Article(id=1215700810474898014, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1215700809971581533, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202402015, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1707062400000, receivedDateStr=2024-02-05, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1767775259845, onlineDateStr=2026-01-07, pubDate=1716566400000, pubDateStr=2024-05-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1767775259845, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1767775259845, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767775259845, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1215700809971581533, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2024', volume='53', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='148', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1767775259725, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767775403954, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1215701414953796264, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1215700809971581533, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1215701414953796265, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1215700809971581533, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=19, endPage=27, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1215700810743333473, articleId=1215700810474898014, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Effect of additives on performance of ZnFe2O4 oxygen carriers in chemical looping hydrogen generation reaction, columnId=1215700810680418912, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Power plant chemistry and materials research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

ZnFe2O4 oxygen carrier (OC) doped with different additives (Sr, Ce, La and Al) was prepared by sol-gel method to investigate the influence of different additives on performance of the ZnFe2O4 oxygen carrier. Chemical looping hydrogen generation (CLHG) experiments were carried out in a fixed bed reactor. It was found that the performance of ZnFe2O4 was greatly improved by doping different metals, and the hydrogen production of per unit mass OC from high to low is La>Sr>Al>Ce. The physicochemical properties of different amount of La-doped ZnFe2O4 were further analyzed by combining X-ray diffraction, H2-temperature-programmed reduction, Brunauer-Em-mett-Teller method and other characterization methods. The data indicated that the ZnFe2O4 modified by La with 12% mass fraction has the highest reaction activity. La dropping can increase the specific surface area of the OC, reduce the reduction temperature, increase the migration rate of lattice oxygen, promote the formation of oxygen vacancies, and is beneficial to the increase in hydrogen production in the chemical looping process.

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采用溶胶-凝胶法制备不同助剂掺杂改性的ZnFe2O4氧载体,探究不同助剂(Sr、Ce、La和Al)对其性能的影响。化学链制氢实验在固定床反应器中进行,结果表明:添加助剂能有效提高氧载体的性能,单位质量氧载体H2产量从高到低依次为La>Sr>Al>Ce,La改性的ZnFe2O4氧载体反应活性最高。结合X射线衍射、H2-程序升温还原、吸附比表面测试法等表征手段和化学链制氢实验对掺杂助剂La的氧载体物理化学性质作进一步分析,考察不同掺杂质量分数对氧载体反应性能的影响。结果表明:添加质量分数为12% La助剂的ZnFe2O4在化学链制氢反应中单位H2产量最高;La助剂的加入提高了氧载体的比表面积,促进氧空位的形成,加快晶格氧的迁移速率,有利于化学链制氢反应。

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武景丽(1981),女,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为生物质转化,
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宋维锋(1998),女,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为生物质制氢,

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Hydrogen production of different types of oxygen carriers

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氧载体种类在蒸汽反应器总产氢量单位质量氧载体产氢量
ZnFe2O4106.282.2
10Sr-ZnFe2O4340.9246.1
10Ce-ZnFe2O4551.2190.0
10La-ZnFe2O41 163.9404.5
10Al-ZnFe2O41 185.4234.6
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不同种类氧载体产氢量

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氧载体种类在蒸汽反应器总产氢量单位质量氧载体产氢量
ZnFe2O4106.282.2
10Sr-ZnFe2O4340.9246.1
10Ce-ZnFe2O4551.2190.0
10La-ZnFe2O41 163.9404.5
10Al-ZnFe2O41 185.4234.6
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Specific surface area and porosity analysis of different types of oxygen carriers

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氧载体种类BET测得比表面积/
(m2·g–1)
BJH孔体积/
(cm3·g–1)
BJH平均孔径/nm
ZnFe2O45.230.04236.91
8La-ZnFe2O46.860.05633.14
12La-ZnFe2O47.560.06938.83
16La-ZnFe2O47.120.05635.07
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不同种类氧载体的比表面积和孔隙率分析

