Article(id=1213164439013081766, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1213164438232941220, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202310159, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1696780800000, receivedDateStr=2023-10-09, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1767170541766, onlineDateStr=2025-12-31, pubDate=1711296000000, pubDateStr=2024-03-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1767170541766, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-31, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1767170541766, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767170541766, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1213164438232941220, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2024', volume='53', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='182', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1767170541580, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767775374880, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1215701293012796069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1213164438232941220, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1215701293012796070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1213164438232941220, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=74, endPage=80, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1213164440149738166, articleId=1213164439013081766, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Organic amines application research in secondary cycle of nuclear power plant, columnId=1213164439017276071, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Special topic on new energy power generation technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to ensure safe operation of secondary cycle and reliability of steam generator, it is of great significance to reduce corrosion of equipment & piping of the cycle in nuclear power plant. With the deepening research on organic amines and the continuous accumulation of operation experience, the industry realized that the metal corrosion in the cycle during plant operation depends mainly on the pH at the operating temperature of locations of the cycle, i.e. pHt. To improve pHt at the locations of the cycle, performance characteristics of the main organic amines and their combinations are analyzed in this paper. Combined with the application experience and actual effects of organic amines at home and abroad, the application strategy of the main organic amines and their combinations are discussed and proposed, and the improvement suggestions are put forward with regard to current amine application status of the secondary cycle in China. Selections of amine or its combination should calculate the pHt at various locations to meet anti-corrosion requirements and evaluate effects on service life of resin beds in the system. Ethanolamine with stronger basicity and low volatility is suitably used in plant in which corrosion product is mainly from drain systems and condensate polishers are in continuous operation. 3-methoxyypropyl with strong basicity and moderate volatility can be used in most plants. Morpholine with weaker basicity and moderate volatility is suitably used in plants in which polishers are not in continuous operations. Dimethylamine and ammonia are suitably used with other amines because of their high volatility. Amine mixture application appears advantages on aspects of the anti-corrosion and service life of the resin beds.

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降低核电厂二回路系统设备管道腐蚀和减少腐蚀产物进入蒸汽发生器,对维持二回路安全运行和蒸汽发生器可靠性具有重要意义。运行核电厂二回路设备管道的金属腐蚀程度主要取决于其所在部位运行温度下的pH值即pHt值,以提高二回路系统所有部位pHt值为目标,分析主要有机胺吗啉、乙醇胺、3-甲氧基丙胺、二甲胺等及其组合的性能特征,并结合这些有机胺的应用经验,探讨了主要有机胺及其组合的应用原则。对目前国内二回路有机胺的应用现状提出了改进建议:选择有机胺或其组合时应计算二回路各部位的pHt值是否满足设备管道防腐要求,同时评估对系统树脂床运行时间的影响;碱性较强挥发性低的乙醇胺适用于二回路腐蚀产物主要来自高温疏水且凝结水精处理需要连续运行的电厂,3-甲氧基丙胺则因其碱性强挥发性适中使用范围较为广泛,吗啉因碱性较弱挥发性适中适用于凝结水精处理非连续运行的电厂,二甲胺和氨因其挥发性高适合和其他碱化剂组合使用,碱化剂组合使用可以在设备管道防腐和树脂床运行周期方面体现出更多的优势。

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卢叶艇(1979),男,研究员级高级工程师,主要研究方向为核电厂化学控制技术,
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游兆金(1964),男,研究员级高级工程师,主要研究方向为核电厂化学控制技术,

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游兆金(1964),男,研究员级高级工程师,主要研究方向为核电厂化学控制技术,

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游兆金(1964),男,研究员级高级工程师,主要研究方向为核电厂化学控制技术,

