Article(id=1213164439776449334, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1213164438232941220, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202308138, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1691596800000, receivedDateStr=2023-08-10, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1767170541947, onlineDateStr=2025-12-31, pubDate=1711296000000, pubDateStr=2024-03-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1767170541947, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-31, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1767170541947, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767170541947, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1213164438232941220, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2024', volume='53', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='182', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1767170541580, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767775374880, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1215701293012796069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1213164438232941220, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1215701293012796070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1213164438232941220, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=34, endPage=41, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1213164439998747449, articleId=1213164439776449334, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Research and simulation of load reduction control technology for the drive train of doubly-fed wind turbine, columnId=1213164439017276071, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Special topic on new energy power generation technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

A feedback control strategy based on Kalman filter was proposed to quantitatively study the drive train torsional vibration mitigation of doubly-fed wind turbine, and the control effect of drive train torsional vibration was compared through simulation calculation. Taking the drive train of 7.0 MW doubly-fed wind turbine as the research object, the Kalman filter was used to estimate the twist angle of the drive train, and an additional electromagnetic torque of the generator was designed for torque control based on the estimated torsional speed of low-speed shaft. The load and power generation calculations were compared with virtual damping control and no-damping control over 20 years full life cycle. The results show that, the correlation between the twist angle of the low-speed shaft estimated by the Kalman filter and the actual value can reach 0.99. The key differences between the feedback control based on the Kalman filter, the virtual damping control and the non-damping control are as follows. The equivalent fatigue load of the low-speed shaft of the drive train reduces by 2.11% and 4.89%, respectively. The equivalent fatigue load of the high-speed shaft of the drive train reduces by 1.99% and 4.78%, respectively. The power generation reduces by 200 kW·h and 700 kW·h, respectively. It can be concluded that the Kalman filter has a good estimating effect on the twist angle of drive train, and the designed additional electromagnetic torque based on the estimated torsional speed of low-speed shaft obtained by Kalman filtering has a very good suppression effect on the torsional vibration of the drive train.

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为定量研究双馈型风力发电机组传动链的扭振控制,提出了一种基于卡尔曼滤波的反馈控制策略,并通过仿真计算的方式对比了传动链扭振的控制效果。以7.0 MW双馈型风力发电机组传动链为研究对象,采用卡尔曼滤波估计传动链扭振角度,并以低速轴扭振速度估计值为参考设计了发电机附加电磁转矩作用于风电机组转矩控制,与虚拟阻尼控制、无阻尼控制进行了20年全生命周期内的载荷与发电量计算对比。结果表明:经过卡尔曼滤波估计的低速轴扭角与实际值的相关性可以达到0.99;基于卡尔曼滤波的反馈控制分别与虚拟阻尼控制、无阻尼控制的关键差异为,传动链低速轴等效疲劳载荷分别降低2.11%、4.89%,传动链高速轴等效疲劳载荷分别降低1.99%、4.78%,发电量分别降低200、700 kW·h。卡尔曼滤波对传动链扭角估计较准确,且以卡尔曼滤波估计得到的低速轴扭振速度设计的附加电磁转矩对传动链扭振具有非常好的抑制效果。

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张瑞刚(1982),男,硕士,正高级工程师,主要研究方向为风电机组功率与载荷协同控制技术,
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刘河生(1995),男,硕士,工程师,主要研究方向为大容量风电机组先进降载控制技术,

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刘河生(1995),男,硕士,工程师,主要研究方向为大容量风电机组先进降载控制技术,

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刘河生(1995),男,硕士,工程师,主要研究方向为大容量风电机组先进降载控制技术,