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氧载体种类BET测得比表面积/
(m2·g–1)
BJH孔体积/
(cm3·g–1)
BJH平均孔径/nm
ZnFe2O45.230.04236.91
8La-ZnFe2O46.860.05633.14
12La-ZnFe2O47.560.06938.83
16La-ZnFe2O47.120.05635.07
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Hydrogen production of different types of oxygen carriers

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氧载体种类蒸汽反应器总产氢量单位质量氧载体产氢量
8La-ZnFe2O41 085.8384.0
10La-ZnFe2O41 163.9404.1
12La-ZnFe2O41 255.0420.0
14La-ZnFe2O41 012.1290.4
16La-ZnFe2O41 055.4221.0
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不同种类氧载体的产氢量

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氧载体种类蒸汽反应器总产氢量单位质量氧载体产氢量
8La-ZnFe2O41 085.8384.0
10La-ZnFe2O41 163.9404.1
12La-ZnFe2O41 255.0420.0
14La-ZnFe2O41 012.1290.4
16La-ZnFe2O41 055.4221.0
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助剂对ZnFe2O4氧载体化学链制氢反应性能的影响
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宋维锋 1, 2 , 武景丽 2 , 孙德帅 1 , 王志奇 2 , 吴晋沪 2
热力发电 | 电厂化学与材料研究专题 2024,53(5): 19-27
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热力发电 | 电厂化学与材料研究专题 2024, 53(5): 19-27
助剂对ZnFe2O4氧载体化学链制氢反应性能的影响
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宋维锋1, 2 , 武景丽2 , 孙德帅1, 王志奇2, 吴晋沪2
作者信息
  • 1.青岛大学化学化工学院,山东 青岛 266101
  • 2.中国科学院青岛生物能源与过程研究所,山东 青岛 266101
  • 宋维锋(1998),女,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为生物质制氢,

通讯作者:

武景丽(1981),女,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为生物质转化,
Effect of additives on performance of ZnFe2O4 oxygen carriers in chemical looping hydrogen generation reaction
Weifeng SONG1, 2 , Jingli WU2 , Deshuai SUN1, Zhiqi WANG2, Jinhu WU2
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266101, China
  • 2.Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
出版时间: 2024-05-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202402015
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采用溶胶-凝胶法制备不同助剂掺杂改性的ZnFe2O4氧载体,探究不同助剂(Sr、Ce、La和Al)对其性能的影响。化学链制氢实验在固定床反应器中进行,结果表明:添加助剂能有效提高氧载体的性能,单位质量氧载体H2产量从高到低依次为La>Sr>Al>Ce,La改性的ZnFe2O4氧载体反应活性最高。结合X射线衍射、H2-程序升温还原、吸附比表面测试法等表征手段和化学链制氢实验对掺杂助剂La的氧载体物理化学性质作进一步分析,考察不同掺杂质量分数对氧载体反应性能的影响。结果表明:添加质量分数为12% La助剂的ZnFe2O4在化学链制氢反应中单位H2产量最高;La助剂的加入提高了氧载体的比表面积,促进氧空位的形成,加快晶格氧的迁移速率,有利于化学链制氢反应。

化学链  /  制氢  /  氧载体  /  助剂

ZnFe2O4 oxygen carrier (OC) doped with different additives (Sr, Ce, La and Al) was prepared by sol-gel method to investigate the influence of different additives on performance of the ZnFe2O4 oxygen carrier. Chemical looping hydrogen generation (CLHG) experiments were carried out in a fixed bed reactor. It was found that the performance of ZnFe2O4 was greatly improved by doping different metals, and the hydrogen production of per unit mass OC from high to low is La>Sr>Al>Ce. The physicochemical properties of different amount of La-doped ZnFe2O4 were further analyzed by combining X-ray diffraction, H2-temperature-programmed reduction, Brunauer-Em-mett-Teller method and other characterization methods. The data indicated that the ZnFe2O4 modified by La with 12% mass fraction has the highest reaction activity. La dropping can increase the specific surface area of the OC, reduce the reduction temperature, increase the migration rate of lattice oxygen, promote the formation of oxygen vacancies, and is beneficial to the increase in hydrogen production in the chemical looping process.

