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In order to study the effect of backpacking containing barite powder on the heat transfer efficiency of buried pipe boreholes in plain and mountainous areas of Beijing, a comparative analysis of laboratory experiments and field thermal response experiments was carried out. The quaternary boreholes in plain areas were backfilled with medium sand and the bedrock boreholes in mountainous areas were backfilled with cement mortar. When the specific gravity of medium sand barite powder was 5%, the thermal conductivity of medium sand backfill samples increased by 14%. When 5% barite powder was added to cement mortar, the thermal conductivity increased 7.3%. According to the field thermal response test results, under summer conditions in the same site, the heat transfer rate of a backfilling borehole containing barite powder increased by 2.4 W/m and 3.5% per meter compared with that of the medium-sand backfilling borehole in plain area. The heat transfer rate of cement mortar backfill containing barite powder increased by 2.7 W/m and 3.9% per meter. The numerical simulation model of the quaternary system and bedrock area was established. It was found that the content of barite powder increased to 10% and the heat transfer rate of boreholes increased by about 6.0%. In general, the heat transfer capacity of buried pipe is improved and its sustainability gets better after adding barite powder.

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为研究含重晶石粉回填料对平原区第四系和山区岩石地层钻孔地埋管换热能力的影响,开展了导热系数测试实验比对分析、现场热响应实验和长期运行条件的模拟计算。平原区第四系钻孔采用中砂回填,山区基岩钻孔采用水泥砂浆回填。室内导热系数测试发现:中砂回填料中重晶石粉质量分数为5%时,导热系数提升14.3%;水泥砂浆中添加5%的重晶石粉,导热系数提升7.3%。钻孔现场热响应测试发现:同一场地内夏季工况下,平原区含5%重晶石粉回填料钻孔地埋管延米换热量提高2.4 W/m,换热效率提升3.5%;山区内含5%重晶石粉水泥砂浆回填料钻孔地埋管延米换热量提高2.7 W/m,换热效率提升3.9%。经数值模拟计算,钻孔回填料重晶石粉质量分数提升至10%,地埋管延米换热能力提高约6.0%。总体上添加重晶石粉后地埋管换热能力得到提高且可持续性较好。

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刘爱华(1984),女,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为浅层地热能开发利用技术,

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刘爱华(1984),女,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为浅层地热能开发利用技术,

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刘爱华(1984),女,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为浅层地热能开发利用技术,

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journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213164447468802100, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

List of field thermal response test results

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钻孔编号平均导热系数/(W·(m·K)–1)延米换热量/(W·m–1)
夏季工况冬季工况
A5(中砂回填料)2.1769.5642.46
A7(含5%重晶石粉的中砂回填料)2.6571.9244.95
K3(水泥砂浆)2.5971.1539.34
K4(含5%重晶石粉的水泥砂浆)2.9773.8940.15
), ArticleFig(id=1213164457279279663, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213164447468802100, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

现场热响应测试结果一览

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钻孔编号平均导热系数/(W·(m·K)–1)延米换热量/(W·m–1)
夏季工况冬季工况
A5(中砂回填料)2.1769.5642.46
A7(含5%重晶石粉的中砂回填料)2.6571.9244.95
K3(水泥砂浆)2.5971.1539.34
K4(含5%重晶石粉的水泥砂浆)2.9773.8940.15
), ArticleFig(id=1213164457388331570, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213164447468802100, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Numerical simulation results

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模型
建设
地点
设定入口水温/℃出口水温/℃延米换热量/(W·m–1)
夏季冬季夏季冬季夏季冬季
平原区35.005.0032.067.6873.7446.98
山区35.005.0031.977.3575.9741.14
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模拟计算结果

