Article(id=1213164438786589348, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1213164438232941220, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202309149, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1694275200000, receivedDateStr=2023-09-10, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1767170541712, onlineDateStr=2025-12-31, pubDate=1711296000000, pubDateStr=2024-03-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1767170541712, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-31, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1767170541712, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767170541712, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1213164438232941220, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2024', volume='53', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='182', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1767170541580, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767775374880, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1215701293012796069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1213164438232941220, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1215701293012796070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1213164438232941220, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1, endPage=13, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1213164439096967848, articleId=1213164438786589348, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Drying kinetics of sewage sludge and simulation of its co-generation system with biomass co-gasification, columnId=1213164439017276071, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Special topic on new energy power generation technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The efficient drying pre-treatment and gasification resource utilization of sewage sludge is one of the important ways to realize green and sustainable city development. Firstly, the thermogravimetric reactor was used to study the drying kinetics of sludge. Then, the influence of high temperature-low speed flue gas and low temperature-high speed flue gas on the sludge drying process was clarified based on Fluent numerical simulation. Finally, a new type of sludge and biomass co-gasification co-generation system was established by Aspen Plus, and the thermodynamic performance of the system was discussed. The results show that, the drying process of sludge in thermogravimetric reactor can be divided into the ascending stage, the first decreasing stage and the second decreasing stage, and the decreasing stage is the main stage. The water diffusion coefficients of SW-60 and SW-80 ranged from 6.34×10–6 to 3.72×10–5 m2/s and 3.69×10–5 to 2.60×10–4 m2/s, respectively. The drying activation energy of SW-60 and SW-80 was 9.55 kJ/mol and 28.25 kJ/mol, respectively, with the increase of initial moisture content. In the drying bed, the drying efficiency of high temperature-low speed flue gas is about 2.67 times that of low temperature-high speed flue gas. In the co-generation system, as the biomass blending ratio increases, the input heat, air flow, low heating value of syngas, yield of syngas and potential of co-generation all increase. However, the electrical efficiency, thermal efficiency and system efficiency will decrease slowly. When the biomass blending ratio is 20%, the blend of 30% moisture dry sludge and biomass can produce electrical energy potential and thermal energy potential of 0.61 kW·h and 4.212 MJ per kg, respectively.

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对城市污泥进行高效干燥预处理及气化资源化利用是实现城市绿色可持续发展的重要途径之一。首先,利用热重反应器研究了污泥的干燥动力学特性;其次,基于Fluent数值模拟软件明晰了高温低速烟气和低温高速烟气对污泥干燥过程的影响;最后通过Aspen Plus构建了新型的污泥与生物质共气化热电联产系统,并讨论了系统的热力性能。结果表明:污泥在热重反应器中的干燥过程分为升速阶段、第一降速阶段和第二降速阶段,以降速阶段为主;SW-60、SW-80的水分扩散系数范围分别为6.34×10–6~3.72×10–5 m2/s和3.69×10–5~2.60×10–4 m2/s;初始含水率的提高会增加污泥干燥活化能,SW-60、SW-80的干燥活化能分别为9.55 kJ/mol和28.25 kJ/mol;干燥床中高温低速烟气的干燥效率大约为低温高速烟气的2.67倍;在热电联产系统中,随着生物质掺混比例的增加,输入热量、空气流量、合成气低位热值、合成气产率和热电联产潜力均随之增加,然而电效率、热效率和系统效率会缓慢下降;当生物质掺混质量比为20%时,每千克30%含水率干污泥与生物质的共混物可以产生电能与热能潜力分别为0.61 kW·h和4.212 MJ。

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张世红(1966),男,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要研究方向为固废处理与污染物控制,
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任少辉(1988),男,博士研究生,高级工程师,高级经济师,主要研究方向为有机固废处理及资源化利用,

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任少辉(1988),男,博士研究生,高级工程师,高级经济师,主要研究方向为有机固废处理及资源化利用,

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Thermodynamic simulation and analysis of biomass gasification cogeneration system[J]. 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journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213164438786589348, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Effect of high temperature - low speed flue gas on sewage sludge drying process, figureFileSmall=G0Dxf6ftrMlF+LAq8IOyKw==, figureFileBig=Pn1gX+8KivsRfIKvqXyPoA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1213164447376524235, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213164438786589348, language=CN, label=图7, caption=高温低速烟气对污泥干燥过程影响, figureFileSmall=G0Dxf6ftrMlF+LAq8IOyKw==, figureFileBig=Pn1gX+8KivsRfIKvqXyPoA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1213164447472993236, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213164438786589348, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Effect of low temperature-high speed flue gas on sewage sludge drying process, figureFileSmall=yc8qiLKj5G9Ior5uPiS4tQ==, figureFileBig=SlXZ0kxTvhQmd3RmFc6b7A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1213164447573656535, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, 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value of syngas, yield of syngas and potential of co-generation, figureFileSmall=BqxB9GV1yAmd7t3S/ICJPQ==, figureFileBig=Vh/SUUfN8iCn4TFxHGekbQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1213164447972115441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213164438786589348, language=CN, label=图10, caption=生物质掺混质量比对合成气低位热值、合成气产率和热电联产潜力影响, figureFileSmall=BqxB9GV1yAmd7t3S/ICJPQ==, figureFileBig=Vh/SUUfN8iCn4TFxHGekbQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1213164448068584442, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213164438786589348, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Effect of biomass blending ratio on electrical efficiency, thermal efficiency and system efficiency, figureFileSmall=2wigKYPtGsymfYPlHMWQPg==, figureFileBig=Q5owxh4hj+HOYlg3bZ8WMw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1213164448148276224, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213164438786589348, language=CN, label=图11, caption=生物质掺混质量比对电效率、热效率和系统效率影响, figureFileSmall=2wigKYPtGsymfYPlHMWQPg==, figureFileBig=Q5owxh4hj+HOYlg3bZ8WMw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1213164448223772679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213164438786589348, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Proximate analysis, ultimate analysis, low heating value and organic matter content of sewage sludge samples

