Article(id=1213164445317125096, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1213164438232941220, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202308139, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1692633600000, receivedDateStr=2023-08-22, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1767170543269, onlineDateStr=2025-12-31, pubDate=1711296000000, pubDateStr=2024-03-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1767170543269, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-31, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1767170543269, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767170543269, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1213164438232941220, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2024', volume='53', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='182', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1767170541580, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767775374880, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1215701293012796069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1213164438232941220, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1215701293012796070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1213164438232941220, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=24, endPage=33, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1213164446747381760, articleId=1213164445317125096, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Study on the oscillation characteristics of doubly-fed wind turbine considering the variation of operating parameters in microgrid, columnId=1213164439017276071, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Special topic on new energy power generation technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To study the coupling and oscillation characteristics of power equipment in microgrid, the energy functions of the wind turbine subsystem, generator and excitation subsystem in the doubly-fed wind turbine are deduced based on the transient energy flow method taking into account the wind speed and the control strategy of the unit. Then, the mechanism of the change of the energy consumption of each subsystem is investigated when the wind speed, the control parameters of the unit and other operational parameters change, and the oscillation characteristics of the unit are analyzed. Finally, the energy change and power oscillation characteristics of the doubly-fed wind turbine when the operation parameters change are analyzed by modeling and simulation on PSCAD/EMTDC platform, and the results are compared with the eigenvalue calculation results to verify the reasonableness of the analysis. At last, the influence mechanism of wind speed change on the oscillation of doubly-fed wind turbine is obtained.

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为了研究微电网内电力设备间的耦合及振荡特性,以双馈风电机组为例,基于暂态能量流法,计及风速和机组控制策略,推导双馈风电机组中风力机子系统、发电机及励磁子系统的能量函数;然后,研究风速、机组控制参数等运行参数变化时各个子系统能量消耗的变化机理,分析机组振荡特性;最后,在PSCAD/EMTDC平台建模仿真,分析运行参数变化时双馈风电机组的能量变化及功率振荡特性,并与特征值计算结果比较,验证分析的合理性,得到风速变化对双馈风电机组振荡的影响机理。

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孙宁(1981),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为电气自动化,
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董啸(1979),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为电力系统自动化,

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董啸(1979),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为电力系统自动化,

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Automation of Electric Power Systems, 2020, 44(10): 103-110., articleTitle=Forced oscillation source location of doubly-fed wind turbine based on transient energy flow, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1213164462622823130, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213164445317125096, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=45, issue=10, pageStart=42, pageEnd=49, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=35, authorNames=刘俊磊, 曹娜, 钱峰, journalName=电力系统自动化, refType=null, unstructuredReference=刘俊磊, 曹娜, 钱峰, 等. 考虑双馈风电机组变流器控制参数的风电场内机组振荡分析[J]. 电力系统自动化, 2021, 45(10): 42-49., articleTitle=考虑双馈风电机组变流器控制参数的风电场内机组振荡分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1213164462694126300, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213164445317125096, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=45, issue=10, pageStart=42, pageEnd=49, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=36, authorNames=LIU Junlei, CAO Na, QIAN Feng, journalName=Automation of Electric Power Systems, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LIU Junlei, CAO Na, QIAN Feng, et al. 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Automation of Electric Power Systems, 2021, 45(10): 42-49., articleTitle=Analysis of transient energy flow and oscillation of doubly-fed wind farm considering unit operating parameters, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1213164462769623776, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213164445317125096, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=34, issue=5, pageStart=973, pageEnd=982, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=37, authorNames=滕昌鹏, 王玉斌, 周博恺, journalName=电工技术学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=滕昌鹏, 王玉斌, 周博恺, 等. 含恒功率负载的直流微网大信号稳定性分析[J]. 电工技术学报, 2019, 34(5): 973-982., articleTitle=含恒功率负载的直流微网大信号稳定性分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1213164462836732641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213164445317125096, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=34, issue=5, pageStart=973, pageEnd=982, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=38, authorNames=TENG Changpeng, WANG Yubin, ZHOU Bokai, journalName=Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, refType=null, unstructuredReference=TENG Changpeng, WANG Yubin, ZHOU Bokai, et al. 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IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 2020, 35(4): 3348-3364., articleTitle=Study on DFIG dissipation energy model and low-frequency oscillation mechanism considering the effect of PLL, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1213164457958756938, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213164445317125096, awardId=520605220003, language=EN, fundingSource=Science and Technology Project of State Grid Shandong Electric Power Company(520605220003), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1213164458051031630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213164445317125096, awardId=520605220003, language=CN, fundingSource=国网山东省电力公司科技项目(520605220003), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1213164449469485260, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213164445317125096, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1213164449477873869, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, 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figureFileSmall=qtOxkOXqkVGdQbQGgo1OUw==, figureFileBig=X4ynp5/+SFOigWRcOOUWQQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1213164456499139082, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213164445317125096, language=CN, label=图10, caption=机组负阻尼时输出功率与频谱分析, figureFileSmall=qtOxkOXqkVGdQbQGgo1OUw==, figureFileBig=X4ynp5/+SFOigWRcOOUWQQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1213164456587219470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213164445317125096, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Characteristic values of the unit during normal operation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模式特征值频率/Hz阻尼比
1-337.59±j208.9433.250.850
2-0.45±j0.810.130.485
3-9.24±j17.822.830.460
4-1.85±j18.232.900.101
), ArticleFig(id=1213164456683688470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213164445317125096, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

