Article(id=1213164443173831419, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1213164438232941220, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202311170, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1700150400000, receivedDateStr=2023-11-17, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1767170542758, onlineDateStr=2025-12-31, pubDate=1711296000000, pubDateStr=2024-03-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1767170542758, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-31, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1767170542758, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767170542758, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1213164438232941220, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2024', volume='53', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='182', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1767170541580, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767775374880, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1215701293012796069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1213164438232941220, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1215701293012796070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1213164438232941220, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=117, endPage=125, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1213164443446461197, articleId=1213164443173831419, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Typical fault warning method of gas turbine compressor combining thermodynamic model with artificial neural network, columnId=1211002405299294959, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Thermal energy science research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to realize compressor blade fouling and surge faults early warning, a typical fault warning method of gas turbine compressor combining thermodynamic model with artificial neural network was proposed. The simulation model of gas turbine thermodynamic performance was built according to the modularization idea, and the dynamic calibration of the model was completed by using the actual operation data of the gas turbine to form a high-precision gas turbine performance analysis model, and the key indicators such as exhaust flow rate, turbine front temperature and heat consumption can be calculated. Based on the thermal performance simulation model and combined with the compressor typical faults expert experience and professional knowledge, the main characteristic parameters affecting compressor faults were determined, and the compressor blade fouling and surge warning models were abstracted. The historical health data were selected to train the models using the artificial neural network algorithm to obtain the deviation curve, and the early warning of typical compressor faults can be realized by monitoring the deviation changes between the predicted value and the measured value of the early warning model, the example to verify the validity of the measured data of a GE 9F gas turbine compressor was given. The results showed that the method can accurately capture the compressor blade fouling and surge faults, and improve the warning time window compared with the traditional threshold alarm method. The research achievement can be directly deployed in the gas turbine power plant and provide real-time guidance for operation and maintenance personnel to make overhaul and maintenance decisions

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为实现压气机叶片积垢和喘振故障的提前预警,提出了一种融合热力学模型与人工智能的燃气轮机压气机典型故障预警方法。根据模块化思想搭建燃气轮机热力学性能仿真模型,并利用燃气轮机实际运行数据完成模型的动态标定,形成高精度燃气轮机性能分析模型,实现排气流量、透平进口温度、燃气轮机热耗率等关键指标的计算。在热力性能仿真模型的基础上,结合压气机典型故障专家经验及专业知识确定影响压气机故障的主要特征参数,抽象表征出压气机叶片积垢和喘振的预警模型。选取历史健康数据,采用人工神经网络算法对模型进行训练,获取偏差曲线,通过监测预警模型输出预测值与测量值之间的偏差变化,实现压气机典型故障的提前预警,给出了某GE 9F型燃气轮机压气机的实测数据的有效性验证实例。结果表明:该方法能精准捕捉压气机叶片积垢和喘振故障,相对于传统阈值报警方式,提高预警的时间窗口。该研究成果可直接在燃气轮机电厂侧部署,实时为运维人员的检修和维护决策提供指导。

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谢岳生(1985),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为燃气轮机热力性能与故障诊断,

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谢岳生(1985),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为燃气轮机热力性能与故障诊断,

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谢岳生(1985),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为燃气轮机热力性能与故障诊断,

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Internal Combustion Engine & Power Plant, 2016, 33(6): 1-4., articleTitle=Analysis on failure of surge and method of anti-surge for gas turbine compressor, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1213164452380328146, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213164443173831419, awardId=20QB1401900, language=EN, fundingSource=Shanghai Rising-Star Program(20QB1401900), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1213164452460019926, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213164443173831419, awardId=20QB1401900, language=CN, fundingSource=上海市青年科技启明星项目(20QB1401900), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1213164445489087366, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213164443173831419, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1213164445497475974, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213164443173831419, companyId=1213164445489087366, language=EN, 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model, figureFileSmall=h4q/5+5VV19mmU3xdJYdow==, figureFileBig=/01MVQMzhze69gsp4NpvSA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1213164451637936301, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213164443173831419, language=CN, label=图8, caption=压气机喘振预警模型分析结果, figureFileSmall=h4q/5+5VV19mmU3xdJYdow==, figureFileBig=/01MVQMzhze69gsp4NpvSA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1213164451746988211, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213164443173831419, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Main boundary definition of the performance calculation model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数符号单位
环境温度T0
环境压力p0Pa
环境相对湿度RRH%
压气机入口压力p1Pa
压气机入口温度T1
压气机出口压力p2Pa
压气机出口温度T2
透平排气温度T4
透平排气压力p4Pa
燃气轮机功率PMW
燃气轮机转速nr/min
), ArticleFig(id=1213164451822485687, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213164443173831419, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

