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High temperature steam pipe is an important part of the power plant. In order to coordinate the pipeline thermal expansion and reduce the pipeline thermal expansion stress caused by the higher altitude difference and larger horizontal span, a lot of constant supports and hangers are designed in pipeline. But because friction moment exists on the rotating shafts, constant supports and hangers are not a constant force, the load deviation will make the pipeline deviate from the designed cold and hot line, and the pipeline stress will increase. For controlling the quality of constant supports and hangers, there are two quality performance control indexes among the relevant domestic standards, namely the constant degree and the load deviation degree. This article focuses on the load deviation degree. It finds out that, the load of putting out pin measured by different loading directions is different, resulting in a large difference in load deviation degree due to friction moment of the rotating shaft of the constant supports and hangers. So the load of putting out pin shall not be used as a representative parameter. The study proposes that the average load shall represent the position of the displacement-load curve, which is a representative parameter of constant supports and hangers. A new formula for calculating the average load deviation degree is proposed. It is suggested to modify the related standards to improve the quality of the constant supports and hangers.

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高温汽水管道是发电厂的重要部件,由于管道垂直高差和水平跨距较大,为协调管道热膨胀和降低管道热胀应力,在管道设计时配置了较多恒力弹簧支吊架(恒力吊架)。由于存在转轴摩擦力矩等原因,恒力吊架并非恒力,其荷载偏差会造成管道运行时偏离设计冷态、热态线及管道应力升高。为控制恒力支吊架质量,国内相关标准中有恒定度和荷载偏差度2个质量性能控制指标。分析研究荷载偏差度可得:由于存在摩擦力矩等,恒力吊架在测试荷载偏差度时,不同加载方向测得的拔销荷载差异较大,导致其荷载偏差度差异较大,因此拔销荷载不宜作为代表性参数;平均荷载可表征位移-荷载曲线的位置,是恒力支吊架的代表性参数,并给出了新的平均荷载偏差度计算公式。建议对相关标准进行修订,提高恒力吊架性能。

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康豫军(1964),男,正高级工程师,主要研究方向为管道支吊架优化设计与调整、管道振动分析、部件失效分析等,

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康豫军(1964),男,正高级工程师,主要研究方向为管道支吊架优化设计与调整、管道振动分析、部件失效分析等,

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康豫军(1964),男,正高级工程师,主要研究方向为管道支吊架优化设计与调整、管道振动分析、部件失效分析等,

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The test results of some constant support hangers

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吊架编号恒力吊架型号标准荷载/N恒定度/%最大或最小荷载与标准荷载偏差度β/%平均荷载偏差度λa/%
11LHA3224 01313.4023.712.0
402LHC4020 75624.6039.612.0
23PHE4922 11931.2039.612.3
208PE3721 75324.5035.114.1
2036PHD-5031 72811.6012.91.2
2037LHE-4321 34918.2021.63.0
22BQ03169 2077.4318.712.2
BQ01233 45415.7031.018.2
), ArticleFig(id=1213164456775958879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213164446889984930, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

部分恒力吊架性能测量结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
吊架编号恒力吊架型号标准荷载/N恒定度/%最大或最小荷载与标准荷载偏差度β/%平均荷载偏差度λa/%
11LHA3224 01313.4023.712.0
402LHC4020 75624.6039.612.0
23PHE4922 11931.2039.612.3
208PE3721 75324.5035.114.1
2036PHD-5031 72811.6012.91.2
2037LHE-4321 34918.2021.63.0
22BQ03169 2077.4318.712.2
BQ01233 45415.7031.018.2
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恒力支吊架性能指标研究及标准修改建议
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康豫军 1 , 吴晓俊 1 , 程勇明 1 , 安付立 1 , 祝俭 2 , 彭天星 3 , 曹燕东 4 , 陈冰峰 5
热力发电 | 发电技术论坛 2024,53(3): 177-182
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热力发电 | 发电技术论坛 2024, 53(3): 177-182
恒力支吊架性能指标研究及标准修改建议
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康豫军1 , 吴晓俊1, 程勇明1, 安付立1, 祝俭2, 彭天星3, 曹燕东4, 陈冰峰5
作者信息
  • 1.西安热工研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710054
  • 2.江苏电力装备有限公司,江苏 常州 213012
  • 3.华电国际电力股份有限公司奉节发电厂,重庆 404652
  • 4.江苏焱鑫科技集团有限公司,江苏 江阴 214426
  • 5.江苏鼎吉能源工程技术有限公司,江苏 常州 213311
  • 康豫军(1964),男,正高级工程师,主要研究方向为管道支吊架优化设计与调整、管道振动分析、部件失效分析等,