机组正常运行时特征值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模式特征值频率/Hz阻尼比
1-337.59±j208.9433.250.850
2-0.45±j0.810.130.485
3-9.24±j17.822.830.460
4-1.85±j18.232.900.101
), ArticleFig(id=1213164456771768856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213164445317125096, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Energy flow power of the unit during normal operation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
风速/(m.s–1)风力机子系统能流功率/pu发电机及励磁子系统能流功率/pu总能流功率/pu
4.0–0.046 8–0.116 1–0.162 9
5.0–0.073 4–0.106 4–0.179 8
6.0–0.104 2–0.092 3–0.196 5
7.0–0.138 2–0.072 3–0.210 5
8.0–0.174 5–0.047 9–0.222 4
9.0–0.212 1–0.023 8–0.236 0
10.0–0.250 2–0.006 0–0.256 1
11.0–0.288 30.000 9–0.287 6
), ArticleFig(id=1213164456893403681, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213164445317125096, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

机组正常运行时能流功率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
风速/(m.s–1)风力机子系统能流功率/pu发电机及励磁子系统能流功率/pu总能流功率/pu
4.0–0.046 8–0.116 1–0.162 9
5.0–0.073 4–0.106 4–0.179 8
6.0–0.104 2–0.092 3–0.196 5
7.0–0.138 2–0.072 3–0.210 5
8.0–0.174 5–0.047 9–0.222 4
9.0–0.212 1–0.023 8–0.236 0
10.0–0.250 2–0.006 0–0.256 1
11.0–0.288 30.000 9–0.287 6
), ArticleFig(id=1213164456977289761, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213164445317125096, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Eigenvalues of the unit with weak damping

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模式特征值频率/Hz阻尼比
1-324.14±j224.3835.710.822
2-0.46±j0.810.130.492
3-1.52±j31.795.060.047
4-1.86±j18.202.890.101
), ArticleFig(id=1213164457073758761, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213164445317125096, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

机组弱阻尼时的特征值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模式特征值频率/Hz阻尼比
1-324.14±j224.3835.710.822
2-0.46±j0.810.130.492
3-1.52±j31.795.060.047
4-1.86±j18.202.890.101
), ArticleFig(id=1213164457174422059, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213164445317125096, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Energy flow power of the unit with weak damping

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
风速/ (m.s–1)电流振荡频率/Hz功率振荡频率/Hz风力机子系统能流功率/pu发电机及励磁子系统能流功率/pu总能流功率/pu
4.045.48/54.524.52-0.028 70.104 70.083 3
5.045.24/54..764.76-0.062 90.105 10.042 2
6.045.24/54.764.76-0.101 70.109 90.007 3
7.045.00/55.005.00-0.135 20.116 3-0.018 9
8.044.76/55.245.24-0.171 20.131 0-0.040 2
9.044.05/55.955.95-0.210 60.144 3-0.066 4
10.043.10/56.906.90-0.249 00.148 4-0.100 7
11.042.86/57.147.14-0.288 30.159 6-0.128 8
), ArticleFig(id=1213164457275085358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213164445317125096, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

机组弱阻尼时的能流功率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
风速/ (m.s–1)电流振荡频率/Hz功率振荡频率/Hz风力机子系统能流功率/pu发电机及励磁子系统能流功率/pu总能流功率/pu
4.045.48/54.524.52-0.028 70.104 70.083 3
5.045.24/54..764.76-0.062 90.105 10.042 2
6.045.24/54.764.76-0.101 70.109 90.007 3
7.045.00/55.005.00-0.135 20.116 3-0.018 9
8.044.76/55.245.24-0.171 20.131 0-0.040 2
9.044.05/55.955.95-0.210 60.144 3-0.066 4
10.043.10/56.906.90-0.249 00.148 4-0.100 7
11.042.86/57.147.14-0.288 30.159 6-0.128 8
), ArticleFig(id=1213164457388331569, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213164445317125096, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Characteristic values of the unit with negative damping

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模式特征值频率/Hz阻尼比
1-353.56±j271.5443.210.793
2-0.51±j0.810.130.533
30.61±j39.406.27-0.015
4-1.9±j18.142.890.104
), ArticleFig(id=1213164457493189175, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213164445317125096, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

