Article(id=1215700810747527778, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1215700809971581533, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202311167, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1700496000000, receivedDateStr=2023-11-21, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1767775259911, onlineDateStr=2026-01-07, pubDate=1716566400000, pubDateStr=2024-05-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1767775259911, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1767775259911, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767775259911, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1215700809971581533, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2024', volume='53', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='148', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1767775259725, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767775403954, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1215701414953796264, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1215700809971581533, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1215701414953796265, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1215700809971581533, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=37, endPage=46, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1215700811368284779, articleId=1215700810747527778, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Preparation of cellulose-SiO2 and its application in purifying transformer oil, columnId=1215700810680418912, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Power plant chemistry and materials research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Transformer insulating oil will gradually deteriorate during the operation of power equipment, resulting in a significant reduction in the electrical, physical and chemical properties of transformer oil. In this paper, the adsorption phase reaction technology is used to solidify hydrophilic SiO2 nanoparticles on microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), to prepare modified cellulose dust collector materials with high adsorption performance, to purify and treat dirty transformer oil by combining with electrostatic adsorption technology. For the SiO2 modified cellulose dust collector material, it can be concluded through the oil purification effect test that, the best preparation condition is dissolution and drying for 12 h, and adding 6 g ethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) as a silicon source. Then, the modified cellulose dust collector material prepared above conditions is placed in the electrostatic oil purification reactor. After synergistically purified by the two methods, the transformer oil’s main operational indicators such as moisture reduces from 32.0 mg/L (the initial value) to 23.5 mg/L or less, and other key indexes including medium loss factor, acid value and volume resistivity have reached the national standard of operational oil. It shows that the electrostatic technology combined with modified cellulose adsorbent material can effectively adsorb the impurity particles in the oil.

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变压器绝缘油在电力设备运行过程中会逐渐劣化,导致变压器油电气性能、理化性能大幅降低。采用吸附相反应技术,将亲水SiO2纳米颗粒固载在微晶纤维素(microcrystalline cellulose,MCC)上,制备出具有高吸附性能的改性纤维素集尘体材料,联合静电吸附技术净化处理脏污变压器油。对于SiO2改性纤维素集尘体材料,通过油品净化效果测试得出,最佳的制备条件为溶胀后干燥12 h,作为硅源的正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)加入量为6 g;将上述条件下合成的改性纤维素集尘体材料,置于静电净油反应器内,二者协同净化脏污变压器油后,油品的主要运行指标如水分由最初的32.0 mg/L以上降至23.5 mg/L以下,且其他包括介质损耗因数、酸值和体积电阻率等关键指标也均已达到运行油的国家标准。可见,静电技术结合改性纤维素吸附材料能够有效吸附油中的杂质颗粒。

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孙墨杰(1967),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为电力化学分析测试技术与仪器、电力水处理工程技术,
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杨雪(1985),女,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为电力化学相关的检测、监督及培训,

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杨雪(1985),女,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为电力化学相关的检测、监督及培训,

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Laboratory reagents

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试剂名称规格生产厂家
微晶纤维素MCC粒径100 μm上海麦克林有限公司
正硅酸乙酯分析纯罗恩试剂有限公司
硅烷偶联剂Si-69分析纯东莞市山一塑化有限公司
氢氧化钠分析纯天津市北联精细化学品开发有限公司
无水乙醇分析纯天津市富宇精细化工有限公司
), ArticleFig(id=1215700821900181630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700810747527778, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

实验试剂

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试剂名称规格生产厂家
微晶纤维素MCC粒径100 μm上海麦克林有限公司
正硅酸乙酯分析纯罗恩试剂有限公司
硅烷偶联剂Si-69分析纯东莞市山一塑化有限公司
氢氧化钠分析纯天津市北联精细化学品开发有限公司
无水乙醇分析纯天津市富宇精细化工有限公司
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Laboratory instruments

