Article(id=1213131712368923286, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1213131702797517129, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202307125, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1690732800000, receivedDateStr=2023-07-31, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1767162739126, onlineDateStr=2025-12-31, pubDate=1708790400000, pubDateStr=2024-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1767162739126, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-31, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1767162739126, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767162739126, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1213131702797517129, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2024', volume='53', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='198', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1767162736844, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767168616029, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1213156361978954089, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1213131702797517129, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1213156361978954090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1213131702797517129, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=177, endPage=183, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1213131712754799282, articleId=1213131712368923286, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Infrared spectroscopy detection technology for electric power oil, columnId=1211002409397129992, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Power generation technology forum, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Infrared spectroscopy detection technology has been widely used in petrochemical, pharmaceutical and other industries due to its fast detection speed, no damage to the sample, no pollution, easy to operate and other characteristics. The infrared spectroscopy detection mainly includes qualitative detection and quantitative detection. The qualitative detection usually uses comparative method, which compares with standard substances or consults standard spectra. The quantitative detection calculates the corresponding components content by measuring the intensity of characteristic absorption bands and combining with chemometrics methods. This article elaborates the applications of chemometric methods (including artificial neural networks and partial least squares) in detection scenes such as acid value, moisture, antioxidants and furfural for electric power oil. Finally, some proposals of infrared spectroscopy in oil detection are put forward.

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红外光谱检测技术因其检测速度快、对样品无损伤、无污染、易操作等特点,已广泛应用于石油化工、制药等行业的检测中。红外光谱检测方式主要包括定性检测和定量检测,定性检测通常采用比较法,即通过与标准物质对照或查阅标准谱图;定量检测是通过测量特征吸收谱带强度,结合化学计量学方法计算出对应组份含量。阐述了人工神经网络、偏最小二乘法等化学计量学方法在电力用油酸值、水分、抗氧化剂、糠醛等检测中的应用,并对其在油品检测中的应用给出了建议。

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王娟(1982),女,硕士,正高级工程师,主要研究方向为电力用油分析、诊断与维护技术,

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电力用油红外光谱检测技术
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王娟 1 , 付龙飞 1 , 王笑微 1 , 吕秀娟 1 , 曹红梅 2 , 王垚 2 , 张兰庆 3 , 康夜雨 3 , 潘成福 3 , 齐吉锴 3
热力发电 | 发电技术论坛 2024,53(2): 177-183
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热力发电 | 发电技术论坛 2024, 53(2): 177-183
电力用油红外光谱检测技术
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王娟1 , 付龙飞1, 王笑微1, 吕秀娟1, 曹红梅2, 王垚2, 张兰庆3, 康夜雨3, 潘成福3, 齐吉锴3
作者信息
  • 1.西安热工研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710054
  • 2.华能山东发电有限公司,山东 济南 250014
  • 3.华能国际电力股份有限公司德州电厂,山东 德州 253024
  • 王娟(1982),女,硕士,正高级工程师,主要研究方向为电力用油分析、诊断与维护技术,

Infrared spectroscopy detection technology for electric power oil
Juan WANG1 , Longfei FU1, Xiaowei WANG1, Xiujuan LYU1, Hongmei CAO2, Yao WANG2, Lanqing ZHANG3, Yeyu KANG3, Chengfu PAN3, Jikai QI3
Affiliations
  • 1.Xi’an Thermal Power Research Institute Co., Ltd., Xi’an 710054, China
  • 2.Huaneng Shandong Power Generation Co., Ltd., Jinan 250014, China
  • 3.Dezhou Power Plant of Huaneng Power International Power Co., Ltd., Dezhou 253025, China
出版时间: 2024-02-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202307125
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红外光谱检测技术因其检测速度快、对样品无损伤、无污染、易操作等特点,已广泛应用于石油化工、制药等行业的检测中。红外光谱检测方式主要包括定性检测和定量检测,定性检测通常采用比较法,即通过与标准物质对照或查阅标准谱图;定量检测是通过测量特征吸收谱带强度,结合化学计量学方法计算出对应组份含量。阐述了人工神经网络、偏最小二乘法等化学计量学方法在电力用油酸值、水分、抗氧化剂、糠醛等检测中的应用,并对其在油品检测中的应用给出了建议。

红外光谱  /  电力用油  /  酸值  /  水分  /  抗氧化剂

Infrared spectroscopy detection technology has been widely used in petrochemical, pharmaceutical and other industries due to its fast detection speed, no damage to the sample, no pollution, easy to operate and other characteristics. The infrared spectroscopy detection mainly includes qualitative detection and quantitative detection. The qualitative detection usually uses comparative method, which compares with standard substances or consults standard spectra. The quantitative detection calculates the corresponding components content by measuring the intensity of characteristic absorption bands and combining with chemometrics methods. This article elaborates the applications of chemometric methods (including artificial neural networks and partial least squares) in detection scenes such as acid value, moisture, antioxidants and furfural for electric power oil. Finally, some proposals of infrared spectroscopy in oil detection are put forward.