性能计算模型主要边界定义

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数符号单位
环境温度T0
环境压力p0Pa
环境相对湿度RRH%
压气机入口压力p1Pa
压气机入口温度T1
压气机出口压力p2Pa
压气机出口温度T2
透平排气温度T4
透平排气压力p4Pa
燃气轮机功率PMW
燃气轮机转速nr/min
), ArticleFig(id=1213164451931537598, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213164443173831419, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Main input parameters of the performance calculation model

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项目POST-BL测量值POST-IGV=70.3测量值POST-IGV=68.0测量值POST-IGV=65.9测量值
发电机静输出/MW257.497219.475211.569204.647
功率因子0.974 00.947 50.953 50.940 1
环境压力/Pa101 911.40101 945.88101 897.61101 945.88
压气机入口相对湿度/%98.890.792.490.6
压气机入口总温/℃22.824.725.325.3
压气机入口总压损(20 ℃)/Pa662.9528.3515.6497.8
压气机出口压力/Pa1 524 499.71 330 826.01 298 075.91 269 117.9
压气机出口温度/℃407.1385.4382.7379.3
排气压损(20 ℃)/Pa2 578.11 816.11 658.61 577.3
排气温度/℃616.8622.6622.6622.2
排气压力(20 ℃)/Pa2 611.11 948.21 800.91 712.0
燃料热值(LHV)/(kJ·kg–1)49 38149 38149 38149 381
), ArticleFig(id=1213164452048978116, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213164443173831419, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

性能计算模型主要输入参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目POST-BL测量值POST-IGV=70.3测量值POST-IGV=68.0测量值POST-IGV=65.9测量值
发电机静输出/MW257.497219.475211.569204.647
功率因子0.974 00.947 50.953 50.940 1
环境压力/Pa101 911.40101 945.88101 897.61101 945.88
压气机入口相对湿度/%98.890.792.490.6
压气机入口总温/℃22.824.725.325.3
压气机入口总压损(20 ℃)/Pa662.9528.3515.6497.8
压气机出口压力/Pa1 524 499.71 330 826.01 298 075.91 269 117.9
压气机出口温度/℃407.1385.4382.7379.3
排气压损(20 ℃)/Pa2 578.11 816.11 658.61 577.3
排气温度/℃616.8622.6622.6622.2
排气压力(20 ℃)/Pa2 611.11 948.21 800.91 712.0
燃料热值(LHV)/(kJ·kg–1)49 38149 38149 38149 381
), ArticleFig(id=1213164452166418634, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213164443173831419, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Main results of the performance calculation model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
计算工况项目燃料质量流量/(kg·h–1)整机热耗率/(kJ·(kW·h)–1)排气流量/(kg·s–1)透平进口温度/℃
POST-BL性能试验值50 083.389 604.17634.87
计算值50 083.259 583.07634.711 254.91
偏差/%0.000 2720.219 7080.025 721
POST-IGV=70.3性能试验值44 053.729 912.25564.68
计算值43 969.539 892.84563.231 228.00
偏差/%0.191 1030.195 8490.257 049
POST-IGV=68.0性能试验值42 894.8710 011.42552.94
计算值42 801.709 989.90551.611 220.70
偏差/%0.217 2040.214 9860.239 537
POST-IGV=65.9性能试验值41 880.8910 105.32542.83
计算值41 766.6710 078.10541.631 213.50
偏差/%0.272 7170.269 3670.220 599
), ArticleFig(id=1213164452271276237, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213164443173831419, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