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Mechanical Systems & Signal Processing, 2007, 21(2): 706-723., articleTitle=Multi-rate Kalman filtering for the data fusion of displacement and acceleration response measurements in dynamic system monitoring, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1213164452980117890, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213164439776449334, awardId=TQ-22-TYK27, language=EN, fundingSource=Science and Technology Project of Xi’an Thermal Power Research Institute Co., Ltd.(TQ-22-TYK27), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1213164453122724239, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213164439776449334, awardId=TQ-22-TYK27, language=CN, fundingSource=西安热工研究院有限公司科技项目(TQ-22-TYK27), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1213164444486652848, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213164439776449334, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1213164444495041457, tenantId=1146029695717560320, 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caption=The two-mass-block drive chain model, figureFileSmall=duU+k9qNgJcHVyAmu4kZLA==, figureFileBig=b5zBdSH7dBq2ZQNNWwqUZw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1213164448139890792, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213164439776449334, language=CN, label=图3, caption=两质量块传动链模型, figureFileSmall=duU+k9qNgJcHVyAmu4kZLA==, figureFileBig=b5zBdSH7dBq2ZQNNWwqUZw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1213164448257331312, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213164439776449334, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Frequency domain characteristics of transfer function, figureFileSmall=B9YEquJM5ldRob+sNQC/Xg==, figureFileBig=AlBbz3KKp9rbkYLC7dUFUw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1213164448353800307, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213164439776449334, language=CN, label=图4, caption=传递函数频域特性, figureFileSmall=B9YEquJM5ldRob+sNQC/Xg==, figureFileBig=AlBbz3KKp9rbkYLC7dUFUw==, 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The drive train parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
传动链参数数值
Jr/(kg·m2)91 588 300
Jg/(kg·m2)9 853 540
Cd/(N·m·s·rad–1)188 897
Kd/(N·m·rad–1)7.0×108
igb97.16
), ArticleFig(id=1213164452053176639, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213164439776449334, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

传动链参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
传动链参数数值
Jr/(kg·m2)91 588 300
Jg/(kg·m2)9 853 540
Cd/(N·m·s·rad–1)188 897
Kd/(N·m·rad–1)7.0×108
igb97.16
), ArticleFig(id=1213164452149645646, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213164439776449334, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Pitch control parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
桨距角/rad比例增益积分增益
0.079 00.003 00.000 2
0.117 90.003 10.000 3
0.148 80.003 90.000 5
0.175 80.004 50.000 7
0.200 20.005 20.000 9
0.222 90.005 90.001 0
0.244 20.005 10.001 1
0.264 60.005 40.001 2
0.284 00.005 50.001 3
0.302 80.004 80.001 3
0.320 90.005 30.001 5
0.338 50.005 90.001 5
0.355 60.004 10.001 5
0.372 30.006 90.001 1
), ArticleFig(id=1213164452267086166, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213164439776449334, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

变桨控制参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
桨距角/rad比例增益积分增益
0.079 00.003 00.000 2
0.117 90.003 10.000 3
0.148 80.003 90.000 5
0.175 80.004 50.000 7
0.200 20.005 20.000 9
0.222 90.005 90.001 0
0.244 20.005 10.001 1
0.264 60.005 40.001 2
0.284 00.005 50.001 3
0.302 80.004 80.001 3
0.320 90.005 30.001 5
0.338 50.005 90.001 5
0.355 60.004 10.001 5
0.372 30.006 90.001 1
), ArticleFig(id=1213164452384526685, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213164439776449334, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Operating condition parameters for power and twist angle numerical simulation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
控制策略功率/kW低速轴扭角/(°)
平均值标准差平均值标准差
无阻尼7.0510.0300.4850.018
虚拟阻尼7.0510.0440.4850.015
KF-PID7.0510.0500.4850.011
), ArticleFig(id=1213164452489384296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213164439776449334, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

功率和扭角数值仿真工况参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
控制策略功率/kW低速轴扭角/(°)
平均值标准差平均值标准差
无阻尼7.0510.0300.4850.018
虚拟阻尼7.0510.0440.4850.015
KF-PID7.0510.0500.4850.011
), ArticleFig(id=1213164452581658986, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213164439776449334, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Simulated operating conditions parameters within the 20-year life cycle of the unit

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
疲劳工况风况描述
DLC1.2Vin<Vhub<Vout正常发电
DLC2.4Vin<Vhub<Vout发电兼故障
DLC4.1Vin<Vhub<Vout正常停机
DLC6.4Vhub<0.7Vref空转
), ArticleFig(id=1213164452694905204, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213164439776449334, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

