Article(id=1213164442402083677, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1213164438232941220, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202309143, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1694102400000, receivedDateStr=2023-09-08, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1767170542573, onlineDateStr=2025-12-31, pubDate=1711296000000, pubDateStr=2024-03-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1767170542573, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-31, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1767170542573, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767170542573, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1213164438232941220, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2024', volume='53', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='182', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1767170541580, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767775374880, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1215701293012796069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1213164438232941220, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1215701293012796070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1213164438232941220, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=167, endPage=176, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1213164442641159012, articleId=1213164442402083677, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Analysis of scaling causes and anti-scaling countermeasures of external cooling system of large-scale synchronous condenser in Northwest region of China, columnId=1211002409397129992, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Power generation technology forum, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The fouling of heat exchangers and cooling tower fill surfaces in the external cooling water system of synchronous condenser can significantly impede the heat transfer efficiency of cooling towers, posing a serious threat to the safe operation of synchronous condenser. In order to propose more effective anti-fouling measures and elucidate the causes of fouling, this study employed characterization techniques such as SEM-EDS, XRD, FTIR, etc., to analyze the microscopic morphology and chemical composition of fouling samples. Additionally, chemical analysis methods and ICP-MS were used to analyze the makeup of makeup water and circulating water in the system. The test results revealed that the primary components of fouling in the external cooling system are CaCO3, SiO2and CaSiO3. The fouling in the cooling system is closely related to the absence of wastewater discharge measures in the system, high concentration ratios during operation, and the infiltration of regional windblown sand. This research contributes to proposing targeted anti-fouling measures for on-site operation of such cooling systems, ensuring the economic and operational safety of synchronous condenser.

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调相机外冷水系统换热器和冷却塔填料层表面结垢会严重影响冷却塔的换热效率,危及调相机安全运行。为了更有效地提出防垢措施,查明结垢成因,采用扫描电子显微镜-X射线能谱分析仪、X射线衍射分析仪、傅立叶红外光谱仪等表征手段对垢样微观形貌以及化学组分进行检测分析,对循环系统补充水、循环水采用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪以及化学分析方法进行检测分析。测试结果表明:该外冷却系统内结垢的主要成分为CaCO3、SiO2以及CaSiO3;冷却系统结垢与系统循环水没有排污措施,过高浓缩倍率运行以及地区风沙侵入有很大关系。结合上述分析及当地特殊的地理位置与天气条件,提出若干防垢措施与建议,有助于该类冷却系统现场运行时更有针对性地提出防垢措施,保障调相机运维的经济性以及安全性。

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马双忱(1968),男,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要研究方向为大气污染控制及水污染控制,
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李国斌(1990),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为循环冷却水控制、六氟化硫混合气体和替代气体研发等,

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李国斌(1990),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为循环冷却水控制、六氟化硫混合气体和替代气体研发等,

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李国斌(1990),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为循环冷却水控制、六氟化硫混合气体和替代气体研发等,

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Percentage of elements at different selection points

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元素图2图3图4
C2.679.544.15
N000
O21.0137.7424.84
F00.010.27
Na0.120.340.11
Mg2.232.262.92
Al0.400.250.56
Si0.991.392.31
P000
S000
Cl0.210.010
K0.720.570.14
Ca71.6547.8964.55
Fe000
Ba000.14
总量100.00100.00100.00
), ArticleFig(id=1213164455819661797, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213164442402083677, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同选点处的元素质量分数

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元素图2图3图4
C2.679.544.15
N000
O21.0137.7424.84
F00.010.27
Na0.120.340.11
Mg2.232.262.92
Al0.400.250.56
Si0.991.392.31
P000
S000
Cl0.210.010
K0.720.570.14
Ca71.6547.8964.55
Fe000
Ba000.14
总量100.00100.00100.00
), ArticleFig(id=1213164455920325098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213164442402083677, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Contents of elements in circulating water replenishment

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测试元素测试溶液元素质量浓度/(mg·L–1)稀释倍数样品元素质量浓度/(mg·L–1)
Ca23.54123.54
Fe0.02510.025
K0.76710.767
Mg3.11213.112
Na4.91914.919
P0.007 410.007 4
Si0.93110.931
), ArticleFig(id=1213164456029377008, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213164442402083677, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