Study on the performance index of constant supports and hangers and the modification suggestions of the standard
Yujun KANG1 , Xiaojun WU1, Yongming CHENG1, Fuli AN1, Jian ZHU2, Tianxing PENG3, Yandong CAO4, Bingfeng CHEN5
Affiliations
  • 1.Xi’an Thermal Power Research Institute Co., Ltd., Xi’an 710054, China
  • 2.Jiangsu Power Equipment Co., Ltd., Changzhou 213012, China
  • 3.Fengjie Power Plant Huadian Power International Co., Ltd., Chongqing 404652, China
  • 4.JiangsuYanxin Technology Group Co., Ltd., Jiangyin 214426, China
  • 5.Jiangsu Dingji Energy Engineering & Technology Co., Ltd., Changzhou 213311, China
出版时间: 2024-03-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202308126
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高温汽水管道是发电厂的重要部件,由于管道垂直高差和水平跨距较大,为协调管道热膨胀和降低管道热胀应力,在管道设计时配置了较多恒力弹簧支吊架(恒力吊架)。由于存在转轴摩擦力矩等原因,恒力吊架并非恒力,其荷载偏差会造成管道运行时偏离设计冷态、热态线及管道应力升高。为控制恒力支吊架质量,国内相关标准中有恒定度和荷载偏差度2个质量性能控制指标。分析研究荷载偏差度可得:由于存在摩擦力矩等,恒力吊架在测试荷载偏差度时,不同加载方向测得的拔销荷载差异较大,导致其荷载偏差度差异较大,因此拔销荷载不宜作为代表性参数;平均荷载可表征位移-荷载曲线的位置,是恒力支吊架的代表性参数,并给出了新的平均荷载偏差度计算公式。建议对相关标准进行修订,提高恒力吊架性能。

恒力弹簧支吊架  /  恒定度  /  平均荷载偏差度

High temperature steam pipe is an important part of the power plant. In order to coordinate the pipeline thermal expansion and reduce the pipeline thermal expansion stress caused by the higher altitude difference and larger horizontal span, a lot of constant supports and hangers are designed in pipeline. But because friction moment exists on the rotating shafts, constant supports and hangers are not a constant force, the load deviation will make the pipeline deviate from the designed cold and hot line, and the pipeline stress will increase. For controlling the quality of constant supports and hangers, there are two quality performance control indexes among the relevant domestic standards, namely the constant degree and the load deviation degree. This article focuses on the load deviation degree. It finds out that, the load of putting out pin measured by different loading directions is different, resulting in a large difference in load deviation degree due to friction moment of the rotating shaft of the constant supports and hangers. So the load of putting out pin shall not be used as a representative parameter. The study proposes that the average load shall represent the position of the displacement-load curve, which is a representative parameter of constant supports and hangers. A new formula for calculating the average load deviation degree is proposed. It is suggested to modify the related standards to improve the quality of the constant supports and hangers.