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污泥样品SW-60SW-80
工业分析wd/%A46.7250.17
V46.6348.34
FC6.631.47
元素分析wd/%C23.7323.86
H3.864.21
O19.7616.85
N3.923.96
S2.010.94
低位热值Qnet,ar/(MJ·kg–1)9.7810.51
有机质质量分数/%29.7041.20
), ArticleFig(id=1213164448307658765, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213164438786589348, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

污泥样品工业/元素分析、低位热值及有机质质量分数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
污泥样品SW-60SW-80
工业分析wd/%A46.7250.17
V46.6348.34
FC6.631.47
元素分析wd/%C23.7323.86
H3.864.21
O19.7616.85
N3.923.96
S2.010.94
低位热值Qnet,ar/(MJ·kg–1)9.7810.51
有机质质量分数/%29.7041.20
), ArticleFig(id=1213164448412516371, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213164438786589348, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Ash composition analysis and ash fusion temperature of sewage sludge samples

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
污泥样品SW-60SW-80
灰成分w/%Fe2O347.1342.96
SiO225.3528.98
Al2O38.707.66
P2O59.338.96
SO32.153.95
CaO1.322.27
TiO22.162.28
MnO0.680.07
ZnO0.240.11
Na2O0.330.45
MgO0.870.78
K2O1.240.98
灰熔点/℃DT1 0701 240
ST1 1001 260
HT1 1201 270
FT1 1401 280
), ArticleFig(id=1213164448517373978, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213164438786589348, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

污泥样品的灰成分和灰熔点

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
污泥样品SW-60SW-80
灰成分w/%Fe2O347.1342.96
SiO225.3528.98
Al2O38.707.66
P2O59.338.96
SO32.153.95
CaO1.322.27
TiO22.162.28
MnO0.680.07
ZnO0.240.11
Na2O0.330.45
MgO0.870.78
K2O1.240.98
灰熔点/℃DT1 0701 240
ST1 1001 260
HT1 1201 270
FT1 1401 280
), ArticleFig(id=1213164448618037280, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213164438786589348, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Size parameters of the drying bed

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数值
干燥床长度7 647
干燥床直径1 000
干燥床内壁面长度1 568
污泥入口直径200
流化风入口直径360
), ArticleFig(id=1213164448701923368, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213164438786589348, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

干燥床尺寸参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数值
干燥床长度7 647
干燥床直径1 000
干燥床内壁面长度1 568
污泥入口直径200
流化风入口直径360
), ArticleFig(id=1213164448827752498, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213164438786589348, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Proximate analysis, ultimate analysis and low heating value of the dewatered sewage sludge and biomass samples

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目干污泥生物质
工业分析wad/%M30.0015.00
A38.454.10
V29.5560.90
FC2.0020.00
元素分析wad/%C26.7849.30
H5.416.59
O23.5039.23
N4.210.65
S1.650.13
低位热值Qnet, ad/(MJ·kg–1)5.5415.84
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干污泥和生物质样品的工业分析、元素分析和低位热值

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项目干污泥生物质
工业分析wad/%M30.0015.00
A38.454.10
V29.5560.90
FC2.0020.00
元素分析wad/%C26.7849.30
H5.416.59
O23.5039.23
N4.210.65
S1.650.13
低位热值Qnet, ad/(MJ·kg–1)5.5415.84
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List of parameter settings in Aspen Plus simulation

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项目参数
污泥干燥单元湿污泥处理量:1.19 t/h
湿污泥含水率:80%
干污泥含水率:30%
气化与净化单元气化炉压力:1×105 Pa
空气当量比:0.25
碳转化率:90%
气化炉散热损失:2%
换热器出口温度:250 ℃
水洗塔温度:40 ℃
内燃机发电单元压缩机、燃烧室压力:1×105 Pa
等熵膨胀系数:0.90
等熵压缩系数:0.90
压缩机、涡轮机机械效率:90%
排气压力:1×105 Pa
空气化学计量比:3
排烟温度:80 ℃
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Aspen Plus模拟中的参数设置

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项目参数
污泥干燥单元湿污泥处理量:1.19 t/h
湿污泥含水率:80%
干污泥含水率:30%
气化与净化单元气化炉压力:1×105 Pa
空气当量比:0.25
碳转化率:90%
气化炉散热损失:2%
换热器出口温度:250 ℃
水洗塔温度:40 ℃
内燃机发电单元压缩机、燃烧室压力:1×105 Pa
等熵膨胀系数:0.90
等熵压缩系数:0.90
压缩机、涡轮机机械效率:90%
排气压力:1×105 Pa
空气化学计量比:3
排烟温度:80 ℃
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List of main flow thermodynamic parameters in the simulation of co-generation system

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流股温度/℃压力/(×105 Pa)气相分率摩尔流量/(kmol·h–1)质量流量/(kg·h–1)体积流量/(m3·h–1)
AIR25.001151.101 474.361 266.64
AIR125.0011613.2517 692.4015 199.70
CMPAIR358.26121613.2517 692.402 696.69
MIXFLOW687.2910.89134.073 164.3610 709.50
CMIXFLOW250.0010.89134.073 164.365 833.28
SYNGAS30.0011119.792 561.843 018.88
HSYNGGAS585.0811119.792 561.848 551.03
CMBSTGAS1 047.35121705.0220 254.206 468.52
EXTTGAS515.2711705.0220 254.2046 231.80
QUTIL80.0011705.0220 254.2020 697.00
), ArticleFig(id=1213164449444315234, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213164438786589348, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

热电联产系统模拟过程中的主要流股热力参数列表

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流股温度/℃压力/(×105 Pa)气相分率摩尔流量/(kmol·h–1)质量流量/(kg·h–1)体积流量/(m3·h–1)
AIR25.001151.101 474.361 266.64
AIR125.0011613.2517 692.4015 199.70
CMPAIR358.26121613.2517 692.402 696.69
MIXFLOW687.2910.89134.073 164.3610 709.50
CMIXFLOW250.0010.89134.073 164.365 833.28
SYNGAS30.0011119.792 561.843 018.88
HSYNGGAS585.0811119.792 561.848 551.03
CMBSTGAS1 047.35121705.0220 254.206 468.52
EXTTGAS515.2711705.0220 254.2046 231.80
QUTIL80.0011705.0220 254.2020 697.00
), ArticleFig(id=1213164449561755758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213164438786589348, language=EN, label=Tab.7, caption=