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模型
建设
地点
设定入口水温/℃出口水温/℃延米换热量/(W·m–1)
夏季冬季夏季冬季夏季冬季
平原区35.005.0032.067.6873.7446.98
山区35.005.0031.977.3575.9741.14
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含重晶石粉回填料提升地埋管换热能力研究
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刘爱华 1, 2 , 郑佳 1, 2 , 贾子龙 1, 2 , 刘冰 1, 2 , 许真瑞 1, 2 , 王哲 1, 2
热力发电 | 新能源发电技术专题 2024,53(3): 67-73
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热力发电 | 新能源发电技术专题 2024, 53(3): 67-73
含重晶石粉回填料提升地埋管换热能力研究
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刘爱华1, 2 , 郑佳1, 2, 贾子龙1, 2, 刘冰1, 2, 许真瑞1, 2, 王哲1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.北京市地热调查研究所,北京 102218
  • 2.自然资源部浅层地热能重点实验室,北京 100195
  • 刘爱华(1984),女,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为浅层地热能开发利用技术,

Heat transfer capacity analysis of buried pipe borehole with barite powder backfill
Aihua LIU1, 2 , Jia ZHENG1, 2, Zilong JIA1, 2, Bing LIU1, 2, Zhenrui XU1, 2, Zhe WANG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.Beijing Geothermal Research Institute, Beijing 102218, China
  • 2.Key Laboratory of Shallow Geothermal Energy, Ministry of Natural Resources of the People’s Republic of China, Beijing 100195, China
出版时间: 2024-03-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202308136
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为研究含重晶石粉回填料对平原区第四系和山区岩石地层钻孔地埋管换热能力的影响,开展了导热系数测试实验比对分析、现场热响应实验和长期运行条件的模拟计算。平原区第四系钻孔采用中砂回填,山区基岩钻孔采用水泥砂浆回填。室内导热系数测试发现:中砂回填料中重晶石粉质量分数为5%时,导热系数提升14.3%;水泥砂浆中添加5%的重晶石粉,导热系数提升7.3%。钻孔现场热响应测试发现:同一场地内夏季工况下,平原区含5%重晶石粉回填料钻孔地埋管延米换热量提高2.4 W/m,换热效率提升3.5%;山区内含5%重晶石粉水泥砂浆回填料钻孔地埋管延米换热量提高2.7 W/m,换热效率提升3.9%。经数值模拟计算,钻孔回填料重晶石粉质量分数提升至10%,地埋管延米换热能力提高约6.0%。总体上添加重晶石粉后地埋管换热能力得到提高且可持续性较好。

地埋管  /  回填料  /  重晶石粉  /  热响应测试  /  延米换热量

In order to study the effect of backpacking containing barite powder on the heat transfer efficiency of buried pipe boreholes in plain and mountainous areas of Beijing, a comparative analysis of laboratory experiments and field thermal response experiments was carried out. The quaternary boreholes in plain areas were backfilled with medium sand and the bedrock boreholes in mountainous areas were backfilled with cement mortar. When the specific gravity of medium sand barite powder was 5%, the thermal conductivity of medium sand backfill samples increased by 14%. When 5% barite powder was added to cement mortar, the thermal conductivity increased 7.3%. According to the field thermal response test results, under summer conditions in the same site, the heat transfer rate of a backfilling borehole containing barite powder increased by 2.4 W/m and 3.5% per meter compared with that of the medium-sand backfilling borehole in plain area. The heat transfer rate of cement mortar backfill containing barite powder increased by 2.7 W/m and 3.9% per meter. The numerical simulation model of the quaternary system and bedrock area was established. It was found that the content of barite powder increased to 10% and the heat transfer rate of boreholes increased by about 6.0%. In general, the heat transfer capacity of buried pipe is improved and its sustainability gets better after adding barite powder.