机组20年生命周期内仿真工况参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
疲劳工况风况描述
DLC1.2Vin<Vhub<Vout正常发电
DLC2.4Vin<Vhub<Vout发电兼故障
DLC4.1Vin<Vhub<Vout正常停机
DLC6.4Vhub<0.7Vref空转
), ArticleFig(id=1213164452782985592, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213164439776449334, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

The 20-year equivalent fatigue loads

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
策略低速轴转矩/(kN·m)降幅/%高速轴转矩/(kN·m)降幅/%
无阻尼2 661.164.8927.384.78
虚拟阻尼2 585.352.1126.601.99
KF-PID2 530.9226.07
), ArticleFig(id=1213164452887843196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213164439776449334, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

20年等效疲劳载荷

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
策略低速轴转矩/(kN·m)降幅/%高速轴转矩/(kN·m)降幅/%
无阻尼2 661.164.8927.384.78
虚拟阻尼2 585.352.1126.601.99
KF-PID2 530.9226.07
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双馈型风电机组传动链降载控制技术研究与仿真
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刘河生 , 雷航 , 张瑞刚
热力发电 | 新能源发电技术专题 2024,53(3): 34-41
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热力发电 | 新能源发电技术专题 2024, 53(3): 34-41
双馈型风电机组传动链降载控制技术研究与仿真
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刘河生 , 雷航, 张瑞刚
作者信息
  • 西安热工研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710054
  • 刘河生(1995),男,硕士,工程师,主要研究方向为大容量风电机组先进降载控制技术,

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张瑞刚(1982),男,硕士,正高级工程师,主要研究方向为风电机组功率与载荷协同控制技术,
Research and simulation of load reduction control technology for the drive train of doubly-fed wind turbine
Hesheng LIU , Hang LEI, Ruigang ZHANG
Affiliations
  • Xi’an Thermal Power Research Institute Co, Ltd, Xi’an 710054, China
出版时间: 2024-03-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202308138
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为定量研究双馈型风力发电机组传动链的扭振控制,提出了一种基于卡尔曼滤波的反馈控制策略,并通过仿真计算的方式对比了传动链扭振的控制效果。以7.0 MW双馈型风力发电机组传动链为研究对象,采用卡尔曼滤波估计传动链扭振角度,并以低速轴扭振速度估计值为参考设计了发电机附加电磁转矩作用于风电机组转矩控制,与虚拟阻尼控制、无阻尼控制进行了20年全生命周期内的载荷与发电量计算对比。结果表明:经过卡尔曼滤波估计的低速轴扭角与实际值的相关性可以达到0.99;基于卡尔曼滤波的反馈控制分别与虚拟阻尼控制、无阻尼控制的关键差异为,传动链低速轴等效疲劳载荷分别降低2.11%、4.89%,传动链高速轴等效疲劳载荷分别降低1.99%、4.78%,发电量分别降低200、700 kW·h。卡尔曼滤波对传动链扭角估计较准确,且以卡尔曼滤波估计得到的低速轴扭振速度设计的附加电磁转矩对传动链扭振具有非常好的抑制效果。

双馈型风电机组  /  传动链扭振  /  卡尔曼滤波  /  等效疲劳载荷  /  年发电量

A feedback control strategy based on Kalman filter was proposed to quantitatively study the drive train torsional vibration mitigation of doubly-fed wind turbine, and the control effect of drive train torsional vibration was compared through simulation calculation. Taking the drive train of 7.0 MW doubly-fed wind turbine as the research object, the Kalman filter was used to estimate the twist angle of the drive train, and an additional electromagnetic torque of the generator was designed for torque control based on the estimated torsional speed of low-speed shaft. The load and power generation calculations were compared with virtual damping control and no-damping control over 20 years full life cycle. The results show that, the correlation between the twist angle of the low-speed shaft estimated by the Kalman filter and the actual value can reach 0.99. The key differences between the feedback control based on the Kalman filter, the virtual damping control and the non-damping control are as follows. The equivalent fatigue load of the low-speed shaft of the drive train reduces by 2.11% and 4.89%, respectively. The equivalent fatigue load of the high-speed shaft of the drive train reduces by 1.99% and 4.78%, respectively. The power generation reduces by 200 kW·h and 700 kW·h, respectively. It can be concluded that the Kalman filter has a good estimating effect on the twist angle of drive train, and the designed additional electromagnetic torque based on the estimated torsional speed of low-speed shaft obtained by Kalman filtering has a very good suppression effect on the torsional vibration of the drive train.