Performance evaluation and comparison of co-generation systems

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原料电效率/%热效率/%系统效率/%文献
榛子壳30.064.0[27]
木材30.039.069.0[27]
污泥25.647.876.7[25]
污泥20.7[28]
稻壳24.154.8[29]
稻壳20.771.0[29]
污泥掺烧20%生物质33.062.877.3本文
), ArticleFig(id=1213164449700167800, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213164438786589348, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

热电联产系统性能评价对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
原料电效率/%热效率/%系统效率/%文献
榛子壳30.064.0[27]
木材30.039.069.0[27]
污泥25.647.876.7[25]
污泥20.7[28]
稻壳24.154.8[29]
稻壳20.771.0[29]
污泥掺烧20%生物质33.062.877.3本文
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城市污泥干燥动力学特性及其与生物质共气化热电联产系统模拟
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任少辉 1 , 向家涛 1 , 张世红 1 , 郭鹏 2
热力发电 | 新能源发电技术专题 2024,53(3): 1-13
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热力发电 | 新能源发电技术专题 2024, 53(3): 1-13
城市污泥干燥动力学特性及其与生物质共气化热电联产系统模拟
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任少辉1 , 向家涛1, 张世红1 , 郭鹏2
作者信息
  • 1.华中科技大学能源与动力工程学院煤燃烧国家重点实验室,湖北 武汉 430074
  • 2.华中农业大学工学院,湖北 武汉 430070
  • 任少辉(1988),男,博士研究生,高级工程师,高级经济师,主要研究方向为有机固废处理及资源化利用,

通讯作者:

张世红(1966),男,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要研究方向为固废处理与污染物控制,
Drying kinetics of sewage sludge and simulation of its co-generation system with biomass co-gasification
Shaohui REN1 , Jiatao XIANG1, Shihong ZHANG1 , Peng GUO2
Affiliations
  • 1.State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
  • 2.Engineering College of Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
出版时间: 2024-03-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202309149
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对城市污泥进行高效干燥预处理及气化资源化利用是实现城市绿色可持续发展的重要途径之一。首先,利用热重反应器研究了污泥的干燥动力学特性;其次,基于Fluent数值模拟软件明晰了高温低速烟气和低温高速烟气对污泥干燥过程的影响;最后通过Aspen Plus构建了新型的污泥与生物质共气化热电联产系统,并讨论了系统的热力性能。结果表明:污泥在热重反应器中的干燥过程分为升速阶段、第一降速阶段和第二降速阶段,以降速阶段为主;SW-60、SW-80的水分扩散系数范围分别为6.34×10–6~3.72×10–5 m2/s和3.69×10–5~2.60×10–4 m2/s;初始含水率的提高会增加污泥干燥活化能,SW-60、SW-80的干燥活化能分别为9.55 kJ/mol和28.25 kJ/mol;干燥床中高温低速烟气的干燥效率大约为低温高速烟气的2.67倍;在热电联产系统中,随着生物质掺混比例的增加,输入热量、空气流量、合成气低位热值、合成气产率和热电联产潜力均随之增加,然而电效率、热效率和系统效率会缓慢下降;当生物质掺混质量比为20%时,每千克30%含水率干污泥与生物质的共混物可以产生电能与热能潜力分别为0.61 kW·h和4.212 MJ。

城市污泥  /  干燥动力学  /  生物质  /  共气化  /  热电联产

The efficient drying pre-treatment and gasification resource utilization of sewage sludge is one of the important ways to realize green and sustainable city development. Firstly, the thermogravimetric reactor was used to study the drying kinetics of sludge. Then, the influence of high temperature-low speed flue gas and low temperature-high speed flue gas on the sludge drying process was clarified based on Fluent numerical simulation. Finally, a new type of sludge and biomass co-gasification co-generation system was established by Aspen Plus, and the thermodynamic performance of the system was discussed. The results show that, the drying process of sludge in thermogravimetric reactor can be divided into the ascending stage, the first decreasing stage and the second decreasing stage, and the decreasing stage is the main stage. The water diffusion coefficients of SW-60 and SW-80 ranged from 6.34×10–6 to 3.72×10–5 m2/s and 3.69×10–5 to 2.60×10–4 m2/s, respectively. The drying activation energy of SW-60 and SW-80 was 9.55 kJ/mol and 28.25 kJ/mol, respectively, with the increase of initial moisture content. In the drying bed, the drying efficiency of high temperature-low speed flue gas is about 2.67 times that of low temperature-high speed flue gas. In the co-generation system, as the biomass blending ratio increases, the input heat, air flow, low heating value of syngas, yield of syngas and potential of co-generation all increase. However, the electrical efficiency, thermal efficiency and system efficiency will decrease slowly. When the biomass blending ratio is 20%, the blend of 30% moisture dry sludge and biomass can produce electrical energy potential and thermal energy potential of 0.61 kW·h and 4.212 MJ per kg, respectively.

