Article(id=1213164440292348735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1213164438232941220, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202309153, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1695916800000, receivedDateStr=2023-09-29, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1767170542070, onlineDateStr=2025-12-31, pubDate=1711296000000, pubDateStr=2024-03-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1767170542070, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-31, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1767170542070, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767170542070, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1213164438232941220, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2024', volume='53', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='182', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1767170541580, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767775374880, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1215701293012796069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1213164438232941220, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1215701293012796070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1213164438232941220, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=59, endPage=66, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1213164440539812677, articleId=1213164440292348735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Thermodynamic performance analysis of MGT-ORC power system coupled with solar ammonia decomposition for hydrogen production, columnId=1213164439017276071, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Special topic on new energy power generation technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Building an efficient and pollution-free power generation system is an effective means to solve the current energy shortage and environmental pollution problems. By taking the C65 micro gas turbine produced by Capstone Company as the core power generation component, and coupling with the thermochemical process of solar powered ammonia decomposition to produce hydrogen, this article achieves multi-energy complementarity between renewable energy and ammonia chemical energy. The organic Rankine cycle is used as the bottom cycle to recover the waste heat from the flue gas generated by the micro gas turbine and generate electricity, achieving cascade energy utilization. A detailed simulation process is constructed in the chemical simulation software Aspen Plus. The results show that the complementary use of solar energy and ammonia has improved the calorific value of the generated hydrogen rich synthesis gas. The output power of the micro combustion engine is 89.95 kW, which is 24.95 kW more than the C65 micro combustion engine in the reference system. The electrical efficiency of the system under design conditions reaches 44.81%, and the thermal efficiency is 47.97%, which are 8.51 percentage points and 9.67 percentage points higher than that of the reference system, respectively. The component having the largest exergy loss in the system is the combustion chamber, accounting for 41.67% of the total damage, followed by the evaporator and regenerator, accounting for 14.31% and 11.15%, respectively. Sensitivity analysis shows that the electrical efficiency and thermal efficiency of the system decrease and increase with the increase of solar energy collection, respectively. The research results provide a reference for a distributed micro turbine power generation system using ammonia gas as fuel and coupled with solar energy.

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构建高效、无污染的动力发电系统是解决目前能源紧缺和环境污染问题的有效手段。以Capstone公司生产的C65型微型燃气轮机为核心发电部件,耦合了太阳能驱动氨气分解制氢的热化学过程,实现了可再生能源和氨气化学能之间的多能互补,采用有机朗肯循环(ORC)作为底循环回收微型燃气轮机(微燃机,MGT)产生的烟气余热并发电,实现能量梯级利用。在化工模拟软件Aspen Plus中构建了详细的模拟流程,进行系统热力性能分析,结果表明:通过太阳能和氨气的互补提高了富氢合成气热值,微燃机输出功率为89.95 kW,比参考系统中的C65微燃机多24.95 kW;该系统在设计工况下的电效率达到了44.81%,㶲效率为47.97%,分别比参考系统高出8.51百分点和9.67百分点;系统中最大的㶲损部件为燃烧室,占到了总㶲损的41.67%,其次蒸发器和回热器分别占14.31%和11.15%;系统电效率和㶲效率随着太阳能集热量的增加分别呈减小和增大的趋势。该研究结果可为以氨气为燃料并耦合太阳能的分布式微燃机发电系统提供参考。

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张汉飞(1986),男,博士,讲师,主要研究方向为先进能量系统集成优化,
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席学章(1980),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为核电火电新能源发电项目设计,

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figureFileBig=kb656qj+HS30SdLhRJp2BA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1213164448810979472, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213164440292348735, language=CN, label=图8, caption=太阳能集热量对太阳能热化学效率的影响, figureFileSmall=xUYVjm4dhJvHQFvvZjmSxg==, figureFileBig=kb656qj+HS30SdLhRJp2BA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1213164448894865559, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213164440292348735, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Comparison of model validation results for micro gas turbine generator units