doubly fed wind turbine  /  drive train torsional vibration  /  Kalman filter  /  equivalent fatigue load  /  annual energy output
刘河生, 雷航, 张瑞刚. 双馈型风电机组传动链降载控制技术研究与仿真. 热力发电, 2024 , 53 (3) : 34 -41 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202308138
Hesheng LIU, Hang LEI, Ruigang ZHANG. Research and simulation of load reduction control technology for the drive train of doubly-fed wind turbine[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2024 , 53 (3) : 34 -41 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202308138
风电机组传动链一方面将风轮吸收的气动转矩转化为机械转矩传递给发电机,另一方面将数百吨的风轮支撑在高空,是整个风电机组能量传递的关键节点。相关文献表明,传动链故障在机组所有故障类型中占比并不高,但引起的停机时间却最长[1]。2020年以来,风电机组传动链故障引发的恶性事故频繁发生,且随着单机容量的不断增大及海上风电机组运维和施工成本的普遍提高,传动链系统稳定性、可靠性是制约风电场盈利水平的关键因素。
风电机组风轮拥有巨大的转动惯量,由于风轮所受气动转矩和发电机电磁转矩(折合到低速轴侧)存在偏差,风轮会出现加速和减速现象,这种加速和减速现象是造成传动链扭转振动的主要原因。为了解决风电机组传动链的共振问题,一方面从机组设计角度,需要尽量使传动链的固有频率尽量避开其他系统的激励频率;另一方面,从控制角度,在测量的发电机转速信号中对风轮转频进行陷波滤波,避免风轮转频的倍数频接近传动链的固有频率,同时,通过附加转矩或者附加桨距角来调节电磁转矩或者气动转矩也可以减缓传动链的扭转振动。
文献[2]通过对传动链扭转振动特性进行分析,建立了转轴、行星齿轮系统和平行齿轮副的扭转振动模型和运动微分方程,推导风机传动系统各质量单元间状态量的传递关系,采用黎卡提传递矩阵法计算了轴系的扭振固有特性;文献[3]以兆瓦级风电机组为研究对象,建立传动链刚柔耦合的多体动力学仿真模型;文献[4]提出了基于二自由度PID的独立变桨距控制策略,优化了传动链载荷,同时机组发电功率基本不受影响;文献[5]设计了基于卡尔曼滤波器的传动链扭角估计方法,数值仿真结果表明,相较于传统带通滤波器控制效果,卡尔曼滤波器应用于风电机组传动链扭振控制具有较好的控制效果;文献[6]提出了考虑传动链疲劳载荷的惯量控制方法,通过疲劳载荷最小化和惯量响应出力范围约束实时求解风电机组功率参考值,通过每个积分步长上的功率调节,同时实现疲劳载荷最小化和惯量响应能力最大化;文献[7]针对6.2 MW浮式风电机组传动链的扭振抑制问题,建立了基于自抗扰控制算法的传动链扭振抑制策略,并通过仿真平台验证了控制策略的有效性;文献[8]对自抗扰控制策略做了改进,补偿了传动链的未知扰动,在对传动链模型进行线性化处理后,将非线性状态误差反馈转矩设定值转化为功率设定值,进而抑制系统扭振,使得对扰动补偿更精确,提高了控制器的性能,该策略在阶跃风况和湍流风况下的扭振抑制效果相对更好;文献[9]总结出针对风电机组轴系的扭振控制技术,机械侧可以通过调整叶片桨距角和改善风电机组轴系的参数来增大结构阻尼或者改善固有频率,避免风电机组的轴系扭振,电气侧通过控制电磁转矩、转子电流和有功、无功功率来抑制轴系扭振。