constant supports and hangers  /  constant degree  /  average load deviation degree
康豫军, 吴晓俊, 程勇明, 安付立, 祝俭, 彭天星, 曹燕东, 陈冰峰. 恒力支吊架性能指标研究及标准修改建议. 热力发电, 2024 , 53 (3) : 177 -182 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202308126
Yujun KANG, Xiaojun WU, Yongming CHENG, Fuli AN, Jian ZHU, Tianxing PENG, Yandong CAO, Bingfeng CHEN. Study on the performance index of constant supports and hangers and the modification suggestions of the standard[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2024 , 53 (3) : 177 -182 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202308126
目前超(超)临界机组已成为主流机组,四大管道配置了较多的恒力弹簧支吊架(恒力吊架),恒力吊架质量与性能对管道热膨胀影响较大[1-4]。我国有关恒力吊架标准中有恒定度和荷载偏差度2个质量性能指标,其中恒定度计算公式与标准ANSI/MSS SP-58—2018[5]及ASME B31.1—2022[6]一致。但ANSI/MSS SP-58—2018及ASME B31.1—2022没有荷载偏差度这个指标。本文重点研究荷载偏差度公式中拔销荷载是否是恒力吊架的代表性参数、什么是表征荷载-位移曲线位置的参数、荷载偏差度是否可作为质量性能指标等,以进一步明确恒力吊架性能指标。
国内标准GB/T 17116.1—2018[7]、NB/T 47038—2019[8]中恒力吊架性能指标包括荷载偏差度和恒定度2个:
1)荷载偏差度
λ=|WbWSWb|×100%λ2%
式中:Wb为恒力吊架标准荷载,N,取标准荷载;Ws为恒力吊架拔销时的实测荷载,N。NB/T 47038标准中λ5%,要求更低些。
2)恒定度
Δ=WmaxWminWmax+Wmin×100%Δ6%
式中:Wmax为恒力吊架向下行程实测荷载最大值,N;Wmin为恒力吊架向上行程实测荷载最小值,N。
并且规定:1)GB/T 17116.1之B.3.5规定,荷载恒定度试验在一个往复行程内,其最小及最大荷载值均应在工作荷载的94%~106%;2)NB/T 47038第8.2.2b规定,支吊架向下位移最大实测荷载和向上位移最小实测荷载与规定荷载的离差也均应在6%以内,但未说明规定荷载是什么。
美国标准ANSI/MSS SP-58—2018中恒定度计算公式与式(2)相同,并规定恒力吊架向下行程最大实测荷载和向上行程最小实测荷载与规定荷载的偏差度均应不大于6%,但未说明规定荷载指什么荷载。
回转机构在行程范围的任意角度,只要其转角向逆时针和顺时针方向有微小变化,各转轴摩擦力矩就会改变方向,即吊杆上输出荷载分别接近最大和最小荷载。从位移起始点开始,下位移恒力吊架微小的下位移就使荷载从点A升至点B,继续下位移则从点B至点C;反之,上位移恒力吊架荷载从点C迅速到点D,具体如图1所示。
在试验台上进行性能测试和调整过程中,对下位移恒力吊架,如果回转机构从最上端向下转动使其锁定孔与固定框架孔对齐(拔销位置),此时的拔销荷载在点F附近(接近Wmax);如果回转机构从固定框架孔下面向上转动使其孔与固定框架孔对齐(拔销位置),此时的拔销荷载在点E附近(接近Wmin)。反之,上位移恒力吊架拔销荷载在H点或G点。因此,以拔销荷载标定出厂的恒力吊架,其最大或最小荷载与标准荷载的偏差度会非常大,见表1
另外,由于锁定孔和销间有一定的间隙,拔销时转轴摩擦转矩会使微小的位移产生较大的荷载变化,增加了拔销荷载的不确定性(图2),这样拔销荷载并不确定,不能作为恒力吊架代表性参数。
恒力吊架最大或最小荷载与标准荷载的偏差较大时,会造成管道支吊架荷载转移较大,管道将偏离设计的冷态线和热态线。为分析荷载转移程度,引入最大或最小荷载与标准荷载的偏差度β