barite powder  /  backfill material  /  barite powder  /  thermal response test  /  heat transfer rate
刘爱华, 郑佳, 贾子龙, 刘冰, 许真瑞, 王哲. 含重晶石粉回填料提升地埋管换热能力研究. 热力发电, 2024 , 53 (3) : 67 -73 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202308136
Aihua LIU, Jia ZHENG, Zilong JIA, Bing LIU, Zhenrui XU, Zhe WANG. Heat transfer capacity analysis of buried pipe borehole with barite powder backfill[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2024 , 53 (3) : 67 -73 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202308136
浅层地热能开发利用是近年来清洁可再生能源领域的重要研究方向[1-5]。浅层地热能开发利用主要通过地埋管地源热泵方式实现。增进地层导热性能有助于提高地埋管换热能力,进而提升地源热泵工作效率。其中,钻孔回填料是提升钻孔地层导热性能的重要方式之一[6-9]
近年来提高地埋管回填料的配比物质及测试方法呈现多样化,国内外学者开展了钻孔不同回填料配制研究,新材料、新手段不断涌现[10-11],膨润土[12]、水泥[13]、粉煤灰[14]、石英砂[15]、石墨[16]、土砂混合物[17]等材料均加入了回填料配比研究中。在各类回填料配比研究中,笔者前期曾考虑重晶石粉化学性质稳定,不溶于水、酸、碱与有机中介,无磁性和毒性等特征,在实验室内开展了中砂回填料中加入重晶石粉导热系数测试研究。研究发现,在饱水条件下,随着重晶石粉含量的增加,回填料导热系数逐步升高[18-19]
目前,随着浅层地热能的开发利用,平原区和山区内地埋管钻孔普遍应用。平原区第四系厚度一般大于钻孔厚度(150 m),山区为岩石地层地区。含重晶石粉回填料室内测试可提高回填料(中砂)换热能力。但在地埋管钻孔内现场换热时,是否会因加入含重晶石粉回填料换热能力获得提升尚不可知。平原区和山区内含重晶石粉回填料地埋管钻孔换热能力是否存在差异性以及差异有多大,仍有待于测试研究。本文从室内测试与野外换热测试及数值模拟计算结果等3个方面进行对比分析,说明不同岩性地区含重晶石粉回填料提升钻孔换热能力的贡献程度。
从北京市通州西集镇(平原区)地埋管地源热泵示范工程项目现场采集1号中砂回填料,饱水后制成样品TX-1。在回填料中分别混合1%、2%、3%、4%、5%、6%、7%、8%、9%、10%等10个不同质量分数的重晶石粉,分别连续编号为TX-2—TX-11,连同不含重晶石粉的中砂样品,共制成11个饱水样品。
从北京市通州副中心(平原区)2个钻孔处分别采集2号和3号中砂样品。将中砂回填料样品饱水后制成TF-1、TC-1,在TF-1样品中加入质量分数为5%的重晶石粉,在TC-1样品中加入质量分数为50%的重晶石粉,制成2个饱水样品,分别编号为TF-2、TC-2。
从北京市平谷区南叉镇地源热泵示范工程项目现场采集回填用膨润土、水泥和中砂原料,配比制成膨润土水泥砂浆回填料。水泥砂浆的配比为中砂:水泥:膨润土为3.0:1.0:0.5。混入5%的重晶石,制成水泥砂浆和和含重晶石粉的2个饱水样品PN-1和PN-2。
利用Hotdisk热常数分析仪,测试不同重晶石粉质量分数的中砂回填料导热系数。热常数分析仪型号为Hotdisk TPS 2500s(图1),仪器采用瞬态平面热源法开展岩土样品热物性测试。瞬态平面热源法依据平面一维非稳态导热原理:无限大介质中平面热源在初始热平衡状态受到瞬间加热脉冲后在介质内部产生动态温度场,利用热传导过程产生的温度数据,拟合函数曲线,计算得出样品的导热系数和热扩散系数[20]。待测试样品制备成为圆柱体,表面平整,采用2501型号的探头进行测试。