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Turbine Technology, 2007, 49(14): 264-265., articleTitle=Application of magnetic fence filter in nuclear condenser, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1213164442611794648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213164439013081766, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1213164442620183257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213164439013081766, companyId=1213164442611794648, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=CNNP Nuclear Power Operations Management Co, Ltd, Jiaxing 314300, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1213164442628571866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213164439013081766, companyId=1213164442611794648, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=中核核电运行管理有限公司,浙江 嘉兴 314300)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1213164444557951818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213164439013081766, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Change of iron solubility with pHt at 250 ℃, figureFileSmall=PkeGuA1MvXF4JEwvrhZQAA==, figureFileBig=bm5ueg7GD5MtGGkBROxuGA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1213164444650226512, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213164439013081766, language=CN, label=图1, caption=250 ℃铁溶解度与pHt值关系, figureFileSmall=PkeGuA1MvXF4JEwvrhZQAA==, figureFileBig=bm5ueg7GD5MtGGkBROxuGA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1213164444868330329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213164439013081766, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=The ΔpHt at various high temperature locations of the secondary circuit, figureFileSmall=6fhddu7zYqt3Utd6Glw0fQ==, figureFileBig=y8XwSIXT8EEMLTJ1U/9eLg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1213164444935439199, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213164439013081766, language=CN, label=图2, caption=二回路各高温部位的ΔpHt比较, figureFileSmall=6fhddu7zYqt3Utd6Glw0fQ==, figureFileBig=y8XwSIXT8EEMLTJ1U/9eLg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1213164445002548068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213164439013081766, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=The amount of dry sludge flushed by SG in three modes, figureFileSmall=kLPDWwVUeZSxAT33YPJCbw==, figureFileBig=s4OdI5kglu6yA171Cm9rVw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1213164445065462632, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213164439013081766, language=CN, label=图3, caption=3种模式下机组SG冲洗出来干泥渣量情况, figureFileSmall=kLPDWwVUeZSxAT33YPJCbw==, figureFileBig=s4OdI5kglu6yA171Cm9rVw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1213164445166125930, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213164439013081766, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=The amount of corrosion products adsorbed by magnetic grids in three modes, figureFileSmall=Z7Y4MbwKxZ5kVOXGOwFb0A==, figureFileBig=O5qmq9GbgE6LaDZm1Wgc+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1213164445233234801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213164439013081766, language=CN, label=图4, caption=3种模式下磁栅吸附腐蚀产物量比较, figureFileSmall=Z7Y4MbwKxZ5kVOXGOwFb0A==, figureFileBig=O5qmq9GbgE6LaDZm1Wgc+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1213164445333898104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213164439013081766, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

The pKb of organic amines and ammonia at secondary circuit temperature

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
氨/有机胺pKb
25 ℃150 ℃300 ℃
ETA4.54.86.4
MPA4.14.54.6
DMA3.23.65.4
Morph5.55.36.5
4.85.26.7
), ArticleFig(id=1213164445434561406, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213164439013081766, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

有机胺和氨在二回路温度下的pKb

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
氨/有机胺pKb
25 ℃150 ℃300 ℃
ETA4.54.86.4
MPA4.14.54.6
DMA3.23.65.4
Morph5.55.36.5
4.85.26.7
), ArticleFig(id=1213164446701241233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213164439013081766, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

The Kd of organic amines and ammonia at secondary circuit temperature

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
氨/有机胺10 mg/kg溶液不同有机胺的Kd
25 ℃150 ℃300 ℃
ETA0.010.260.66
MPA0.310.981.57
DMA3.035.526.94
Morph0.120.781.28
30.009.553.31
), ArticleFig(id=1213164446776738709, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213164439013081766, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

有机胺和氨在二回路温度下的Kd

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
氨/有机胺10 mg/kg溶液不同有机胺的Kd
25 ℃150 ℃300 ℃
ETA0.010.260.66
MPA0.310.981.57
DMA3.035.526.94
Morph0.120.781.28
30.009.553.31
), ArticleFig(id=1213164446881596321, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213164439013081766, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Load coefficients of resin bed in precision treatment system under various organic amine working conditions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
氨或有机胺给水中氨或有机胺质量分数/(mg·kg–1)凝结水中氨或有机胺质量分数/(mg·kg–1)树脂床负荷系数
15.016.851.0
Morph14.013.88.2
MPA7.07.14.2
ETA2.01.21.0
), ArticleFig(id=1213164446994842537, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213164439013081766, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

精处理系统树脂床在各种有机胺工况下的负荷系数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
氨或有机胺给水中氨或有机胺质量分数/(mg·kg–1)凝结水中氨或有机胺质量分数/(mg·kg–1)树脂床负荷系数
15.016.851.0
Morph14.013.88.2
MPA7.07.14.2
ETA2.01.21.0
), ArticleFig(id=1213164447082922931, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213164439013081766, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Load coefficients of SG sewage purification bed under various organic amine and ammonia operating conditions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
氨或有机胺给水中氨或
有机胺质量分数/(mg·kg–1)
排污水中氨或
有机胺质量分数/(mg·kg–1)
净化床相对
负荷系数
15.004.315.2
Morph14.0011.302.7
MPA7.004.411.0
ETA2.004.621.5
), ArticleFig(id=1213164447187780538, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213164439013081766, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