机组负阻尼时的特征值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模式特征值频率/Hz阻尼比
1-353.56±j271.5443.210.793
2-0.51±j0.810.130.533
30.61±j39.406.27-0.015
4-1.9±j18.142.890.104
), ArticleFig(id=1213164457568686649, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213164445317125096, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

Energy flow power during unit negative damping

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
风速/(m.s–1)电流振荡频率/Hz功率振荡频率/Hz风力机子系统能流功率/pu发电机及励磁子系统能流功率/pu总能流功率/pu
4.044.19/55.715.710.005 00.128 30.143 2
5.044.19/55.715.71-0.040 10.134 30.109 2
6.044.05/55.955.95-0.094 40.135 90.041 5
7.043.71/56.196.19-0.129 90.145 10.015 2
7.543.71/56.196.19-0.147 60.156 00.008 3
8.043.71/56.196.19-0.166 00.161 5-0.005 5
9.043.33/56.676.67-0.204 70.177 9-0.026 7
10.042.86/57.147.14-0.245 60.183 2-0.062 4
11.042.86/57.147.14-0.288 10.191 1-0.097 3
), ArticleFig(id=1213164457648378430, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213164445317125096, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

机组负阻尼时的能流功率

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风速/(m.s–1)电流振荡频率/Hz功率振荡频率/Hz风力机子系统能流功率/pu发电机及励磁子系统能流功率/pu总能流功率/pu
4.044.19/55.715.710.005 00.128 30.143 2
5.044.19/55.715.71-0.040 10.134 30.109 2
6.044.05/55.955.95-0.094 40.135 90.041 5
7.043.71/56.196.19-0.129 90.145 10.015 2
7.543.71/56.196.19-0.147 60.156 00.008 3
8.043.71/56.196.19-0.166 00.161 5-0.005 5
9.043.33/56.676.67-0.204 70.177 9-0.026 7
10.042.86/57.147.14-0.245 60.183 2-0.062 4
11.042.86/57.147.14-0.288 10.191 1-0.097 3
), ArticleFig(id=1213164457728070211, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213164445317125096, language=EN, label=Tab.7, caption=

Characteristic values of the unit during normal operation when changing Ki

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Ki模式特征值频率/Hz阻尼比
Ki=0.850 001-334.56±j192.6130.650.867
2-0.44±j0.8120.130.459
3-10.07±j19.153.050.465
4-1.89±j18.222.890.103
Ki=0.102 001-322.67±j190.5830.330.861
2-0.40±j0.810.130.443
3-3.55±j83.6113.310.037
4-1.87±j18.134.090.348
Ki=0.093 051-322.51±j190.3230.290.861
2-0.42±j0.8120.130.459
32.21±j89.3514.22-0.025
4-9.18±j22.263.540.381
), ArticleFig(id=1213164457824539204, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213164445317125096, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

正常运行机组改变Ki时特征值计算结果

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Ki模式特征值频率/Hz阻尼比
Ki=0.850 001-334.56±j192.6130.650.867
2-0.44±j0.8120.130.459
3-10.07±j19.153.050.465
4-1.89±j18.222.890.103
Ki=0.102 001-322.67±j190.5830.330.861
2-0.40±j0.810.130.443
3-3.55±j83.6113.310.037
4-1.87±j18.134.090.348
Ki=0.093 051-322.51±j190.3230.290.861
2-0.42±j0.8120.130.459
32.21±j89.3514.22-0.025
4-9.18±j22.263.540.381
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微电网中考虑运行参数变化的双馈风电机组振荡特性研究
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董啸 1 , 李云婧 2 , 孙蓬勃 2 , 孙树敏 3 , 孙宁 2
热力发电 | 新能源发电技术专题 2024,53(3): 24-33
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热力发电 | 新能源发电技术专题 2024, 53(3): 24-33
微电网中考虑运行参数变化的双馈风电机组振荡特性研究
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董啸1 , 李云婧2, 孙蓬勃2, 孙树敏3, 孙宁2
作者信息
  • 1.国网山东省电力公司,山东 济南 250001
  • 2.国网山东省电力公司烟台供电公司,山东 烟台 264000
  • 3.国网山东省电力公司电力科学研究院,山东 济南 250002
  • 董啸(1979),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为电力系统自动化,

通讯作者:

孙宁(1981),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为电气自动化,
Study on the oscillation characteristics of doubly-fed wind turbine considering the variation of operating parameters in microgrid
Xiao DONG1 , Yunjing LI2, Pengbo SUN2, Shumin SUN3, Ning SUN2
Affiliations
  • 1.State Grid Shandong Electric Power Company, Jinan 250001, China
  • 2.Yantai Power Supply Company of State Grid Shandong Electric Power Company, Yantai 264000, China
  • 3.State Grid Shandong Electric Power Research Institute, Jinan 250002, China
出版时间: 2024-03-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202308139
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为了研究微电网内电力设备间的耦合及振荡特性,以双馈风电机组为例,基于暂态能量流法,计及风速和机组控制策略,推导双馈风电机组中风力机子系统、发电机及励磁子系统的能量函数;然后,研究风速、机组控制参数等运行参数变化时各个子系统能量消耗的变化机理,分析机组振荡特性;最后,在PSCAD/EMTDC平台建模仿真,分析运行参数变化时双馈风电机组的能量变化及功率振荡特性,并与特征值计算结果比较,验证分析的合理性,得到风速变化对双馈风电机组振荡的影响机理。