性能计算模型主要计算结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
计算工况项目燃料质量流量/(kg·h–1)整机热耗率/(kJ·(kW·h)–1)排气流量/(kg·s–1)透平进口温度/℃
POST-BL性能试验值50 083.389 604.17634.87
计算值50 083.259 583.07634.711 254.91
偏差/%0.000 2720.219 7080.025 721
POST-IGV=70.3性能试验值44 053.729 912.25564.68
计算值43 969.539 892.84563.231 228.00
偏差/%0.191 1030.195 8490.257 049
POST-IGV=68.0性能试验值42 894.8710 011.42552.94
计算值42 801.709 989.90551.611 220.70
偏差/%0.217 2040.214 9860.239 537
POST-IGV=65.9性能试验值41 880.8910 105.32542.83
计算值41 766.6710 078.10541.631 213.50
偏差/%0.272 7170.269 3670.220 599
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融合热力学模型与人工智能的燃气轮机压气机典型故障预警方法研究
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谢岳生 , 万震天 , 李俊昆
热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2024,53(3): 117-125
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热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2024, 53(3): 117-125
融合热力学模型与人工智能的燃气轮机压气机典型故障预警方法研究
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谢岳生 , 万震天, 李俊昆
作者信息
  • 上海发电设备成套设计研究院有限责任公司,上海 200240
  • 谢岳生(1985),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为燃气轮机热力性能与故障诊断,

Typical fault warning method of gas turbine compressor combining thermodynamic model with artificial neural network
Yuesheng XIE , Zhentian WAN, Junkun LI
Affiliations
  • Shanghai Power Equipment Research Institute Co, Ltd, Shanghai 200240, China
出版时间: 2024-03-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202311170
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为实现压气机叶片积垢和喘振故障的提前预警,提出了一种融合热力学模型与人工智能的燃气轮机压气机典型故障预警方法。根据模块化思想搭建燃气轮机热力学性能仿真模型,并利用燃气轮机实际运行数据完成模型的动态标定,形成高精度燃气轮机性能分析模型,实现排气流量、透平进口温度、燃气轮机热耗率等关键指标的计算。在热力性能仿真模型的基础上,结合压气机典型故障专家经验及专业知识确定影响压气机故障的主要特征参数,抽象表征出压气机叶片积垢和喘振的预警模型。选取历史健康数据,采用人工神经网络算法对模型进行训练,获取偏差曲线,通过监测预警模型输出预测值与测量值之间的偏差变化,实现压气机典型故障的提前预警,给出了某GE 9F型燃气轮机压气机的实测数据的有效性验证实例。结果表明:该方法能精准捕捉压气机叶片积垢和喘振故障,相对于传统阈值报警方式,提高预警的时间窗口。该研究成果可直接在燃气轮机电厂侧部署,实时为运维人员的检修和维护决策提供指导。

燃气轮机  /  压气机  /  性能仿真  /  人工神经网络  /  故障预警

In order to realize compressor blade fouling and surge faults early warning, a typical fault warning method of gas turbine compressor combining thermodynamic model with artificial neural network was proposed. The simulation model of gas turbine thermodynamic performance was built according to the modularization idea, and the dynamic calibration of the model was completed by using the actual operation data of the gas turbine to form a high-precision gas turbine performance analysis model, and the key indicators such as exhaust flow rate, turbine front temperature and heat consumption can be calculated. Based on the thermal performance simulation model and combined with the compressor typical faults expert experience and professional knowledge, the main characteristic parameters affecting compressor faults were determined, and the compressor blade fouling and surge warning models were abstracted. The historical health data were selected to train the models using the artificial neural network algorithm to obtain the deviation curve, and the early warning of typical compressor faults can be realized by monitoring the deviation changes between the predicted value and the measured value of the early warning model, the example to verify the validity of the measured data of a GE 9F gas turbine compressor was given. The results showed that the method can accurately capture the compressor blade fouling and surge faults, and improve the warning time window compared with the traditional threshold alarm method. The research achievement can be directly deployed in the gas turbine power plant and provide real-time guidance for operation and maintenance personnel to make overhaul and maintenance decisions