chemical looping  /  hydrogen generation  /  oxygen carrier  /  additives
宋维锋, 武景丽, 孙德帅, 王志奇, 吴晋沪. 助剂对ZnFe2O4氧载体化学链制氢反应性能的影响. 热力发电, 2024 , 53 (5) : 19 -27 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202402015
Weifeng SONG, Jingli WU, Deshuai SUN, Zhiqi WANG, Jinhu WU. Effect of additives on performance of ZnFe2O4 oxygen carriers in chemical looping hydrogen generation reaction[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2024 , 53 (5) : 19 -27 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202402015
在全球加快能源绿色转型以及我国实现“碳中和”目标的背景下,寻找绿色、清洁的化石燃料的替代品已迫在眉睫。与其他燃料相比,H2因其高能量密度、清洁无碳等优势已经成为全球能源领域投资增速最快的行业之一。相比于其他制氢技术,化学链制氢(CLHG)技术作为一种新型的能源转换方式,将反应过程和物质进行时空分离,在实现制氢的同时将产物近零能耗原位分离,是当前一项具有巨大潜在优势的新型制氢技术[1-2]
以甲烷为燃料的化学链制氢技术,按照燃料反应器中的产物和供热方式,可分为双床和三床工艺2种。其中三床工艺流程如图1所示。整个系统分为燃料反应器、蒸汽反应器和空气反应器。该工艺直接利用氧载体(oxygen carrier,OC)在反应器之间进行传递热量和能量。首先,氧载体颗粒(MexOy)在燃料反应器中被燃料还原;随后,在蒸汽反应器中发生氧化反应,还原态的氧载体被水蒸气部分氧化或完全氧化,产生纯H2。因受热力学限制,部分氧化的氧载体再进入空气反应器被空气完全氧化为原始的状态,完成1个循环。三床化学链甲烷水蒸气重整制氢工艺只需要冷凝燃料反应器出口气体就可以实现CO2捕集,可以自热运行,并且不需要空气分离装置。
氧载体的开发是化学链技术研究中的关键。目前应用于化学链制氢中的氧载体种类比较多。其中铁基氧载体因具有环境友好、价格廉价、熔点高、机械强度高以及良好的氧化还原性等特性,是CLHG工艺中理想的候选材料[3]。单纯的Fe2O3在反应中容易出现严重的烧结和积碳,从而使氧载体快速失活[4]。为了提高铁基氧载体的性能,往往添加一种或几种金属形成复合金属氧化物[5-7],在改善氧化还原反应中分子吸附性和离子扩散性的同时不会显著影响Fe2O3高的载氧能力以及增加成本。尖晶石型金属氧化物(AB2O4),通过A、B 2种金属阳离子的取代,具有更为优异的氧传递能力、良好的热稳定性和机械强度[8],使其成为一种理想的复合氧载体。
目前,在CLHG工艺中对尖晶石结构氧载体的研究报道较少。Kuo等人[9]使用电弧炉粉尘(主要成分为ZnFe2O4)作为氧载体讨论了其在化学链燃烧系统应用的可行性,研究发现添加Al2O3后的氧载体可以在化学链燃烧的反应过程中表现出稳定的氧化还原活性和CO2产率,机械强度在20次氧化还原循环后无明显下降的趋势。Go等人[10]利用甲烷的部分氧化和裂解水制氢,使用热重分析仪测定MnFe2O4和ZnFe2O4的氧化还原反应动力学。结果表明:在金属氧化物与水蒸气的产氢过程中,Mn和Zn阳离子加入铁基氧载体中可以降低反应温度,影响其反应速率。为了改善ZnFe2O4氧载体的化学链制氢性能,本文通过添加Sr、La、Ce、Al 4种金属助剂对ZnFe2O4进行改性,考察助剂对ZnFe2O4物化性质的影响,同时考察助剂掺杂质量分数对化学链产氢能力及氧载体携氧能力和循环稳定性能的影响。