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项目模拟值C65设计值
额定输出功率/kW65.8865.00
烟气流量/(kg·s–1)0.490.49
排烟温度/℃329.63329.00
电效率/%28.2928.00
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微燃机发电机组模型验证结果对比

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项目模拟值C65设计值
额定输出功率/kW65.8865.00
烟气流量/(kg·s–1)0.490.49
排烟温度/℃329.63329.00
电效率/%28.2928.00
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Main simulation parameters of the new system under design conditions

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项目数值
氨气流量/(kmol·h–1)2.35
设计点太阳辐照强度/(W·m–2)800
氨气分解温度/℃374
氨气分解压力/Pa405 000
燃气透平入口温度/℃94
压气机入口空气流量/(kg·s–1)0.49
ORC透平入口压力/Pa1 200 000
ORC透平等熵效率/%85
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设计工况下新系统主要模拟参数

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项目数值
氨气流量/(kmol·h–1)2.35
设计点太阳辐照强度/(W·m–2)800
氨气分解温度/℃374
氨气分解压力/Pa405 000
燃气透平入口温度/℃94
压气机入口空气流量/(kg·s–1)0.49
ORC透平入口压力/Pa1 200 000
ORC透平等熵效率/%85
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Main parameters of each stream in the power system

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流股温度/℃压力/Pa摩尔流量/(kmol·h–1)焓/kW
125.00101 00061.14-0.14
2193.67405 00061.1484.03
3510.00405 00061.14249.27
4904.18405 00064.08261.06
525.00405 0002.35-30.12
6250.00405 0002.35-24.27
7374.73405 0004.5911.78
8614.21101 00064.0886.94
9322.39101 00064.08-78.30
10311.70101 00064.08-84.15
1180.00101 00064.08-208.07
12143.511 200 00011.23-413.71
1388.31101 00011.23-432.60
1430.00101 00011.23-538.21
150.091 200 00011.23-537.64
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动力系统各流股主要参数

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流股温度/℃压力/Pa摩尔流量/(kmol·h–1)焓/kW
125.00101 00061.14-0.14
2193.67405 00061.1484.03
3510.00405 00061.14249.27
4904.18405 00064.08261.06
525.00405 0002.35-30.12
6250.00405 0002.35-24.27
7374.73405 0004.5911.78
8614.21101 00064.0886.94
9322.39101 00064.08-78.30
10311.70101 00064.08-84.15
1180.00101 00064.08-208.07
12143.511 200 00011.23-413.71
1388.31101 00011.23-432.60
1430.00101 00011.23-538.21
150.091 200 00011.23-537.64
), ArticleFig(id=1213164449553371345, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213164440292348735, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Energy balance table for the new system and reference system

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项目新系统参考系统
总输入/kW242.87232.92
燃料化学能/kW206.82(氨气)232.92(天然气)
太阳能/kW36.05
总输出/kW108.8484.55
WMGT,NET/kW89.9565.00
WORC/kW18.8919.55
电效率/%44.8136.30
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新系统和参考系统能量平衡

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项目新系统参考系统
总输入/kW242.87232.92
燃料化学能/kW206.82(氨气)232.92(天然气)
太阳能/kW36.05
总输出/kW108.8484.55
WMGT,NET/kW89.9565.00
WORC/kW18.8919.55
电效率/%44.8136.30
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耦合太阳能氨气分解制氢过程的MGT-ORC动力系统热力性能分析
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席学章 1 , 王秋实 2 , 张汉飞 2 , 段立强 2
热力发电 | 新能源发电技术专题 2024,53(3): 59-66
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热力发电 | 新能源发电技术专题 2024, 53(3): 59-66
耦合太阳能氨气分解制氢过程的MGT-ORC动力系统热力性能分析
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席学章1 , 王秋实2, 张汉飞2 , 段立强2
作者信息
  • 1.国核电力规划设计研究院有限公司,北京 100095
  • 2.华北电力大学能源动力与机械工程学院,北京 102206
  • 席学章(1980),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为核电火电新能源发电项目设计,

通讯作者:

张汉飞(1986),男,博士,讲师,主要研究方向为先进能量系统集成优化,
Thermodynamic performance analysis of MGT-ORC power system coupled with solar ammonia decomposition for hydrogen production
Xuezhang XI1 , Qiushi WANG2, Hanfei ZHANG2 , Liqiang DUAN2
Affiliations
  • 1.State Nuclear Power Planning, Design and Research Institute Co., Ltd., Beijing 100095, China
  • 2.School of Energy, Power and Mechanical Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
出版时间: 2024-03-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202309153
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构建高效、无污染的动力发电系统是解决目前能源紧缺和环境污染问题的有效手段。以Capstone公司生产的C65型微型燃气轮机为核心发电部件,耦合了太阳能驱动氨气分解制氢的热化学过程,实现了可再生能源和氨气化学能之间的多能互补,采用有机朗肯循环(ORC)作为底循环回收微型燃气轮机(微燃机,MGT)产生的烟气余热并发电,实现能量梯级利用。在化工模拟软件Aspen Plus中构建了详细的模拟流程,进行系统热力性能分析,结果表明:通过太阳能和氨气的互补提高了富氢合成气热值,微燃机输出功率为89.95 kW,比参考系统中的C65微燃机多24.95 kW;该系统在设计工况下的电效率达到了44.81%,㶲效率为47.97%,分别比参考系统高出8.51百分点和9.67百分点;系统中最大的㶲损部件为燃烧室,占到了总㶲损的41.67%,其次蒸发器和回热器分别占14.31%和11.15%;系统电效率和㶲效率随着太阳能集热量的增加分别呈减小和增大的趋势。该研究结果可为以氨气为燃料并耦合太阳能的分布式微燃机发电系统提供参考。

太阳能  /  氨气  /  制氢  /  热力性能  /  微型燃气轮机-有机朗肯循环

Building an efficient and pollution-free power generation system is an effective means to solve the current energy shortage and environmental pollution problems. By taking the C65 micro gas turbine produced by Capstone Company as the core power generation component, and coupling with the thermochemical process of solar powered ammonia decomposition to produce hydrogen, this article achieves multi-energy complementarity between renewable energy and ammonia chemical energy. The organic Rankine cycle is used as the bottom cycle to recover the waste heat from the flue gas generated by the micro gas turbine and generate electricity, achieving cascade energy utilization. A detailed simulation process is constructed in the chemical simulation software Aspen Plus. The results show that the complementary use of solar energy and ammonia has improved the calorific value of the generated hydrogen rich synthesis gas. The output power of the micro combustion engine is 89.95 kW, which is 24.95 kW more than the C65 micro combustion engine in the reference system. The electrical efficiency of the system under design conditions reaches 44.81%, and the thermal efficiency is 47.97%, which are 8.51 percentage points and 9.67 percentage points higher than that of the reference system, respectively. The component having the largest exergy loss in the system is the combustion chamber, accounting for 41.67% of the total damage, followed by the evaporator and regenerator, accounting for 14.31% and 11.15%, respectively. Sensitivity analysis shows that the electrical efficiency and thermal efficiency of the system decrease and increase with the increase of solar energy collection, respectively. The research results provide a reference for a distributed micro turbine power generation system using ammonia gas as fuel and coupled with solar energy.