微电网  /  双馈风电机组  /  控制参数  /  能量消耗  /  振荡

To study the coupling and oscillation characteristics of power equipment in microgrid, the energy functions of the wind turbine subsystem, generator and excitation subsystem in the doubly-fed wind turbine are deduced based on the transient energy flow method taking into account the wind speed and the control strategy of the unit. Then, the mechanism of the change of the energy consumption of each subsystem is investigated when the wind speed, the control parameters of the unit and other operational parameters change, and the oscillation characteristics of the unit are analyzed. Finally, the energy change and power oscillation characteristics of the doubly-fed wind turbine when the operation parameters change are analyzed by modeling and simulation on PSCAD/EMTDC platform, and the results are compared with the eigenvalue calculation results to verify the reasonableness of the analysis. At last, the influence mechanism of wind speed change on the oscillation of doubly-fed wind turbine is obtained.

microgrid  /  doubly-fed wind turbine unit  /  control parameters  /  energy consumption  /  oscillate
董啸, 李云婧, 孙蓬勃, 孙树敏, 孙宁. 微电网中考虑运行参数变化的双馈风电机组振荡特性研究. 热力发电, 2024 , 53 (3) : 24 -33 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202308139
Xiao DONG, Yunjing LI, Pengbo SUN, Shumin SUN, Ning SUN. Study on the oscillation characteristics of doubly-fed wind turbine considering the variation of operating parameters in microgrid[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2024 , 53 (3) : 24 -33 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202308139
随着“千乡万村驭风计划”和“千乡万村沐光行动”的推进及全国首个出台省级“新能源+乡村振兴”方案的实施[1-2],风电、光伏等分布式电源在配电网的规模化快速发展,微电网数量将更加迅猛发展。微电网是一个涵盖风力发电、光伏发电等分布式发电、储能、负荷的小型电力系统,交直流混联的微电网接口灵活,具备友好接纳分布式电源和负荷的特点,可充分发挥交、直流电力系统各自的供电优势,是微电网的长期存在形式和重要发展方向。微电网内各个分布式电源、负荷通过交直流网络紧密连接相互耦合,微电网容量有限、惯性小,呈现低惯性、弱阻尼特性[3-4]。若微电网内任一台设备发生振荡,其输出功率中的振荡信号将施加于其他设备而成为强迫扰动源,导致其他原来正常运行的机组发生振荡,使振荡在微电网内传播,影响微电网的运行[5]。因此,研究微电网中各个设备的振荡特性,然后分析它们之间的相互影响,以便在振荡发生初期及时找到振荡源,判断振荡的传播途径,并采取有效措施平息振荡,显得极为必要。而研究微电网内每个设备的振荡特性是基础,本文首先以双馈风电机组为例研究风电机组的振荡特性。
