Article(id=1213164442771178212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1213164438232941220, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202308131, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1690992000000, receivedDateStr=2023-08-03, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1767170542661, onlineDateStr=2025-12-31, pubDate=1711296000000, pubDateStr=2024-03-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1767170542661, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-31, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1767170542661, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767170542661, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1213164438232941220, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2024', volume='53', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='182', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1767170541580, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767775374880, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1215701293012796069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1213164438232941220, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1215701293012796070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1213164438232941220, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=81, endPage=88, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1213164443022836464, articleId=1213164442771178212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Primary frequency modulation technology of flywheel energy storage assisted thermal power plant, columnId=1211002405299294959, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Thermal energy science research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The large-scale integration of new energy into the grid has caused increased frequency fluctuations in the grid, making the frequency modulation task of thermal power units heavy and frequent, exacerbating the aging of the unit, flywheel energy storage assisted thermal power unit frequency modulation can improve the frequency modulation performance of the unit. The principle of primary frequency modulation of flywheel energy storage auxiliary unit is discussed, and the flywheel energy storage’s frequency modulation characteristics are analyzed. Combining with the world’s largest capacity flywheel energy storage, the full power control strategy for primary frequency modulation of flywheel energy storage auxiliary units is proposed, and applied to the shakedown test of China’s first set of flywheel energy storage auxiliary thermal power unit’s primary frequency modulation to verify the effectiveness of the control strategy. The field test results show that, the primary frequency modulation performance of the flywheel energy storage auxiliary thermal power unit is good. After the proposed primary frequency modulation strategy is adopted, the qualification rate of the primary frequency modulation action of the unit increases by 21.26%, and the integral electricity contribution index of the primary frequency modulation increases by 3.45 times. The primary frequency modulation mode of flywheel energy storage auxiliary thermal power unit has certain guiding significance to solve such problems.

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大规模新能源并网造成电网频率波动增大,使得火电机组调频任务繁重、动作频繁,加剧了机组老化,飞轮储能辅助火电机组调频能提升机组的调频性能。论述了飞轮储能辅助机组一次调频原理,分析了飞轮储能的出力特性,结合世界最大容量飞轮储能,提出了飞轮储能满功率辅助机组一次调频的控制策略,并应用于我国第一套飞轮储能辅助火电机组一次调频的调试中,验证了控制策略有效性。现场测试结果表明,飞轮储能辅助火电机组一次调频性能良好,采取所提一次调频策略后该机组一次调频动作合格率提升21.26%,一次调频积分电量贡献指数提升3.45倍。飞轮储能辅助火电机组一次调频模式对解决此类问题具有一定指导意义。

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代本谦(1996),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为火电储能调频应用技术,

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代本谦(1996),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为火电储能调频应用技术,

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代本谦(1996),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为火电储能调频应用技术,

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Parameters of flywheel monomer

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项目数值
单体额定功率/kW500
单体额定储电量/(kW·h)125
额定负荷输出时长/min15
额定转速/(r·min–1)5 200
响应速度毫秒级
寿命1 000万次
自耗电率/%0.3~0.5
), ArticleFig(id=1213164453915443485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213164442771178212, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

飞轮单体参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数值
单体额定功率/kW500
单体额定储电量/(kW·h)125
额定负荷输出时长/min15
额定转速/(r·min–1)5 200
响应速度毫秒级
寿命1 000万次
自耗电率/%0.3~0.5
), ArticleFig(id=1213164454011912479, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213164442771178212, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Analysis of integral electricity of primary frequency modulation of unit 2 (excluding energy storage)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
日期2号机组一次调频实际贡献电量/(kW·h)2号机组一次调频理论贡献电量/(kW·h)一次调频积分电量响应指数/%一次调频辅助服务收益/元
10月6日739.44476.61155.1511 091.6
10月7日547.52443.55123.448 212.8
10月8日1 029.81954.69107.8715 447.2
10月9日647.68524.20123.559 715.2
10月10日430.57251.95170.896 458.6
), ArticleFig(id=1213164454125158690, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213164442771178212, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