测试温度为室温20 ℃,测试时间40 s,测试功率200 mW。测试样品数共19个,其中平原区样品15个,山区样品4个。
室内样品TX-1导热系数测试试验结果如图2所示。
图2可见,样品导热系数随重晶石粉质量分数增大而增大,呈线性变化关系。1号中砂回填料(TX-1样品)中每增加1%的重晶石粉,回填料导热系数提升约0.037 W/(m·K);重晶石粉质量分数至5%时,导热系数提高0.19 W/(m·K),提升了14.3%;重晶石粉质量分数达到10%时,提升比例上升至27.2%。
图3为回填料导热系数柱状对比。综合对比3个中砂回填料可见,随着重晶石粉质量分数的增加,回填料导热系数逐渐增加。不同中砂回填料的初始导热系数不同,加入重晶石粉后导热系统提升略微有差异。2号中砂中添加重晶石粉质量分数至5%时(TF-2样品),导热系数从1.810 7 W/(m·K)提升至2.054 7 W/(m·K),提升了13.5%。3号中砂中添加重晶石粉质量分数至50%时(TC-2样品),导热系数从1.583 7 W/(m·K)提升至2.119 0 W/(m·K),提升了33.8%。总体上,重晶石粉质量分数10%以内时,导热系数增加比例稳步提升,约为质量分数5%时的2倍;在10%~50%时,导热系数增加缓慢。
水泥砂浆中添加5%的重晶石粉后,导热系数从1.763 0 W/(m·K)提升至1.891 7 W/(m·K),提高了0.13 W/(m·K),提升7.3%。相较中砂而言,水泥砂浆中加入重晶石粉后提升比例比中砂回填料低。
考虑室内测试回填料样品添加含重晶石粉后导热性能提升,且该配料的环境安全性,在同一工程区块内,将中砂回填料与含重晶石粉的回填料回填入钻孔开展现场换热试验。在钻凿的钻孔内下入高密度聚乙烯管、回填入不同的混合回填料完成热响应测试孔成孔工作(图4)。
回填完毕后,再进行一次打压试验,打压0.6~1.2 MPa,带压观测2 h以上,无渗不漏无破裂,压力下降不超过0.05 MPa即为合格。
换热孔施工完成后进行现场热响应测试,每孔开展现场热响应测试1组,获取地层初始温度、单孔换热量、地层平均导热系数等参数。现场热响应试验测试原理是将测试仪的水路循环部分与所要测试的地埋管换热器相连接,形成闭式环路,通过仪器内的微型循环水泵驱动循环。测试仪能够提供一个能量稳定且可调节的热源,其热量通过循环水释放给地埋管换热器,最终传导到地层。测试仪夏季工况测试温度稳定为35 ℃,冬季工况供水温度为5 ℃。稳定热流热响应测试加热功率分别为6 kW和9 kW。运行过程中记录地埋管换热器的进出水温度、循环水流量以及加热功率等参数,通过计算获得每延米地埋管换热器的换热能力和地层平均导热系数。热响应测试持续时间不少于48 h,循环流量不小于0.8 m3/h。
在平原区通州西集镇地源热泵示范工程场地内选取两眼地埋管钻孔A5(中砂回填料)和A7(含5%重晶石粉的中砂回填料),两孔间距小于10 m,地层岩性一致;在山区平谷区南岔镇地源热泵示范工程选取K3(水泥砂浆),同时在场地内选取K4(含5%重晶石粉的水泥砂浆):对上述四孔开展现场热响应测试,结果见表1
表1可见:A5平均导热系数为2.17 W/(m·K),A7导热系数提高至2.65 W/(m·K);稳定工况下,A7夏、冬季延米换热量分别较A5提升2.36 W/m(提高3.39%)和2.49 W/m(提升5.86%)。冬夏两季工况对比看,延米换热量提升比例基本相当;但从提升比例来看,冬季工况略高夏季工况。
K3平均导热系数为2.59 W/(m·K),K4为2.97 W/(m·K)。稳定工况下,K4较K3夏季工况延米换热量提升2.74 W/m,提高3.85%;冬季工况延米换热量提升0.81 W/m,提升2.06%。冬夏两季工况对比看,夏季工况延米换热量和提升比例均略高于冬季工况。