sewage sludge  /  drying kinetics  /  biomass  /  co-gasification  /  co-generation
任少辉, 向家涛, 张世红, 郭鹏. 城市污泥干燥动力学特性及其与生物质共气化热电联产系统模拟. 热力发电, 2024 , 53 (3) : 1 -13 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202309149
Shaohui REN, Jiatao XIANG, Shihong ZHANG, Peng GUO. Drying kinetics of sewage sludge and simulation of its co-generation system with biomass co-gasification[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2024 , 53 (3) : 1 -13 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202309149
随着城镇化进程的不断加快和污水处理设施的持续完善,我国城市污泥产量急剧增加,预计到2025年污泥产量将超过9 000万t[1]。对城市污泥进行减量化、无害化、资源化的处置和利用是改善城市生态环境、实现“无废城市”目标的重要途径之一,对城市的绿色可持续发展具有重要意义[2]。通过热化学转化,能够以污泥为原料制备生物炭、生物油及合成气等高值化产品,从而实现对污泥的资源化利用[3]。但原始污泥的水分较高(通常>60%),对其直接进行资源化处置往往需要较高的能耗,经济价值将会大大下降。
干燥是对城市污泥减量、稳定、除臭及病原体清除的重要方法,是绝大多数污泥资源化处置技术(例如焚烧、热解、气化、填埋、农业利用等)中不可或缺的前置预处理手段[4]。此外,在对污泥等固废的热化学转化资源化利用过程中会产生含有一定显热和潜热的余热烟气,如果直接排放会造成资源的浪费以及环境的热污染。利用烟气的余热对污泥进行干燥,不仅能够降低污泥处置成本,还能提高能量利用效率。对流干燥是干燥行业一项较为传统和成熟的方法,能够通过对流换热干燥污泥以提高其稳定性[5]。在对流干燥过程中,高含水率的污泥先后经历预热、恒速和2个降速阶段,在整个干燥过程水分脱除效果较好[6]
此外,对于利用烟气余热进行污泥干燥过程的完整描述不能仅仅依赖于试验数据。近年来,解决流体的流动以及传热等问题的实验和分析得到了计算流体力学(CFD)模拟工具的有效补充。当前CFD方法已经被广泛应用于模拟商业干燥机中的流场和干燥过程[7]。其中,Ansys中的Fluent模块是解决CFD模拟问题最为广泛且最先进的软件之一,特别是对多相流问题的处理有显著优势。污泥干燥过程建模过程复杂,涉及多学科领域,融合了传输现象、材料科学及流体、固体的理化性质。有研究人员开发了多种经验模型来描述污泥的干燥过程。例如,Jamaleddinea等人[8]基于欧拉-欧拉多相方法和颗粒流动力学的理论模拟了大型旋风干燥器中污泥干燥的流动和传热传质过程,并验证了模型预测值与实验数据值的一致性。
然而,即使通过干燥预处理后的城市污泥仍然存在灰分含量高、有效热值低等缺陷,直接进行资源化处置往往经济成本较高,故多与其他工艺耦合。例如在燃煤机组中掺烧污泥[9]或者与生物质等其他物质一起进行转化利用[10]。其中,将生物质与经过干燥后的污泥进行共气化可得到较高热值的合成气,富含H2、CO和CH4等高热值气体。虽然,以煤等为原料的气化技术研究已经十分成熟,但将污泥及生物质用于合成气生产和制备高值化产品的探索仍处于商业化早期阶段,相关研究还较少[11]。因此,若能以污泥和生物质为原料生产高热值合成气,就可以为内燃机或者燃气轮机提供能量以获得热量和电力,实现热电联产。其中,由于内燃机对杂质的敏感度低于燃气轮机,所以有必要对其进一步研究[12]。但是,当前利用城市污泥与生物质制备的合成气用于内燃机中发电还尚未得到充分研究。
此外,虽然关于实验室及中试规模的气化热电联产装置相关试验已经证明该技术的巨大潜力,但迄今为止,气化热电联产装置尚未进入商业阶段。因为,在气化和燃烧过程中都需要安装机械脱水和初始热干燥设备,需要高功率的能量消耗,尤其是要求满足干燥过程的大量热负荷。其中,国外的SEDIS项目通过小规模流化床气化和热电联产装置探究了在污水处理厂将城市污泥转化为能源利用的过程,可以满足整个污水处理厂的能量需求[13]。此外,Villarini等人[14]开发了一个可以与ICE系统相结合的生物质气化模型,并且评估了榛子和橄榄共气化的热电联产潜力,得到最高的电效率、热电联产效率分别为30%和60%。热电联产过程中产生的热能还可用于污泥的机械脱水,而同时产生的电能则可以输送到电网或补充到同一工业集群中的其他能源消耗设备。
综上所述,由于初始含水率对污泥干燥过程的影响较大,所以本文将2种典型含水率的城市污泥作为研究对象。首先,利用热重反应器研究了污泥的干燥特性及动力学;其次,为明晰实际余热烟气在干燥床中对污泥进行对流干燥过程的热能转换规律,通过Fluent数值模拟探究了2种典型工况烟气条件下干燥床内部的温度、速度及水分的分布情况,从而为工业应用中提高热能效率和干燥效果提供指导参考;最后,本文还建立了耦合污泥高效干燥、污泥与生物质共气化以及内燃机发电的新型热电联产系统模型,探究了不同的生物质掺混比例下热电联产系统的热力特性,并对热电联产潜力进行评估,以期能够为大规模的城市污泥高效资源化处置利用提供技术支撑。