在风电机组的振荡特性研究中,目前常用的方法有时域仿真法[6-7]、频率扫描法[8]、复转矩系数法[8-9]、特征值分析法[10]、阻抗分析法[11-12]、开环模式法[13-14]、暂态能量函数法[15-19]等。暂态能量函数法不仅从能量的角度对风电机组阻尼进行评估,研究不同参数对系统振荡的影响[19-21];还可用于电力系统振荡源定位[16-17,19]。在微电网稳定性研究中,暂态能量函数法得到广泛应用[21]
导致风电机组发生振荡的原因有很多,如系统发生短路故障或遭受大扰动时风电机组振荡,文献[17,21]从电网角度,建立了双馈风电机组、直驱永磁风电机组的能量函数,研究了风电机组的阻尼特性及其对系统振荡特性的影响。此外,风电机组控制参数设置不当都可能使风电机组阻尼变弱而自发振荡,进一步影响微电网内其他机组运行。另外,风速作为风电机组的随机扰动源,与风电机组的控制系统耦合,可能影响风电机组运行特性。因此,应同时考虑风速、机组控制参数等运行参数的变化来研究机组的振荡特性。
目前研究中,考虑了双馈风电机组控制系统模型及参数建立能量函数,详细研究了控制参数的变化对双馈风电机组能量消耗及阻尼的影响,分析双馈风电机组输出功率的振荡特性[18-19],但是没有考虑风速变化。由于风速随机变化,且风力机控制策略与风速有关。因此,本文以双馈风电机组为例,计及风速变化、机组控制策略,推导风力机子系统、发电机及励磁子系统的能量函数;然后,研究风速、控制参数等运行参数变化对微电网中风力机子系统、发电机及励磁子系统能量消耗的影响机理,分析风速、机组控制参数等运行参数对双馈风电机组输出功率振荡特性的影响。
双馈风电机组的能量流动组成如图1所示,机组的总能量流W包括W1W2。其中W1由风力机子系统能量流W11、发电机及励磁子系统能量流W12构成;W2为网侧变流器暂态能量。
规定机组发出能量为正参考方向,双馈风电机组各个子系统能量函数为[22]
W=W1+W2=W11+W12+W2
W11=12Kwgδwg2Hwω0ωw2Hgω0ωg2+TwδwDwwω0ωw2dtDggω0ωg2dt Dwgω0ωwg2dt
W12=12(Xs+XmXrXm+Xr)(isd2+isq2)+Xm+XrXm2[12(ed2+eq2)+XmRr(urqdedurddeq)]+[(deqdt)2dt+(deddt)2dt](Xm+Xr)2ω0RrXm2
W2=ugqigdugdigq+12ω0Lg(igd2+igq2)
式中:Kwg为轴系刚度系数;HwHg分别为风力机和发电机惯性时间常数;Tw为风力机转矩;δwδg分别为风力机和发电机电气角位移,且δwg=δw-δgDwwDggDwg分别为风力机与发电机的自阻尼系数和二者之间的互阻尼系数;ugdugqigdigq分别为网侧电压和电流的d、q轴分量。由于网侧变流器暂态能量W2中无积分项,下文重点分析风力机子系统、发电机及励磁子系统的能量函数。
在上述能量函数中保持风速不变,下面考虑风速变化,进一步推导双馈风电机组中的风力机子系统、发电机及励磁子系统能量函数,分析风速变化时各个子系统消耗能量变化及机组输出功率。双馈风电机组的数学模型及模型参数意义见文献[18]。
当风速小于机组额定风速时,风力机采用最大功率跟踪控制的控制策略,使风力机运行在最佳功率。风力机控制系统与变流器控制相互耦合,进一步推导式(2)可得到W11为:
W11=12Kwgδwg2Hwω0ωw2Hgω0ωg2Dwwω0ωw2dtDggω0ωg2dtDwgω0ωwg2dt(1σ)(3ω02Xmisd2Xr+3ω03Xmird2XsXr)[Kpirq+Kiirqdt]dt
式中:X'r=Xr-Xm2/XsKpKi分别为变流器内环比例系数和积分系数;其他参数详见文献[18]。式中转差率σ与风电机组转速有关,而风力机输入风速影响机组转速。
当风速大于机组额定风速时,风力机采用桨距角控制使机组运行在额定状态,进一步推导式(2)得到W11为:
W11=12Kwgδwg2Hwω0ωw2Hgω0ωg2Dwwω0ωw2dtDggω0ωg2dtDwgω0ωwg2dt+12ρπω0R2V3Kdt
式中:ρ为空气密度;R为风轮半径;V为风力机输入风速;K为功率系数。
式(5)、式(6)中前3项与积分路径无关的保守项,表示风力机子系统暂态能量的变化;第4项至第7项为与积分路径有关非保守项,表示风力机子系统的能量消耗。风力机子系统能量流W11中包含风力机转速ωw、发电机转速ωg、转差率σ及风速V。风速变化时,上述分量随之变化,W11中积分与路径有关的分量也改变。
根据双馈风电机组数学模型,经推导得到发电机及励磁子系统能量流W12为:
W12=12(Xs+XmXrXm+Xr)(isd2+isq2)+Xm+Xr2Xm2(ed2+eq2)Xm+XrXmRr(urdeq1urqed1)dt+(Xm+Xr)2ω0RrXm2(e2q1+e2d1)dtσω0Rr(Xmurdisq+Xrurdirq+Xmurqisd+XrurqirdXm+XrXmurdedXm+XrXmurqeq)dt2σ(Xm+Xr)2RrXm2{eq1[edXmXm+Xr(Xmisq+Xrirq)]+ed1[XmXm+Xr(Xmisd+Xrird)eq]}dt+ω0σ2Rr{[(Xmisq+Xrirq)Xm+XrXmed]2+[Xm+XrXmeq(Xmisd+Xrird)]2}dt