gas turbine  /  compressor  /  performance simulation  /  artificial neural network  /  fault warning
谢岳生, 万震天, 李俊昆. 融合热力学模型与人工智能的燃气轮机压气机典型故障预警方法研究. 热力发电, 2024 , 53 (3) : 117 -125 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202311170
Yuesheng XIE, Zhentian WAN, Junkun LI. Typical fault warning method of gas turbine compressor combining thermodynamic model with artificial neural network[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2024 , 53 (3) : 117 -125 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202311170
压气机作为燃气轮机的核心部件[1],其运行状态和性能对于保证燃气轮机整体的安全可靠运行意义重大[2-3]。然而压气机在长期运行中受自身高转速以及环境污染等因素的影响,会随着运行时间的累积而产生性能劣化,甚至引发各种运行安全事故[4-5]。压气机常见的故障主要包括叶片积垢、磨损、叶顶间隙增大和压气机喘振等[6-8]。在燃气轮机实际运行过程中,针对压气机典型故障的报警主要是阈值报警,这种报警方式并不能实现限制范围内压气机异常情况的分析与处理,这就意味着容易造成漏警或者误警,存在事故风险和安全隐患[9]。随着计算机科学和人工智能的不断发展,基于热力学模型与人工神经网络的压气机故障预警技术已日趋成熟。根据压气机数据行为异常对设备故障提前预警,从而进一步提高燃气轮机运行过程的稳定性及可靠性[10],减少机组非计划停机次数,对于提升燃气轮机电厂智能化水平意义重大。
彭道刚等[11]基于长短期记忆网络和支持向量机等方法,研究提出了一种先进的燃气轮机压气机故障预警方法。该方法通过挖掘能反映压气机典型故障的特征参数并建立预测模型,对压气机特征参数的残差曲线进行监测,捕捉压气机早期故障发展趋势,实现故障预警。孙守泰等[12]提出了一种基于混合深度学习模型的压气机关键参数在线辨识方法进行压气机的喘振状态诊断,并在对压气机的喘振状态进行快速诊断的基础上,提出基于自抗扰控制方法的压气机喘振主动控制策略,实现对压气机喘振状态的准确控制,提升压气机工作的安全性与稳定性。Nogueras-Rivera D I等[13]采用典型循环人工神经网络进行燃气轮机压气机漏气预测深度学习模型的超参数优化。靳尧飞等[14]融合机理模型和数据驱动,开展了燃气轮机气路智能故障诊断方法研究,通过自适应热力建模策略构建待诊断对象的燃气轮机热力模型,利用深度学习进行回归建模以及模型训练,实时诊断各气路部件的健康参数向量。陆永卿等[15]基于多元状态估计技术建立了压气机正常运行状态下的非参数模型,通过引入参数偏离度来体现观测向量与估计向量二者的偏离量,基于滑动窗口法计算分析故障预警阈值,实现压气机运行状态的预警监测。
但是,目前国内并没有完全掌握燃气轮机压气机典型故障预警方法,主要有以下3点原因:1)缺少基于模型、知识规则和数据驱动相融合的压气机故障预警方法研究,故障模型库和知识库还不够完备[16];2)没有很好地建立不同压气机故障和特征参数之间的关联映射关系,故障预警的准确性还有待进一步提升;3)国内高校、科研院所等以理论研究为主,缺乏在役燃气轮机机组的工程实用性验证[17]。基于此,本文提出一种融合热力学模型与人工智能的燃气轮机压气机故障预警方法,首先基于机理和数据驱动,搭建燃气轮机高精度性能仿真模型,并结合某GE 9F型燃气轮机实际运行数据完成燃气轮机模型的动态标定,实时计算燃气轮机关键性能指标;然后,在燃气轮机热力学性能高精度计算的基础上,结合燃气轮机历史运行数据以及专家经验,确定影响压气机故障的主要特征参数,抽象表征出能反映压气机叶片积垢和喘振的预警模型,选取历史健康数据结合人工神经网络算法对预警模型进行训练,自动分析运算出压气机相关故障模型的正常运行区间;最后,通过监测预警模型输出预测值与实际值之间的偏差变化,实现压气机故障的提前预警。