循环水补水中各元素质量浓度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测试元素测试溶液元素质量浓度/(mg·L–1)稀释倍数样品元素质量浓度/(mg·L–1)
Ca23.54123.54
Fe0.02510.025
K0.76710.767
Mg3.11213.112
Na4.91914.919
P0.007 410.007 4
Si0.93110.931
), ArticleFig(id=1213164456134234615, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213164442402083677, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Water quality analysis results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目pH值电导率/(mS·cm–1)Ca2+质量浓度/(mg·L–1)总硬度(以CaCO3计)/(mg·L–1)全碱度(以CaCO3计)/(mg·L–1)Cl质量浓度/(mg·L–1)Fe质量浓度/(mg·L–1)
6月补充水7.520.3123.9676.6128.315.60.025
6月循环水8.1512.61260.70729.6325.21 262.32.700
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水质分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目pH值电导率/(mS·cm–1)Ca2+质量浓度/(mg·L–1)总硬度(以CaCO3计)/(mg·L–1)全碱度(以CaCO3计)/(mg·L–1)Cl质量浓度/(mg·L–1)Fe质量浓度/(mg·L–1)
6月补充水7.520.3123.9676.6128.315.60.025
6月循环水8.1512.61260.70729.6325.21 262.32.700
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西北地区某大型调相机外冷系统结垢成因解析与防垢对策研究
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李国斌 1 , 牛征 2 , 谢强 3 , 郑金池 1 , 夏忠林 3 , 王彦明 4 , 梁博文 3 , 罗海平 4 , 马双忱 3
热力发电 | 发电技术论坛 2024,53(3): 167-176
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热力发电 | 发电技术论坛 2024, 53(3): 167-176
西北地区某大型调相机外冷系统结垢成因解析与防垢对策研究
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李国斌1 , 牛征2, 谢强3, 郑金池1, 夏忠林3, 王彦明4, 梁博文3, 罗海平4, 马双忱3
作者信息
  • 1.国网新疆电力有限公司电力科学研究院,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830099
  • 2.国网新疆电力有限公司,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830000
  • 3.华北电力大学(保定)环境科学与工程系,河北 保定 071003
  • 4.国网新疆电力有限公司超高压分公司,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830000
  • 李国斌(1990),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为循环冷却水控制、六氟化硫混合气体和替代气体研发等,

通讯作者:

马双忱(1968),男,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要研究方向为大气污染控制及水污染控制,
Analysis of scaling causes and anti-scaling countermeasures of external cooling system of large-scale synchronous condenser in Northwest region of China
Guobin LI1 , Zheng NIU2, Qiang XIE3, Jinchi ZHENG1, Zhonglin XIA3, Yanming WANG4, Bowen LIANG3, Haiping LUO4, Shuangchen MA3
Affiliations
  • 1.State Grid Xinjiang Electric Power Corporation, Urumqi 830099, China
  • 2.State Grid Xinjiang Electric Power Co., Ltd., Urumqi 830000, China
  • 3.North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China
  • 4.Ultra-high Voltage Branch of State Grid Xinjiang Electric Power Co., Ltd., Urumqi 830000, China
出版时间: 2024-03-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202309143
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调相机外冷水系统换热器和冷却塔填料层表面结垢会严重影响冷却塔的换热效率,危及调相机安全运行。为了更有效地提出防垢措施,查明结垢成因,采用扫描电子显微镜-X射线能谱分析仪、X射线衍射分析仪、傅立叶红外光谱仪等表征手段对垢样微观形貌以及化学组分进行检测分析,对循环系统补充水、循环水采用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪以及化学分析方法进行检测分析。测试结果表明:该外冷却系统内结垢的主要成分为CaCO3、SiO2以及CaSiO3;冷却系统结垢与系统循环水没有排污措施,过高浓缩倍率运行以及地区风沙侵入有很大关系。结合上述分析及当地特殊的地理位置与天气条件,提出若干防垢措施与建议,有助于该类冷却系统现场运行时更有针对性地提出防垢措施,保障调相机运维的经济性以及安全性。