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试剂名称生产厂家
FA2204A电子天平上海精天电子仪器有限公司
HJ-4A六联调温磁力搅拌器金坛市华城开元实验仪器厂
DZF真空干燥箱上海力辰邦西仪器科技有限公司
DW-P303-1ACH2AD/AC高压直流
电源
天津东文高压电源股份有限公司
BCKF-3型卡尔费休水分测定仪合肥晟节仪表科技有限公司
XZR-10A绝缘油介质损耗及电阻率
测试仪
吉林市星光科技有限公司
XRD-7000 X射线衍射仪日本岛津有限责任公司
SU8220扫描电子显微镜日本株式会社日立制作所
TriStar II 3020比表面积孔隙度分析仪美国麦克默瑞提克公司
FTIR-650傅里叶变换红外光谱仪天津港东科技股份有限公司
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实验仪器

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试剂名称生产厂家
FA2204A电子天平上海精天电子仪器有限公司
HJ-4A六联调温磁力搅拌器金坛市华城开元实验仪器厂
DZF真空干燥箱上海力辰邦西仪器科技有限公司
DW-P303-1ACH2AD/AC高压直流
电源
天津东文高压电源股份有限公司
BCKF-3型卡尔费休水分测定仪合肥晟节仪表科技有限公司
XZR-10A绝缘油介质损耗及电阻率
测试仪
吉林市星光科技有限公司
XRD-7000 X射线衍射仪日本岛津有限责任公司
SU8220扫描电子显微镜日本株式会社日立制作所
TriStar II 3020比表面积孔隙度分析仪美国麦克默瑞提克公司
FTIR-650傅里叶变换红外光谱仪天津港东科技股份有限公司
), ArticleFig(id=1215700822286057613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1215700810747527778, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Purification effects of dust-collecting filter paper without and with addition of MCC-SiO2 modified cellulose dust-collecting filter paper

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目介质损耗因数水分/(mg·L–1)酸值/(mg·g–1)体积电阻率/(Ω·m)
净化前0.042 5832.00.052 31.2×1 010
未添加集尘滤纸材料0.003 4327.00.036 25.470 3×
1 010
添加MCC-SiO2改性纤维素集尘滤纸0.000 9423.50.028 15.470 3×
1 010
运行油国际标准≤0.04≤25.0≤0.1≥5×109
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未添加集尘滤纸材料与添加MCC-SiO2改性纤维素集尘滤纸净化效果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目介质损耗因数水分/(mg·L–1)酸值/(mg·g–1)体积电阻率/(Ω·m)
净化前0.042 5832.00.052 31.2×1 010
未添加集尘滤纸材料0.003 4327.00.036 25.470 3×
1 010
添加MCC-SiO2改性纤维素集尘滤纸0.000 9423.50.028 15.470 3×
1 010
运行油国际标准≤0.04≤25.0≤0.1≥5×109
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纤维素-SiO2的制备及在净化变压器油中的应用
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杨雪 1 , 张春波 1 , 王浩然 2 , 孙东平 2 , 祖文轩 2 , 孙墨杰 2
热力发电 | 电厂化学与材料研究专题 2024,53(5): 37-46
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热力发电 | 电厂化学与材料研究专题 2024, 53(5): 37-46
纤维素-SiO2的制备及在净化变压器油中的应用
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杨雪1 , 张春波1, 王浩然2, 孙东平2, 祖文轩2, 孙墨杰2
作者信息
  • 1.吉林省电力科学研究院有限公司,吉林 长春 130000
  • 2.东北电力大学化学工程学院,吉林 吉林 132000
  • 杨雪(1985),女,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为电力化学相关的检测、监督及培训,

通讯作者:

孙墨杰(1967),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为电力化学分析测试技术与仪器、电力水处理工程技术,
Preparation of cellulose-SiO2 and its application in purifying transformer oil
Xue YANG1 , Chunbo ZHANG1, Haoran WANG2, Dongping SUN2, Wenxuan ZU2, Mojie SUN2
Affiliations
  • 1.Power Science Research Institute of State Grid Jilin Electric Power Co., Changchun 130000, China
  • 2.School of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern Electric Power University, Jilin 132000, China
出版时间: 2024-05-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202311167
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变压器绝缘油在电力设备运行过程中会逐渐劣化,导致变压器油电气性能、理化性能大幅降低。采用吸附相反应技术,将亲水SiO2纳米颗粒固载在微晶纤维素(microcrystalline cellulose,MCC)上,制备出具有高吸附性能的改性纤维素集尘体材料,联合静电吸附技术净化处理脏污变压器油。对于SiO2改性纤维素集尘体材料,通过油品净化效果测试得出,最佳的制备条件为溶胀后干燥12 h,作为硅源的正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)加入量为6 g;将上述条件下合成的改性纤维素集尘体材料,置于静电净油反应器内,二者协同净化脏污变压器油后,油品的主要运行指标如水分由最初的32.0 mg/L以上降至23.5 mg/L以下,且其他包括介质损耗因数、酸值和体积电阻率等关键指标也均已达到运行油的国家标准。可见,静电技术结合改性纤维素吸附材料能够有效吸附油中的杂质颗粒。

纤维素  /  SiO2改性纤维素  /  静电净油技术  /  变压器油  /  吸附材料

Transformer insulating oil will gradually deteriorate during the operation of power equipment, resulting in a significant reduction in the electrical, physical and chemical properties of transformer oil. In this paper, the adsorption phase reaction technology is used to solidify hydrophilic SiO2 nanoparticles on microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), to prepare modified cellulose dust collector materials with high adsorption performance, to purify and treat dirty transformer oil by combining with electrostatic adsorption technology. For the SiO2 modified cellulose dust collector material, it can be concluded through the oil purification effect test that, the best preparation condition is dissolution and drying for 12 h, and adding 6 g ethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) as a silicon source. Then, the modified cellulose dust collector material prepared above conditions is placed in the electrostatic oil purification reactor. After synergistically purified by the two methods, the transformer oil’s main operational indicators such as moisture reduces from 32.0 mg/L (the initial value) to 23.5 mg/L or less, and other key indexes including medium loss factor, acid value and volume resistivity have reached the national standard of operational oil. It shows that the electrostatic technology combined with modified cellulose adsorbent material can effectively adsorb the impurity particles in the oil.

