粒度较小,不易沉降导致出水浊度较高。随着投药量增加,水解形成更多的胶粒与水中胶体颗粒发生有效碰撞与聚集,矾花数量和等效粒径的增速较快,沉淀出水浊度大幅下降[52]。所以,等效粒径可作为实际控制混凝剂投加的1个重要反馈参数。
图3给出了pH值为7.5、搅拌速率为100 r/mim、聚合氯化铝PAC与聚合氯化铁(PFS)复配混凝剂用量为100 mg/L时等效粒径与出水浊度关系。由图3所示:当PAC质量分数从0提高到50.0%时,浊度去除率从92.7%下降到46.2%,等效粒径从0.601 mm降至0.094 mm。表明在PAC质量分数在0~50.0%,等效粒径可以反应混凝效果,超过50.0%则不能。
分形维数是表示矾花结构特征的一个主要参数。混凝过程中分形维数变化不仅可以反映矾花的形成过程及规律,而且与沉降后出水情况之间有良好的相关性[53]。一般情况下,分形维数大则表明矾花的密实度高,矾花结构紧实,从而导致沉降性能增强,沉降比增大,有利于后续的沉降分离[54]。Tan等人[55]通过分级细尾沙沉降实验,基于分形理论考察了不同混凝剂作用下絮体的沉降性能,以分形维数作为定量控制参数,通过比较分形维数的大小来比较混凝剂的混凝效果,结果表明絮体分形维数越大则絮体越致密,最终沉降高度越低,混凝沉降效果较理想。将分型理论应用在对混凝过程的控制,通过图像处理技术对矾花的结构特征进行连续测定,通过公式计算得到分形维数。矾花结构一般可以用二维分形维数D2来表示,一般矾花图像的二维分形维数D2通过下式获取:
A=αLD2
两边取对数:
lnA=D2lnL+lnα
式中:A为矾花的面积;L为矾花轮廓区域的轮廓周长;α为矾花轮廓区域的比例常数。
当采集到所有矾花的面积和轮廓周长后,取对数后可通过公式进行曲线拟合,得到直线斜率即为矾花的D2D2值越大,矾花越致密;D2值越低,形成的矾花具有高度分枝和多孔结构[56]D2=2时表示球形絮团,D2=1表示线性结构。
大量研究表明,当混凝剂投加量较小时,矾花的形成主要是吸附和点中和机制,此时矾花的分形维数随着混凝剂投加量的增加而增加,密实度也逐渐增加。当混凝剂投加过量时,矾花分形维数随着混凝剂投加量的增加而降低,此时矾花的形成主要以卷扫机制为主,结构逐渐变得松散[57]。因此,在混凝过程中可以利用矾花分形维数的变化预测不同矾花结构的转折点,并通过对矾花形成影响因素的进一步分析优化混凝投药的控制条件。
现有水厂大部分通过检测沉后水的出水水质浊度、ξ电位等指标来表征絮凝效果和控制投药量[58]。Hussein等人[59]通过图像处理技术表征了某地污水的絮凝效果,以PAC投药量为变量,评价了对絮体数量、絮体等效粒径和分形维数的影响,并探讨了其与出水浊度和ξ电位的相关性,结果表明,絮体数量、絮体等效粒径和分形维数3个参数与浊度的相关系数R2分别为0.982、0.851、0.875,与ξ电位的R2分别为0.868、0.879、0.942,均存在较好拟合关系。高超[60]的研究结果表明,随着投药量增加,沉淀后出水浊度与絮体数量呈正相关,相关系数R2为0.982;与等效粒径及分形维数呈负相关,相关系数为0.851和0.875;3个参数与ξ电位的R2分别为0.879、0.942、0.954。
研究发现,矾花的表面和内部都具有标度不变性和自相似性,这表明矾花的形态结构及其形成过程均具有分形特征,可用分形维数值来定量化表述矾花内部的密实程度。一般矾花结构越密实,分形维数值越高;结构越松散,分形维数值越小[61-62]图4给出了6种不同混凝条件下产生的矾花物理参数和沉降关系曲线。混凝剂质量浓度为100 mg/L,6种不同混凝条件分别为0%Al(质量分数,下同)+100%Fe、50%Al+50%Fe、70%Al+30%Fe、80%Al+20%Fe、90%Al+10%Fe、100%Al+0%Fe。
图4可见,分形维数和沉降比之间存在负相关性。当混凝剂用量中PAC质量分数增大,矾花分形维数呈下降趋势,矾花结构更为松散,从而导致沉降性能变差,沉降比增大。这也说明分形维数可以替代沉降比来判断矾花的沉降性能,对分形维数和沉降比进行多项式拟合得到图5
图5可见,分形维数和沉降比拟合曲线的R2=0.933 76,拟合程度较好。
南方某火力发电厂,装机容量4×300 MW,以水库水为锅炉补给水水源,预处理采用机械搅拌加速澄清池,对电厂3号澄清池进行混凝剂自动加药技术改造。改造要点是通过安装水下高清摄像头获取矾花图像,通过计算机视觉技术提取矾花相关参数,通过模型结合出水浊度的高低,以及等效粒径、分形维数与沉降比的关系,将相关参数反馈至混凝剂控制器,对澄清池加药泵转速进行调控,实现澄清池的自动控制运行。实际运行效果表明:该系统具有良好适应性,2 min内将3号澄清池出水流量由178 t/h提高到270 t/h时,其在线出水浊度由3.62 NTU升高到3.92 NTU,2 h后降低到3.70 NTU。表明基于图像处理的混凝剂自动加药技术可实现进水流量波动下的加药调节,并确保出水水质合格、稳定。
图像处理技术对于混凝过程的研究有重要意义。将微观的矾花结构特征与宏观的混凝效果相结合,可以建立矾花的结构参数与出水指标之间的关系,提高混凝效果。通过机器视觉代替传统肉眼观察,解决进水水质等因素变化对混凝处理的不利影响,实现加药系统精确自动控制,显著改善了预处理单元的处理效果。
目前,基于图像处理的水处理技术研究成效显著,但仍有很大的发展空间,未来可加强以下方面的研究。
1)提高图像采集的分辨率和准确性。图像采集过程中存在诸多干扰因素,可能会影响对絮体图像的采集。传统的图像采集技术容易受到光线、背景等因素的干扰,影响识别精度。
2)图像处理优化。目前,对于絮体边缘检测和絮体内部空隙的处理仍不是很完善,絮体较多且出现重叠、粘连时,絮体的分割处理还未得到解决。
3)絮体沉降速度测量。目前,絮体沉降速度的测量大多是根据絮体各特征参数(如面积、周长、长宽等),通过一定的计算公式,计算沉降速度。由于水力环境、采集误差等影响,只依据特征参数计算沉降速度往往得到的数值误差较大。
4)进一步优化完善图像处理软件,开展投药量与絮体性能参数和沉降后水水质等多数据融合的数学模型研究,为建立混凝剂投药自动控制系统奠定基础。
  • 中国华能集团有限公司总部科技项目(HNKJ21-HF201)
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2024年第53卷第5期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202310169
  • 接收时间:2023-10-12
  • 首发时间:2026-01-07
  • 出版时间:2024-05-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-10-12
基金
Science and Technology Project of China Huaneng Group Co., Ltd.(HNKJ21-HF201)
中国华能集团有限公司总部科技项目(HNKJ21-HF201)
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    1.华能海南发电股份有限公司东方电厂,海南 东方 572633
    2.西安热工研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710054

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乔越(1992),男,硕士,工程师,主要研究方向为电厂化学技术监督、腐蚀防护技术等,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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