传动链的载荷特性和风轮所受的气动载荷特性密不可分。以7.0 MW双馈型风力发电机组模型为例,以18 m/s的恒定风作为输入,对不同风切变指数下传动链低速轴转矩、传动链扭角的波动特性进行仿真。根据文献[10]的描述,塔影效应对风载荷影响与风切变相似,故此次不再研究塔影效应对传动链载荷的影响。
风切变对低速轴扭角和扭矩的影响如图1所示。从图1可以看出,低速轴转矩、扭角随着风切变呈现周期性波动,且随着风切变指数的变大而增强。
风切变下低速轴扭角和扭矩谱密度分析如图2所示。从图2可以看出,低速轴转矩和扭角均在风轮转频(0.2 Hz)的3P、6P、9P处出现周期性分量,且集中在3P频率处。同时,传动链固有频率与风轮转频的6P非常接近,在传动链系统欠阻尼与陷波滤波处理不好的情况下很容易发生传动链系统的共振,造成齿轮箱损坏。
双馈型风力发电机组传动链系统包含主轴、主轴承、齿轮箱、联轴器、发电机。通常情况下,风轮与主轴、发电机转子与齿轮箱高速轴均为刚性连接[11-13],而风轮与齿轮箱的连接,则可认为是柔性连接。本文采用两质量块模型(图3)对双馈型风力发电机组传动链进行数学建模,该模型允许低速侧主轴与发电机转子之间有一定的扭转运动[14]
在忽略机械损失的情况下,传动链两质量块模型运动方程为[12-13]
Jrdωrdt=TaCd(ωrωg)Kd(θrθg)Tl
Jgdωgdt=Cd(ωrωg)+Kd(θrθg)Te
dθrdt=ωr
dθgdt=ωg
Tl=Cc+Crωr
式中:JrJg分别为风轮、发电机转动惯量(折合到低速轴侧);ωrωg分别为风轮、折合到低速侧的发电机转速;TaTe分别为风轮气动转矩、折算到低速轴的发电机电磁转矩;CdKd分别为传动链等效阻尼、等效刚度;θrθg分别为低速轴、发电机折算到低速轴扭角;Tl为损失的气动转矩;Cc为风轮气动转矩损失常量;Cr为气动转矩损失系数。
本文7.0 MW双馈型风电机组模型传动链的主要参数见表1
根据传动链运动方程,传动链低速轴侧的扭角可以表示为γsh=θrθg,低速轴侧扭角的运动方程为:
JrJgJr+Jgγ¨sh+Kdγsh+Cdγ˙sh=Jg(TaTl)+JrTeJr+Jg
ωd=KdJrJg/(Jr+Jg)
ξd=Cd2kdJrJg/(Jr+Jg)
式中:γshγ˙shγ¨sh分别为低速轴侧的扭角、扭转速度、扭转加速度;ωd为传动链的自然振荡频率;ξd为阻尼率。
传动链的自然振荡频率与阻尼系数和刚度系统有关,在考虑阻尼后系统真实的振荡频率可以表示为ωξ=ωd1-ξd2。从式(8)可以看出风电机组传动链自身阻尼非常低,是一个欠阻尼系统,约为1%~1‰级别,极低的阻尼率导致系统在外界激励下很容易发生共振,消耗传动链机械部件疲劳寿命。
根据式(6),分别以上述电磁转矩Te和气动转矩Ta作为输入变量,低速轴扭角作为输出变量的传递函数:
γsh(s)Te(s)=1Jg(s2+2ξωds+ωd2)
γsh(s)Ta(s)=1Jr(s2+2ξωds+ωd2)
分别求得不同传递函数下幅相频域曲线如图4所示。由图4可以看出,不同输入下,传动链固有频率下主轴扭振幅值增益均较大,且电磁转矩较气动转矩对低速轴扭振幅值增益的影响更大。
卡尔曼滤波是一种利用线性系统状态方程,通过系统输入输出观测数据,对系统状态进行最优估计的算法[15-16]
连续系统的状态空间方程可以表示为:
x˙=Αx+Bu+Gwy=Cx+Du+v
式中:ABCDG分别为系数矩阵;w为过程白噪声;v为信号测量噪声。
过程白噪声和测量噪声的统计特性可以描述为:
{E(w)=0E(wwT)=QE(v)=0E(vvT)=RE(wvT)=0E(xwT)=0E(xvT)=0
对于某一状态x的最小方差估计值记为x^,其极小化性能指标为:
J=E[(xx^)T(xx^)]
可以利用卡尔曼滤波来求J的最小值:
x^˙=Ax^+K[yCx^Du]
式中:K为卡尔曼滤波增益。滤波方程(14)可以视为一个在K[yCx^Du]作用下的线性系统,其结构如图5所示。
K=PCTR1
可以通过Riccati方程求解K
P˙=AP+PAT+BQBTPCTR1CP
离散系统的状态空间方程为:
xk=Αxk1+Buk+Gwkyk=Cxk+Duk+vk
卡尔曼滤波的离散过程可以表示为:
x^k|k1=Ax^k1+BukPk|k1=APk1AT+QQ=GGTσw2Kk=Pk|k1AT(R+APk|k1AT)1x^k=x^k|k1+Kk(ykCx^k|k1Duk)Pk=(IKkA)Pk|k1
将传动链模型表示为状态空间方程形式:
[γ¨γ˙]=[(Jr+Jg)cdJrJg(Jr+Jg)kdJrJg10][γ˙γ]+[1Jg0]Te+[1Jr0]Ta
ω˙g=[cdJgkdJg][γ˙γ]+1JgTg
式中:电磁转矩Te和气动转矩Ta为2个输入变量。
以7.0 MW双馈型风电机组模型为例,在平均风速12 m/s的湍流风况下,对卡尔曼滤波估计的传动链低速轴扭角和实际扭角进行仿真对比。图6为主轴扭角对比。从图6可以看出,经过卡尔曼滤波估计的低速轴扭角与实际值跟踪情况非常好,经过数值拟合,相关性可以达到0.99。
式(6)传动链主轴扭角的运动方程可以改写为:
JrJgJr+Jgγ¨sh+kdγsh+Cdγ˙sh=Jg(TaTl)+JrTeJr+Jg+ΔTJrJgJr+Jgγ¨sh+kdγsh+(Cd+Cv)γ˙sh=Jg(TaTl)+JrTeJr+Jg
式中:ΔT为附加转矩纹波;Cv为由附加转矩纹波等效转化的虚拟阻尼。
由于电磁转矩具有极高的带宽,因此可以快速效应附加转矩纹波的控制需求,选择发电机转速近似代替主轴的扭振速度,再针对发电机转速乘以反馈增益即可实现传动链的虚拟阻尼控制。为了更好地实现这种虚拟阻尼控制效果,可以对输入的发电机转速信号进行带通滤波处理。滤波器的中心频率可以选择传动链固有频率,同时为了避免较大的功率波动,需要将转矩纹波的绝对值限制在发电机额定转矩的3%以内。
带通滤波器的传递函数可以表示为:
Hband(s)=Kξωss2+2ξωs+ω2
考虑到实际风电机组执行控制指令时会有一定时间的滞后,因此在带通滤波器前端可以串联相位补偿器来抵消执行机构的滞后,达到预期控制效果。相位补偿器的传递函数为:
G(s)=ω1+sinθ1sinθ+1+sinθ1sinθsω1+sinθ1sinθ+s
式中:w为被补偿信号频率;θ为需超前的相位角。
实际运行的风电机组无法对传动链低速轴的扭振速度进行测量。本文针对低速轴的扭振特性设计了转矩纹波反馈控制回路,以卡尔曼滤波器估计所得传动链低速轴扭振速度为输入信号,利用PID控制器设计的转矩纹波为输出信号,控制框图如图7所示。
依据Wind energy generation systems-Part 1: Design requirements (IEC 61400-1—2016),利用DNV GL Bladed软件对7.0 MW双馈型风电机组模型进行载荷和发电量仿真计算,仿真变桨PI控制参数见表2。湍流风采用Kaimal模型,轮毂高度处年平均值风速为8.5 m/s,空气密度为1.225 kg/m3
在平均风速为18 m/s,横向、纵向、垂直方向的湍流强度分别为16.98%、13.58%、8.49%的湍流风况下,分别对不同控制策略作用下传动链固有频率下低速轴扭角谱密度、机组输出功率、低速轴扭角波动情况进行对比分析。图8为不同控制策略下低速轴扭角谱密度对比。
图8可以看出,基于KF-PID的控制策略下,低速轴扭角谱密度在传动链故障频率处分别是无阻尼控制和虚拟阻尼控制的26.95%、60.88%。图9图10为不同控制策略下输出功率、传动链扭角对比。