infrared spectrum  /  electricity oil  /  acid value  /  moisture content  /  antioxidant
王娟, 付龙飞, 王笑微, 吕秀娟, 曹红梅, 王垚, 张兰庆, 康夜雨, 潘成福, 齐吉锴. 电力用油红外光谱检测技术. 热力发电, 2024 , 53 (2) : 177 -183 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202307125
Juan WANG, Longfei FU, Xiaowei WANG, Xiujuan LYU, Hongmei CAO, Yao WANG, Lanqing ZHANG, Yeyu KANG, Chengfu PAN, Jikai QI. Infrared spectroscopy detection technology for electric power oil[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2024 , 53 (2) : 177 -183 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202307125
发电机组运行过程中,油品因受到氧气、温度、湿度、杂质等的作用发生氧化、劣化变质,产生大量过氧化物及酸、酯等氧化产物,再经过缩合反应会生成油泥等不溶物,使润滑效果变差,从而造成设备的腐蚀、锈蚀等[1]。为了监测油质情况,通常按照油品的质量维护导则,定期取样检测酸值、水分、抗氧化剂、糠醛等指标,监督油品质量情况。这些指标的检测通常采用电厂定期取样,委托至第三方检测机构进行分析,并出具检测报告的模式。这种传统分析方式,因其分析节奏慢、耗时长、试验费用高,以及分析过程中使用有毒、有害物质等因素,不能对设备进行实时有效监测[2-3]
红外光谱是近年来在油质检测中不断推广应用的一项新技术。蒋芝等[4]发现变压器油在老化过程中,抗氧剂吸收峰3 650 cm–1稍有减弱,而在1 710 cm–1出现了明显的新C=O吸收峰,吸光度高达11.237,说明红外响应敏感,可以通过C=O红外光谱吸收峰的强弱定性分析油品劣化变质程度。油品组分中各官能团对红外光谱吸收峰的强弱及其浓度符合朗伯-比尔定律,因此,近年来,越来越多的将红外光谱应用于电力用油的酸值[5]、水分[6]、抗氧化剂含量[7]等质量指标定量检测中,为油系统在线监测设备的研制提供理论依据。
红外光谱是由分子的振动、转动能级跃迁形成的光谱。当一束具有连续波长的红外光照射一物质时,该物质的分子就要吸收一部分能量并转变为分子的振动与转动内能,因此将透过物质的光进行色散就可以得到红外谱带,以波长或者波数为横坐标,以透过率或吸光度为纵坐标,就可得到该物质的红外吸收光谱图[8]。电力用油在运行过程中会发生诸多化学反应,这会导致某些化合物的生成或含量变化,而不同的分子具有不同的振动与转动内能,故而红外光谱的吸收峰位置与峰高也有所不同,由此可以判断物质的存在与含量。
本文所述的油品定量分析都是围绕各官能团的红外吸收和其遵循的朗伯-比尔定律。采用红外光谱对油品性能指标进行定量分析时,由于在油品分子中,组分间光谱带重叠严重[4],因此,需要采用数据处理技术才能得到准确的结果。化学计量学(化学统计学)就是一种进行化学测量数据分析与处理技术。因此,采用红外光谱法结合化学计量学方法建立模型来对待测物进行定量分析,分析流程如图1所示[9]