solar energy  /  ammonia  /  hydrogen production  /  thermodynamic performance  /  MGT-ORC
席学章, 王秋实, 张汉飞, 段立强. 耦合太阳能氨气分解制氢过程的MGT-ORC动力系统热力性能分析. 热力发电, 2024 , 53 (3) : 59 -66 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202309153
Xuezhang XI, Qiushi WANG, Hanfei ZHANG, Liqiang DUAN. Thermodynamic performance analysis of MGT-ORC power system coupled with solar ammonia decomposition for hydrogen production[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2024 , 53 (3) : 59 -66 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202309153
能源高效利用与环境协调相容是实现经济社会可持续发展的关键,目前化石燃料的大量使用导致能源匮乏和环境污染2大问题[1]。遵循温度对口、能量梯级利用的原则,分布式能源系统是实现能源转型和能源技术变革的重要方向[2]。传统单一的能源系统能源利用效率低下以及在技术和经济等方面存在很多不足之处,已经不能满足目前能源短缺这一大背景下的能源可持续发展目标[3]。因此,综合利用已有多种能源作为热力系统的输入能量,实现源头的多能互补成为了减少化石能源使用和缓解环境问题的有效手段。
太阳能是目前储量最大、利用技术最成熟的可再生能源[4],将太阳能引入分布式发电系统是目前实现多能互补高效清洁发电的重要手段。发电部件的选取同样是实现分布式发电系统高效运转的重要环节。目前,主要用于小型分布式系统的原动机种类包括燃料电池(fuel cell,FC)[4]、微型燃气轮机(micro gas turbine,MGT)[5]、内燃机(internal combustion engine,ICE)[6]以及斯特林引擎(Stirling engine,SE)[7]等。燃料电池能直接将燃料的化学能转化为电能输出。高温燃料电池如固体氧化物燃料电池(solid oxide fuel cell,SOFC)[8]、熔融碳酸盐燃料电池(molten carbonate fuel cell,MCFC)[9]的发电效率超过50%,是目前最理想的发电原动机,然而由于其技术不够成熟、启动时间长、投资成本高等缺点[4],还未大规模投入使用。与其他原动机相比,微型燃气轮机具有发电效率高、噪声低、排放低、寿命长、燃料适应性广等优点,同时还配有回热器回收烟气余热以预热空气,提高效率[10]。此外,有机朗肯循环(organic Rankine cycle,ORC)、卡林那循环(Kalina cycle,KC)等低温发电循环被用作底循环,以吸收原动机产生的低品位余热,实现能量的梯级利用。
基于此,学者们进行了广泛研究。Ren等人[4]对分布式能源系统的集成和优化进行了综述,详细介绍了现有的分布式能源系统的集成方式与优化方法,为后续对分布式系统的研究指明了方向。Wang等人[6]构建了以内燃机为核心发电部件,并用ORC回收烟气余热的热力系统,同时以热互补的形式耦合了太阳能,实现了多能互补,对系统从热力性能和经济性能的角度进行了分析。Lu等人[9]提出了整合太阳能辅助燃气蒸汽联合循环并耦合MCFC的热力系统,采用汽轮机抽汽驱动溴化锂制冷机,结果表明,新系统㶲效率和热效率分别达到61.69%和61.64%。Zhang等人[11]提出了集成低温太阳能的分布式冷热电三联供(combined cooling heating and power,CCHP)系统,该系统实现了低温太阳能和化石燃料甲醇之间的多能互补,以及能量的梯级利用,结果表明,系统净太阳能发电效率预计26%~ 29%,节省了30.4%的化石燃料,减少了碳排放,典型日分析表明该系统的冷热电输出能够满足大部分时间内的用户需求。