调相机  /  循环冷却水  /  成分分析  /  防垢措施

The fouling of heat exchangers and cooling tower fill surfaces in the external cooling water system of synchronous condenser can significantly impede the heat transfer efficiency of cooling towers, posing a serious threat to the safe operation of synchronous condenser. In order to propose more effective anti-fouling measures and elucidate the causes of fouling, this study employed characterization techniques such as SEM-EDS, XRD, FTIR, etc., to analyze the microscopic morphology and chemical composition of fouling samples. Additionally, chemical analysis methods and ICP-MS were used to analyze the makeup of makeup water and circulating water in the system. The test results revealed that the primary components of fouling in the external cooling system are CaCO3, SiO2and CaSiO3. The fouling in the cooling system is closely related to the absence of wastewater discharge measures in the system, high concentration ratios during operation, and the infiltration of regional windblown sand. This research contributes to proposing targeted anti-fouling measures for on-site operation of such cooling systems, ensuring the economic and operational safety of synchronous condenser.

synchronous condenser  /  circulating cooling water  /  component analysis  /  anti-fouling measures
李国斌, 牛征, 谢强, 郑金池, 夏忠林, 王彦明, 梁博文, 罗海平, 马双忱. 西北地区某大型调相机外冷系统结垢成因解析与防垢对策研究. 热力发电, 2024 , 53 (3) : 167 -176 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202309143
Guobin LI, Zheng NIU, Qiang XIE, Jinchi ZHENG, Zhonglin XIA, Yanming WANG, Bowen LIANG, Haiping LUO, Shuangchen MA. Analysis of scaling causes and anti-scaling countermeasures of external cooling system of large-scale synchronous condenser in Northwest region of China[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2024 , 53 (3) : 167 -176 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202309143