β=|Wb(Wmax(Wmin))Wb|×100%
作者团队对不同机组近百组恒力吊架的最大或最小荷载与标准荷载的偏差度进行了实测,表1列出了8组恒力吊架的实测数据。由表1可见,8组恒力吊架的偏差度β值均较大,荷载“非法”转移达13%~40%。如第2节所述,这是因为拔销荷载具有不确定性,同一组恒力吊架出厂试验以拔销荷载(最大或最小荷载)确定的荷载偏差度比平均荷载确定的荷载偏差度大,典型的荷载-位移曲线如图3图4所示。因此,出厂时将平均荷载偏差度控制在合理范围,才能更好地减小荷载偏差。
图5为四连杆恒力吊架受力分析。摩擦力作用下其荷载-位移曲线如图6所示。承载回转臂R在与水平线的夹角为±30°之间转动,虚线为其上限起始位置。回转臂在角度θ时,逆时针转动角度dθ(下行程),摩擦力使输出荷载W迅速接近最大荷载Wmax,反之接近最小荷载Wmin。荷载轴、主轴、拉杆轴、弹簧拉杆轴摩擦转矩分别为M1M0M2M3,各轴在上下行程时的承载力差异较小,故这些摩擦转矩绝对值差异较小。为分析方便,可忽略上下行程的转矩差异。
吊杆臂在角度θ时:
L1(θ)=Rcos(30°θ)
BC杆上的力为:
F1=K(X+X0)/cosα
l1=rcos(θα)
α=sin1[(rrcosθ)/L]
X=rsinθ
式中:X0为弹簧初始压缩量;X为回转机构AOB(刚体)转动到θ角度时弹簧的压缩量;K为弹簧的刚度;弹簧力F=K(X+X0);ROA的长度;rOB的长度;L为弹簧拉杆BC长度;l1为点O至拉杆BC的垂线长度;l1与纵坐标线、BC与水平线夹角均为α
滑块摩擦力在BC方向对点O的力矩为:
MF1Om=μrF1sinαcosαcos(θα)
式中:μ为滑道摩擦系数;滑块的摩擦力为μF1sinα,其对点O的力矩为μF1l1sinαcosα
恒力吊架在下、上行程2个转动方向(dθ、-dθ)的力矩平衡方程为:
下行程时
WmaxL1(θ)=F1l1+M1+MO+M2+M3+MF1Oμ
上行程时
WminL1(θ)=F1l1M1MOM2M3MF1Oμ
Δ=WmaxWminWmax+Wmin=(M1+MO+M2+M3+MF1Oμ)/L1(θ)(F1l1)/L1(θ)=M1+MO+M2+M3+MF1OμF1l1
F1l1=rK(X+X0)cos(θα)/cosα
F1l1仅与几何参数和转动角度的配比等参数相关。
为说明恒定度的含义,将式(12)分子分母除以2,并将式(13)代入式(12),变换为:
Δ=(WmaxWmin)/2(Wmax+Wmin)/2=(M1+MO+M2+M3+MF1Oμ)/L1(θ)[rK(X+X0)cos(θα)/cosα]/L1(θ)
由式(14)可知:分子(Wmax-Wmin)/2为荷载之差的幅值,对应(M1+MO+M2+M3+MF1Oμ)/L1(θ);分母(Wmax+Wmin)/2为平均荷载,对应[rK(X+X0) cos(θ-α)/ cosα]/L1(θ)。
由恒定度(式(12)和式(14))得出如下结论:
1)恒定度的含义是荷载幅值与平均荷载的比值,荷载幅值越大恒定度越差。
2)平均荷载是恒力吊架最大和最小荷载的平均值,可表征位移-荷载曲线的位置,是恒力吊架的一个代表性参数。当平均荷载调整到接近工作荷载时,才能使最大和最小荷载偏离工作荷载均为最小,由此提出了平均荷载偏差度概念。只有平均荷载偏差度合格时恒定度是否合格才有意义。否则,即使恒定度符合要求,最大或最小荷载与工作荷载的偏差也可能过大(图3图4),使管道偏离冷态或热态线变大。
3)平均荷载随r成正比变化,荷载调节螺栓的作用就是调整r,可增大或减小恒力吊架平均荷载。式(12)说明荷载幅值与各转轴摩擦转矩正相关。因此,减小各转轴摩擦转矩及滑道摩擦力是降低恒定度的关键,也是减少管道偏离冷、热态线的重要措施之一。随着服役时间的增加,锈蚀灰尘等因素,恒定度随摩擦转矩的逐渐增大而增大(图6虚线)。
4)不建议通过调整弹簧压板螺栓的方法(Xo的变化)调整平均荷载和恒力吊架输出荷载,因为每种规格的恒力吊架的弹簧预压缩值Xo是优化计算确定的值,而且Xo增大较多时下位移满行程可能会使弹簧超过允许压缩量,使恒定度变差,故用荷载调节螺栓调整荷载为宜。
5)由R、r、θ、L、X0等参数构成的恒力吊架是近似恒力,NB/T 47038—2019选型表[8]是经过结构参数优化计算后形成的恒力吊架选型表,即不考虑各转轴摩擦力矩(仅结构因素)时恒定度大约为1%~2%[9]