杨倩[12]提出了以甲烷为燃料的集成SOFC-MGT-KC混合发电系统,实现了系统高效发电,并对底循环的余热利用方式进行了优化,提出新的评价指标,结果表明,新系统发电效率达到73.13%,㶲效率达到70.69%。Wang等人[13]提出了一种新型耦合太阳能甲烷湿重整制氢的分布式冷热电三联供系统,并从能量、㶲、环境、经济4个角度对系统进行分析,该系统实现了太阳能品位的提升与甲烷品位的梯级降低,且污染物排放量相对于参考系统明显减小,同时通过主动蓄能方式调控系统输出,使得冷热电输出能够完全满足用户负荷需求。范峻铭等[14]研究了中温太阳能驱动甲烷化学链重整冷热电联供系统的性能,在设计点工况条件下系统总能效可达80.9%,太阳能集热面积节约率达53.2%,太阳能净发电效率可达27.3%。许达等[15]提出了低温太阳能与化石燃料甲醇互补的分布式能源系统,并探讨了系统的能量平衡和㶲平衡及变太阳辐照下系统的热力学性能变化趋势,为高效利用中低温太阳能热化学技术与分布式能源系统的集成提供了新途径。Yan等人[16]对比分析了以ORC和卡林那循环作为底循环回收以天然气为燃料的SOFC-MGT发电系统的余热性能,结果表明以ORC作为底循环的发电系统性能优于卡林那循环。
氨气作为一种新型的二次能源,具有巨大的发展潜力和市场前景。
大多数分布式发电系统广泛以天然气作为燃料,而相比于天然气,氨气具有零碳的优势,其理论燃烧产物是清洁无污染的氮气和水[17]。此外,氨气密度大,容易液化储存[18],同时氨气含氢率高[19],1 mol的氨气分解能产生1.5 mol的氢气[20]。因此,用氨气作为微型燃气轮机(微燃机,MGT)的燃料是一种新型发电方式。
基于以上分析,本文构建了以微型燃气轮机发电机组为核心的耦合了太阳能氨气分解制氢热化学过程的动力发电系统,实现了多能互补,并采用高效的ORC作为底循环,将低品位的烟气余热转化为高品位的电能,并基于热力学第一、第二定律对系统的能量、㶲等热力性能进行了全面分析。
耦合太阳能氨气分解制氢的微型燃气轮机-有机朗肯循环(MGT-ORC)动力系统主要由太阳能氨气分解制氢子系统、微型燃气轮机发电子系统及ORC发电子系统3部分组成,其结构示意如图1所示。
环境条件下的氨气5经过烟气9预热后送入氨分解反应器发生分解反应,分解所需反应热由槽式太阳能集热器提供。氨气产生的氢气和氮气7被送入微型燃气轮机燃烧室中,与经过烟气回热加热的高温、高压空气3混合燃烧,产生高温、高压烟气4进入微燃机透平中膨胀做功带动发电机向外输出电能。
MGT排烟9预热氨气后,仍具有较高的温度,因此可用高效ORC回收这部分热量。烟气10在蒸发器中蒸发高压的有机流体12,产生的高温、高压蒸汽13进入ORC透平中膨胀做功,向外输出电能。乏汽14在冷凝器中冷凝,后经高压泵压缩后进入蒸发器吸热,完成下一次循环。
本研究中的系统模型构建均采用化工模拟软件Aspen Plus。
本文采用文献[21]中研制的中温槽式太阳能热化学接受反应器,其能够实现利用集中收集的中温太阳能热直接驱动反应器中的分解反应。太阳能接收反应器沿着聚光器的焦点线安装,驱动反应的太阳能热量为Qsol[22]
Qsol=I×S×ηPTC×K(θ)
式中:I表示太阳直射辐射,W/m2S表示槽式集热器面积,m2ηPTC表示槽式集热器实际集热效率,其与截距系数、镜面反射率、镜面利用率、玻璃透过率、太阳吸收率、清洁系数等因素有关;θ表示入射角;K(θ)表示入射角修正量[6]
K(θ)=cos(θ)5.250 97×104×θ2.859 621×105×θ2
1)压气机
由于空气在实际压缩过程中并不是绝热等熵的,存在熵增,因此压缩后的空气温度可表达为:
T2=T1[1+(γACk1k1)/ηAC]
式中:γACk分别为压气机的压缩比和空气的比热容比;ηAC为压气机的等熵效率。
压气机耗功WAC可表示为:
WAC=ma×kk1RT0(πk1k1)/ηAC
式中:ma表示空气质量流量,kg/s;T0表示环境温度,℃。
2)回热器
回热器回热度σ表示为:
σ=T3T2T8T2
式中:T2T3T8分别为流股2、3、8的温度,K。
回热器烟气与空气能量守恒,可表示为:
cpama(T3T2)=cpgmg(T8T2)
式中:cp表示比热容,kJ/(kg·K);下标a、g分别表示空气和烟气;mg表示烟气的质量流量,kg/s。
3)燃烧室
忽略气体流量和热量的损失,燃烧室的能量平衡可表示为:
msynQLHVsyn+cpama(T3Tb)=cpgmg(T8Tb)