实验采用的污泥样品取自湖北某环保公司待资源化处理的城市污泥。将2种含水率分别接近60%、80%的污泥样品记为SW-60和SW-80。污泥样品的工业分析、元素分析、低位热值和有机质含量见表1。由表1可以发现:2种污泥样品固定碳质量分数都很低,分别为1.47%和6.63%;而灰分都很高,分别为46.72%和50.17%;2种污泥样品的含C量与含水率的相关度较小,二者主要差别为O和S质量分数,差距分别约3百分点和1百分点,并且随着含水率的增加,O和S质量分数有所降低;2种污泥样品的干燥基低位热值分别为9.78、10.51 MJ/kg,具备一定的利用潜力;2种污泥的有机质质量分数分别为29.70%和41.20%,这说明污泥有机质随其含水率的增加而升高。
由工业分析可知,污泥灰分质量分数很高。为了给污泥灰渣的综合利用提供必要技术支撑[15],对2种污泥样品的灰样进行了X射线荧光光谱(XRF)测试,并且测定灰样的熔融温度,结果见表2表2中DT、ST、HT、FT分别代表变形温度、软化温度、半球温度和流动温度。表2显示:SW-60污泥灰样中Fe2O3质量分数为47.13%,CaO质量分数为1.32%;SW-80污泥灰样中Fe2O3质量分数为42.96%,CaO质量分数为2.27%,而SiO2质量分数为25.00%~30.00%;污泥灰中金属氧化物质量分数与烟煤灰类似,Ca、Mg等碱土金属以及Na、K碱金属质量分数不高;而Si、Al等酸性氧化物质量分数则更近似于褐煤灰。
污泥样品的灰熔融温度受到灰成分中各元素组成及质量分数的影响。一般情况下,灰中酸性氧化物质量分数更高就会更容易形成多聚物,从而导致灰熔融温度较高;而如果灰中碱性氧化物质量分数更高就会使得多聚物发生解离,进而导致灰熔融温度的降低[16]。可以发现含水率高的污泥灰熔点也相应更高,这与其灰成分特性联系紧密。
为了研究污泥样品的干燥动力学特性,在Shimadzu TGA 50型热重反应器上开展了污泥干燥实验。具体实验方法为[17]:设定4个干燥温度分别为300、400、500、600 ℃,选取2种不同含水率的污泥,称取适量污泥装入样品室中,待仪器完全调整趋于稳定后,通入流量为80 mL/min的高纯氮气(体积分数为99.99%)为载气,从室温加热到设定温度,系统自动记录干燥过程样品的质量变化。实验结束后,得到污泥样品在不同干燥温度条件下的失重率曲线,通过对失重率曲线进行求导,获得干燥速率曲线。
由于污泥在热重反应器中的干燥过程遵循Fick第二定律[18],因而采用该定律来描述水分在污泥中的扩散过程,进而研究污泥在干燥过程的水分扩散特性。忽略高阶项的Fick第二定律表达式为:
lnMR=ln8π2π2t4δ2Deff
式中:MR为水分比,%;Deff为水分扩散系数,m2/s;t为时间,s;δ为干燥样品的厚度,mm。
式(1)表明,污泥干燥期间水分比的自然对数lnMR和t为线性关系。因此,可以对某一干燥条件下lnMR随t的变化曲线进行线性拟合,求得斜率k,进而得到Deff
干燥活化能是指目标物料在干燥过程中脱除单位质量水分所需要的能量,其数值越大,表示物料的干燥难度越大。通过进行阿伦尼乌斯公式的演变,可以得到干燥活化能和水分扩散系数的关系,具体表达式为[19]
lnDeff=lnD01TEaR
式中:D0为Arrhenius因数,m2/s;T为热力学温度,K;Ea为干燥活化能,kJ/mol;R为气体常数,取8.314 J/(mol·K)。
由于干燥实验只能得到污泥在闪蒸干燥机进、出口的状态,难以研究闪蒸干燥机内部污泥的干燥程度以及干燥场的温度、湿度分布。利用数值模拟的方法有助于理解干燥阶段中污泥和水分在闪蒸干燥机内部的传热传质过程。采用ANSYS Fluent 2022 R1软件对干燥床内部烟气和污泥之间气固两相流流动特性进行数值模拟计算,使用SOLIDWORKS软件建立干燥床的模型,通过Ansys自带的Mesh模块对模型进行网格划分。由于烟气和污泥主要在干燥床内部发生热量交换,为了简化计算,只研究干燥床内部的流场。为改善网格质量,污泥入口和流化风、干燥风入口平齐。
图1为干燥床的结构模型和网格模型。干燥床尺寸见表3。根据相关尺寸参数建立干燥床的结构模型并进行网格划分,设置单元尺寸为100 mm,网格数目、单元数目分别为25 405和64 320,最大网格偏度低于0.80,符合模拟计算对网格质量的要求。
鉴于标准k-ε模型适用大部分工程计算,本文采用标准k-ε模型,相应地选用标准壁面函数。模型压力基为SIMPLE,压力项为PRESTO!,其他项为Second Order Upwind。此外,激活能量方程,计算离散相中物料与热风之间的热量交换;同时,激活组分输运模型,计算离散相中水分与热风之间的质量交换;激活DPM模型,实现对离散相的模拟。出口边界为常压,出口类型为trap。同时,外壁面使用无滑移面边界条件,并使用标准壁面函数来模拟近壁面的湍流效应。入口污泥被当作直径为0.5 mm的颗粒,进行DPM模型计算时不考虑污泥颗粒之间的相互作用,污泥入口温度为297 K,污泥流量为4 t/h,污泥入口含水率为80%;内壁面厚度为8 mm,材料为钢,内壁面温度与干燥风相同,入口气流视为不可压缩流体。
图2为污泥与生物质共气化热电联产系统流程。由于原始湿污泥含水率高达80%,必须充分利用内燃机高温烟气的余热,以提高污泥的干燥处理能力。热电联产系统通过将湿污泥进行烟气余热干燥得到干污泥,随后将干污泥和生物质共气化产生可燃用的气体燃料,最后通过内燃机发电单元利用合成气同时产生电能和热能,并将内燃机高温烟气余热作为污泥干燥热源,以最大限度实现能源的回收和利用。
热电联产系统工作流程为:在烟气余热干燥过程中,来自湿污泥储仓的高含水率湿污泥进入闪蒸干燥机,并在内燃机高温烟气余热干燥下形成低含水率的干污泥,与此同时产生的水蒸气及部分不冷凝气体,经过烟气处理后的尾气通过烟囱排放;随后,干污泥进入生物质储仓与生物质混合,并在流化床气化炉中发生共气化反应产生合成气,经过净化装置处理后的洁净燃气进入燃烧室;在内燃机发电单元工作过程中,空气首先经过压气机提升压力,然后高压空气和洁净燃气在燃烧室内燃烧释放出大量热能,产生的高温高压燃气通过喷嘴喷向轴流叶片,以驱动透平做功带动发电机工作产生电能,同时产生的高温烟气再返回至闪蒸干燥机作为湿污泥的干燥热源。污泥与生物质共气化反应所产生的合成气中含有焦油等杂质,所以需要通过净化装置除去可能影响后续利用过程的杂质[20]