管系应力分析得到支吊点计算荷载及热位移,计算荷载加管部及连接件质量(随横担梁运动的吊架还应加上吊架的质量)得到工作荷载。工作荷载从NB/T 47038—2019的载荷位移系列表选型得到标准荷载和热位移,标准荷载与工作荷载有少许差异,出厂检测时应将平均荷载调整到工作荷载,这样管道该吊点承受的就是计算荷载。
因此,工作荷载是恒力吊架的另一个代表性参数,用平均荷载偏离工作荷载的百分比作为恒力吊架的一个性能指标是合适的。
1)平均荷载偏差度λ¯不应大于2%,计算公式为:
λ¯=|WgWaWg|×100%
式中:Wa为平均荷载,Wa=12(Wmax+Wmin),N;Wg为工作荷载,包含连接件、管部质量,随横担梁运动的吊架还应加上吊架的质量,N;
2)恒定度Δ不应大于6%,计算公式为式(2)。恒力吊架上、下位移全行程范围内的最大荷载不应大于工作荷载的106%,最小荷载不应小于工作荷载的94%,计算公式为:
WminWg×94%WmaxWg×106%
以上性能指标适用于各类恒力吊架。
1)将装好转动轴承的载荷拉杆、弹簧拉杆等的回转机构装入固定框架。
2)将弹簧放入固定框架的弹簧座板上并放入弹簧压机中,用工装将弹簧拉杆导入弹簧压板孔,压机将弹簧压至设定预压缩值,将垫圈、压板螺母旋入拉杆螺纹并适当预紧,放松弹簧压机。
1)将组装好的恒力吊架装上测试台,进行一个往复循环的荷载测量,得到位移-荷载曲线及最大、最小荷载,恒力吊架应同时符合式(12)和式(14)要求,不符合要求时,可通过荷载调节螺栓调整r将平均荷载逐步向工作荷载逼近,再次进行一个往复循环的荷载测量,符合式(12)和式(14)要求方为合格。
2)记录荷载-位移曲线(或数据)及最大、最小荷载,计算出恒定度和平均荷载偏差度。
3)调整吊杆位置,将回转机构与固定框架的锁定孔对齐,穿入锁定销轴,卸掉吊杆荷载(不必记录拔销荷载),测试调整完毕。
此外,恒定度与各转轴的摩擦转矩及机构几何精度相关,恒力吊架的四组转动轴宜使用低摩擦系数的复合滑动轴承;辅助弹簧直线式恒力吊架主弹簧构架与滑刀的接触面应使用滚动轴承,其余转轴宜使用复合滑动轴承。恒力吊架位移行程超出有效范围后恒定度会明显变差[9],热位移应运行在恒定度较好的中间区段。
1)由于转轴摩擦转矩造成拔销荷载具有不确定性,所以拔销荷载不是恒力吊架性能的代表性参数。因此,现有标准中荷载偏差度(式(1))不宜作为恒力吊架的指标。
2)平均荷载可表征恒力吊架位移-荷载曲线的位置,是恒力吊架性能的代表性参数,另一个代表性参数是工作荷载。由此提出,平均荷载偏差度是衡量最大和最小荷载偏离工作荷载的指标。建议将恒力支吊架现行国家及行业标准中荷载偏差度修改为平均荷载偏差度,其公式及参数也相应修改。
3)恒定度的含义是荷载幅值与平均荷载的比值,荷载幅值越大恒定度越差,恒定度与各转轴摩擦转矩及滑道摩擦力正相关。因此,恒力吊架各转动轴应使用低摩擦系数的复合滑动轴承,这是降低恒力吊架恒定度的关键,也是减少管道偏离冷、热态线的重要措施之一。
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202308126
  • 接收时间:2023-08-07
  • 首发时间:2025-12-31
  • 出版时间:2024-03-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-08-07
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    1.西安热工研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710054
    2.江苏电力装备有限公司,江苏 常州 213012
    3.华电国际电力股份有限公司奉节发电厂,重庆 404652
    4.江苏焱鑫科技集团有限公司,江苏 江阴 214426
    5.江苏鼎吉能源工程技术有限公司,江苏 常州 213311
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
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