cellulose  /  SiO2 modified cellulose  /  electrostatic oil purification technology  /  transformer oil  /  adsorbent material
杨雪, 张春波, 王浩然, 孙东平, 祖文轩, 孙墨杰. 纤维素-SiO2的制备及在净化变压器油中的应用. 热力发电, 2024 , 53 (5) : 37 -46 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202311167
Xue YANG, Chunbo ZHANG, Haoran WANG, Dongping SUN, Wenxuan ZU, Mojie SUN. Preparation of cellulose-SiO2 and its application in purifying transformer oil[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2024 , 53 (5) : 37 -46 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202311167
变压器是输配电基础且关键的设备,广泛应用于工业、农业、交通、城市社区等领域。保证变压器的安全稳定运行是电力输配过程中节省输电成本的重要环节,是保证电力系统可靠运行的必然要求。变压器油是电气绝缘油中最重要的一种,其需求量占电气绝缘油总需求量的98%以上[1],起到绝缘保护、散热冷却和灭弧的作用。变压器油质量关系到电网安全运行,与工业生产和人民生活有着不可分割的联系。
然而变压器在实际运行过程中,受到温度、电场、磁场、电弧、辐射、氧化等条件作用[2],绝缘油会产生一系列的劣化产物,如氢气、油泥、酸性产物、低分子碳氢化合物[3]等,变压器绝缘油的酸值、工频介质损耗因数(介损)值和体积电阻[4]等指标会发生明显改变,并呈现渐进的劣化趋势。而绝缘纸作为应用于变压器中的另一绝缘材料,在变压器高温高电压的运行环境下,会氧化产生过氧化物,氧化产物进一步发生氧化、断链等一系列化学反应,使变压器油中含氧基团含量上升[5],并且还会持续产出一些低分子产物,从而导致其结晶度和分子量随之改变[6-7],这一过程也会导致油中的杂质含量逐渐增加,使油品的电气性能不断下降,最终导致油品质量不能达到运行油的要求。
静电吸附净油技术是指通过施加电场,使油品中的纳/微米级污染物发生电泳和介电电泳(diel ectro phoresis,DEP),从而产生静电吸附达到净油目的。经过国内外研究者对静电净油技术的不断深入研究[8-10],发现构建非均匀梯度电场[11-19]可以有效去除变压器油中难以去除的亚微米级杂质,提高变压器油的电气性能。
为了进一步改善静电净油技术的处理效果,拟制备出一种具有高效吸附能力的疏油材料,联合静电净油技术实现脏污变压器油的深度净化。
目前,用于净化处理脏污变压器油的传统吸附材料,主要包括白土[20]、硅胶[21]、活性氧化铝[22]和801吸附剂[23]等。这些传统的净化材料能够有效吸附油中的不饱和烃、水分、酸性组分、沥青质和油泥等氧化产物,但是对于油中胶体杂质的去除效果并不理想[24-27],而这些胶体杂质正是油介损值升高的主要原因。传统的吸附净化材料难以保障处理后绝缘油的介损、酸值等关键指标满足运行要求,且吸附过程复杂,部分吸附产物不易清除,易对油品造成二次污染。因此,这类吸附净化材料不适合制备成用于静电净油技术的机械强度高、延展性好的集尘体材料。
在天然吸附材料中,纤维素具有一定的极性分子吸附性能,且易于制备滤纸,以作为集尘体用于静电吸附技术可使杂质有效吸附在集尘体上,定期更换集尘体后不会对油品造成二次污染,符合静电净油技术的要求。然而普通纤维素材料吸附效果并不突出,对其进行吸附改性是目前国内外研究者的重点工作。