SG排污净化床在各种有机胺和氨工况下的负荷系数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
氨或有机胺给水中氨或
有机胺质量分数/(mg·kg–1)
排污水中氨或
有机胺质量分数/(mg·kg–1)
净化床相对
负荷系数
15.004.315.2
Morph14.0011.302.7
MPA7.004.411.0
ETA2.004.621.5
), ArticleFig(id=1213164447275860929, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213164439013081766, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Relative selectivity coefficient KNaa,Amine for sodium to organic amine and ammonia

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
树脂类型MorphETAMPA
10%DVB凝胶树脂0.531.201.001.90
20%DVB大孔树脂0.2711.303.2045.50
), ArticleFig(id=1213164447372329929, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213164439013081766, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

钠对有机胺和氨的相对选择性系数KNaa,Amine

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
树脂类型MorphETAMPA
10%DVB凝胶树脂0.531.201.001.90
20%DVB大孔树脂0.2711.303.2045.50
), ArticleFig(id=1213164447468798928, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213164439013081766, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

The applicability of organic amines/ammonia when the pH value of feedwater (25 ℃) is 9.5

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
有机胺或氨给水中有机胺或氨质量分数/(mg·kg–1)pHt值(给水)pHt值(MS疏水)pHt值(凝结水)精处理树脂床匹配性排污净化床匹配性
1.56.146.199.10中等中等
ETA3.96.226.928.93
Morph31.06.476.839.12中等
MPA4.06.146.569.08
DMA1.56.466.229.12中等
), ArticleFig(id=1213164447573656532, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213164439013081766, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

给水pH值(25 ℃)为9.5时有机胺/氨适用性比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
有机胺或氨给水中有机胺或氨质量分数/(mg·kg–1)pHt值(给水)pHt值(MS疏水)pHt值(凝结水)精处理树脂床匹配性排污净化床匹配性
1.56.146.199.10中等中等
ETA3.96.226.928.93
Morph31.06.476.839.12中等
MPA4.06.146.569.08
DMA1.56.466.229.12中等
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核电厂二回路系统有机胺应用研究
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游兆金 , 沈亚芳 , 卢叶艇
热力发电 | 新能源发电技术专题 2024,53(3): 74-80
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热力发电 | 新能源发电技术专题 2024, 53(3): 74-80
核电厂二回路系统有机胺应用研究
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游兆金 , 沈亚芳, 卢叶艇
作者信息
  • 中核核电运行管理有限公司,浙江 嘉兴 314300
  • 游兆金(1964),男,研究员级高级工程师,主要研究方向为核电厂化学控制技术,

通讯作者:

卢叶艇(1979),男,研究员级高级工程师,主要研究方向为核电厂化学控制技术,
Organic amines application research in secondary cycle of nuclear power plant
Zhaojin YOU , Yafang SHEN, Yeting LU
Affiliations
  • CNNP Nuclear Power Operations Management Co, Ltd, Jiaxing 314300, China
出版时间: 2024-03-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202310159
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降低核电厂二回路系统设备管道腐蚀和减少腐蚀产物进入蒸汽发生器,对维持二回路安全运行和蒸汽发生器可靠性具有重要意义。运行核电厂二回路设备管道的金属腐蚀程度主要取决于其所在部位运行温度下的pH值即pHt值,以提高二回路系统所有部位pHt值为目标,分析主要有机胺吗啉、乙醇胺、3-甲氧基丙胺、二甲胺等及其组合的性能特征,并结合这些有机胺的应用经验,探讨了主要有机胺及其组合的应用原则。对目前国内二回路有机胺的应用现状提出了改进建议:选择有机胺或其组合时应计算二回路各部位的pHt值是否满足设备管道防腐要求,同时评估对系统树脂床运行时间的影响;碱性较强挥发性低的乙醇胺适用于二回路腐蚀产物主要来自高温疏水且凝结水精处理需要连续运行的电厂,3-甲氧基丙胺则因其碱性强挥发性适中使用范围较为广泛,吗啉因碱性较弱挥发性适中适用于凝结水精处理非连续运行的电厂,二甲胺和氨因其挥发性高适合和其他碱化剂组合使用,碱化剂组合使用可以在设备管道防腐和树脂床运行周期方面体现出更多的优势。