Aspen Plus模拟软件广泛用于化工、石化、煤炭、炼油等领域,具有成本低、简单、快速的突出优势[21]。本文基于Aspen Plus软件对热电联产系统进行建模,主要划分为污泥干燥单元、气化与净化单元和内燃机发电单元。图3为污泥与生物质共气化热电联产系统的Aspen Plus模拟流程。其中,污泥干燥单元的建模较简单,由1个化学计量反应器模块RSTOIC构成,利用Fortran语言对污泥的含水率进行调控,污泥干燥热源由内燃机高温烟气余热提供[22]。下面,主要介绍气化与净化单元、内燃机发电单元的建模流程。
气化与净化单元采用多种模块以实现共气化产生合成气和净化气体的功能。气化部分主要包括RYIELD、RGIBBS、RSTOIC、SEP和MIX模块,净化部分主要包括MHEATX、SSPLIT、HEATER和FLASH模块。这些模块共同作用使气化与净化单元可以高效地产生高质量的合成气,并将废气净化后排出,以保证系统的能量利用效率和环保性能。
1)在气化部分中,首先非常规物质(污泥和生物质)在RYIELD模块中进行分解,通过Aspen Plus内嵌的计算器模块进行Fortran语言的编译使非常规组分分解为常规组分(C、H2、N2、S、O2、水和Ash)。此过程中,RYIELD模块产品分布根据原料的元素分析基准来确定。
2)然后,分解的常规组分传递到PYROLYSI模块中,根据Gibbs自由能最小原则进行气化产物组分PYROGAS的模拟。
3)之后,利用NS模块将气化产物中的N、S元素全部转化为NH3和H2S,并通过SEP模块分离到MIX2中与产品气混合。气化产物中的部分固体组分进入COMBUST模块中进行完全或部分氧化反应,反应后的COMBGAS流与气化产物中剩余的气体GAS1混合组成PREGAS流进入GASIFIER模块中进行反应得到产品气PROGAS。
4)最后,产品气与GAS2的粗燃气混合物MIXFLOW流进入COOL模块。
在净化部分中,经过COOL模块降温的粗燃气CMIXFLOW进入CYCLONE旋风除尘,除尘后的合成气PRODUCT经过COOLER回收热能,再进入到FLASH中进行两相闪蒸以去除可冷凝液体杂质。洁净燃气SYNGAS从FLASH流出时的温度为30 ℃,通过COOL模块回收粗燃气中的热量后进入内燃机发电单元。
内燃机发电单元中,压缩机模块COMPR通过提升压力来增加AIR1的进风势能;RGIBBS模块中BURN模拟燃料燃烧,将CMPAIR与HSYNGAS的混合物势能转化为热能;涡轮模块TURB将燃烧室CMBSTGAS流中的热能转换为机械能,以驱动发电机发电;经过涡轮透平的燃气成为燃气尾气EXTTGAS,该燃气流经能量回收和净化系统,以最大限度利用其潜在能量,降低污染物排放含量。
图3中:QEX表示燃气在HEATER模块中冷凝放出的热量;LOSS表示气化过程中的散热;功流ELECT表示燃气透平的输出功。模拟过程使用的物性方法有RK-SOAVE(Redlich-Kwong-Soave状态方程模型)和STEAM-TA(ASME steam table correlations)。RK-SOAVE适用于多种物质,包括非极性和极性分子,典型如轻气体烃类、CO2、H2等。该方程广泛应用于化工、石油、天然气等工业领域中的流程模拟、设计和优化。模拟气化的热力过程采用了RK-SOAVE物性方法,该方法在计算气态混合物的热力性质时精度和可靠性较高。选择STEAM-TA物性方法计算水或蒸汽的热力过程,该方法广泛应用于水蒸气和水的热力性质计算中。在整个系统流程中采用不同的物性方法,更准确地计算不同的热力参数,从而优化系统能量利用效率和综合性能。
模拟过程中,设置环境空气温度为25 ℃,环境压力为0.1 MPa。为减少水分蒸发造成的系统热量损失,进料污泥含水率的理想值为30%[23]。因此,污泥干燥单元入口的污泥为含水率80%的湿污泥,而气化与净化单元入口的污泥为含水率30%的干污泥。本文采用湖北武汉某环保企业提供的干污泥和生物质样品作为共气化模拟的计算基准,样品工业分析、元素分析和低位热值见表4。生物质原料选取的是松木锯末。系统中各单元其余参数设置见表5
污泥和生物质共气化产生的合成气会通过ICE系统最终转化为电能和热能。因此,本文通过选取电效率、热效率和系统效率来评价热电联产系统的热力性能[24]
电效率计算公式为:
ηel=NTURBQLHV,syngas×Msyngas×100%
式中:ηel为电效率,%;NTURB为涡轮中可用的有效电力,kW;QLHV,syngas为合成气的低位热值,MJ/m3(标准状态,下同);Msyngas为合成气的体积流量,m3/h。
热效率计算公式为:
ηth=QEXQLHV,syngas×Msyngas×100%
式中:ηth为热效率,%;QEX为通过将ICE废气冷却到80 ℃而获得的热功率,kW;QLHV,syngas为合成气的低位热值,MJ/m3Msyngas为合成气的体积流量,m3/h。
系统效率计算公式为:
ηsys=NTURB+QEX+QEXCHQLHV,ss×Mss+QLHV,bio×Mbio+QINPUT×100%
式中:ηsys为系统效率,%;NTURB为涡轮中可用的有效电力,kW;QEX为通过将ICE废气冷却到80 ℃而获得的热功率,kW;QEXCH为合成气在进入ICE前冷却期间所减去的热量,kW;QLHV,ssQLHV,bio分别为输入系统的污泥和生物质的低位热值,MJ/kg;MssMbio分别为输入系统的污泥和生物质的质量流量,t/h;QINPUT为气化过程中向系统输入的热量,kW。