以某GE 9F重型燃气轮机为研究对象,采用模块化建模的思想,基于集总参数方法,利用能量守恒、动量守恒和质量守恒分别建立压气机进气道、压气机、燃烧室、透平、发电机等部件模型,然后集成形成燃气轮机热力学性能仿真模型。
管道的流动过程中,常会产生摩擦阻力损失和局部阻力损失,因此在压气机入口前的进气道流动中会产生压力损失。基于运行数据,采用拟合公式建立进气道模型。
Δpt=p1p10(81.317x398.379x2+312.78x)
x=(mmd)2
式中:m为压气机入口流量;md为压气机入口额定工况点流量;p1为压气机入口总压;p10为压气机入口额定工况点总压;∆pt为进气道压损值。
由于压气机内部流场的逆向压力梯度分布,导致工质流动的情况变得十分复杂,同时现有的理论公式在描述压气机特性时还不够精确。然而,压气机的特性曲线给出了不同转速、不同进口导叶(IGV)开度(IIGV)下流量与压比、效率的关系,因此采用压气机特性曲线进行数值插值来确定其特性[18-19]
gT1p1=f1(πc,nT1,IIGV)
η=f2(πc,nT1,IIGV)
式中:nT1为折合转速;gT1p1为折合流量;πc为压比;η为压气机效率;函数f1f2分别为压气机流量特性函数和压气机效率特性函数。
压气机中的热力学过程一般用等熵压缩和等熵效率相结合的方法计算。等熵压缩后温度通常采用下式计算:
T2s=T1(p2p1)γ1γ
γ=cpcv
式中:T1为压气机入口温度;T2s为压气机出口等熵温度;p2为压气机出口压力;γ为绝热指数,当γ为常数(理想状态)时严格成立;cpcv分别为定压比热容和定积比热容。
根据燃烧室非稳态能量平衡方程建立燃烧室动态平衡的一阶常微分方程[20]
dT3dt=RgT3[k(G2h2+GfLHVηcb+GfhfG3h3)]p3Vcp,g
式中:t为时间;T3为燃烧室出口温度;Rg为燃气的气体常数;k为燃气的绝热指数;G2为燃烧室入口空气流量;h2为燃烧室出口空气比焓;Gf为燃烧室入口天然气流量;LHV为天然气低位发热量;ηcb为燃烧室燃烧效率;hf为燃烧室入口天然气比焓;G3为燃烧室出口燃气流量;h3为燃烧室出口燃气比焓;p3为燃烧室出口燃气压力;V为燃烧室容积;cp,g为燃烧室出口燃气定压比热容。
燃烧室压力损失按照固定压损系数计算:
p3=p2(1α)
式中:α为压损系数。
透平与压气机建模方法类似,采用透平部件特性曲线计算膨胀比与透平流量、透平效率的关系。其关系式如下所示:
G3T3p3=f3(π,NT3)
ηT=f4(π,NT3)
式中:N为透平转速;π膨胀比;ηT为透平效率。
关于透平冷却问题,采用等效冷却空气流量和能量守恒进行计算,计算方法如下[21]
gmix=gBmix+gcool
xmix=(gBmixxBmix+gcoolxcool)/gmix
hmix=(gBmixhBmix+gcoolhcool)/gmix
式中:gBmix为混合前燃气流量;gcool为压气机来的冷却空气流量;xBmix为混合前燃气各成分质量分数;xcool为冷却空气各成分质量分数;hBmix为透平入口工质焓值;hcool为冷却空气焓值。
通过角动量平衡方程,建立燃气轮机发电机模型[22]
dndt=900Jπ2·n(PTG+PSFC+PTPCPm)
Pm=n0.5(1/3 0002)+0.002
P=PTPCPm
式中:n为燃气轮机实际转速;PTG为盘车输出功率;PSFC为SFC输出功率;PT为透平功率;PC为压气机功率;Pm为摩擦消耗功率;P为燃气轮机功率。
基于燃气轮机热力系统的热平衡图和机理模型,开发燃气轮机热力组件,组态构建燃气轮机性能计算模型,其示意如图1所示,燃气轮机热力学性能计算模型主要边界定义如表1所示。
压气机故障预警原理示意如图2所示。