调相机是向电力系统提供或吸收无功功率的同步电机,是电网系统维持电压水平和运行稳定性的重要保障[1-3]。调相机在运行过程中,其定子与转子会产生大量的热量,当温度过高时会损坏设备造成调相机停运,因此需要配备良好的冷却系统[4-5]。国内300 MVar以上的大型调相机冷却系统一般由内冷却系统和外冷却系统组成。广泛使用的内冷却系统为水冷系统[6-7]。水冷系统以除盐水为冷却介质密闭循环运行[8-9],补充水含盐量非常低且系统水分损失很小,因此内循环系统内盐分离子浓度维持在一个很低的水平,管道内水质稳定不易结垢[10-11]。因此,控制调相机设备温升的关键在于保证外冷却系统的冷却能力。调相机外冷却系统最常见的冷却方式有空冷系统[12-13]、水冷系统[14]以及空冷-水冷联合冷却系统[15]。西北极度干旱地区,夏季大气温度可能达到40 ℃以上,且水资源较为匮乏[16]。单独使用空冷系统不能满足调相机系统的冷却需求;单独使用水冷系统耗水量较大,增加运行费用:因此,空冷-水冷组成的干湿联合冷却系统能够很好地满足系统冷却需求,同时降低耗水量。在环境温度不高时,可以关闭水冷系统,单独靠空冷系统来降低内循环出水水温;当环境温度过高时开启水冷系统,协同空冷塔来满足系统冷却需求[15]。但是,随着循环系统内水分不断损失,系统内成垢离子浓度不断升高,一些微溶性盐类会在换热器以及填料层表面析出结晶,形成污垢影响冷却塔换热性能[17-18]。淋水填料是外冷水系统中的至关重要的部件,填料处的散热量能达到整个冷却塔系统的70%以上[19-20],因此填料就相当于冷却塔的“心脏”[21],其热力性能对于冷却塔换热性能具有明显影响。因此,有必要对填料层所结垢样进行表征测试以及分析检测,检测垢样的组成成分,推测其结垢原因以及成垢机理。
国内已有大量学者针对火力发电厂以及油田等工业系统产生的垢样进行成分分析。韩龙年等[22]对柴油裂化换热器上所取垢样采用X射线荧光光谱仪(XRF)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射分析仪(XRD)等手段进行检测,分析得出了其主要成分。周梅等[23]对原油裂解车间填料塔上所采集的垢样采用气相色谱质谱联用仪、X射线光电子能谱仪、红外光谱仪(IR)测试,对其主要成分和结垢机理进行了较为准确的分析。王蕊等[24]采用SEM-能谱仪(EDS)、XRD结合采出液水质分析对长庆油田某区块的结垢原因以及垢样成分进行了分析。赵云春[25]采用酸溶磷钒钼酸比色、灼烧减量原子吸收光谱等分析方法对钢铁公司空冷塔低温水喷淋装置垢样成分及结垢原因做了深入分析。宋纪双等[26]对火电厂冷却塔淋水填料内垢样分别进行灼烧失重分析和荧光光谱分析,分析得出填料垢样主要成分为CaCO3,并针对性地提出了几条防垢措施。陈文通[27]对火电厂湿法烟气脱硫塔内垢样采用热重、SEM-EDS的测试方法,分析其主要成分和结垢原因并提出了脱硫塔防垢措施。宋卷达等[28]对湿式自然通风冷却塔填料的结垢成分与机理进行了解析。
目前的研究多为针对火电厂以及油田设备结垢成分及成因,其成垢温度和塔内流体与调相机外冷水差异较大,在调相机外冷水结垢成因以及防垢措施方面的研究有所欠缺。因此本文对从某调相机外冷却系统冷却塔内填料层采集的垢样,采用化学分析方法和先进表征手段(如SEM、EDS、XRD、傅立叶红外光谱仪FTIR)相结合的方式,对垢样从宏观到微观、从物理到化学层面进行表征检测,分析其微观形貌以及化学组成成分;结合对补充水以及循环水水质分析,推断该换流站调相机外冷水冷却塔填料层结垢成因;针对性地提出一些防垢措施,以期更高效地防止调相机外冷水系统结垢,提升冷却塔的换热性能,提高调相机运维的安全性、稳定性以及经济性。
某换流站调相机工程位于我国西北干旱地区,共装设2台300 MVar调相机,调相机采用内外双冷却系统。调相机冷却系统示意如图1所示。
该调相机内冷却系统以除盐水为冷却介质密闭运行,基本不会有结垢现象发生。外部冷却系统采用由机械通风间冷塔和蒸发冷却器组成的干湿联合冷却系统。当环境温度高于29 ℃时开启喷淋水泵向蒸发冷却器内盘管喷水,带走内冷却系统的热量,而温度升高的喷淋水在填料层与空气直接接触逆流换热,最后流入蒸发冷却器底部的集液池循环使用。该换流站调相机外冷水系统采用交错波纹式填料。检查发现,蒸发冷却器内填料层结垢情况如图2所示。
图2可见:填料表面存在明显污泥与水垢沉积问题,在填料板下部位置①处,结垢现象明显污泥沉积较少;在填料板上部区域②处,污泥沉积较多,结垢较少。原因在于区域②处的填料外侧为单层进风口防尘窗,空气中的沙土易被卷入塔体和冷却水直接接触形成污泥,沉积在填料层上。同时,喷淋水自上而下喷淋,流速逐渐变缓,进风口侧风风量大,气液接触时间较长,因此填料层下部区域结垢情况更为严重。区域①处的填料层外围为密封式塔体,因此在此区域处污泥沉积量较少。但是此位置处填料板上冷却水流速非常缓慢,甚至部分填料板长期浸泡在塔底集液池内,因此在填料层下部区域结垢现象最为明显。在填料层底部有大量垢片和污泥沉积(图3)。结垢严重会影响填料的传热传质系数,进而影响调相机外冷水系统的换热效果,严重时可能导致调相机被迫停运。