油品在使用过程中,会发生老化、劣化产生含C=O官能团的醛类、酮类等裂化产物[10]。C=O官能团的特征吸收峰为1 600~1 820 cm–1,有学者研究发现润滑油在1 670~1 800 cm–1处的红外吸收峰面积与油的酸值具有良好的回归特性[5]。抗燃油的酸值升高,会加速油的劣化变质,还会使机组调节系统部件锈蚀,同时会使调节部件容易出现卡涩现象[11]。润滑油酸值升高会导致机组部件的腐蚀[12]
王妍等[5]采用相关性分析方法研究了红外光谱特征峰峰面积与3种不同变压器油老化前后的酸值的关系,结果表明,酸值与1 700、660 cm–1 2个波段的吸收峰具有很高的相关性,其一元三次拟合曲线的拟合优度R2均大于0.95。宋庆媛等[13]利用衰减全反射傅里叶变换红外光谱对润滑油进行分析,结果表明,相关系数法能找到酸值与吸光度之间的关系,2种校正方法的评价指标基本一致,但从验证集样品的预测结果可以看出,采用人工神经网络建立的模型优于偏最小二乘法(PLS),其对验证集样品的酸值预测结果与真实值的相对误差小于11%。通过FT-IR技术测试油品特征峰结合化学计量学是快速检测酸值的一种可行方式。
汽轮机油水分增大主要是由于机组运行中轴封汽压偏高,轴封可能出现向外漏气现象,排烟风机出口调整不当使轴承腔室内回油负压较高,以及补油时水分偏高带入油系统等原因引起的[14-15]。过量的水分不仅会加速油品的氧化变质,而且会破坏油膜的形成,同时加速润滑系统零部件的腐蚀和磨损,最终导致不同程度的润滑故障[16-17]。油中水以溶解水、乳化水和游离水[18] 3种不同状态存在。传统油中水分检测方法库仑法[19],是一种化学分析方法,通过测量I2与水反应产生的电流来测量油样中的含水量。该方法只能离线检查,且需使用有害溶剂,对操作人员要求很高[20-22]
红外光谱对水分中的羟基(—OH)具有很强的吸收能力,采用红外光谱对油中水分进行分析测量是可行的。孙佳斯等[6]采用傅里叶变换红外光谱技术,对不同水分的昆仑L-TSA46号汽轮机油进行光谱分析。采用单点基线面积法对平滑处理后的红外光谱数据建立汽轮机油含水量检测的工作曲线,曲线的R2达到0.998。同时采用红外法和卡尔费休法检测未知样品的水分,2种方法相对误差均小于2%。宋庆媛等[13]采用全反射-傅里叶变换红外光谱和偏最小二乘法建立了汽轮机油水分预测模型,该模型校正集预测值和真实值的相关系数可达到0.997,盲样测试结果表明,预测值与库仑法测定值相对偏差为10%。杜传斌等[23]采用了近红外光谱法和偏最小二乘法建立了液压油水分含量预测模型,研究表明,模型校正的相关系数可达到0.989,该模型符合液压油水分检测精度要求。王远远等[24]将红外法和色谱法相结合,利用待测物分配系数的不同,将水分分离出来,由载气携带气化的水分子进入红外检测池,因为水分子在波长1.94 μm红外光处有最大吸收峰,根据朗伯比尔定律采用库仑发和红外法对水分10~75 mg/L的变压器油样品进行检测,这2种方法的检测结果相对偏差小于10%,实现了红外法在低水分油品中的定量检测。
变压器运行时,油温一般为50~85 ℃,在与空气、潮气接触及变压器中金属催化剂的作用下,变压器油的氧化反应不可避免。因此,抗氧化性能直接影响润滑油的使用性能,决定着换油周期,是评价润滑油品质高低的重要指标。如果变压器油具有良好的氧化安定性,可大大减少油中酸性物质和沉淀物的出现,从而保证设备安全运行,降低维护成本[25]。油的氧化寿命一般随着抗氧化剂添加量的增加而增加[26]。2,6—二叔丁基对甲酚(T501)可以大大地延缓油的老化,延长油的使用寿命,在国内外得到了广泛的应用和认可[27]。目前,2,6—二叔丁基对甲酚含量的测定主要是采用红外光谱法。