有机胺  /  沉积物  /  流动加速腐蚀  /  pHt值  /  树脂

In order to ensure safe operation of secondary cycle and reliability of steam generator, it is of great significance to reduce corrosion of equipment & piping of the cycle in nuclear power plant. With the deepening research on organic amines and the continuous accumulation of operation experience, the industry realized that the metal corrosion in the cycle during plant operation depends mainly on the pH at the operating temperature of locations of the cycle, i.e. pHt. To improve pHt at the locations of the cycle, performance characteristics of the main organic amines and their combinations are analyzed in this paper. Combined with the application experience and actual effects of organic amines at home and abroad, the application strategy of the main organic amines and their combinations are discussed and proposed, and the improvement suggestions are put forward with regard to current amine application status of the secondary cycle in China. Selections of amine or its combination should calculate the pHt at various locations to meet anti-corrosion requirements and evaluate effects on service life of resin beds in the system. Ethanolamine with stronger basicity and low volatility is suitably used in plant in which corrosion product is mainly from drain systems and condensate polishers are in continuous operation. 3-methoxyypropyl with strong basicity and moderate volatility can be used in most plants. Morpholine with weaker basicity and moderate volatility is suitably used in plants in which polishers are not in continuous operations. Dimethylamine and ammonia are suitably used with other amines because of their high volatility. Amine mixture application appears advantages on aspects of the anti-corrosion and service life of the resin beds.