纤维素分子上具有大量的羟基,每个重复单元均含有1个伯羟基和2个仲羟基,纤维素分子结构如图1所示。因此,纤维素分子能够通过化学改性方法(酯化、醚化、氧化、接枝共聚和交联)引入多种具有吸附性能的功能基团,如-COOH、-OH、-NH2和-SH等[28-29]。但羟基间极易形成分子内氢键和分子间氢键,限制了应用和发展,因此需要通过其他材料的引入,打开羟基间成键,提高纤维素分子的吸附活性。
SiO2类吸附剂在工业中被广泛使用,具有亲水性、高生物活性、无毒性等一些特征,且其表面硅羟基能改性化学键,与纤维素材料相结合而使其功能化。已有的实验结果显示,利用量子隧穿效应、SiO2的容积效应和纤维素的浸润效应,可以使得SiO2粒子与纤维素п键形成的电子云层互相交叠,从而形成一种有机—无机复合结构。本文采用吸附相反应技术,将亲水SiO2纳米颗粒固载在微晶纤维素(microcrystalline cellulose,MCC)上,制备出具有高吸附性能的改性纤维素集尘体材料,联合静电吸附技术净化处理脏污变压器油。
主要实验试剂见表1,实验仪器见表2
由于纳米材料的粒径、形貌等特点,使其具有多种不同纤维素制备技术。其中,微反应器技术是一种新颖而又高效的手段,基本思想是将反应物质放在微观空间中,通过受限对反应物质的分散与形貌调控,达到对高分子粒子尺寸与形貌的调控。而吸附相反应技术是将固态表面的吸附层(微反应器),作为纳米颗粒的成长空间和地点,并对反应物的粒度和分布进行调控,进而获得一种可以合成出纳米复合材料的技术。
采用吸附相反应技术制备纳米复合材料的支撑物,主要分成2种类型:第一种是采用层结构,包含硅酸盐类等的结构性支持物;第二种是以纳米颗粒为主体的负载。本实验即采用正硅酸乙酯C8H20O4Si(TEOS)作为硅源,以其水解产生SiO2对纤维素进行改性。TEOS水解[30]过程如下:
TEOS + 2H2 Si(OH)4+ 4C2H5OH
nSi(OH)4nSiO2+ 2nH2O
当负载颗粒扩散到二元复合体系时,由于对载体的选择吸收使得载体实现吸附均衡,在其表面上出现一种富集上述1种组分的吸附层,若此类组分不参与反应,就会额外添加可以溶解于此吸附层的其他反应物质,反应物质通过一种特殊的方式,被吸附在吸附膜上,在吸附膜上形成一种新的、可再生的纳米颗粒。本文即通过氢氧化钠溶液对纤维素材料进行溶胀,使纤维素表面形成反应层,再通过加热干燥使反应层上出现空隙,形成反应空间,使得SiO2颗粒在此与纤维素材料结合。由于发生化学反应的场所和颗粒生长的场所都在吸收剂表面,所以这种方法被称为吸附相反应技术。
本实验通过调变微晶纤维素溶胀后的干燥时间以及前驱体TEOS的加入量,对材料的最佳合成条件进行分析。100 mL质量分数8%的NaOH溶液溶胀,表面吸附有1层碱溶液层,降低纤维素结晶度和聚合度,室温溶胀4 h后抽滤,在60 ℃真空干燥箱中干燥,控制干燥时间分别为6、10、12、18 h,以确定最佳的干燥时间,前驱体TEOS加入量分别为2、4、6、8 g,进行最佳硅源加入量的调变分析。
选取干燥时间为12 h,TEOS加入量为6 g,具体实验步骤如下。
1)取10 gMCC分散到50 mL乙醇中,加入100 mL质量分数8%的NaOH溶液,室温溶胀4 h。用真空抽滤装置对混合液进行抽滤,将抽滤取得的固体粉末置于60 ℃真空干燥箱中干燥12 h,将干燥后的MCC备用。
2)将NaOH溶液溶胀的MCC分散150 mL乙醇中,机械搅拌10 min,使溶胀的MCC分散均匀。
3)将6 g TEOS和2 g硅烷偶联剂加入装有100 mL乙醇的3口烧瓶中,将分散好的MCC用分液漏斗逐滴加入其中,控制滴加时间为5~10 min,在磁力搅拌下反应50 min,并陈化30 min。以上反应在60 ℃水浴中进行。
4)将上步的产物抽滤,并置于80 ℃真空干燥箱中干燥6 h,得到MCC-SiO2改性纤维素材料。
5)调变干燥时间和TEOS加入量,重复上述实验步骤1)—步骤4)。
MCC-SiO2改性纤维素材料具有较好的吸附性能,其分子上存在大量极性基团使得该分子具有极强的疏油性,因此可利用MCC-SiO2的这一特点吸附去除变压器油中水分。由于MCC-SiO2改性纤维素材料粉末状结构并不能直接用于变压器油,进而考虑将MCC-SiO2改性材料抄片于滤纸中。抄片过程如下。