2号机组一次调频积分电量(储能未参与)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
日期2号机组一次调频实际贡献电量/(kW·h)2号机组一次调频理论贡献电量/(kW·h)一次调频积分电量响应指数/%一次调频辅助服务收益/元
10月6日739.44476.61155.1511 091.6
10月7日547.52443.55123.448 212.8
10月8日1 029.81954.69107.8715 447.2
10月9日647.68524.20123.559 715.2
10月10日430.57251.95170.896 458.6
), ArticleFig(id=1213164454238404906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213164442771178212, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Analysis of integral electricity of primary frequency modulation of unit 2 (including energy storage)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
日期2号机组一次调频实际贡献电量/(kW·h)2号机组一次调频理论贡献电量/(kW·h)一次调频积分电量响应指数/%一次调频辅助服务收益/元
11月6日3 579.24823.56434.6053 688.6
11月7日2 312.29636.40363.4034 684.4
11月8日810.07182.69443.4112 151.1
11月9日945.91147.43641.6114 188.7
11月10日826.19176.20468.8812 392.9
), ArticleFig(id=1213164454364234029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213164442771178212, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

2号机组一次调频积分电量分析(储能参与)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
日期2号机组一次调频实际贡献电量/(kW·h)2号机组一次调频理论贡献电量/(kW·h)一次调频积分电量响应指数/%一次调频辅助服务收益/元
11月6日3 579.24823.56434.6053 688.6
11月7日2 312.29636.40363.4034 684.4
11月8日810.07182.69443.4112 151.1
11月9日945.91147.43641.6114 188.7
11月10日826.19176.20468.8812 392.9
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飞轮储能辅助火电一次调频技术与应用
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代本谦 1 , 兀鹏越 1 , 王海波 2 , 苏森 3 , 王飞 4 , 朱艳通 2 , 潘海波 1 , 李慧晔子 2 , 田建东 2
热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2024,53(3): 81-88
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热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2024, 53(3): 81-88
飞轮储能辅助火电一次调频技术与应用
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代本谦1 , 兀鹏越1, 王海波2, 苏森3, 王飞4, 朱艳通2, 潘海波1, 李慧晔子2, 田建东2
作者信息
  • 1.西安热工研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710054
  • 2.国能宁夏灵武发电有限公司,宁夏 灵武 751400
  • 3.华驰动能(北京)科技有限公司,北京 101100
  • 4.华能国际电力股份有限公司日照电厂,山东 日照 276800
  • 代本谦(1996),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为火电储能调频应用技术,

Primary frequency modulation technology of flywheel energy storage assisted thermal power plant
Benqian DAI1 , Pengyue WU1, Haibo WANG2, Sen SU3, Fei WANG4, Yantong ZHU2, Haibo PAN1, Huiyezi LI2, Jiandong TIAN2
Affiliations
  • 1.Xi’an Thermal Power Research Institute Co., Ltd., Xi’an 710054, China
  • 2.Guoneng Ningxia Lingwu Power Generation Co., Ltd., Lingwu 751400, China
  • 3.Huachi Kinetic Energy Beijing Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing 101100, China
  • 4.Huaneng International Power Co., Ltd. Rizhao Power Plant, Rizhao 276800,China
出版时间: 2024-03-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202308131
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大规模新能源并网造成电网频率波动增大,使得火电机组调频任务繁重、动作频繁,加剧了机组老化,飞轮储能辅助火电机组调频能提升机组的调频性能。论述了飞轮储能辅助机组一次调频原理,分析了飞轮储能的出力特性,结合世界最大容量飞轮储能,提出了飞轮储能满功率辅助机组一次调频的控制策略,并应用于我国第一套飞轮储能辅助火电机组一次调频的调试中,验证了控制策略有效性。现场测试结果表明,飞轮储能辅助火电机组一次调频性能良好,采取所提一次调频策略后该机组一次调频动作合格率提升21.26%,一次调频积分电量贡献指数提升3.45倍。飞轮储能辅助火电机组一次调频模式对解决此类问题具有一定指导意义。