式中:前2项与积分路径无关的保守项,表示发电机及励磁子系统暂态能量的变化;第3项至第7项为与积分路径有关非保守项,表示发电机及励磁子系统的能量消耗;其中第5项至第7项与机组转差率σ有关,且最后一项与σ2有关。
双馈风电机组输出的总能量等于机组各个子系统能量之和。暂态能量流法利用采集的电压、电流数据计算风电机组及其各个子系统的暂态能量流,并通过线性拟合得到机组及各个子系统的能流功率,将其作为判断能量输入或输出的指标[22]。若机组或各个子系统的能流功率为正,阻尼为负,则其消耗的能量为负值,发出能量;若机组或各个子系统的能流功率为负,阻尼为正,则其消耗的能量为正值,吸收能量。
从双馈风电机组能量函数式(5)—式(7)可见,风力机子系统、发电机及励磁子系统的能量函数除了与机组的轴系参数、电气参数及控制系统参数等有关外,还与机组的输入风速有关。其中轴系、电气及控制参数决定机组本身的阻尼,而风速是随机变化的外部扰动。
在风速小于和大于机组额定风速时,双馈风电机组的控制策略不同,机组中风力机子系统的能量函数不同。因此,下面分别针对风速小于和大于机组额定风速2种情况,研究风速变化对机组次同步振荡的影响。
双馈风电机组在额定风速下正常运行时,风力机转速ωw和发电机转速ωg随风速增大而增大,转差率σ随风速增大而减小。在式(5)风力机子系统能量W11中,机组轴系消耗的能量是ωw2ωg2ωwg2的函数,它们随风速增大而增大;同时,风速增大时,转差率σ减小,(1-σ)增大,风力机最大功率跟踪控制系统消耗能量增大,因此风力机子系统的阻尼随风速增大而增大。而在式(7)发电机及励磁子系统输出的能量W12中,与积分路径有关的能量消耗是机组转差率σσ2的函数,因此W12中能量消耗随风速增大而减小,发电机及励磁子系统的阻尼随风速增大而变弱。
双馈风电机组消耗的能量是由风力机子系统W11和发电机及励磁子系统W12消耗的能量共同决定,它们随风速变化的趋势相反。由于机组轴系的阻尼系数一般大于1,0<σ<1,且W12中的第7项与转差率平方σ2有关,因此与风力机子系统相比,风速变化对发电机及励磁子系统能量消耗影响较小。风速增大时风力机子系统能量消耗的增大量大于发电机及励磁子系统能量消耗的减小量。由此可得出,双馈风电机组运行在额定风速以下,风速变化时机组消耗的能量主要由风力机子系统决定,且随风速减小而减小。
当双馈机组的电气、控制参数设置合理,双馈风电机组阻尼足够强时,尽管机组消耗的能量随风速减小而减小,但仍可保持正常运行。若由于机组变流器控制参数设置不当,机组阻尼变弱但仍为正阻尼,机组消耗能量较少。风速减小时,机组消耗的能量进一步减小,机组从消耗能量变为输出能量,导致机组发生振荡。若机组变流器控制参数设置不当导致机组为负阻尼而发生次同步振荡,此时机组输出能量。由于机组消耗的能量随风速减小而减小,机组输出能量随风速减小而增大,因此,风速减小将加剧机组原有的次同步振荡,输出功率的振幅随风速减小而增大,并且振荡频率随风速变化而发生漂移。
从式(6)风力机子系统能量函数W11可见,风力机子系统消耗的能量与轴系阻尼消耗的能量和风力机叶轮消耗能量有关。与风速小于机组额定风速相比,此时风力机子系统消耗的能量较大。风力机输入风速为额定风速时,机组转差率接近于0,发电机及励磁子系统能量W12中第5至第7项等于0,因此,与风速小于机组额定风速相比,此时发电机及励磁子系统消耗的能量将更小。
风力机输入风速大于机组额定风速时,风力机通过桨距角控制使机组运行在额定状态,转差率约等于0,因此W11W12不随输入风速变化而变化。由此可得出,双馈风电机组运行在额定风速以上,风速变化时机组消耗的能量由风力机子系统决定,且不随风速变化而变化。因此,在双馈风电机组各种阻尼状态下,风速变化不影响机组输出功率的振荡特性。
在PSCAD/EMTDC中搭建图1双馈风电机组并网系统模型,通过暂态能量流法仿真分析风速、控制参数等运行参数变化时,机组的能量变化及输出功率的振荡特性,并与系统特征值分析结果进行比较。双馈风电机组通过0.69 kV/35 kV出口变压器和35 kV/220 kV升压变压器与无穷大系统相连,额定风速11.4 m/s,系统其他参数详见文献[19]。
在双馈风电机组中,转子侧变流器内环控制环节的比例系数Kp和积分系数Ki对机组阻尼影响较大;机组阻尼随Kp增大或Ki减小而变弱,能流功率由负值变为正值。风速为7.0 m/s,改变KpKi仿真得到机组的能流功率(图2)。当Kp=0.082 8、Ki=0.337时机组能流功率为0。下面保持Kp=0.082 8不变,通过改变Ki来改变机组的阻尼,并结合风速变化进行仿真分析。