1)对制备的滤纸集尘体定量80 g/m2,其中改性纤维素的加入量为25%。
2)称取8.521 g水分(质量分数)77.89%的滤纸浆与0.628 g的改性纤维素样品,置于纤维疏解器中使改性纤维素与滤纸浆共混,观察混合浆料中无明显聚集的纸浆纤维和分层现象后停止搅拌。
3)先将抄片机放水阀关闭,将混合后浆料液倒入抄片机贮浆室,加水并使用匀浆板搅动浆料,使贮浆室内的浆料在水中均匀分散,静止片刻观察纤维在混合溶液中没有明显的运动后,打开放水阀,纸浆被滤网过滤在表面,形成湿纸。
4)湿纸成型后,在表面覆盖白色圆布,并用滚筒自然滚动几次。将湿纸和滤网同时取出,敲击滤网使湿纸从滤网上脱落下来,铺有滤布的一面朝下,将湿纸的另一侧也覆盖滤布,用滚筒滚动几次。
5)打开抄片机的真空热压部分,设定抄片加热温度为110 ℃。待温度升高至设定值后,将两面都铺有白布的湿纸放入到真空烘干器中,对样品进行加热和抽真空20 min,即得到改性纤维素填料滤纸集尘体(图2)。
首先,调变前驱体TEOS的加入量,控制前驱体TEOS加入量分别为2、4、6、8 g(对应生成产物分别为ST2、ST4、ST6、ST8),反应物干燥时间均为8 h,其余实验步骤同前文,进行最佳硅源加入量的调变分析。
对微晶纤维素材料以及MCC-SiO2改性纤维素材料进行扫描电子显微镜测试,电镜照片如图3所示。图3a)中未改性的MCC颗粒呈现球状,表面光滑粒径分布在0.5 μm左右。将实验中硅源(正硅酸乙酯)的加入量增加到4 g后(图3c)和图3d))颗粒表面不再呈现规则的球状,这是由于微晶纤维素颗粒表面形成了“微反应器”,其表面有SiO2颗粒生长,并且可以看出改性后的颗粒半径明显大于未改性的颗粒半径;但将硅源的加入量进一步增大后(图3e)),颗粒的改性效果没有明显提升。
对MCC颗粒、经NaOH溶胀的MCC颗粒以及MCC-SiO2改性纤维素材料进行X射线衍射分析,结果如图4所示。由图4可见,溶胀后的纤维素材料以及改性后的纤维材料在峰形上都显示出了与纤维素材料相同的特征峰。2θ=15.4°、16.2°、22.0°处的峰都属于纤维素Ⅰ晶型的特征,2θ=20.7°处的峰属于纤维素Ⅱ晶型的特征[31]。这说明经吸附相法进行改性不会改变纤维素的晶体结构,其改性过程发生在纤维素颗粒表面,这与扫描电镜的分析结果相对应。
对于不同TEOS加入量下制备的MCC-SiO2改性纤维素材料,进行了吸水倍率(吸水量与材料质量比)测试,合成MCC-SiO2的吸水倍率如图5所示。由分析测试结果可以看出:当硅源的加入量逐渐增加时,材料ST6和ST8相较ST2和ST4表现出更好的吸水性能;当TEOS的加入量为6 g时,改性材料的吸水材料达到最优,这与SEM照片中观察到的材料表面SiO2分子的分布状况相对应。可见,材料在吸水达到饱和后继续浸泡在水中后,仍保持原吸水能力。
对不同TEOS加入量下制备的MCC-SiO2改性纤维素材料,进行了保水性能分析。将合成材料置于60 ℃烘箱中恒温加热并间隔2 min取出称重,记录材料的失水速率以评估其保水能力。不同TEOS加入量下合成的MCC-SiO2保水能力曲线如图6所示。由图6可见,改性后的纤维素材料在持续受热40 min后,会失去其吸收的水分,因此材料在结合静电净油反应器协同净化变压器油时,最佳反应温度不要超过60 ℃。本文设计的实验室静电净油反应器油品工作温度为45 ℃,且油品的循环净化时间为30 min,可以保证改性材料的保水能力。
实验以100 mL 8%(质量分数)的NaOH溶液溶胀,室温溶胀4 h后抽滤,在60 ℃真空干燥箱中干燥,控制干燥时间分别为6、10、12、18 h(对应样品分别为S6、S10、S12、S18),来确定最佳的干燥时间。