organic amines  /  sediment  /  flow accelerated corrosion  /  pHt value  /  resin
游兆金, 沈亚芳, 卢叶艇. 核电厂二回路系统有机胺应用研究. 热力发电, 2024 , 53 (3) : 74 -80 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202310159
Zhaojin YOU, Yafang SHEN, Yeting LU. Organic amines application research in secondary cycle of nuclear power plant[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2024 , 53 (3) : 74 -80 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202310159
蒸汽发生器(SG)是核电厂的关键设备之一,其完整性直接关系到核电厂运行的安全性和经济性。统计表明,核电厂80%以上的SG传热管破损是由沉积物下腐蚀造成的。二回路设备管道均匀腐蚀和流体加速腐蚀(flow accelerated corrosion,FAC)的产物进入SG会在其缝隙和管板等滞留区形成沉积物,还会使得支撑板与传热管间通道堵塞,同时造成传热管表面积污[1]。这些情况不仅会引发沉积物下腐蚀,还会造成核电厂出力下降。为此,必须降低二回路设备管道的腐蚀以减少腐蚀产物进入SG,达到防止或缓解沉积物在SG内积累而引发的各种问题。
研究表明[2-4],运行核电厂二回路系统金属腐蚀主要取决于其所在部位运行温度下的碱度即pH值(简称pHt值),在选择碱化剂时应予以充分考虑[3]。本文以提高二回路各部位pHt值为目标,分析主要有机胺的性能特征,结合国内外有机胺的应用经验,探讨主要有机胺及其组合的应用原则,并对目前国内二回路的应用现状提出了改进建议。
二回路腐蚀主要包含均匀腐蚀和FAC,二者与管道材质、介质流速、温度、介质杂质含量以及pH值等有关[4-12]。但是对于运行核电厂,二回路系统金属腐蚀主要取决于系统各部位接触介质的pHt值。
研究表明[4],二回路系统碳钢均匀腐蚀与铁的溶解度直接相关。在给水温度250 ℃时pHt值为6.6~7.4,铁溶解度较低,具体如图1所示。均匀腐蚀的pHt值应控制在6.6~7.4。
根据核电厂运行经验,二回路热力系统汽水分离器(MS)等疏水部位FAC较严重。MS疏水温度在198 ℃时,FAC速率随pHt值升高急剧下降,pHt值从5.3到7.3,FAC速率下降近6倍,在pHt值升高到6.6以后,FAC速率较小[13]。可见,即使pHt值的差异仅0.1也能带来FAC速率的显著变化。
二回路运行温度下,为降低主要材料碳钢在给水和MS疏水等高温部位的均匀腐蚀和FAC,其pHt值应在6.6以上(即接近或大于相应温度下中性水pHt值1.0个单位以上)。该要求已成为CANDU Energy[14]、Framatome(AREVA)[15]和美国电力科学研究院(Electric Power Research Institute,EPRI)等机构选用碱化剂的主要原则。
目前,国内核电厂化学技术规范中规定的给水pH值(25 ℃)一般要求9.5以上,在选用碱化剂时也常用25 ℃时各部位pH值来衡量,但使用该指标评价会因胺特性不同造成腐蚀控制的较大偏差。对比给水pH值(25 ℃)为9.5时各代表性部位的pHt值发现,目前化学技术规范中给水pH值(25 ℃)指标不能准确反映系统各部位的碱性强弱环境。
目前,国内外应用的有机胺包括吗啉(简称Morph)、乙醇胺(简称ETA)、3-甲氧基丙胺(简称MPA)和二甲胺(简称DMA)等[4,16],其在溶液里的离解度和质量分数共同决定了溶液的碱性强弱。离解度的负对数(简称pKb)表示胺的碱性强弱,数值越小碱性越强。表1显示了有机胺和氨在二回路温度下的碱性强度。
表1可见,DMA和MPA在各种温度下碱性相对较强,其他2种有机胺和氨则碱性较弱。
二回路介质在很多部位存在汽液两相,有机胺的挥发性是决定不同部位液相pHt值强弱的另一重要因素。有机胺在汽液两相中的分配系数(Kd)反映了有机胺挥发性的大小[4,17]。汽相和液相分布均匀的有机胺Kd接近1,有利于汽液两相介质达到特定温度下的pHt值。表2为有机胺和氨在核电厂二回路温度下的Kd。由表2可见,Morph和MPA的Kd相对较佳。ETA则由于挥发性低,将使MS疏水的pHt值降低,这将造成后续凝结水pHt值偏低,氨水则与此刚好相反。
在选择何种有机胺以及确定有机胺使用质量分数时,还应评估其对凝结水精处理系统树脂床运行时间的影响[18]。以有机胺质量分数达到MS疏水ΔpHt值为1且树脂床以H/OH模式运行来计算,相关有机胺质量分数对精处理系统树脂床负荷系数的影响见表3
表3可见,在满足MS疏水系统防腐效果较佳的前提下,氨对树脂床运行时间影响远大于其他碱化剂,MPA和ETA则是较好的选择。此时,单独使用ETA,凝结水pH值(25 ℃)约为9.1,会使凝结水系统碳钢腐蚀增大。