结合压气机典型故障专家经验及专业知识确定影响压气机故障的主要特征参数,抽象出表征压气机叶片积垢和喘振的预警模型,选取历史健康数据对模型进行训练。通过监测预警模型输出预测值与实际值之间的偏差变化,实现压气机故障的提前预警,降低非计划停机事故的发生概率。
其中模型输出预测值与实际值之间的偏差报警基于3sigma准则。其方法是:对燃气轮机实际历史运行健康数据训练,计算处理得到标准差;实际运行时偏差值如超过3倍标准差,则认为是异常值,发出报警信号。
针对燃气轮机压气机故障预警的研究选择人工神经网络的方法,采用燃气轮机健康运行下的历史运行数据作为训练数据来推导输入和输出参数之间的关系。图3为人工神经网络的结构示意。
通过输入参数预测输出参数的优化神经网络结构取决于隐含层数、神经元数量、神经元非线性激活函数类型和数据特征[23],具体的人工神经元网络参数设置如下。
1)正则因子L2能够控制人工神经元网络在进行学习的时候对过拟合和泛化的能力,通过对大量的实际模型验证,设置为0.001。
2)外迭代次数能够控制人工神经元网络的epcho外循环次数,该参数确定了最大学习步数,设置为1 000。
3)学习率决定了人工神经元网络训练过程中误差传递的初始值,采用了自适应学习率调整方法,设置为0.001。
4)网络单元数和层数表征了深度学习网络的深度和宽度,经过大量的实际模型验证,一般而言采用3层深度和每层5个神经单元宽度的网络即可实现设备的故障预警能力。
5)相对训练残差能够控制epcho循环的终止,当样本集的整体误差小于设定值时,则认为深度学习网络已提前达到收敛状态,可中断epcho的学习过程,推荐设置为0.000 1。
6)激活函数支持sigmod、linear、tanh、ReLU、leakyReLU,针对非线性较强的模型问题一般选择sigmod、tanh、ReLu和leakyReLU函数,针对线性问题的模型选择linear函数。经过大量的实际工程经验,无论从深度学习效率、拟合能力,还是从模型的泛化能力来讲,leakyReLU都表现非常优秀,因此采用的激活函数为leakyReLU。
不同的压气机故障类型所对应的特征参数也不尽一样。杨天南等[24]研究表明:转速相同时,随着压气机叶片污染程度的加重,压气机的压比和效率都会下降;转速越大,积垢会使压气机流量减小越明显,且入口压差是对积垢最敏感的压气机参数。韩朝兵等[25]以GE 9F型燃气轮机为研究对象,建立了离线水洗后压气机进气质量流量、压气机压比、压气机效率和燃气轮机功率的性能衰退模型。刘健鑫等[26]研究发现燃气轮机发生压气机喘振故障后,会导致压气机进气流量减小,压气机入口温度升高,与此同时压气机效率也会发生不同程度的降低。压气机故障类型与其特征参数的变化存在某种对应关系,因此合理的特征参数能够有效反映压气机的运行状态和故障形式。
压气机叶片积垢预警模型输入层特征参数选择IGV位置反馈、压气机入口压力、压气机入口温度、压气机出口温度、燃气轮机功率5个输入量,输出层参数选择为压气机出口压力。通过计算分析压气机出口压力实测值与预测值的残差变化,可以自动判断压气机叶片积垢劣化的发生,并实现压气机叶片积垢的提前预警。压气机叶片积垢预警模型示意如图4所示。
压气机喘振预警模型输入层特征参数选择IGV位置反馈、压气机入口压力、压气机入口温度、燃气轮机功率、压气机出口温度5个输入量,输出层参数选择为压气机等熵效率。通过对比压气机等熵效率的实际值和预测值,间接提示压气机是否存在喘振风险。压气机喘振预警模型如图5所示。
针对某GE 9F型在役燃气轮机机组,结合云睿系统零代码、组态式建模工具完成性能计算模型开发,然后根据机组性能试验的相关数据对模型进行调优。将表2中性能计算模型主要边界参数输入燃气轮机性能计算模型中进行计算,可以计算出排气流量、燃料流量以及燃气轮机热耗率等关键性能参数,并与性能试验相应的指标(表3)进行比较。通过分析可以发现,该燃气轮机排气流量、燃料流量、燃气轮机热耗率同性能试验相比偏差均小于0.5%,表明模型具有优良的性能指标计算精度。