飞轮  /  一次调频  /  储能  /  工程应用

The large-scale integration of new energy into the grid has caused increased frequency fluctuations in the grid, making the frequency modulation task of thermal power units heavy and frequent, exacerbating the aging of the unit, flywheel energy storage assisted thermal power unit frequency modulation can improve the frequency modulation performance of the unit. The principle of primary frequency modulation of flywheel energy storage auxiliary unit is discussed, and the flywheel energy storage’s frequency modulation characteristics are analyzed. Combining with the world’s largest capacity flywheel energy storage, the full power control strategy for primary frequency modulation of flywheel energy storage auxiliary units is proposed, and applied to the shakedown test of China’s first set of flywheel energy storage auxiliary thermal power unit’s primary frequency modulation to verify the effectiveness of the control strategy. The field test results show that, the primary frequency modulation performance of the flywheel energy storage auxiliary thermal power unit is good. After the proposed primary frequency modulation strategy is adopted, the qualification rate of the primary frequency modulation action of the unit increases by 21.26%, and the integral electricity contribution index of the primary frequency modulation increases by 3.45 times. The primary frequency modulation mode of flywheel energy storage auxiliary thermal power unit has certain guiding significance to solve such problems.

flywheel  /  primary frequency modulation  /  energy storage  /  engineering application
代本谦, 兀鹏越, 王海波, 苏森, 王飞, 朱艳通, 潘海波, 李慧晔子, 田建东. 飞轮储能辅助火电一次调频技术与应用. 热力发电, 2024 , 53 (3) : 81 -88 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202308131
Benqian DAI, Pengyue WU, Haibo WANG, Sen SU, Fei WANG, Yantong ZHU, Haibo PAN, Huiyezi LI, Jiandong TIAN. Primary frequency modulation technology of flywheel energy storage assisted thermal power plant[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2024 , 53 (3) : 81 -88 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202308131