图4为2种污泥在不同干燥温度下失重率和干燥速率随时间变化曲线。由图4可见,2种污泥在热重反应器中的干燥过程可以分为升速阶段、第一降速阶段和第二降速阶段。根据图4a)可知,当污泥含水率一定时,随着干燥温度的升高,同一时刻下的污泥失重率更大。这是由于在升速阶段,污泥表层水分迅速被加热蒸发,而内部自由水逐渐扩散至表层。随着时间的推移,失重率曲线的斜率呈现逐渐增大的趋势,即干燥速率不断加快。不同干燥温度下,2种污泥升速阶段均在极短时间内结束,因而污泥在热重反应器中的干燥过程在整体上以降速干燥阶段为主,随后,污泥干燥过程进入第一降速阶段。由图4b)可知:干燥速率在短时间内快速降低,此时污泥内部还残留着大量的非结合水;伴随着时间的继续推移,当污泥表面的非结合水被完全蒸发后,污泥干燥过程进入第二降速阶段,该阶段的时间较长。
在污泥干燥的前2个阶段,干燥速率随着干燥温度的变化更加明显。这是因为在干燥初期,污泥内部含有较多的非结合水,其水分扩散速率接近于污泥表面的水分蒸发速率。此时,水分扩散的过程受干燥温度的影响较大。进入第二降速阶段后,由于非结合水含量降低,污泥内部的水分扩散速率减缓,因而干燥速率降低,失重率也增长缓慢。此外,污泥的初始含水率越低,干燥完成时污泥的失重率就越低,其对应的总干燥时间也越短,并随着干燥温度的升高,差距更加明显。2种污泥干燥过程的升速阶段和第一降速阶段的曲线斜率较为接近,而第二降速阶段的曲线斜率变化相差较大,且在该阶段SW-60的干燥速率大于SW-80,说明污泥的初始含水率对前期干燥速率的影响不明显,其主要影响第二降速阶段的干燥过程。
图5为干燥温度和含水率对2种污泥干燥过程水分扩散系数的影响。由图5a)可知,SW-60的水分扩散系数范围为6.34×10–6~3.72×10–5 m2/s,而SW-80的水分扩散系数范围为3.69×10–5~ 2.60×10–4 m2/s。在300~500 ℃的干燥温度范围内,2种污泥的水分扩散系数总体随着干燥温度的提高呈增大趋势。这是由于随着干燥温度的提升,污泥中的水分子能量提高,同时跃迁频率增大,而导致水分子跃迁距离变大,进而使得污泥的水分扩散系数随干燥温度的提高而增大。当干燥温度超过500 ℃后,由于污泥内部非结合水含量的降低,并受到其他化学成分的影响,导致水分扩散系数下降。从图5b)可以看出,污泥在不同干燥温度下的水分扩散系数均随着含水率的增加而增大,且随着干燥温度的升高,增大的趋势就越明显。这是由于污泥的初始含水率越高,污泥结合水含量就越高,水分扩散系数会随着含水率的增加而增大,而干燥温度越高,污泥中水分子单位时间内接受到的能量就越多,干燥速率就越快,进而水分扩散系数就越大。
污泥初始含水率会在很大程度上影响干燥活化能的大小。图6为2种污泥水分扩散系数的自然对数lnDeff与卡尔文温度的倒数负值-1/T线性拟合结果。由图6可以发现,2种不同含水率污泥的线性拟合结果均较理想,SW-60、SW-80的拟合优度R2分别达到了0.979 6和0.912 1,进而计算得到了二者的干燥活化能分别为9.55、28.25 kJ/mol。可见,污泥含水率从60%提高至80%,其干燥活化能增加了2.96倍。含水率提高,显著降低了污泥干燥效率。因此,在实际生产中要尽量避免直接对高含水率的污泥进行干燥,经过预处理充分降低含水率之后再进行干化利用,从而降低污泥处理的经济成本。
采用烟气余热对污泥进行干燥处理具有良好的经济性、环保性和可操作性,而烟气温度与风量是污泥干燥过程中的主要影响因素。本文根据搭建的中试规模污泥干燥试验台架操作参数,选取了高温低速烟气(923 K,12 000 m3/h)和低温高速烟气(673 K,20 000 m3/h)2种典型的烟气工况条件。为提高烟气的余热利用效率和污泥干燥效果,基于Fluent数值模拟研究了高温低速烟气和低温高速烟气对污泥干燥过程的影响。通过对比2种工况下出口H2O质量流率结果,发现高温低速烟气的干燥效率约为低温高速烟气的2.67倍。
图7显示了高温低速烟气对污泥干燥过程的影响。由图7a)可知,当污泥喷入干燥床时,烟气的热对流和干燥床内壁的热辐射发生了强烈地热量传递,烟气被污泥颗粒冷却,从而温度降低,烟气温度450~750 ℃,最低约为350 ℃。由于污泥颗粒进入干燥床后,与内壁面发生碰撞,导致污泥主流的轨迹向右偏移,因而内部左侧温度比右侧温度高,中部温度最低。随着烟气向上运动,烟气温度逐渐下降,其携带的热量被消耗,蒸发污泥颗粒中的水分,起到干燥污泥的效果。由图7b)可知,从干燥床流出的大部分污泥在床底附近,然而,烟气进口处的速度分布差异较大,这是因为污泥进口速度大,从而影响了烟气的流动。由于干燥床主通道截面的面积大于污泥进口截面的面积,且烟气被污泥颗粒冷却,因此通道内烟气速度逐渐下降。由图7c)可见,当污泥喷入干燥床后,水分沿颗粒运动轨迹上升,并随着烟气排出。由于与干燥床内壁的壁面发生碰撞,致其运动轨迹向右倾斜。随着烟气向上运动,烟气和污泥颗粒充分混合,更多的水分从污泥颗粒中蒸发出来。在干燥床左侧中部区域,因温度突然变化引起闪蒸现象,导致大量水分被蒸发。高温低速烟气干燥污泥时,干燥床顶部出口的水分质量流率为12%。
图8显示了低温高速烟气对污泥干燥过程的影响。由图8a)可见,在低温高速烟气对污泥的干燥下,干燥床内部整体温度的变化趋势与高温低速烟气相同。低温高速烟气作用下,干燥床内部整体温度分布和变化更加均匀,这可能是由于烟气量较大,速度较快,烟气与污泥颗粒接触时间短,烟气与污泥颗粒之间的传热不充分所致。由图8b)可知,干燥床内速度分布趋势仍然与高温低速烟气相近。由图8c)可见,在低温高速烟气的干燥下,水分分布更加均匀。
低温高速烟气的整体干燥效果明显低于高温低速烟气。这是因为高温低速烟气与污泥颗粒的接触时间更长,且由于烟气温度更高,所以传热传质效果更好,热量交换更充分,从而可以蒸发并由烟气携带出更多的水分。低温高速烟气干燥污泥时,干燥床顶部出口的水分质量流率仅为4.5%。
表6为污泥与生物质共气化热电联产系统模拟过程中的主要流股热力参数。由表6可见,内燃机的透平进口温度为1 047.35 ℃,透平出口温度为515.27 ℃,该烟气热量可以进一步被回收利用。在模拟计算过程中,系统输入热量以30%含水率干污泥与生物质的混合物低位热值为基准。考察热电联产系统的热力特性时,以生物质掺混比例为变量,其他的参数设置均与表5保持一致。在污泥与生物质共气化模拟部分,气化条件设置为气化温度700 ℃,空气当量比取0.25,随后进一步通过ICE系统进行热电联产。