卢新玲等[7]对比研究了国内外采用红外光谱法测定变压器油中T501的方法,结果发现:样品中芳烃含量低于标定曲线基础油中芳烃含量时,测定结果偏大,反之,偏小;样品的链烷烃含量低于标线基础油中链烷烃含量时,测定结果偏小,反之,偏大;基础油和待测样品中芳烃含量和链烷烃含量差异越大,测定结果偏差也越大。同时,与基础油中链烷烃含量相比,芳烃含量差异对测量结果影响程度更大。T501属于常温抗氧剂,高温条件必须用“高温”系列抗氧剂产品。龙芬等[28]采用傅立叶变换红外光谱法分析了“高温”系列抗氧剂酚型T511、胺型T534和酚酯型L1353种抗氧剂特征吸收峰,确定了3种抗氧剂特征峰的位置,建立了3种抗氧剂的线性回归方程。实验表明:T511的特征定量分析谱带为—OH的伸缩振动吸收峰(3 648 cm–1处),T534的特征定量分析谱带为N—H的伸缩振动吸收峰(1 600 cm–1处);L1353的特征定量分析谱带为—OH的伸缩振动吸收峰(3 650 cm–1处)。分别配置不同含量3种抗氧剂,采用该方法测量结果的相对误差小于6%;此外,由于每种抗氧剂的特征吸收峰位置不同,采用该方法还可以测定某2种同时存在的抗氧剂含量。
变压器绝缘系统主要由绝缘油和绝缘纸2部分组成,但其寿命往往取决于绝缘纸的老化程度[29]。变压器在运行过程中,由于受到水分、氧气、温度等因素的影响,绝缘纸会老化产生一系列的降解产物。糠醛是其中的重要产物,所以通过检测变压器油中的糠醛含量可以评估绝缘纸的老化程度[30-31]。目前,应用较多的是液相色谱法,该方法测量精确度高且重复性好,但是存在洗脱困难、操作复杂耗时的问题。由于糠醛在1 700 cm–1处有极强的特征峰,因此,近几年红外光谱被逐渐应用于油中糠醛含量的检测中。
陈志勇[32]对比了不含糠醛和含糠醛油样的红外光谱图,发现在1 740~1 640 cm–1波段糠醛含量的检出限可以达到0.05 mg/L,同时对0.10 mg/L以上含量糠醛的重复性和准确度都较好,基本可满足变压器油中糠醛的测量要求。蒋友列等[33]通过热老化试验制备了14组老化时间不同的变压器油纸绝缘样品,采用间隔偏最小二乘法(iPLS)选取关于油中糠醛含量的特征谱区9 107~4 424 cm–1,利用近红外光谱法和共轭梯度算法基于主成分分析的人工神经网络(PCA-BP-ANN)建立了油中糠醛含量的预测模型,预测均方根误差为0.134 4,R2为0.987 7,为快速评估变压器绝缘系统的寿命奠定了基础。
虽然变压器油氧化过程中含硫化合物可作为过氧化物的抑制剂,但是含硫化合物超标会导致铜和银等金属腐蚀。因此,在变压器油基础油精制过程中,为了提高其氧化安定性要保持一定的硫含量,同时也要保证腐蚀性硫合格。
邵荟荟等[34]从实验原理、检测条件、影响因素、准确度等方面对比了紫外荧光法、微库仑法、单波长色散X-射线荧光法和近红外光谱法4种检测方法。近红外光谱法利用含有氢基团化学键的伸缩振动产生的近红外区吸收光谱,建立光谱与含量之间的关系。而油中硫的存在形态繁多,并不是所有的含硫组分都含有氢基团,所以采用红外光谱测定结果的准确度较低。程欲晓等[35]基于巯基(S-H)在一级倍频区有较强吸收峰,建模光谱区间选择4 400~ 4 700 cm–1,采用二阶导数-Norris Derivative滤波对光谱预处理,用偏最小二乘法建立校正模型,R2为0.996 3,预测均方根误差为0.069 6,预测值与测定值的相对偏差小于5.0%,说明此模型可用于油品中硫含量的预测。