很多压水堆设计有排污水回收处理净化床,需要评估对其运行时间的影响。同样,以MS疏水ΔpHt值为1且排污净化床以H/OH模式运行,计算各种有机胺对排污净化床负荷的影响,结果见表4
表4可见,同样氨对排污净化床运行时间影响最大,MPA和ETA则是较好的选择。如果要采用氨作为碱化剂,那只能以降低金属的防腐效果为代价来维持排污净化床运行时间。
由于排污净化床出口水质远低于精处理系统树脂床出水要求,因此排污净化床可以胺化运行,如将其出水钠质量分数控制在0.5 μg/kg。胺化运行时,出水钠的水平与钠对有机胺的选择性系数密切相关,选择性系数大会延长树脂运行时间。表5给出了有机胺和氨采用不同树脂时的选择性系数KNaa,Amine
表5可见,单独采用Morph和MPA胺化运行时,在相同出水钠离子水平下,排污净化床的运行时间最久,ETA胺化运行次之,氨化运行周期最短。法国电厂在将水化学模式从“6.0 mg/kg Morph+ 1.5 mg/kg氨”改为“4.0 mg/kg ETA+1.5 mg/kg氨”后[1],排污净化床的运行时间缩短了1/3。
根据上述有机胺的物理化学性能,以目前国内核电厂普遍要求给水pH值(25 ℃)9.5为基准,对二回路无铜系统的适用性比较,结果见表6表6给水pH值(25 ℃)为9.5时有机胺/氨适用性比较。
表6可见,对于上述有机胺或氨,没有一种能够完全满足二回路各部位防腐和树脂床的匹配性要求。由于MPA和精处理系统树脂床/排污净化床的相容性较好,碱性也较强,因此将MPA质量分数提高后,采用单独的MPA处理可以满足要求;类似地,选择较高质量分数的单独ETA处理也可行,但此时排污水净化床可运行性差;对于没有设计精处理系统或精处理系统平时不运行的电厂,单独Morph处理是不错的选择;DMA虽然碱性强,但汽液分配系数大(与氨类似),其在高温疏水中的pHt值较低,因此适合与其他胺配合使用。ETA和Morph虽然和非再生式的排污净化床匹配性不好,但随着国内越来越多电厂增设或改造排污净化床为可再生式,这种匹配性正在好转。
鉴于采用单独有机胺不能满足各种要求,目前往往采用2种或多种有机胺/氨组合处理。
20世纪70年代末以来,发现有机胺Morph对二回路热力系统的防腐效果远优于氨,美国、加拿大和法国等核电厂开始采用Morph作为碱化剂来代替氨。
20世纪80年代末以来,美国评估筛选了近百种有机胺,经实验室实验后选择其中约10种进行电厂试验。经过在不同核电厂近30年的现场试验和组合以及质量分数优化,ETA、Morph、MPA或DMA等在内的4种有机胺或组合得到了较广泛的应用。衡量电厂二回路总体腐蚀水平的给水总铁含量中值(通过滤膜过滤累积采样)从20世纪90年代初的5.00 μg/L降至目前0.75 μg/L的水平。截至2022年,北美75台在运压水堆和重水堆机组中,单独使用ETA有30台,单独使用Morph有21台,单独使用MPA有6台,ETA+MPA处理6台,ETA+DMA处理和ETA+氨处理均为3台,其他Morph+DMA、MPA+DMA和ETA+DMA+氨均为2台。ETA对精处理系统树脂床负担较小,这可能是美国电厂大多采用ETA的原因。加拿大核电厂没有精处理系统,采用较高质量分数的Morph处理(约15 mg/kg),可使给水总铁质量浓度保持在较低(约0.6 μg/L)水平。
2011年以来,法国大多数电厂已从Morph/氨(6.0 mg/kg Morph+1.5 mg/kg氨)处理转为ETA/氨(4.0 mg/kg ETA+1.5 mg/kg氨)处理,除6台机组外,到2023年计划所有电厂均要转为这种ETA/氨处理。转成ETA/氨处理后,SG排污水净化床运行周期下降了1/3,给水中总铁质量浓度整体仍然维持原来水平[1](均值从7 μg/L降到5 μg/L,中值从1 μg/L升至2 μg/L)。分析原因可能是,MS等疏水中的腐蚀产物不是二回路给水中铁的主要组成。
目前,国内对有机胺特别是ETA的研究较多,且已在秦山等多个核电厂得到应用[12-24],但相对于国内现有核电机组数量而言应用占比仍然偏小,且应用水平仍然偏低。与国外相比,主要表现为给水ETA质量分数较低,给水总铁质量分数较高。这主要是受化学技术规范中SG排污水pH值(25 ℃)小于9.8要求的限制。对此,法国核电厂已将该值提到9.9,这相当于给水ETA质量分数7 mg/kg的水平。对于M310机组,《化学和放射化学技术规范》中对给水ETA质量分数有要求,但其为非运行技术规范(OTS)参数,随着技术规格书转为中系,该参数将由电厂自主确定,各电厂应尽快做好准备进行修改。如果排污水中因ETA质量分数太高导致阳离子电导率较大,应在确定碱化剂后对阳离子电导率进行评估,然后在化学控制时予以扣除。
目前,国内二回路水工况主要有单独氨处理、单独ETA处理、ETA+氨处理和Morph+氨处理4种模式。其中,采用单独氨处理模式的机组占比最大,仍超过50%。下面以几个典型应用案例,结合有机胺特性来分析各种模式的优缺点,并提出相应改进建议。
图2给出了国内各种处理模式下高温部位的pHt值。由图2可见,单独使用氨水处理的A电厂高温疏水部位的ΔpHt值均达不到接近或大于1要求,给水总铁质量分数处于较高水平(2~5 μg/kg)。