取一定量的Zn(NO3)2·6H2O、Fe(NO3)2·9H2O、La(NO3)2·6H2O溶解于去离子水中,金属离子的摩尔比Zn:Fe=1:2。用柠檬酸作为络合剂加入溶液中,酸和阳离子的摩尔之比为1:1。采用溶胶-凝胶法将混合溶液置于80 ℃的油浴锅中加热并不断搅拌,同时向混合溶液中滴加氨水调节pH值至7.5,随后经105 ℃干燥12 h并将凝胶前驱体放到马弗炉中,先以400 ℃保持120 min,再加热到1 000 ℃煅烧4 h。研磨后取粒径在0.075~0.150 µm的颗粒进行实验。为了后续表达方便,将氧载体以ZnFe2O4及金属助剂和掺杂质量分数命名。例如12La-ZnFe2O4代表在ZnFe2O4中掺杂质量分数为12%的La。
氧载体形貌表征采用德国生产的Sigma 500电镜仪和Bruker D8 ADVANCE X射线衍射分析仪(电流为30 mA,电压为30 kV,CuKα辐射,扫描速率为2°/min)。氮气物理吸脱附使用美国麦克生产的Micromeritic 1s ASAP2020物理化学吸附仪。测试之前称取500 mg的样品进行脱附预处理,在200 ℃下真空放置5 h,目的是除掉氧载体表面吸附的杂质,然后在−196 ℃温度下使用液氮进行物理吸附等温实验。H2-程序升温还原(temperature-programmed reduction,TPR)的测定在美国麦克生产的Auto Chem II 2920上进行。选择50 mg左右的氧载体在持续的Ar流下,以10 ℃/min的升温速率从室温(约25 ℃)加热到400 ℃进行预处理并保持60 min。之后在Ar保护下冷却至室温后,气体切换为体积分数10%的H2+Ar,流量为30 mL/min,以升温速率10 ℃/min由室温升至970 ℃,待色谱基线平衡后,由热导检测器获得还原过程中的TPR曲线。
实验装置示意如图2所示。该系统由供气装置、反应装置、检测气体装置3部分组成。反应装置采用长度750 mm、外径25 mm、内径20 mm的石英管作为反应器,在距离石英管上端480 mm处加石英棉,在其上放置0.5 g氧载体。实验前,用一定量的Ar吹扫整个管路以避免管路中其他杂质气体对实验产物测量的影响,同时检验接口处的密封性。稳定维持固定床反应器的温度在850 ℃。
实验主要分为3个阶段:1)首先在850 ℃以CH4作为还原气体将氧载体还原30 min,产生的气体用气袋进行收集;2)随后在Ar气氛下通入0.1 mL/min的水蒸气,反应60 min后得到部分氧化的氧载体并同时用气袋收集出口气体;3)空气氧化阶段,用80 mL/min的空气完全氧化20 min,至此完成1个循环。每次循环结束后都用Ar吹扫,清洁气路。
氧载体在各个反应阶段中产生的气体产物用色谱(鲁南分析仪器2890型)检测。由于Ar不参与反应且流量固定,因此根据Ar平衡法计算反应器出口气体体积。
其中,每个气袋内气体体积的具体算法为:
Vi=ninAr×uAr×t
式中:nii为CO、CO、CH4、H2)为测得的该气袋内出口气体的体积分数;uAr代表燃料反应器或蒸汽反应器入口Ar的流速,mL/min;t表示燃料反应器或蒸汽反应器中的反应时间,min。
单位质量氧载体的产氢量(mL/g)是指蒸汽反应器(SR)中产生的总产氢量中减去C-H2O反应生成的H2量。单位质量氧载体与水蒸气反应所产生的H2量计算公式为[11]
VSR,H2/OC=VSR,H2VSR,CO2VSR,CO2mOC
式中:VSR,H2/OC为蒸汽反应器单位质量的产氢量;VSR,H2为蒸汽反应器中产生的总H2量;VSR,CO为蒸汽反应器中产生的CO量;VSR,CO2为蒸汽反应器中产生的CO2量。