变流器内环控制参数Kp=0.082 8、Ki=0.850,输入风速为7.0 m/s。首先对图1双馈风电机组并网系统建立小信号模型,通过小信号线性化分析,可以求解系统状态方程矩阵,得到特征值和特征向量,从而能够识别各个振荡模式,得到各个振荡模式的特征信息;通过特征值的虚部可以求得各个振荡模式的振荡频率,而通过特征值的实部与虚部则可以得到阻尼比。通过求解可得到其特征值、振荡模式和阻尼比,表1为机组正常运行时的特征值。由表1可以看出,机组的特征根实部始终在坐标的左半平面,阻尼比都为正值,机组正常运行。当风速变化时,计算机组特征值有4个模式,其中模式3的特征值实部随风速变化而减小,阻尼比随风速增大而增大,变化的曲线如图3所示;而风速变化时其他模式特征值实部几乎不变。因此,以模式3来分析风速变化时机组特征值和阻尼比的变化规律。
图1的系统进行仿真计算,得到双馈风电机组中风力机子系统、发电机及励磁子系统和机组的消耗能量波形如图4所示,能流功率见表2
图4表2可见:风力机子系统消耗能量随风速增大而增大,能流功率随风速增大而减小;发电机及励磁子系统消耗的能量随风速增大而减小,能流功率随风速增大而增大。风速变化相同时,风力机子系统消耗能量的增加量要大于发电机及励磁子系统消耗能量的减小量,如t=5 s时风速从4.0 m/s增加到5.0 m/s,风力机子系统消耗能量增加量为0.117 2 pu,能流功率减小量为0.026 6 pu;而发电机及励磁子系统消耗能量的减小量为0.049 0 pu,能流功率增加量为0.009 7 pu。因此,风速变化时,双馈风电机组消耗能量主要由风力机子系统决定。如图4c)表2所示,双馈风电机组消耗能量随风速增加而增加,能流功率随风速增加而减小,机组阻尼增强。与利用特征值对机组阻尼特性分析得到图2的结论相同,进一步验证能量函数的正确性和合理性。
风速为7.0 m/s,保持转子侧变流器内环比例系数Kp=0.082 8不变,减小积分系数,Ki=0.352,进行特征值计算,结果见表3
一般情况下,机组阻尼比小于0.05时认为阻尼相对较弱[20]。由表3可知,改变控制参数后,模式3的阻尼比0.047,小于0.05,此时机组运行在弱阻尼状态下。改变风速并进行特征值计算,模式3特征值实部和阻尼比如图5所示。由图5可见,当风速为4.0~6.0 m/s时,模式3特征值实部为正,机组阻尼为负;当风速大于7.0 m/s时,特征值实部由正值变为负值,阻尼比由负变为正值。
风速变化时,风力机子系统、发电机及励磁子系统和机组消耗能量如图6所示,机组能流功率见表4。从表4图6可见:风速为7.0 m/s时,风力机子系统消耗能量大于发电机及励磁子系统发出的能量,双馈风电机组还是处在消耗能量的运行状态,阻尼为正,能流功率为-0.018 9 pu,但处于边界状态。由于风力机子系统消耗的能量随风速减小而减小,因此,当风速从7.0 m/s减小到6.0、5.0、4.0 m/s时,双馈风电机组从消耗能量变为输出能量,能流功率从负值变为正值,阻尼从弱阻尼变为负阻尼而发生振荡。
风速变化时进行时域仿真得到机组输出有功功率及频谱,如图7所示。当风速为7.0 m/s,机组输出明显存在功率波动,但是波动幅度随时间增加而变小。当风速下降至4.0 m/s时,机组输出有功功率波动持续增大而发生振荡,功率振荡频率4.52 Hz;当风速上升至11.0 m/s时,机组输出有功功率波动幅度很小,机组正常运行,此时功率振荡频率7.14 Hz。由于双馈风电机组中风力机子系统消耗能量随输入风速的减小而减小,因此,当阻尼较弱的双馈风电机组运行在低风速时会发生次同步振荡。
风速为7.0 m/s,保持转子侧变流器内环比例系数Kp=0.082 8不变,进一步减小积分系数,Ki=0.254,进行特征值计算,结果见表5。由表5可见,Ki=0.254时,机组振荡模式3阻尼比为负值,即风速为7.0 m/s时机组运行于负阻尼状态下。
改变风速并进行特征值计算,模式3的特征值实部和阻尼比如图8所示。从图8可以看出,当风速为4.0~7.5 m/s时,特征值实部为正,机组阻尼为负;当风速为7.5~11.0 m/s时,特征值实部由正值变为负值,阻尼比由负值变为正值。风速变化时,风力机子系统、发电机及励磁子系统和机组消耗能量如图9所示,机组能流功率见表6
表6图9可见,风速为7.0 m/s时,风力机子系统、发电机及励磁子系统和机组的能流功率都为正值,机组阻尼为负并产生次同步发散振荡。由于风力机子系统消耗的能量随风速减小而减小,因此,当风速从7.5 m/s减小到4.0 m/s时,机组输出能量不断增加,能流功率逐渐增大,阻尼进一步降低;当风速由7.5 m/s增加至11.0 m/s时,双馈风电机组从发出能量变为消耗能量,能流功率从正值变为负值,阻尼从负阻尼变为正阻尼并逐步增加,从而使振荡平息。
对双馈风电机组并网系统进行时域仿真,得到风速变化时机组输出有功功率及频谱(图10)。当风速为7.0 m/s,功率电流波动幅度较大,呈缓慢发散状态。风速由7.0 m/s降低至4.0 m/s时,功率和电流波动发散程度加剧,振荡幅度进一步增大,此时,功率振荡频率为5.71 Hz;当风速由7.0 m/s上升至11.0 m/s时,功率和电流振荡波动减小,由振荡发散变为振荡收敛,功率振荡频率为7.14 Hz。由上述分析可知,当机组阻尼为负时,风速上升,机组稳定性增加。