当变压器存在局部过热或放电故障时,油中形成的氢气和低分子烃类气体可溶于油,这些可燃气体的组成和含量与设备故障类型和严重程度密切相关[36]。因此,分析变压器油溶解气体对保证变压器设备安全运行非常重要[37-39]。目前,传统的气相色谱柱法存在消耗载气、需定期标定的不足[40]
李红雷等[41]开发了一种“流动气体法”实验装置,采用傅里叶红外技术对变压器油溶解气体中的C2H2进行光谱采集,分别采用峰面积和峰高度进行3次多项式拟合曲线,结果表明,高浓度区用峰面积、低浓度区用峰高度作为定量特征能够提高检测准确度,使用2.4 m气体池的检测限可以达到0.3 μL/L以下。Borges等人[36]采用化学计量学技术与近红外光谱结合可以监测绝缘油分解过程中产生的气体,利用偏最小二乘法建立了多元回归校正模型,研究结果表明,该模型预测值与色谱法检测结果具有良好的相关性,相关系数大于0.988 2,甲烷的RMSEP为0.19%(体积分数,下同),乙炔的RMSEP为0.15%,乙烯的RMSEP为0.11%),乙烷的RMSEP为0.14%,证明该模型适用于油品中烃类组分的预测。
介质损耗因数指在交流电压作用下,绝缘介质所产生的电能损耗[42],主要反映油中因泄露电流而引起的功率损失,可判断绝缘介质的劣化和污染程度[43-45]。目前,变压器油样的介质损耗因数多是根据Insulating liquids-Measurement of relative permittivity, dielectric dissipation factor (tan δ) and d.c. resistivity IEC60247: 2004标准实验方法进行测定[46-53]
Zandbaaf等人[54]提出了一种利用衰减全反射(ATR-FTIR)光谱法估测电力变压器油样品介质损耗因数的方法,该方法准确、无损、高效,可取代传统的离线方法,为电力行业变压器质量评估提供快速的数据支持。该方法采用中红外光谱对31个油样进行光谱采集,以连续投影算法(SPA)选取有效波长,利用反向传播-人工神经网络(BP-ANN)建立变压器油中介质损耗因数的预测模型。结果表明,该预测模型RMSEP为0.004 4,R2为0.98。因此,采用中红外光谱结合BP-ANN多变量定标法定量分析介质损耗因数可靠、简便。
击穿电压是表示变压器油绝缘能力的一个重要参数,可衡量变压器油在电气设备内能耐受一定电压而不被破坏的能力。当油中含有水分或杂质时,由于这些杂质具有较大的电导率和介电常数[55],因此在电场作用下,它们会形成导电桥路,降低油的击穿电压值,通常根据油的击穿电压值还可以判断油中是否存在水分、杂质等导电微粒。
Zandbaaf等人[56]研究了衰减全反射傅里叶红外光谱结合多远回归方法测定电力行业变压器油样的击穿电压,该方法具有快速、简单、非破坏性、可在线的优点。将97个变压器油样本分为校正集和验证集,采用遗传反向传输人工神经网络(GA-BP-ANN)和遗传偏最小二乘法(GA-PLS)化学计量学方法通过非线性模型预测验证集样本的击穿电压,结果表明,GA-BP-ANN和GA-PLS方法的RMSEP值分别为0.287 4和2.683 5。因此,GA-BP-ANN可用于变压器油击穿电压的预测。