将质量分数10%的4种不同的金属助剂(Sr、Ce、La、Al)均匀掺杂到ZnFe2O4中并考察助剂对氧载体性能的影响。4种改性后的ZnFe2O4氧载体在蒸汽反应器中的气体产量如图3表1所示。实验结果表明,助剂的加入可大大提高ZnFe2O4反应活性,其中La和Al的影响较为显著。单位质量氧载体的H2产量是衡量氧载体性能的重要指标。相比于纯ZnFe2O4,助剂La对ZnFe2O4氧载体的产氢性能影响最大,氧载体的单位质量H2产量从原来82.2 mL/g提升至404.5 mL/g,提高近5倍。虽然Al掺杂的ZnFe2O4总的H2产量最高,但减去因碳沉积的H2产量,纯单位质量氧载体的H2产量实际为234.6 mL/g。4种掺杂金属助剂的复合氧载体单位质量H2产量从高到低依次为La>Sr>Al>Ce。金属助剂的加入之所以显著提高氧载体的反应性能,可能是新元素的加入增强了Zn和Fe之间的协同效应,改变原来氧载体的形貌,促进氧空穴的形成,加速氧传输能力,具体原因还需借鉴表征手段和实验进一步的验证。
另外,蒸汽反应器中检测到一定量的CO和CO2,这是因为在燃料反应器中通入作为还原剂的CH4在高温条件不可避免地裂解出碳并沉积在氧载体的表面,碳与水发生水煤气变换反应产生CO和CO2(式(3)—式(5))。减少碳沉积可以通过降低还原温度或者改变氧载体还原燃料来实现。
CH4=C+2H2
C+H2O=CO+H2
CO+H2O=CO2+H2
为了揭示不同含量的金属助剂对ZnFe2O4氧载体性能的影响规律,选择效果最明显的金属La作为考察对象。首先考察助剂含量对氧载体晶相的影响。掺杂质量分数8%、10%、12%、14%、16%的La的ZnFe2O4氧载体X射线衍射(X-ray diffraction,XRD)谱图如图4所示。通过对比标准PDF卡片(JCPDS PDF#89-4926),可从图4中观察到ZnFe2O4尖晶石结构的典型衍射峰,其2θ为18.2°、35.2°、36.8°、42.8°、53.1°、56.6°、62.1°、70.5°、74.5°,分别对应(111)(311)(222)(400)(422)(511)(440)(620)(622)晶面,没有发现其他的杂质峰,说明此ZnFe2O4氧载体纯度高,不含有前驱体[12]。而添加不同含量的助剂La后,氧载体除了观察到尖晶石相,还发现有LaFeO3相(JCPDS PDF#75-0541),2θ为32.2°、39.7°、46.2°、52.0°、67.4°、76.7°,分别对应(110)(111)(200)(210)(211)(220)(310)晶面。相比未掺杂助剂的ZnFe2O4氧载体,掺杂助剂后氧载体的尖晶石相衍射峰强度变弱,推测可能是出现LaFeO3相,抑制了尖晶石的晶相生长,使ZnFe2O4氧载体的晶格逐渐收缩。
随着助剂La掺杂质量分数的增加(从8%增加到10%),衍射峰强度越来越强,同时还发现(311)晶面的衍射峰略微向更高的衍射角移动。当助剂质量分数为从10%逐渐增加时,衍射峰强度开始变弱,(311)晶面的衍射峰向低的衍射角移动,说明过量La的掺杂并不能促进氧载体的尖晶石结构的生长。当掺杂质量分数为10%时,衍射峰的强度最高,结晶度最高。很多研究也有此类的发现[13-16]。由于不同阳离子的离子半径不同(Zn2+离子半径为0.074 nm,La3+离子半径为0.136 nm),氧化态不同,Zn2+被部分的La3+取代会导致晶体的结构发生变化。因此,为了保持晶格的电中性,需要形成氧空位,这些变化引起了结构上的改变。不同La掺杂质量分数改性后的氧载体的峰形差异和其XRD分析中衍射角向更高角度位移也证实了这一点。适量金属助剂的加入,可以对促进氧载体形成氧空位,从而提高氧传输能力。
利用H2-TPR表征评估不同La掺杂质量分数对氧载体还原性能的影响,并揭示各组分与还原过程之间的相互作用关系,对ZnFe2O4氧载体以及分别掺杂La质量分数为8%、10%、12%、14%、16%的ZnFe2O4氧载体H2-TPR表征分析如图5所示。