式中:Tb为基准温度,K;QLHVsyn表示合成气低位热值,kJ/kg。
4)透平
烟气在透平内膨胀后的温度T8可表示为:
T8=T4[1(1γGTkg1kg)/ηGT]
式中:γGTkg分别为压气机的压缩比和空气的比热容比;ηGT为压气机的等熵效率;T4为进入燃气透平的烟气温度,K。
则烟气在透平中膨胀输出功为[23]
WMGT=mgas(h4h8)
式中:mgas表示烟气质量流量,kg/s;h4h8表示燃气透平进、出口烟气比焓,kJ/kg。
微燃机发电机组实际输出功WMGT,NET为:
WMGT,NET=WMGTWAC
本文所用微燃机模型是在Capstone公司生产的C65型微燃机基础上进行改进,因此在建模时与该公司给出的C65的设计参数进行了对比,结果见表1。由表1可以看出,二者关键设计参数的误差都很小,均在允许范围内,从而证明了模型的准确性。
ORC中的工质为有机化合物正戊烷,循环主要设备包括蒸发器、透平、冷凝器和高压泵。蒸发器的T-Q图如图2所示。蒸发器冷热两端的能量平衡方程可表示为:
m10(h10h11)=m12(h13h12)
式中:m10m12为流股10、12的烟气流量,kg/s;h10h11h12h13为流股10、11、12、13的比焓,kJ/kg。
高温高压蒸汽在透平中膨胀,忽略泵耗功,则ORC输出功WORC可表示为:
WORC=m13(h13h14)
本文中所采用的ORC模型已在文献[24]中经过验证,因此不再赘述。
新系统的主要设计参数见表2[11,13,25]
本文选用以下性能指标来评价新型混合动力系统的性能。
1)氢气收率表示太阳能驱动氨气分解反应产生的氢气量与反应燃料的折合产氢量之比[26]
XH2=nH21.5×nNH3×100%
式中:nH2nNH3表示H2、NH3摩尔流量,kmol/h。
2)系统电效率,定义为[27]
ηele=WMGT,NET+WORCQsol+mNH3×QLHVNH3×100%
式中:Qsol为系统利用的太阳能热量,kW;mNH3为氨气质量流量,kg/s;QLHVNH3为氨气低位热值,kJ/kg。
3)系统产品均为电能,其品位为1,因此在数量上电㶲与电能相等,㶲效率ηexe可表示为[21]
ηexe=WMGT,NET+WORCQsol(1T0Tsol)+mNH3×QLHVNH3
式中:T0Tsol分别表示环境温度和太阳能集热温度,℃。
4)对于某一部件,其过程中产生的㶲损失可表示为:
ED,k=EF,kEP,k
式中:ED,kEF,kEP,k表示部件k的㶲损、燃料㶲和产品㶲,kW。
5)太阳能-化学能效率ηsol-che[21]
ηsol-che=QLHVsynQLHVNH3Qsol×100%
6)化学能-电效率ηche-ele[21]
ηche-ele=WMGT,NET+WORCQLHVsyn×100%
7)太阳能-电效率ηsol-ele[21]
ηsol-ele=ηsol-che×ηche-ele×100%
8)ORC发电效率ηORC[28]
ηORC=WORCm10(h10h11)×100%
本文建立了耦合太阳能氨气分解制氢过程的MGT-ORC混合动力系统,在化工模拟软件Aspen Plus中建立了模拟流程,其各流股主要参数见表3
表4列出了新系统和参考系统的能量平衡。其中,参考系统为Capstone C65微型燃气轮机发电机组为核心的动力发电机组,其余热同样用ORC回收用以发电。模拟时保证两对比系统的燃气透平入口温度相同、压气机入口空气流量相同[11]。由表4可见:新系统的能量总输入量为242.87 kW包括206.82 kW的氨气化学能和36.05 kW的太阳能,其中太阳能占比达到14.84%;系统输出电力中,微燃机净功率为89.95 kW,ORC输出功率为18.89 kW,系统设计工况下的电效率为44.81%,参考系统的电效率仅有36.3%,总输出功率比新系统少24.29 kW。新系统耦合太阳能氨气分解的热化学反应,其系统输出能量和效率均优于参考系统。
图3展示了新型动力系统的㶲流图,图4展示了系统各主要部件的㶲损失大小和㶲损占比。由图3图4可见,系统的㶲效率为47.97%,总㶲损失118.07 kW,其中㶲损失最大的部件为燃烧室,占比达到了41.67%,其余部件㶲损占比均小于10%。这主要是因为燃烧室内发生了合成气燃烧反应,由化学能转化为物理热能的过程中能量品位大幅度降低,产生了较大的㶲损。蒸发器和回热器的㶲损占比分别达到了14.31%和11.15%,这主要是因为在二者的换热过程中存在较大的换热温差。由此可见,提高㶲效率应从改进燃烧室、回热器和蒸发器的性能入手。