为了解该调相机冷却水系统结垢原因,课题组制定了冷却塔填料结垢成因研究方案,具体如图4所示。本研究从蒸发冷却器底部采集垢样,采用SEM-EDS联用的方法观察垢样表面的微观形貌以及化学组分的元素组成。采用XRD确定垢样的物相和成分。采用FTIR分析垢样所含基团和特征离子,确定垢样的化学成分。此外,分别从蒸发冷却器集液池以及软化水补水阀采集循环水和补充水进行水质分析并采用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)分析其水质特征,进一步推断结垢成因。
为了更直观清晰地观察垢样的微观形貌,采用SEM(蔡司sigma300)对所采集的垢样在500、1 000、2 000、5 000、10 000倍的放大倍率下进行放大扫描,得到的样品微观形貌如图5所示。从图5可以看到,垢样晶粒粒径大小不一,大多数晶体粒径在10 μm左右,呈板状和块状分布,细小微粒较多。这表明晶体种类较多,垢样成分复杂。晶体表面呈絮状较为粗糙且有破裂现象,板状晶体之间呈层状排列。不同晶体结构之间存在许多空隙,这是由于不同晶体结构的硬度大小不同所致。破裂的晶体表面非常粗糙,粗糙的污垢表面存在许多凸起,较大的表面粗糙度有助于污垢在晶体表面沉积下来,影响填料层的换热性能[28]
为了确定垢样中所含化学元素的种类及其相对含量,采用EDS(牛津Xplore30)测量垢样的元素组成,结果如图6所示。在垢样的3个不同位置分别选点测量其元素组成。图6 3个选点处的元素质量分数占比见表1。对上述EDS的表征结果分析可知,在所选的3个点位处,虽然不同选点处元素含量各有差异,但C、O、Ca、Mg的元素质量分数总和占比均接近97%,其中C、O、Ca元素质量分数占比均超过了95%。因此,可以推断该换流站调相机外冷却系统冷却塔淋水填料里面的垢样主要成分为CaCO3,此外可能还含有少量的MgCO3以及SiO2和一些难溶性硅酸盐。其中,CaCO3和MgCO3可能来自补充水。水中Ca2+、Mg2+以及HCO3-的浓度随着循环水的浓缩运行,水分不断损失,离子浓度积超过CaCO3溶度积常数,就会在换热设备表面析出CaCO3晶体,不断沉积形成污垢[29]。SiO2和一些难溶性硅酸盐可能来源于沙尘。由于西北地区特殊的地理位置,多扬沙天气且蒸发冷却器通风口没有设置有效的防尘土设施,因此在极端大风天气条件下,沙土会被吹进蒸发冷却器,沙土中的SiO2和一些颗粒物会诱导CaCO3结晶,对CaCO3的结晶有促进作用[30]
为了确定垢样中所含晶体晶相的种类,对垢样进行XRD(德国布鲁克D8 Advance)表征测试,表征结果如图7所示。分析图7可以看出,垢样主要成分为CaCO3(主要以方解石晶相存在)以及MgCO3的化合物,还含有少量的SiO2以及硅酸钙的化合物。这也验证了前文的分析结果,证明冷却塔内填料层结垢的主要成分为CaCO3垢以及SiO2和硅酸盐。
采用FTIR(Thermo Nicolet iS5)对垢样做红外分析,垢样的光谱图如图8所示。
在波数3 400.95 cm–1处的宽峰是结构水中O-H反对称伸缩振动峰[31]。碳酸根离子在FTIR中的峰位主要集中在1 400~1 600 cm–1,其中包括对称伸缩振动峰和非对称伸缩振动峰。对称伸缩振动峰位于大约1 400 cm–1[31],其形状为1个清晰的峰,通常用来确定碳酸根离子的存在;非对称伸缩振动峰则位于大约1 500 cm–1处。因此,在波数1 480 cm–1和1 417 cm–1处的峰分别为碳酸根离子的非对称伸缩振动峰以及对称伸缩振动峰。在波数1 149 cm–1和1 095 cm–1处的峰可能为Si-O-Si键反对称伸缩振动峰,在波数873 cm–1和468 cm–1处为Si-O键对称伸缩振动峰[32]。在波数600~791 cm–1处的几个峰强度不高,可能为一些金属氧化物杂质,不是垢样的主要化学成分,在这里不做讨论。
该站调相机站外冷水水源为城市自来水,外冷水经过滤器、钠离子软化工艺、加入非氧化型杀菌剂以及缓蚀阻垢剂后进入蒸发冷却器(图9)。对该换流站调相机外冷却系统的补充水进行ICP-MS(Thermo Fisher iCAP R)分析,检测其中部分元素质量浓度,并按照国家循环冷却水水质分析标准检测补充水和循环水水质特征。
本研究用ICP-MS来分析调相机外冷循环水补充水中的Ca、Fe、K、Mg、Na、P、Si等元素的质量浓度,结果见表2
表2可以看出,补充水水质较好,水中钙镁硬度相对偏高,但以雷兹纳指数[33]判断不属于易结垢类水。这说明外冷水补水水质不是造成外冷水系统结垢的主要原因。