图9为生物质掺混质量比对输入热量和空气流量的影响。由图9可见,在15%~30%的生物质掺混比例下,随着生物质的掺混比例增大,系统的输入热量和空气流量均随之增加。
图10显示了生物质掺混质量比对合成气低位热值、合成气产率和热电联产潜力影响。由图10可见,在15%~30%的生物质掺混质量比下,随着生物质的掺混质量比增大,系统中合成气低位热值、合成气产率和热电联产潜力同样也快速增长。当生物质掺混质量比为30%时,系统中的合成气低位热值、合成气产率、热电联产潜力分别达到了4.95 MJ/m3、1.66 m3/kg和1.78 kW·h/kg。上述现象的原因可能是随着掺入生物质量的增加,不仅在降低了污泥与生物质混合原料中灰分的同时,还增加了C和H的含量,因而系统中输入热量和空气流量均增加,生物质与污泥共气化合成气的低位热值和产率也得到提高,进而提升了热电联产潜力[25-26]
图11为生物质掺混质量比对电效率、热效率和系统效率影响。由图11可见,在15%~30%的生物质掺混质量比下,随着生物质掺混质量比的增大,电效率、热效率和系统效率均缓慢下降。电效率和热效率下降可能是由于合成气低位热值提高,但内燃机效率有限。系统效率的降低可能是由于污泥与生物质共混物原料热值上升,系统所损失的热量也相应增加所致。
污泥和生物质共气化可以实现污泥的无害化高效处理,充分挖掘污泥的资源化利用潜力。根据前面的研究发现,随着生物质掺混质量比增加,热电联产系统中的合成气低位热值、合成气产率和热电联产潜力均有所增加;与此同时,电效率、热效率和系统效率却缓慢下降。
为了对本文提出的污泥与生物质共气化热电联产系统进行性能评价,将该系统在生物质掺混质量比为20%的情况下取得的电效率、热效率和系统效率和其他文献进行对比,结果见表7。由表7可见,本文污泥与生物质共气化热电联产系统的电效率、热效率和系统效率比单独污泥或单独生物质为原料的系统更具优势。
本研究提出的污泥与生物质共气化热电联产系统中,当生物质的掺混质量比为20%,30%含水率干污泥与生物质的共混物作为原料时,每千克产生的热电联产潜力为1.78 kW·h,其中电能潜力为0.61 kW·h,热能潜力为1.17 kW·h(折合4.212 MJ)。以2021年为例,湖北省污泥产量为212.8万t,湖北人口为5 830万,折算每年污泥的平均生产率为36.5 kg/人。假设利用本文提出的热电联产系统,当原料为“污泥+20%生物质”的混合物时,考虑到电效率和热效率的影响,该系统可为湖北当地的用户提供约人均年度9.14 kW·h的用电和120.97 MJ的热能,说明本文提出的污泥与生物质共气化热电联产系统具备一定应用前景。
1)污泥在热重反应器中的干燥过程分为升速阶段、第一降速阶段和第二降速阶段,其中以降速阶段为主。SW-60、SW-80的水分扩散系数范围分别为6.34×10–6~3.72×10–5 m2/s和3.69×10–5~2.60×10–4 m2/s。污泥干燥效率会随干燥温度的升高和初始含水率的降低而提升。提高初始含水率会增加污泥的干燥活化能,SW-60、SW-80的干燥活化能分别为9.55、28.25 kJ/mol。
2)在干燥床内部污泥干燥过程中,2种典型烟气工况条件下,内部温度、速度和水分的分布变化趋势类似。由于高温低速风与污泥颗粒的接触时间更长,传热更加充分,干燥效率更高;而低温高速风下,温度和水分的变化趋势更加均匀。高温低速烟气的干燥效率约为低温高速烟气的2.67倍。
3)在热电联产系统中,随着生物质掺混比例的增加,输入热量、空气流量、合成气低位热值、合成气产率和热电联产潜力均随之增加;然而,电效率、热效率和系统效率缓慢下降。当生物质掺混质量比为20%时,每千克30%含水率干污泥与生物质的共混物能产生电能潜力、热能潜力分别为0.61 kW·h和4.212 MJ。以2021年的湖北省为例,该系统可以为湖北当地的用户提供大约人均年度9.14 kW·h的用电和120.97 MJ的热能。
  • 武汉市成果转化项目(2019030703011534)
  • 武汉市企业技术创新项目(2020020602012149)
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2024年第53卷第3期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202309149
  • 接收时间:2023-09-10
  • 首发时间:2025-12-31
  • 出版时间:2024-03-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-09-10
基金
Wuhan Achievements Transformation Project(2019030703011534)
武汉市成果转化项目(2019030703011534)
Wuhan Enterprise Technology Innovation Project(2020020602012149)
武汉市企业技术创新项目(2020020602012149)
作者信息
    1.华中科技大学能源与动力工程学院煤燃烧国家重点实验室,湖北 武汉 430074
    2.华中农业大学工学院,湖北 武汉 430070

通讯作者:

张世红(1966),男,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要研究方向为固废处理与污染物控制,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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