选择COMSOL软件平台来模拟地埋管内流体与周围岩土之间的热交换过程。通过建立地埋管钻孔数值模型,用实测数据进行校正,开展回填料钻孔换热能力模拟预测。
地层内岩石和土壤层均为多孔介质传热,其数学方程为:
(ρcp)effTt+ρcpuT+q=Q
q=keffT
地下水流动采用达西定律数学模型:
t(εpρ)+(ρv)=Qm
v=kμ
地埋管传热及水的流动采用非等温管道流传热数学模型[21]
ρAcpTt+ρAcpuettT=t(AktT)+12fDρAdh|u|u2+Q+Qwall
式中:ρ为流体密度,kg/m3cp为定压比热容,J/(kg·K);q为热通量,W/m2u为地下水流速,m/s;keff为有效导热系数,keff=(1–φ)ks+φk1,W/(m·K);kskl分别为固体和液体的导热系数;φ为孔隙率,%;Q为热源(热汇),W/m3εp为孔隙率;k为多孔介质渗透率,m2Qm为质量源项;ν为达西流速,m/s;μ为动力黏度,Pa·s;A为管道截面积,m2u为循环流体的切向速度,m/s;fD为黏性系数;dh为平均水力直径,m;Qwall为管壁的热交换,W/m。
式(5)中,等式右边第2部分表示由于黏性耗散引起的摩擦热。
根据北京通州平原区研究区内钻孔所揭露的地层差异,按照岩性将钻孔周围岩土体分为黏土、粉细砂、中粗砂、粉土互层。山区内地层岩性为黏性土、卵砾石、粉砂岩、泥岩和石英砂岩。基于数值计算平台建立地层结构几何模型。在多孔介质传热物理场中,模型四周及底部根据初始地温场及地温梯度均设为线性温度边界。在达西定律物理场中,含水层中有地下水通过的边界根据水力梯度给定初始水头,为定水头边界,顶底面及无水流通过的边界设为隔水边界。地埋管内初始温度等于周围岩土体初始温度,开始运行后温度恒定为埋管入口流体的温度。模型顶部为开放边界。综合考虑计算精度与计算效率之间的平衡,在模型进行网格剖分时将埋管及钻孔区域局部细化,分层处也进行了自动加密。
针对平原区A7钻井,分夏季和冬季2种工况对所建立的双U地埋管数值计算模型进行验证。运行时长设为56 h,模拟计算时地埋管的入口温度采用试验时的实时入口温度,进而对比试验出口和模型出口温度的差别,结果如图5所示。由图5可见:在56 h左右的热响应试验结束后,夏季工况下,随着运行时间的增加,入口温度迅速上升并趋于稳定,模拟与实测出口温度相差0.70 ℃,误差为2.3%;冬季工况下,随着运行时间的增加,入口温度迅速下降并趋于稳定,模拟与实测出口温度相差0.08 ℃。
图6为山区地埋管出口温度拟合验证结果。模拟山区平谷研究区内K4孔夏季稳定工况换热试验,设置入口温度为35 ℃。随着换热时间的加长,出口温度不断升高且逐渐趋于稳定。稳定时,出口温度模拟值与实测值相差0.2 ℃。模拟K4冬季换热试验,设置入口温度为5 ℃。随着换热时间的加长,出口温度不断降低且逐渐趋于稳定,稳定时,出口温度相差0.8 ℃。
模拟增加钻孔中砂回填料重晶石粉质量分数至10%,模拟计算结果见表2。由表2可知:平原区第四系地埋管夏季延米换热量为73.74 W/m,较中砂回填料地埋管换热能力提高4.18 W/m,提升6.01%;冬季延米换热量为46.98 W/m,换热能力较中砂回填料地埋管换热能力提高4.52 W/m,提升10.65%。
山区水泥砂浆回填料中添加重晶石粉质量分数至10%后,夏季延米换热量为75.97 W/m,地埋管换热能力提高4.82 W/m,提升6.77%;冬季延米换热量为41.14 W/m,换热能力较水泥砂浆回填料地埋管提高1.80 W/m,提升4.58%。
总体上,从现场热响应测试结果来看,钻孔回填料中加入重晶石粉,钻孔导热性能得到不同程度的提升,山区地层热传导性能高于平原区。
由于含钻孔回填料的地层平均导热能力增强,地埋管换热能力均得到了不同程度的提升,但平原区土壤层和山区岩石地层地埋管换热能力存在差异。钻孔回填料中添加5%的重晶石粉后,平原区夏季换热能力提升3%;冬季平均提高5%,提升比例略高于夏季。山区岩石地层内地层导热能力同样升高,地埋管夏季换热能力提升3%,冬季提升2%,夏季工况地埋管换热量更大,比例也略高。