太阳能集热量对氢气收率和合成气热值的影响如图5所示。由图5可见,当太阳能集热量从20 kW增至40 kW时,由于氨气分解是吸热反应,氢气收率逐渐增高,最终接近100%。这是因为在高吸热量情况下,氨气分解接近完全,其中的氢元素全部转化为氢气。合成气的热值从225.66 kW增至236.25 kW,表明通过热化学反应,低品位的太阳能转化到了高品位的燃料化学能之中。
图6为太阳能集热量对系统输出功率的影响。由图6可见,当太阳能集热量从20 kW增至40 kW时,微燃机的输出功率也不断增加,同时排烟温度升高,ORC回收余热量增加,ORC输出功率也增加,系统总输出功率从103.17 kW增至110.19 kW。
图7展示了系统电效率、新系统㶲效率和ORC发电效率随太阳能集热量增加的变化。由图7可见,当太阳能集热量从20 kW增至40 kW时,系统电效率从45.48%降至44.64%,而系统㶲效率47.33%增至48.1%。这主要是因为太阳能输入量增幅大于输出功率增幅,而㶲输入的增幅小于输出㶲增幅度。同样地,烟气余热量增幅也大于ORC发电功率,因为ORC的发电效率逐渐减小。
图8展示了太阳能热化学性能随太阳能集热量增加的变化趋势。由图8可见,当太阳能集热量从20 kW增至40 kW时,太阳能热化学效率从94.20%降至73.58%。这主要是因为随着太阳能集热量的增加,氨气分解程度逐渐加深到完全分解,而此时太阳能热量更多的转化为合成气的物理热能,因此太阳能热化学效率逐渐降低。当太阳能集热量从20 kW增至40 kW时化学能发电效率从45.71%增至46.64%,太阳能发电效率从43.07%降至34.32%。
本文提出了一种新型的以氨气为燃料的多能互补动力发电系统,该系统以高效微型燃气轮机作为核心原动机,以太阳能驱动氨气分解产生的富氢合成气作为微型燃气轮机燃料,并耦合了有机朗肯循环作为底循环,回收微型燃气轮机产生的烟气余热进行发电。
1)相对于传统以天然气为燃料的微型燃气轮机,本研究以氨气为燃料,并耦合了太阳能,实现了多能互补与零碳排放。
2)新系统的电效率和㶲效率分别达到44.81%和47.97%,比参考系统多出8.51百分点和9.67百分点,以氨气作为燃料的优势明显。
3)系统最大的㶲损失在燃烧室,占总㶲损的41.67%,其次是蒸发器和回热器,分别占14.31%和11.15%。因此,应着重关注燃烧室、蒸发器和回热器,提高系统效率。
4)随着太阳能集热量的增加,系统输出功率逐渐增加,但电效率逐渐减小,㶲效率逐渐增加。
  • 国家自然科学基金重大项目(52090064)
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2024年第53卷第3期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202309153
  • 接收时间:2023-09-29
  • 首发时间:2025-12-31
  • 出版时间:2024-03-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-09-29
基金
Major Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China(52090064)
国家自然科学基金重大项目(52090064)
作者信息
    1.国核电力规划设计研究院有限公司,北京 100095
    2.华北电力大学能源动力与机械工程学院,北京 102206

通讯作者:

张汉飞(1986),男,博士,讲师,主要研究方向为先进能量系统集成优化,
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
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多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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