表3表4可见,对于精处理系统树脂床连续运行的电厂,无法通过只提高氨水质量分数达到二回路高温疏水部分良好的防腐效果。为达到二回路各部位ΔpHt接近或大于1的要求,建议采用以下方案。
1)针对只在启动和凝汽器泄漏时使用精处理系统的电厂,可以改用高质量分数Morph处理或者ETA+氨处理。给水吗啉质量分数宜保持20~30 mg/kg;ETA质量分数以不超过SG排污水pH值(25 ℃)9.9为准,即控制给水ETA质量分数4~6 mg/kg和氨质量分数1~3 mg/kg。短时间使用凝结水精处理系统时,碱化剂质量分数可以降低到指标下限运行,以延长精处理系统树脂床的运行周期。
2)针对精处理系统需要长时间投运的电厂,如果SG腐蚀产物主要来自MS和高加等高温疏水,可单独采用ETA处理,给水ETA质量分数控制在4~8 mg/kg;如果SG腐蚀产物均匀来自MS疏水、高加疏水和凝结水等,则给水ETA质量分数应控制为3~5 mg/kg,同时给水氨质量分数在1~3 mg/kg。鉴于DMA和MPA在高温下碱性较强,且对树脂床运行时间的影响远比氨小,采用单独MPA处理、ETA+MPA或ETA+DMA处理3种方式都能很好地将各部位ΔpHt维持在1.0个单位以上。
图2中单独使用ETA[16-18]作为碱化剂的B电厂,SG排污水直接回收到凝汽器,因此精处理系统需要连续运行。从图2可以看出:单独ETA处理的二回路ΔpHt值比单独使用氨水的电厂好,特别是MS和高加疏水等改善很多;但给水和凝结水的pH值还较低。这从凝汽器热井收集到的较多腐蚀产物也可以得到证明。对于该类电厂,建议进一步提高给水ETA质量分数到4.0~8.0 mg/kg;或者,如果给水中总铁产物大部分来自凝结水,则可考虑添加适量的MPA或DMA组合处理,以使ΔpHt值达到要求。
图2中使用ETA+氨处理模式的C电厂[21-22]给水ETA和氨质量分数均控制在2.0 mg/kg左右,给水系统pHt值较低,给水总铁质量分数为1.5~3.5 μg/kg。这类电厂应将给水ETA质量分数进一步提高到3.0~6.0 mg/kg,或者将氨改为MPA或DMA以提高pHt值,从而进一步减少腐蚀。
图2中使用Morph+氨处理的D电厂[13,23-24]给水Morph质量分数控制在约20 mg/kg,氨质量分数控制在约3 mg/kg。经计算,该电厂二回路各部位的ΔpHt值都大于1.0个单位,给水总铁质量分数均值约0.3 μg/kg,处于国际领先水平。为进一步缓解传热管表面积污[25],可考虑再添加DMA。
上述电厂3种模式下大修期间从SG冲洗出来的干泥渣量如图3所示。结构相同的凝汽器热井内部磁栅吸附腐蚀产物量如图4所示[26]。对比图2图4可见,ΔpHt值越高防腐效果越佳,如ΔpHt值大于1.0,则二回路金属整体防腐效果更优。
根据电厂二回路材料和树脂床配置情况,结合有机胺特性可根据以下原则确定最佳有机胺及其质量分数或组合。
1)在确定采用何种有机胺或其组合及控制质量分数后,应计算在该有机胺及其质量分数下二回路各部位的ΔpHt值是否大于1.0个单位,以评估对各部位设备管道腐蚀的影响。同时,评估在该质量分数下对精处理系统树脂床和排污净化床运行时间的影响。
2)对于运行电厂,在选择何种有机胺之前,应分析给水中腐蚀产物总铁来源组成。如果给水总铁大部分来自MS疏水和高加疏水等,应采用低挥发性有机胺,如ETA处理;如果MS疏水和凝结水都是给水中腐蚀产物的重要来源,应采用有机胺组合处理的方式如ETA+MPA组合,也可采用兼具挥发性适中和碱性较强的单独有机胺处理,如较高质量分数的MPA或吗啉处理。
3)对于运行期间凝结水精处理系统采用连续全流量或部分流量处理的电厂,应采用挥发性低的有机胺,如单独ETA处理,或碱性强、性能全面的有机胺,如单独MPA处理,或者是这些有机碱的组合处理方式。对于没有设置凝结水精处理系统或机组正常运行期间凝结水精处理系统不投运的电厂,可采用单独Morph处理等。
4)对于采用非再生式排污净化床运行的电厂,应采用碱性较强、分配性适中的单独MPA处理。采用单独的低挥发性ETA会阻碍其达到最佳防腐效果的质量分数或产生较多的废树脂,可将此类排污净化床改为可再生式,或降低目前国内电厂SG的高排污率。
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202310159
  • 接收时间:2023-10-09
  • 首发时间:2025-12-31
  • 出版时间:2024-03-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-10-09
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    中核核电运行管理有限公司,浙江 嘉兴 314300

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卢叶艇(1979),男,研究员级高级工程师,主要研究方向为核电厂化学控制技术,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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