表3为功率和扭角数值仿真的统计结果。KF-PID控制相较于无阻尼控制、虚拟阻尼控制,机组输出功率与低速轴扭角平均值保持一致,功率标准差分别增加17.6%、33.3%,低速轴扭角标准差分别降低26.7%、38.9%,即KF-PID在减缓低速轴扭振的同时会增加机组输出功率波动。为了更完整体现控制策略的优劣性,有必要对机组20年生命周期内的功率与载荷进行对比分析。
机组的等效疲劳载荷计算通过雨流计数法来统计,其中应力与循环次数曲线(S-N曲线)会涉及到材料的反斜率值,传动链部件的反斜率值取为4。机组20年生命周期内仿真工况参数见表4。20年寿命期内1×107次循环下传动链低速轴、高速轴处的等效疲劳载荷如图11图14表5所示。
图11图14表5可以看出:在风电机组20年生命周期内,KF-PID控制相较无阻尼控制、虚拟阻尼控制,低速轴转矩等效疲劳载荷分别降低4.89%、2.11%;高速轴转矩等效疲劳载荷分别降低4.78%、1.99%。
对不同控制策略下模型机组20年生命周期内发电量进行评估,结果如图15所示。由图15可以得出,KF-PID控制相较于虚拟阻尼控制、无阻尼控制机组总体发电量分别降低200、700 kW·h,这部分发电量损失在机组20年的生命周期内基本可以忽略不计。
本文在7.0 MW双馈型风电机组模型基础上,提供了适用于变桨控制的PI控制参数,并针对低速轴扭转速度无法测量的问题,利用卡尔曼滤波进行了估计,基于卡尔曼滤波估计得到的低速轴扭振速度设计了反馈控制转矩纹波以减缓传动链的扭转振动。
1)卡尔曼滤波估计的传动链扭振速度与传动链实际扭振速度高度贴合,相关性R2可达0.99。
2)根据传动链动力学方程分析了不同输入下低速轴扭角的幅相特性,发现电磁转矩相较于气动转矩,更容易激发传动链扭振。
3)在20年生命周期内,基于卡尔曼滤波的传动链扭振反馈控制器的作用下,低速轴扭矩等效疲劳载荷比虚拟阻尼控制低2.11%,比无阻尼控制低4.89%;高速轴扭矩等效疲劳载荷比虚拟阻尼控制低1.99%,比无阻尼控制低4.78%;总体发电量比虚拟阻尼控制降低200 kW·h,比无阻尼控制降低700 kW·h,但该部分发电量损失在机组20年的生命周期内可忽略。
该研究结果为大兆瓦双馈型风力发电机组传动链的扭振抑制提供了新的控制思路,为大兆瓦风电机组的功率与载荷协同控制提供了数据支撑。
  • 西安热工研究院有限公司科技项目(TQ-22-TYK27)
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202308138
  • 接收时间:2023-08-10
  • 首发时间:2025-12-31
  • 出版时间:2024-03-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-08-10
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Science and Technology Project of Xi’an Thermal Power Research Institute Co., Ltd.(TQ-22-TYK27)
西安热工研究院有限公司科技项目(TQ-22-TYK27)
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    西安热工研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710054

通讯作者:

张瑞刚(1982),男,硕士,正高级工程师,主要研究方向为风电机组功率与载荷协同控制技术,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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