对于ZnFe2O4尖晶石结构氧载体来说,在400~800 ℃内还原反应可以分为3阶段[17-18]:1)400 ℃左右,尖晶石结构ZnFe2O4还原为Fe3O4;2)600 ℃左右,Fe3O4还原为FeO;3)730 ℃左右,FeO还原为Fe。从图5可知,与纯ZnFe2O4氧载体相比,掺杂La改性的氧载体还原峰面积变窄,这说明氧载体还原速度变快。随着La质量分数的增加,氧载体的还原峰强度逐渐向低温度移动,说明La的加入促进ZnFe2O4氧载体中晶格氧的迁移速率增加,更加有利于深度还原[19-20]。当掺杂质量分数达到10%时,氧载体的还原温度最低;随着La的掺杂质量分数从12%增加到16%,还原峰的温度没有明显的变化。此外,La掺杂质量分数大于12%改性的ZnFe2O4氧载体在700~800 ℃有1个小弧度的还原峰,理论上推测其从属第1个还原峰,反映了铁元素的深度还原。直到1 000 ℃,全部氧载体的TPR曲线都仍未达到基线平衡,主要是过量蒸汽扰动所致[21]
因此,添加助剂La后,LaFeO3和ZnFe2O4之间的相互作用可以显著地提高氧载体的还原性。H2-TPR的分析结果和2.2节一致。可见,并不是La的掺杂质量分数越多其氧载体具有的反应活性越强,当掺杂剂的质量分数为10%和12%时,ZnFe2O4尖晶石氧载体的还原性最佳。
对ZnFe2O4氧载体以及La掺杂质量分数为8%、12%和16%的ZnFe2O4氧载体进行吸附比表面测试法(Brunauer-Em-mett-Teller,BET)表征分析。图6表2显示不同种类氧载体的比表面积、孔体积以及平均孔径的数值。表2中,BJH表示Barrett-Joyner-Halenda方法。
图6a)可知,所有氧载体都具有相似的吸附和解吸等温线,滞后环位于相当高的相对压力处(p/p0>0.8,其中p为吸附质在吸附温度下的饱和蒸气压,p0为吸附平衡后的压力),判定为带有H3型滞后环的IV型等温线,表明这4种氧载体存在中孔和大孔结构,而具有相对均匀的中孔和大孔结构的氧载体可以提高晶格氧的迁移率。此外,从图6中还可以观察到,La改性的ZnFe2O4氧载体比未掺杂ZnFe2O4的滞后环要大,说明其孔体积相对较大,表2数据也可证实这一事实。由图6b)可知,12La-ZnFe2O4氧载体的最高峰的孔径分布范围比ZnFe2O4氧载体宽,说明氧载体12La-ZnFe2O4是无序的多孔结构,其中孔不均匀,孔径较大[22]
通常来说,比表面积越大、孔体积越大和孔直径越小,活性位点就越多,反应活性也就越高[23-24]。据表2可知,与纯ZnFe2O4相比,掺杂La改性后氧载体的比表面积和孔体积都得到一定程度的增大。大的比表面积可以延长反应气体在氧载体表面的停留时间,从而增加反应气体与活性中心之间的相互作用力[25]。随着La质量分数的增大,其比表面积和孔体积均是呈现先增大后减小趋势。当惰性载体La的质量分数从0增加12%时,比表面积从5.23 m2/g增至7.56 m2/g;然而当La质量分数进一步增加时,检测到其表面积降至7.12 m2/g,这是因为过量助剂La会导致堵塞空隙,使比表面积下降。结果表明,La的添加量存在最佳值。当掺杂助剂La的质量分数为12%时效果较好,此时氧载体拥有较大的比表面积和孔体积,分别为7.56 m2/g和0.069 cm3/g,有利于传质和提高反应效率。该结论与2.3节结果一致。因此,加入适当助剂可以改善尖晶石类ZnFe2O4氧载体孔隙结构,促进甲烷与氧载体的气固反应,进而提高氧载体的产氢量[26]
不同La掺杂质量分数对ZnFe2O4氧载体在化学链制氢量的影响如图7所示。