对所取水样的常规水质分析结果见表3。从表3可以看出,补充水的水质碱度相对偏高。在循环运行的过程中,水中CO32–质量浓度升高,容易与水中Ca2+、Mg2+结合形成碳酸钙镁晶体并在填料层表面析出成垢。此外,还可以看出,循环水中Cl质量浓度高达1 262 mg/L,已经超出国家循环水中Cl质量浓度标准,且该站未投加含氯药剂。这说明现场循环水浓缩倍率非常高,现场循环水运行管控存在一定问题,没有及时排污控制碱度以及钙镁等成垢离子浓度在合理范围之内,导致循环水析出CaCO3沉积垢情况严重[34]。这是该站调相机外冷水系统结垢的主要原因。此外,循环水中质量浓度过高的Cl会腐蚀系统以及管道。
根据前述对于垢样成分以及结垢原因的分析,结合现场实际运行情况,可以推断该换流站填料结垢的主要影响因素如下:
1)补充水水质
该站调相机外冷系统补充水处理工艺如图9所示。该工艺对于水中钙镁硬度的去除主要依赖钠离子交换树脂,在水处理过程中,树脂容易失去活性导致出水水质不稳定。一般补充水中硬度、碱度、悬浮物含量越高,冷却系统越容易结垢。
2)循环水运行浓缩倍率
该站地处我国西北干旱地区,水资源较为匮乏。根据对补充水、循环水的水质分析结果以及现场调研,为了节约水资源,该站调相机外冷却系统不采取排污措施。这意味着外冷蒸发冷却器全年以超高的浓缩倍率持续运行,因此水中成垢离子浓度积会远超微溶盐的溶度积常数,从而在水中析出CaCO3晶体并逐渐生长成为水垢。
3)外部杂质侵入
蒸发冷却器防尘网风沙侵入情况如图10所示。由于该站进风口单层防尘网格栅空隙较大,在该站特殊的地理位置与极端的天气环境下,空气中的沙尘以及其他杂质极易被卷入塔体,导致循环水中悬浮物含量、浊度增加,加剧塔内结垢现象。
4)循环水流速与环境温度
由填料板结构分布规律以及CaCO3结晶动力学研究[34],循环水流速对CaCO3成垢速率的影响较为复杂,主要体现在对污垢沉积以及污垢剥蚀2方面的影响。冷却水流速越大,输送到填料表面的CaCO3晶体数量就会越多,污垢在粗糙的填料表面越容易沉积。同时,流速越大会影响污垢表面反应速率,使结垢速率变缓[35]
环境温度对填料结垢速率的影响主要体现在下面2方面[35]:1)CaCO3的溶解度随温度的升高而降低;2)环境温度越高,为了达到冷却效果,冷却塔进风量会变高,塔内水分蒸发损失量以及风吹损失量会变高,塔内成垢离子浓度会相应变高。因此环境温度越高,填料层结垢越严重。
由上述对垢样成分、结垢成因以及填料结垢影响因素的分析,针对该站特殊的地理位置与天气条件。现提出以下几条防垢措施与建议:
1)改进冷却塔进风口防尘设施
该站蒸发冷却器进风口只布置了1层防尘网,在扬沙天气条件下,空气中的尘土会被大风吹进冷却塔形成污泥,此外沙土中的SiO2会诱导循环水中CaCO3结晶析出。因此,有必要将进风口原有的普通防尘网改进成如图11所示的百叶窗结构,并在外侧安装格栅,可以有效减缓塔内污泥以及结垢现象,改善水质。但是,理论上减小冷却塔进风通道会降低进风效率,影响填料层传热性能,降低冷却塔冷却效率。这部分换热量的降低可以通过增大引风机进风量来弥补。此外,改善防尘效果可以缓解塔内污泥与水垢沉积现象,增强填料层换热效率,达到防尘效果与冷却效果的平衡。
2)及时排污控制循环冷却水中成垢离子浓度
该站外冷却系统蒸发冷却器只在空冷塔不能满足冷却需求时开放,全年开机之后不排污,塔内循环水不断浓缩,成垢离子浓度升高到一定值之后将在管道以及填料层表面开始结垢,这也是造成该系统结垢严重的主要原因。因此,根据《工业循环冷却水处理设计规范》(GB/T 50050—2017)对间冷开式系统循环冷却水水质指标的要求,应该及时对循环冷却水进行排污补水处理,控制塔内循环水浓缩倍率在6~8倍运行,钙硬度与全碱度之和不大于1 100 mg/L(以CaCO3计),Cl质量浓度在700 mg/L以下运行,平衡节水与运行安全,提高冷却系统的稳定性。
3)按时对循环水以及补充水取样检测
为了更高效地控制塔内循环水浓缩倍率,应该加强站里对循环水水质的管控和分析,按月取样对循环水以及补充水进行水质监测,以判断塔内循环水结垢趋势。
4)对外冷系统水处理工艺流程改进
为了更高效地缓解塔内结垢以及提高循环水浓缩倍率,可以在原有的外冷循环系统补充水处理工艺里加装连续可再生电吸附除盐装置[36]。该装置使用多孔材料悬浮液作为流动电极,降低脱附难度,实现连续除盐,对高盐水也有较高的脱盐率,可以提高补充水水质,降低进入冷却塔的钙镁硬度以及碱度,从而起到防止结垢的效果。此外,考虑到该站地处干旱缺水地区,因此可以对塔内高碱度高硬度的排污水经双碱法去除硬度之后将上清液经硫酸调整碱度后回用至补充水处理系统,可以在改善塔内结垢现象的同时大大节约水资源。外冷系统水处理工艺流程改进方案如图12所示。