从初始温度来看,平原区地层120 m深度内、20 m恒温层以下地温随深度增加而升高,地层温度介于14.5~16.7 ℃,平均温度为15.5 ℃。山区地层初始温度介于14.0~14.5 ℃,平均温度约为14.3℃,低于平原区第四系地层温度。地层初始温度对地埋管换热能力影响不容忽视[22]。夏季工况,地埋管注入较高温度的水后,较低温度、较高导热系数的岩石地层更容易为地埋管内高温水降温,因此山区夏季工况地埋管换热效率高。冬季工况下,地埋管水流更易在较高温度的地层内获取热量,因此初始温度较高的平原区地埋管冬季换热效率高于山区。增强钻孔回填料导热性能是经济可行的提升地埋管换热能力的重要方式。
地下水流动与回填料中的重晶石粉滤失性息息相关。当地下水流动性较强或者填埋方式不得当,换热能力提升效果将会受到影响。从重晶石化学性质来看,其化学成分为硫酸钡(BaSO4),比重大(4.2~4.7)、硬度低、性脆,重晶石粉易分散,凝聚性低,导热性、热稳定性及流变性好,填充性高,在石油钻井液中已有广泛应用[23-24]。在钻井作业中,重晶石对液相表现更加亲水,悬浮性较好[25]。同时,重晶石粉的沉降稳定性受重晶石密度和颗粒度的影响[26]。地埋管钻孔回填料中重晶石粉稳定、不易滤失,适宜在地下水流动较弱的平原区第四系地层内应用。山区岩石地层裂隙发育区地下水径流速度加快,采用可快速凝固的含重晶石粉水泥砂浆回填更适于山区钻孔地埋管提升换热效率。
1)中砂回填料样品加入重晶石粉后导热系数均提升。重晶石粉质量分数为5%时,导热系数提升14.3%。水泥砂浆样品中添加5%的重晶石粉后,导热系数提升7.3%。水泥砂浆中加入重晶石粉后导热系数提升比例低于中砂回填料。
2)平原区钻孔现场中砂回填料增加质量分数5%的重晶石粉,地埋管夏季延米换热量提高3.39%,冬季提高5.86%,比例略高于夏季。山区地层钻孔采用含重晶石粉水泥砂浆回填料,地埋管夏季延米换热功率提高3.85%,冬季提高2.06%,夏季比例略高于冬季。
3)经模型计算钻孔回填料中重晶石粉质量分数为10%时,平原区夏季地埋管换热功率提升6.01%,冬季提升10.65%。山区地埋管夏季换热功率提升6.77%,冬季换热功率提升4.58%,这与含5%重晶石粉回填料钻孔现场换热测试结果获得的规律基本一致。
4)山区和平原区地层导热能力、地层初始温度均存在差异,钻孔内回填料添加重晶石粉后地埋管换热能力提升程度不同。考虑重晶石粉物理化学性质稳定,平原区第四系钻孔与山区水泥砂浆凝固回填材料中适用重晶石粉用以提升地埋管换热性能。
  • 北京市财政资助项目(11000023T000002056332)
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202308136
  • 接收时间:2023-08-18
  • 首发时间:2025-12-31
  • 出版时间:2024-03-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-08-18
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Beijing Municipal Bureau of Finance(11000023T000002056332)
北京市财政资助项目(11000023T000002056332)
作者信息
    1.北京市地热调查研究所,北京 102218
    2.自然资源部浅层地热能重点实验室,北京 100195
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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