火电机组作为主要传统调频电源,在电力系统中承担着主要的调频任务[1-2]。但火电机组存在热力系统惯性大、响应慢的缺点,导致调频性能不够理想[3-5]。近年来,在发电厂加入新型储能系统,利用其调节速率快、调节精度高和响应时间短的优点,将储能耦合火电机组作为一个整体来响应电网的AGC指令,能够显著提升火电机组整体AGC性能,获取辅助服务补偿收益,具有很好的经济效益,因而得到了快速发展[6-8]
目前,储能耦合火电机组调频项目中,绝大部分采用锂电池技术路线。锂电池作为应用最广的储能方式,在安全性能、寿命、环保方面存在欠缺[9-10],为克服以上问题,超级电容和飞轮等新型储能技术与火电机组耦合调频得到了广泛研究[11-16]。黄登超[17]应用仿真研究了飞轮储能辅助供热机组调频,结果表明飞轮储能辅助供热机组调频都取得较好的调频效果,大幅降低了响应时间和调频时间,同时消除了机组的静态偏差。隋云任等[18]搭建了飞轮储能装置辅助燃煤机组调频系统仿真,发现飞轮储能系统辅助燃煤机组调频对提高调频质量有利。何林轩等[19]建立两区域电网模型,利用MATLAB/Simulink软件验证了飞轮储能辅助火电机组一次调频能减轻火电机组调频负担。
上述研究仿真验证了飞轮储能辅助机组调频的可行性,但此前国内在工程领域尚无飞轮储能辅助机组调频实际案例。国能宁夏灵武发电(国能灵武)有限公司2023年5月建成的22 MW飞轮储能辅助机组调频项目,是国内首个储能耦合火电一次调频的“飞轮储能-火电联合调频”工程,也是全球单体功率最大、储能总功率最大的飞轮储能项目。
介绍了国能灵武22 MW飞轮耦合火电机组调频技术及工程方案,分析了飞轮的功率和电量特性,并进行现场测试验证,在此基础上提出了飞轮储能辅助机组一次调频的策略,并对该策略下火-储机组一次调频运行情况进行分析,结果显示能够大幅提升机组一次调频性能,具有良好的经济性。
飞轮储能是一种将电能机械能相互转化的储能方式,利用转子把电能以机械能的方式储存起来,充能时永磁同步电机(作为电动机)带动转子转动储存能量,放能时飞轮转子带动永磁同步电动机(作为发电机)发出电能[20-22]。近期研制成功的大电量储能飞轮,是指储电量在100 kW·h以上的大电量飞轮设备,其寿命长,充放电次数高达千万次,切合一次调频高频次的需求。国能灵武辅助火电机组一次调频的飞轮单体的具体参数见表1
火电机组的一次调频是指当电力系统频率偏离死区频率时,发电机组的调速系统自动反应,调整机组有功出力使频率恢复到死区内。电网频率ft在(50±0.03)Hz时属于死区,当电网频率高于50.03 Hz时,火电机组应减少出力;当电网频率ft低于49.97 Hz时,火电机组需增加出力。衡量机组一次调频性能指标如下。
1)一次调频实际贡献积分电量
一次调频理论贡献积分电量[23]He计算式为:
He=t1t2(Pe(t)P0)dt
式中:t1t2分别为一次调频的起始和结束时刻;Pe(t)为机组一次调频时在t时刻的理论输出,MW;P0为调频起始时刻机组的实际出力,MW。
则一次调频实际贡献积分电量计算式为:
H=t1t2(Pg(t)P0)dt
式中:Pg(t)为t时刻机组实际输出,MW。
2)一次调频积分电量响应指数
I=HHe×100%
响应指数I是指以频差大于动作死区开始,频率开始恢复结束,在此期间一次调频实际积分电量和一次调频理论积分电量之比。
3)一次调频动作合格率
q=(1NM)×100%
式中:N为机组一次调频动作评价不合格次数;M为一次调频理论动作次数;一般要求合格率大于70%。
大部分地区电网一次调频属于无偿辅助服务,电网调度部门只对其性能进行考核。但西北地区电网一次调频属于有偿辅助服务[24],积分电量补偿标准为15元/(kW·h),对于一次调频性能优秀的机组,可以获取可观的补偿收益。因此,提高机组一次调频性能对发电企业经营具有重要意义。
由于火电机组惯性大、响应慢,机组的响应曲线Pg往往低于理论曲线Pe,从而导致火电机组一次调频积分电量响应指数I不高。通过在火电机组接入储能装置,利用储能和机组共同响应电网频率波动,可以显著提高机组的调频性能。储能辅助火电机组一次调频曲线如图1所示。
增加储能后,机组一次调频实际贡献积分电量H1及响应指数I1为:
H1=t1t2(Pg(t)+PFESS(t)P0)dt>H
I1=H1He×100%>I
式中:PFESS(t)为飞轮储能在t时刻的输出功率,MW。
可见,在火电机组接入飞轮储能系统与机组同时响应一次调频,机组和储能的总功率将会高于一次调频的理论功率,一次调频积分电量响应指数I1远高于100%,一次调频动作合格率提升,机组一次调频指标显著提高,经济效益大幅增加。
本文火电机组的装机容量为600 MW,飞轮系统额定容量为22 MW/4.5 MW·h,4台飞轮为1组,分为9组,共36台飞轮单体组成电气一次系统。