为验证性能计算模型在长期实时计算过程中的准确性,考虑到结算结果中只有燃料流量具有实时测量值,因此对燃气轮机实际运行过程中的燃料流量计算值与测量值进行比较,结果如图6所示。由图6可知,在2023年3月25日至4月13日连续运行期间,燃料流量预测值曲线(蓝色)与燃料流量测量值曲线(红色)基本吻合,说明性能计算精度较好,该段时间内最大误差出现在2023年4月2日18:54:46,燃料流量预测值为13.358 1 kg/s,燃料流量测量值为13.458 3 kg/s,计算绝对误差为0.74%。
图4所示的压气机叶片积垢预警模型作为研究对象,选取压气机离线水洗后机组历史健康数据进行模型初始化训练(停机时不做模型初始化训练以及预警)。为了开展压气机叶片积垢预警模型应用效果的实例验证,对该GE 9F型燃气轮机机组2021年7月15日—2021年12月31日期间燃气轮机功率和压气机出口压力相关数据进行分析,结果如图7所示。燃气轮机电厂于2021年7月25日和8月16日进行离线水洗,由于2次水洗时间间隔较短,水洗后压气机出口压力基本稳定在1 400 kPa左右,预警模型未触发。2021年9月22日首次在监控页面上方出现压气机积垢报警提示。燃气轮机电厂基于定期水洗原则在10月3日完成水洗后,报警提示同步消失,可见压气机叶片积垢预警模型可提高预警的时间窗口。之后在2021年11月8日,在监控页面上方再次出现报警提示,且报警频率不断加密,预示着压气机叶片再度出现积垢现象,提醒燃气轮机电厂需要适时进行水洗。
图5所示的压气机喘振预警模型作为研究对象,选取燃气轮机完成先进热通道技术改造后的健康数据进行模型训练(停机时不做模型初始化训练以及预警)。为了开展压气机喘振预警模型应用效果的实例验证,对该电厂GE 9F机组2018年6月1日—2019年4月30日期间燃气轮机功率和压气机等熵效率相关数据进行分析,结果如图8所示。通过分析可以发现,模型在2019年4月7日在监控页面上方首次发出报警信号,提示压气机效率发生异常。
机组于2019年4月30日发生压气机喘振现象并安排停机检修,事后专家组进行原因分析认为压气机效率异常是重要判定信号。因此,预警模型捕捉压气机喘振故障的准确性较好,且具备提前24天故障预警的功能。
1)燃气轮机性能计算模型所计算的燃气轮机排气流量、热耗率以及燃料流量等性能指标,与性能试验报告相比,计算误差小于0.5%。同时在长期实时计算过程中,燃气轮机燃料流量计算值与测量值基本吻合,阶段性最大计算绝对误差为0.74%。
2)融合热力学模型与人工智能的燃气轮机压气机故障预警方法能精准捕捉压气机叶片积垢和压气机喘振故障,相对于传统阈值报警方式,能较大幅度提高预警的时间窗口。但是其不足之处在于故障预警模型的搭建需要依托专家经验知识,同时当压气机性能退化严重时需要对模型进行重新标定。
3)燃气轮机性能计算以及压气机故障预警支持历史数据离线分析和在线数据实时计算,可直接在燃气轮机电厂侧部署,为电厂运维人员的检修和维护决策提供参考。
  • 上海市青年科技启明星项目(20QB1401900)
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2024年第53卷第3期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202311170
  • 接收时间:2023-11-17
  • 首发时间:2025-12-31
  • 出版时间:2024-03-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-11-17
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Shanghai Rising-Star Program(20QB1401900)
上海市青年科技启明星项目(20QB1401900)
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    上海发电设备成套设计研究院有限责任公司,上海 200240
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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