与3.1节风速小于额定风速时分析条件相同,双馈风电机组转子侧变流器内环控制比例系数Kp= 0.082 8保持不变,改变积分系数Ki,分别取Ki= 0.850 00、0.102 00、0.093 05。风速为13.0 m/s,对图1中双馈风电机组并网系统进行特征值计算,得到机组在强阻尼、弱阻尼、负阻尼情况下,特征值、振荡模式和阻尼比,结果见表7。从表7特征值可以看出,机组内环积分系数Ki分别为0.850 00、0.102 00、0.093 05时,机组特征值中模式3的阻尼比分别为0.465、0.037、-0.025。机组的阻尼从正阻尼变为负阻尼。
风速分别取12.0、13.0、14.0 m/s时,3种情况下的机组各个子系统及机组的能流功率分别为:
Ki=0.850 00时,风力机子系统消耗能量相等,能流功率都为-0.292 9,阻尼为正;额定风速下发电机及励磁子系统消耗的能量减小,阻尼变弱,能流功率都为0.000 8,而机组的能流功率都为-0.292 1。
Ki=0.102 00时,风力机子系统的能流功率都近似为-0.292 1,发电机及励磁子系统能流功率分别为0.229 4、0.228 6、0.228 5,机组的能流功率为-0.063 7、-0.063 5、-0.063 6。
Ki=0.093 05时,风力机子系统的能流功率为-0.291 8、-0.291 9、-0.291 7,发电机及励磁子系统能流功率分别为0.332 1、0.332 1、0.332 1,机组的能流功率为0.040 3、0.040 2、0.040 4。
由分析可以看出,输入风速超过额定风速后,机组通过控制桨距角使得风力机转速维持在额定风速附近。风速变化时,机组消耗能量、能流功率、阻尼比以及输出功率和电流都基本保持不变。当风速变化时,机组输出功率及频谱波形仍保持不变。
通过时域仿真得到Ki=0.102 00时机组输出电流中存在13 Hz的次同步分量,输出功率中存在37/ 73 Hz的次同步分量;Ki=0.093 05时机组输出电流、功率波动随时间增加而发散,且功率中存在14 Hz、电流中存在36/74 Hz的次同步分量。
1)当风速小于和大于机组额定风速时,双馈风电机组的控制策略不同,机组中风力机子系统的能量函数不同,因此,分析了同时考虑风速、控制参数等运行参数变化对机组消耗能量的影响机理及对机组输出功率振荡特性的影响。在双馈风电机组阻尼分别为强阻尼、弱阻尼和负阻尼情况下,考虑风速变化,进一步验证了双馈风电机组能量消耗随风速减小而降低的规律。通过特征值法、时域仿真进一步验证本文研究的合理性。
2)风速小于机组额定风速时,风速和机组控制参数耦合共同影响机组的振荡特性。由于机组消耗的能量随风速减小而减小,因此,风速减小将导致机组阻尼变弱而振荡或加剧机组原有的次同步振荡,输出功率的振幅随风速减小而增大,并且振荡频率随风速变化而发生漂移。
3)风速变化时双馈风电机组能量消耗主要由风力机子系统决定,得到风速变化对双馈风电机组振荡影响机理的新认识,对微电网振荡抑制具有指导意义,后续可对微电网内振荡的耦合进行研究。
  • 国网山东省电力公司科技项目(520605220003)
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2024年第53卷第3期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202308139
  • 接收时间:2023-08-22
  • 首发时间:2025-12-31
  • 出版时间:2024-03-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-08-22
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Science and Technology Project of State Grid Shandong Electric Power Company(520605220003)
国网山东省电力公司科技项目(520605220003)
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    1.国网山东省电力公司,山东 济南 250001
    2.国网山东省电力公司烟台供电公司,山东 烟台 264000
    3.国网山东省电力公司电力科学研究院,山东 济南 250002

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孙宁(1981),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为电气自动化,
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