飞轮储能辅助机组调频的一次系统如图2所示。飞轮储能分为A、B 2段,其中A段配置3套飞轮储能组7 MW/1.5 MW·h,B段配置6套飞轮储能组15 MW/3 MW·h,飞轮储能组通过储能箱变升压至6 kV,经高压开关接入高压厂用电母线。飞轮储能的运行方式灵活,储能A段、B段分别接入1号机、2号机的厂用Ⅰ段、厂用公用段。储能A、B 2段可以作为一个整体辅助1号机或者2号机参与调频,也可以分别辅助2台机组参与调频。当储能发生内部故障时,只需断开高压开关,不影响发电机端、厂用辅助设备的正常运行。
电网调度对机组一次调频性能考核是通过同步相量测量装置(phasor measurement unit,PMU)上送至电网广域测量系统(wide area measurement system,WAMS)来实现[25]。在接入飞轮储能前,调度对电厂的一次调频测量点为机组出口功率Pg。飞轮储能接入厂用变低压侧后,为监测飞轮储能辅助机组一次调频所做的贡献,需要新增一套PMU设备采集飞轮储能功率PFESS,并与机组功率Pg合成为机组和飞轮储能总功率P1并上传调度,实现飞轮储能辅助机组一次调频。改造后飞轮储能辅助机组一次调频电气原理如图3所示。
一次调频实现的具体过程为:飞轮储能控制系统实时监测电网频率参数ft,根据电网频率变化控制储能系统的输出功率。当“机组+储能”功率P1等于理论功率Pe时,一次调频积分电量响应指数为100%。此时机组按照原有工作方式运行,不改变汽机、锅炉等运行状态,飞轮储能控制系统计算机组功率Pg与理论功率Pe的差值,该差值为飞轮储能的出力功率PFESS
在电网调频辅助服务考核系统允许的情况下,为了获取更多的积分电量,在一次调频动作时应使储能全功率输出,使得一次调频积分电量响应指数I远大于100%,从而实现更好的调频收益。飞轮储能出力功率PFESS从机组功率Pg与理论功率Pe的差值增大为飞轮储能当前状态下所能提供的最大功率。
根据西北电网调频辅助服务规则,实现一次调频收益最大化的关键是实现一次调频积分电量的最大化。为此,需要根据飞轮的功率特性和电量特性来选择最优的运行区间,即在一次调频动作期间,飞轮以最大的功率输出,从而制定出满功率出力策略,实现最多的积分电量。
1)启动阶段
由零转速开始充电启动时,由于飞轮转动惯量很大,系统会有较长时间位于零转速附近运行。转速0~600 r/min是飞轮启动过程。这段过程由于转速和精度难以准确控制,因此这部分电量弃之不用。
2)恒转矩加速阶段
从600 r/min开始进入恒转矩加速阶段。这个过程中,输入的电压和频率是逐渐增大的,且U/f为常数,意味着电流为恒值,直到频率上升到基频时,本阶段结束。在整个过程中,飞轮输入功率是逐渐增加的,结束时转速为3 600 r/min。
3)恒功率加速阶段
当恒转矩加速阶段完成时,输入功率已经达到飞轮的额定功率。此后,输入功率一直保持恒额定功率,飞轮不断加速至最高转速5 200 r/min,充电过程完成。放电过程与之相反。
飞轮充电特性功率Pch(kW)、放电特性功率Pdisch(kW)与飞轮转速n(r/min)的关系为:
Pch={30k×n+b500  100<n<600600n<3 6003 600n<5 200
Pdisch={30k×nb500  100<n<600600n<3 6003 600n<5 200
式中:k为一次项的系数;b为常数。经过实际数据线性拟合,k=0.134,b=30.31。
实测的飞轮充放电过程的转速、功率和转矩曲线如图4所示。
飞轮储能的电量大小和转速的平方成正比,其电量表达式为:
E=12Jω2=12J(2πn60)2=π2J1800×n2
式中:J为飞轮转子的极转动惯量,kg·m²;ω为飞轮转子的角速度,rad/s;n为飞轮转子的转速,r/min。
整个充电过程中飞轮储能电量从0上升至129 kW·h。放电过程与充电过程相反。
将飞轮的电量用SOC表示:
SOC=n2nmax2×100%
从飞轮电量特性可以得到当100<n<600、600<n<3 600、3 600<n<5 200时,SOC范围为0<SOC<1%、1%<SOC<48%、48%<SOC<100%,则根据式(7)—式(10),功率300 kW的起始SOC为15%,飞轮SOC满功率充放电区间为48%~100%。
实测的飞轮充放电过程的转速、电量曲线如图5所示。
飞轮储能参与辅助机组一次调频时,为了获取更多的积分电量,应控制飞轮储能以最大功率输出,增加一次调频辅助服务收益。为此,需根据飞轮的功率特性和电量特性对储能SOC区间进行划分,从而制定出飞轮满功率运行策略。
根据式(7)—式(10),飞轮功率300 kW对应SOC为15%,飞轮SOC满功率充放电区间为48%~100%。考虑低电量时飞轮功率不高,满电量时参与调频动作只能放电,不利于飞轮连续工作、提升电厂的一次调频积分电量和性能,故将SOC区间0~5%、和95%~100%设置在工作区外。
飞轮储能单元电量设定4个区域,具体如图6所示。4个区域划分的原则为:1)工作在满功率充放电区间,最大限度提升一次调频积分电量;2)高SOC区间禁止充电、低SOC区间禁止放电;3)过渡SOC区间满足飞轮特性充放电。具体分以下情况:
1)当飞轮SOC处于A区间,由于飞轮电量低,拒绝放电指令,接受充电指令;
2)当飞轮SOC处于B区间,该区间飞轮充放电功率满足飞轮功率特性关系;
3)当飞轮SOC处于C区间,为运行待机区间,飞轮充放电均为满功率500 kW,为最优状态响应调频指令;
4)当飞轮SOC处于D区间,由于电量过高,拒绝充电指令,接受放电指令。
考虑飞轮运行在满功率充放电区间,向上充电和向下放电留有裕度,将飞轮运行初始工作点设置在SOC为60%。由于储能调频需要高功率调节,飞轮待机时,电量一般维持在60%电量,原则上在50%~90%电量范围内进行辅助调频。
根据上述飞轮电量分区,可制定飞轮储能辅助火电机组一次调频策略,储能参与机组一次调频分为以下3种情况。
1)|Δf|≤0.033 Hz,此时频率偏差信号小于等于死区设定值,为防止飞轮系统由于较小频率波动而频繁动作,在此种状态下飞轮储能不参与一次调频,若无储能自恢复触发,则处于闭锁状态,即飞轮储能功率为:
PFESS=0
2)Δf< –0.033 Hz,此时需要飞轮储能释放飞轮本体功率。当SOC≥50%时,飞轮储能储电量充足,可以按最大输出功率500 kW进行放电动作;当SOC<50%时,飞轮储能储电量偏小,已不适合再按最大放电功率工作,此时飞轮储能实际输出功率将受到储能SOC的约束函数限制。飞轮储能放电功率为:
PFESS={PFESS,Nα×PFESS,N0          50%SOC<95%        25%<SOC<50%
式中:PFESS,N为飞轮储能满功率,取500 kW;α为储能功率约束因子,取0.6。
3)Δf>0.033 Hz,此时需要飞轮储能充电吸收机组功率。当SOC≥50%时,飞轮充电余量充足,可以按最大充电功率500 kW进行充电动作。当SOC <50%时,飞轮储能储电量余量小,已不适合再按最大充电功率工作,此时飞轮储能实际充电功率将受到储能SOC的约束函数的限制。飞轮储能充电功率为:
PFESS={PFESS,Nα×PFESS,N0      50%SOC<90%       15%<SOC<50%
基于上述3种情况,飞轮运行策略如图7所示。
飞轮储能辅助火电机组一次调频期间飞轮储能出力如图8所示。飞轮储能单元在参与一次调频时满功率充放电,当电网频率不超出50±0.033 Hz时,飞轮不动作;当频率超出50±0.033 Hz时,飞轮储能满功率输出。试运行期间总共14台飞轮储能单元响应一次调频动作,单次响应功率为500 kW×14=7 000 kW。
储能投运后,一次调频的合格率大幅提升。选取该电厂2号机组10月和11月6日—10日的一次调频动作合格率数据分析,具体如图9所示。10月单机组参与一次调频,机组一次调频动作合格率最低只有63.90%,最高达到69.10%,平均67.42%,合格率均小于70%。11月份2号机组在飞轮储能参与一次调频后,飞轮辅助机组一次调频的平均动作合格率达到了88.68%,比机组单独调频时提升21.26%。
储能系统未投入时,统计2号机组一次调频积分电量及收益情况,具体见表2。一次调频积分电量响应贡献指数I平均为136.18%,日平均一次调频收益10 184元。
储能系统投入后,统计2号机组一次调频积分电量及收益情况见表3。一次调频积分电量响应贡献指数I平均为470.38%,一次调频积分电量响应贡献指数提升3.45倍,日平均一次调频收益25 421元,一次调频辅助收益提升2.5倍。
根据有关资料显示,本项目初始投资为8 890万元,年收益约2 000万元,静态回收期在5年以内,在当前的辅助服务市场中具有良好的投资回报率。
本文的研究结果证明,高功率、长寿命的大容量飞轮储能技术能够满足火电机组一次调频的需求。现场运行数据表明,飞轮储能辅助机组一次调频使得机组一次调频动作合格率提升21.26%,一次调频积分电量贡献指数提升3.45倍,且具有良好的经济性。
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202308131
  • 接收时间:2023-08-03
  • 首发时间:2025-12-31
  • 出版时间:2024-03-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-08-03
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    1.西安热工研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710054
    2.国能宁夏灵武发电有限公司,宁夏 灵武 751400
    3.华驰动能(北京)科技有限公司,北京 101100
    4.华能国际电力股份有限公司日照电厂,山东 日照 276800
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