实验结果表明,相同助剂不同掺杂质量分数对氧载体单位质量H2产量影响不同。La掺杂质量分数为8%、10%、12%、14%和16%的La-ZnFe2O4氧载体总产氢量分别为1 085.8、1 163.9、1 255、1 012.1、1 055.4 mL/g。其中添加La的质量分数为12%的氧载体产氢量最高。实验结果还发现,当La的掺杂质量分数较高时,蒸汽反应器中单位产氢量反而出现下降趋势,这也说明助剂掺杂质量分数存在最佳值,这与2.4节探讨的表征分析结果相同。此外,不同掺杂La质量分数的氧载体产生CO和CO2量并无很大变化,表明添加不同La质量分数对碳沉积的影响不大。
不同氧载体的单位质量产氢量见表3。当La的掺杂质量分数少于12%时,单位质量氧载体的产氢量随着掺杂质量分数的增加而增加,并且产氢量的差异并不大,在380~440 mL/g内。而当La掺杂质量分数大于12%时,随着La掺杂质量分数增多,单位质量氧载体产氢量明显减少,从440 mL/g降至221 mL/g,说明金属助剂La掺杂过量对ZnFe2O4氧载体产氢量产生负影响。考虑到经济性和H2产率,助剂La的掺杂质量分数不应超过12%。
新鲜ZnFe2O4氧载体与新鲜12La-ZnFe2O4氧载体的扫描电子显微镜(scanning electron microscope,SEM)的微观表面形貌分析如图8所示。从图8可以看出,掺杂La助剂前后氧载体的表面微观结构差异较大。图8a)和图8b)中,新鲜ZnFe2O4氧载体表现出大小不一的粒度分布,其主要由粒状结构的块形颗粒组成,表面存在一些尺寸较小的颗粒聚集现象。这主要是由于在高温条件下煅烧过程中表面能较高所致[27]。可以推断,新鲜氧载体在煅烧过程中也可能会发生轻微烧结。而图8c)和图8d)展示的新鲜12La-ZnFe2O4氧载体的表面形貌具有明显的多孔结构和粗糙表面结构,其晶粒尺寸远小于新鲜ZnFe2O4氧载体,证明加入助剂La掺后既在一定程度上增强了抗烧结性,又让氧载体的颗粒尺寸变小且呈现相对均匀规则的圆形颗粒状[28]。这使得金属活性位点分布均匀,适合活性颗粒的扩散。这也是添加助剂使ZnFe2O4氧载体提高反应活性和增强循环稳定性的原因之一。
图9为ZnFe2O4氧载体和12La-ZnFe2O4氧载体被蒸汽氧化后的SEM图像。可以看到,与新鲜氧载体相比,反应后出现了明显的变化。反应后ZnFe2O4氧载体出现了严重的烧结现象,晶粒大量聚集导致颗粒尺寸变大,没有新鲜氧载体的明显颗粒形貌。而12La-ZnFe2O4氧载体的晶粒聚集较少,还保留一些小的颗粒,烧结程度也远低于纯ZnFe2O4,这意味着助剂La的加入可以在一定程度上缓解氧载体表面的聚集和烧结,气体扩散阻碍较小,反应活性不受影响。在高温实验中,氧载体会发生重组和团聚,这会导致气固反应受阻,从而使产氢性能下降[29]
氧载体在高温条件下进行多次实验和回收后往往会出现严重的烧结和团聚等失活现象。因此,利用循环实验评价氧载体反应稳定性对进一步工业化应用十分重要。为了评估12La-ZnFe2O4氧载体在化学链制氢中的氧化还原稳定性,在固定床反应器中对其进行循环实验考察。10次循环实验的单位质量氧载体产氢量变化和12La-ZnFe2O4氧载体10次循环实验的总产氢量、CO量以及CO2量的变化如图10所示。
图10a)可见:第1个循环至第2个循环,单位质量氧载体产氢量从420 mL/g降至342 mL/g;之后,随着循环次数增加,其单位质量氧载体的产氢量趋于平稳状态,维持在300 mL/g附近波动。实验结果表明,掺杂助剂La不仅可以更好地分散ZnFe2O4氧载体,抑制或者减轻其烧结问题,促进H2产量提高,还有利于维持ZnFe2O4氧载体的反应活性和稳定性。
图10b)得知,总的产氢量和单位质量氧载体的产氢量变化规律一致,在第1个循环到第2循环的总产氢量出现明显下降,第5个循环有上升,最后从第7—10个循环趋于稳定。而CO和CO2量在这10个循环中保持相对稳定的状态,在500 mL/g左右波动。说明每次循环中氧载体在燃料反应器上发生还原反应时碳沉积保持一定的量,并没有随着循环次数增加而增加。结果表明,12La-ZnFe2O4氧载体表现出高的反应活性,并在10次循环制氢实验中保持较好的稳定性,因此在ZnFe2O4氧载体上添加助剂La是提高CLHG性能的一种有效策略。