二烷基二硫代氨基甲酸钼(MoDTC)是一种含硫型有机钼添加剂,具有良好的抗磨、减摩、极压和抗氧化效果[57],被广泛用于润滑油中。高晓光等[58]以红外光谱中1 515 cm–1的吸收峰作为二烷基二硫代氨基甲酸钼的特征吸收峰,分别采用差谱法和直接趋势法建立该减摩剂含量的测定方法,结果发现二烷基二硫代氨基甲酸钼的消耗趋势与四球机试验摩擦因数和磨斑直径的变化趋势有很好的对应关系,证明该方法可以用于油品中MoDTC的定量分析,监测在用润滑油的使用状态。颗粒污染物的存在不仅会使系统运行过程中产生磨损、堵塞、卡滞等问题,而且颗粒污染物的沉积会阻碍传热,造成局部过热加剧油品劣化。因此,有必要定期对系统用油的颗粒污染等级进行检测[59-61]。陈彬等[62]利用中红外光谱扫描得到变压器油的光谱数据,采用SPA提取有效波长,选择的波长主要集中在Fe-O键伸缩振动宽谱带区370~390 nm和Cu-O键伸缩振动区340 nm,分别应用PLS和支持向量机法(SVM)建立颗粒污染度与中红外光谱有效波长的预测模型,SPA-PLS模型的R2达到0.945 0,RMSEP为0.079 8,SPA-SVM模型的R2达到0.966 7,RMSEP为0.055 4,可见SPA-SVM模型预测准确度较高。
随着红外光谱和数据处理技术不断发展,红外光谱正在被逐渐应用在电力用油其他质量参数的定量检测中。
虽然采用红外光谱技术进行油品质量定量分析有无损、快速、操作简单等优点,但从目前的研究状况可以看出,该方面的研究大多还停留在实验室的理论研究阶段,在实际应用中较少,主要是存在以下问题。
1)油品之间光谱差异性很大,而红外光谱定量检测数据的分析依赖于油品配方,进而导致运行油红外光谱的检测受油品红外吸收光谱带的干涉影响。因此,目前红外光谱定量检测方法在很大程度上仅限于配方较简单的矿物油品。
2)红外光谱只能反映分子结构的信息,不能有效反映原子、金属颗粒和溶解态离子等信息。因此,在油品检测中红外光谱无法替代原子吸收光谱、颗粒计数仪以及传统的检测方法。
3)红外光谱定量检测的原理是对化学功能团的识别和定量,而每个功能团的特征峰会发生重叠,从而导致检测准确性较差。
4)应用红外光谱法结合化学计量学进行定量检测需要建立校正模型,以预测待测样品。因此,为了确保模型的稳定性和准确性,需要大量数据充实数据库。
  • 中国华能集团有限公司总部科技项目(HNKJ21-H43)
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2024年第53卷第2期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202307125
  • 接收时间:2023-07-31
  • 首发时间:2025-12-31
  • 出版时间:2024-02-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-07-31
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Science and Technology Project of China Huaneng Group Co., Ltd.(HNKJ21-H43)
中国华能集团有限公司总部科技项目(HNKJ21-H43)
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    1.西安热工研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710054
    2.华能山东发电有限公司,山东 济南 250014
    3.华能国际电力股份有限公司德州电厂,山东 德州 253024
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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