采用XRD检测MCC和MCC-SiO2改性纤维素的晶体结构和相纯度,结果如图7所示。由图7可见,2θ=15.4°、16.2°、22°处的峰均属于纤维素Ⅰ晶型的特征,2θ=20.7°处的峰属于纤维素Ⅱ晶型的特征。改性处理后MCC仍保留着未改性前的特征衍射峰,表明反应中用SiO2交联改性没有破坏MCC的晶体结构;但特征峰强度稍有减弱,表明MCC经改性处理后,部分结晶结构被破坏。这可能是因为交联剂向晶粒表面层内部扩散,在与更多的羟基反应后晶粒表层结构发生了变化。分析发现,改性处理前后MCC表现出几乎相同的X射线衍射图谱,交联反应仅发生在MCC表面。这可能是由于MCC表面结构比较致密,阻碍了交联剂进入MCC内部,所以SiO2与MCC的交联反应仅仅发生在MCC表面相近的外伸羟基之间[32]
对MCC和SiO2改性MCC进行了扫描电子显微镜测试,结果如图8所示。
图8a)可以看出,未改性的MCC粒径较大为0.50~0.75 μm,并且表面光滑。SiO2改性后杂化体的粒径相对于MCC有所降低,并且表面聚集了大量的小球颗粒,图8c)—图8e)中越来越多的SiO2小球附着在MCC表面。由图8e)可以看出,SiO2改性MCC表面较为粗糙,并且表面聚集的小球颗粒粒径为0.1~0.3 μm。这些小颗粒在MCC表面堆积,使得MCC比表面积增大,这有助于提升MCC的纳污容量,以及高纤维素基改性材料的吸附效果。
对前驱体TEOS添加量6 g,干燥时间12 h的纤维素改性材料,进行EDS与Mapping物相表征,结果如图9图10所示。
图9可见,在所制备的MCC-SiO2材料中,Si质量分数为10.35%,原子数分数为5.09%。由图10的Mapping表征可见,Si元素均匀分布在材料表面。
图11为改性前后MCC的红外谱图。由图11可见,MCC-SiO2改性纤维素材料在456 cm–1和790 cm–1处的峰与Si-O对称伸缩振动和弯曲振动峰相对应,表明改性材料Si-O-Si为无机网络结构。Si-O-Si键在1 000~1 200 cm–1处的特征吸收峰与MCC的C-O键伸缩振动吸收峰重合,导致SiO2改性MCC在1 076 cm–1区域的吸收峰明显增强。MCC-SiO2改性纤维素材料在2 800~3 000 cm–1处的吸收峰对应-CH3和-CH2的特征吸收峰,纤维素改性前后红外图谱在2 920 cm–1区域吸收峰没有明显变化[33]。SiO2改性纤维素材料在3 421 cm–1处为缔合羟基(-OH)的伸缩振动吸收峰,较原材料在此处的吸收峰更宽,这是由于纤维素表面的-OH与SiO2表面的-OH形成了分子间氢键所至。红外光谱测试结果均充分说明了SiO2已经成功负载在MCC上。
图12为MCC-SiO2的吸水倍率。
图12可知,在不同干燥时间下制备的MCC-SiO2改性纤维素材料,吸水倍率各有不同。其中,干燥时间为12 h制备的MCC-SiO2改性纤维素材料吸水倍率最高,根据吸水倍率公式计算1.0 g的该改性纤维可吸附15.3 g的水,且吸附速率较快,约3 min即可达到饱和状态。以热力学角度[34]分析饱和状态,水分子在吉布斯自由能ΔGm小于零时,能够自发地渗入高分子相中,而水分子在渗透一段时间后达到吉布斯自由能ΔGm大于零时,水分子在改性纤维素中的渗透会受到限制,达到饱和。并且材料在达到吸水饱和之后,仍能保持原吸水能力。
将最佳条件下制备的MCC-SiO2改性纤维素材料与MCC进行吸水倍率比较,结果如图13所示。由图13可见:改性后的MCC-SiO2改性纤维素材料亲水性较原纤维素材料得到极大提升,可迅速吸水至饱和,吸水倍率也有了大幅提升,这是由于表面固载SiO2提高了纤维素的比表面积,增加了吸附面积;而MCC本身对极性分子的交互作用较差,材料吸水不连续且在吸水20 min后才达到饱和。
MCC-SiO2与SiO2改性前后MCC的保水率(WRR)曲线如图14所示。由图14可知,不同干燥时间下制备的MCC-SiO2改性纤维素材料在受热失水过程中,失水速率较均匀。这说明水分子在MCC-SiO2改性纤维素材料上的吸附状态单一。干燥时间为12 h下合成的MCC-SiO2改性纤维素材料的保水能力较其他干燥时间下制备的MCC-SiO2改性纤维素材料更强,这是由于当SiO2在纤维素表面分散性更好时,与水分子的接触更充分。
对比干燥时间为12 h的MCC-SiO2改性纤维素材料与MCC材料的WRR曲线可以看出,纤维素固载SiO2的改性方法,提升了纤维素的保水能力,固载具有Si-O极性键的SiO2可大大提升其对水分子的吸附能力,这与吸水倍率分析结果一致。