图11为新鲜的和反应后的12La-ZnFe2O4氧载体的XRD图谱。对比图中结果可以看出,反应后的氧载体中所有峰的强度都低于新鲜氧载体,这可能是烧结或团聚所致,这种情况往往是由于活性位点堵塞,严重阻碍反应气体向氧载体内部扩散,并抑制体晶格氧的迁移所致。1次循环后的氧载体没有其他杂质峰的出现,只有ZnFe2O4和LaFeO3这两相,与新鲜氧载体一致。而10次循环后的氧载体出现杂质峰Fe2O3相,说明氧载体活性下降的原因是Fe的向外迁移导致。由此可知,随着循环次数的增加,添加助剂La的ZnFe2O4氧载体在一定程度上抑制尖晶石结构的损失,保持其反应活性的稳定性,但没有完全消除Fe相的析出。
1)化学链制氢实验结果表明,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备的不同助剂(Sr、Ce、La、Al)掺杂的ZnFe2O4氧载体中,助剂La掺杂改性的ZnFe2O4氧载体反应活性最高。
2)对掺杂不同质量分数La的ZnFe2O4氧载体分别进行化学链制氢实验和表征手段分析。结果显示,XRD表征表明当掺杂质量分数为10%时,衍射峰的强度最高,结晶度最高;H2-TPR显示当质量分数为10%和12%时,ZnFe2O4氧载体的还原温度低,加入助剂La促进氧载体的氧化还原活性;BET结果证明,掺杂质量分数12%的氧载体比表面积和孔体积最大,活性位点多。固定床实验结果表明,La的掺杂质量分数为12%的ZnFe2O4单位质量氧载体的产氢量最高,为420 mL/g。
3)结合表征分析和实验结果可知,助剂La的添加可以促进ZnFe2O4氧载体的氧空位形成,提高晶格氧的扩散速率,从而提升反应活性和循环稳定性。4种助剂中,La是ZnFe2O4尖晶石氧载体的最优掺杂助剂,最佳掺杂质量分数为12%。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(22108287)
  • 山东省自然科学基金面上项目(ZR2020MB138)
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202402015
  • 接收时间:2024-02-05
  • 首发时间:2026-01-07
  • 出版时间:2024-05-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-02-05
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(22108287)
国家自然科学基金项目(22108287)
Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(ZR2020MB138)
山东省自然科学基金面上项目(ZR2020MB138)
作者信息
    1.青岛大学化学化工学院,山东 青岛 266101
    2.中国科学院青岛生物能源与过程研究所,山东 青岛 266101

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武景丽(1981),女,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为生物质转化,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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