此外,建议在塔底增设排泥装置,定期对冷却塔内已有结垢通过加入CaCO3除垢剂[37]进行溶解,将CaCO3硬垢溶解成水溶性物质,连同塔底沉积的污泥通过排泥泵排出冷却塔。
5)添加更高效的缓蚀阻垢剂联合加酸处理
针对填料层成垢的化学成分可以推断得出,调相机外冷却循环水系统存在的主要问题为钙离子含量过高。因此,可以针对性地选择阻钙垢性能优良的无膦绿色阻垢剂,如改性环氧琥珀酸、聚天冬氨酸等[38]。阻垢剂中的羟基、羧酸等基团会和水中钙、镁离子结合形成可溶性螯合物,增大水系统钙镁离子的溶解度。此外,阻垢剂中的活性成分会吸附在CaCO3晶体的活性位点上面,使CaCO3晶体发生晶格畸变,抑制其向最稳定的方解石晶体生长[38-39],阻止循环水系统中CaCO3硬垢以及一些难溶性硅酸盐的形成。此外,阻垢缓蚀剂可以清洗管道表面的污垢和杂质,减小热阻,提高换热效率。
该站地处我国西北干旱地区,水资源比较紧张,为了在达到塔内不结垢的同时节约水资源,减小排污水量,可以适当加入硫酸降低循环水的碱度,抑制碳酸盐垢生成的同时可以有效提高循环水极限浓缩倍率,减小排污水量。
6)提高调相机外冷水系统管控水平
针对前述对冷却系统结垢原因的分析和现场调研情况,该系统结垢情况严重的主要原因之一在于运维人员对系统的管控存在一定问题。为了减小现场管控难度,提高管控水平,可以在循环水系统安装在线总硬度自动滴定仪、在线碱度自动滴定分析仪、氯离子在线自动分析仪、在线pH计等在线监测仪表,实时监测塔内循环水水质指标,判断塔内结垢趋势,防止严重结垢现象的发生。
本文对某换流站调相机外冷却系统冷却塔内填料层污垢的主要成分及其成垢原因进行推断分析,并针对该站外冷却系统提出了一些防垢措施。
1)对塔内采集的垢样进行了SEM-EDS、XRD、FTIR等一系列表征检测。检测结果表明,该系统内垢样的主要成分为CaCO3、SiO2、MgCO3以及CaSiO3
2)对蒸发冷却器补充水以及循环水进行了水质分析以及ICP-MS检测。研究结果表明,该系统结垢的主要原因为循环水运行管理不当,没有对塔内循环水进行适当排污处理,循环水浓缩倍率过高导致成垢离子浓度超标进而出现严重结垢的现象。
3)针对该外冷系统垢样成分以及结垢原因,建议该站及时排污,控制循环水浓缩倍率在安全范围内运行并改进外冷补充水处理工艺,改善出水水质,节约水资源。改进冷却器进风口防尘设施,避免沙土进入冷却器加剧塔内结垢现象。
  • 河北省中央引导地方科技发展资金项目(236Z3703G)
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2024年第53卷第3期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202309143
  • 接收时间:2023-09-08
  • 首发时间:2025-12-31
  • 出版时间:2024-03-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-09-08
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Hebei Provincial Central Guide Local Science and Technology Development Fund Project(236Z3703G)
河北省中央引导地方科技发展资金项目(236Z3703G)
作者信息
    1.国网新疆电力有限公司电力科学研究院,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830099
    2.国网新疆电力有限公司,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830000
    3.华北电力大学(保定)环境科学与工程系,河北 保定 071003
    4.国网新疆电力有限公司超高压分公司,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830000

通讯作者:

马双忱(1968),男,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要研究方向为大气污染控制及水污染控制,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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