将最佳制备条件即溶胀后干燥12 h,TEOS加入量为6 g条件下制备的MCC-SiO2改性纤维素材料,经过抄片后得到的改性纤维素集尘滤纸贴附于自制实验室静电净油反应器的金属极板上。控制静电净油反应器的运行参数为:变压器油流速为0.15 m/s,施加电压8 kV,净化温度为45 ℃,处理变压器油量为1 000 mL,处理时间30 min。对老化变压器油进行静电净油处理,通过测量介质损耗因数、酸值、水分、体积电阻率这4个变压器油关键指标,衡量未添加集尘滤纸材料和添加MCC-SiO2改性纤维素集尘滤纸的净化效果,实验结果见表3
由净化前后油品性能对比可以看出,净化后油品各项指标均有正向提升,在采用改性纤维素集尘体与静电净油反应器联合净油后,变压器油水分由最初的32.0 mg/L以上降至23.5 mg/L以下,已达到《运行变压器油质量标准》(GB/T7595—2017)对于运行变压器油水分的要求,并且其他包括介质损耗、酸值和体积电阻率等关键指标也均已达标。这说明改性后的纤维素材料由于普通实验室滤纸,这是因为改性后纤维素表面固载了具有更好吸水能力的SiO2基团,可以做到对油中水分子以及一些其他极性杂质的选择性吸附,以此提升了变压器油的处理效果。
1)本文以微晶纤维素为基底材料,采用吸附相技术结合微反应器法,以NaOH碱性溶液对微晶纤维素进行溶胀,在此材料表面吸附1层碱溶液层,通过干燥使碱液层上出现空隙即“微反应器”,并通过改变干燥时间控制反应器的大小。实验结果表明,在TEOS加入量为6 g,材料溶胀后干燥时间为12 h的条件下合成的MCC-SiO2改性纤维素,吸水效果最优,吸水倍率达到153%。
2)将所探究最佳比例材料进行抄片,以抄片后的滤纸作为集尘体材料置于自制实验室静电净油反应器中,协同净化变压器油。实验结果证明,其净化后油品达到《运行变压器油质量标准》(GB/T7595—2017)要求,并且改性纤维素集尘体材料对变压器油水分的去除效果明显优于以普通实验室尼龙滤纸。改性的纤维材料对提升变压器油净化效果切实有效。
  • 吉林省科技发展计划项目(20210201058GX)
  • 吉林省电力科学研究院有限公司科技项目(KY-GS-22-01-06)
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2024年第53卷第5期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202311167
  • 接收时间:2023-11-21
  • 首发时间:2026-01-07
  • 出版时间:2024-05-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-11-21
基金
Science and Technology Development Plan Project of Jilin Province(20210201058GX)
吉林省科技发展计划项目(20210201058GX)
Science and Technology Program of Jilin Electric Power Research Institute Co.(KY-GS-22-01-06)
吉林省电力科学研究院有限公司科技项目(KY-GS-22-01-06)
作者信息
    1.吉林省电力科学研究院有限公司,吉林 长春 130000
    2.东北电力大学化学工程学院,吉林 吉林 132000

通讯作者:

孙墨杰(1967),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为电力化学分析测试技术与仪器、电力水处理工程技术,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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