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Article(id=1213131711873995375, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1213131702797517129, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202307117, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1688400000000, receivedDateStr=2023-07-04, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1767162739008, onlineDateStr=2025-12-31, pubDate=1708790400000, pubDateStr=2024-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1767162739008, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-31, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1767162739008, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767162739008, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1213131702797517129, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2024', volume='53', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='198', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1767162736844, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767168616029, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1213156361978954089, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1213131702797517129, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1213156361978954090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1213131702797517129, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=78, endPage=85, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1213131712251482762, articleId=1213131711873995375, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Effect of double rows of film holes interaction on film cooling efficiency, columnId=1211002405299294959, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Thermal energy science research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The cooling efficiency of flat film was measured using a high-precision infrared thermal imager, and the film cooling efficiency between double-cross-row holes and single row holes is compared. The interaction between film holes and the influence of blowing ratio (M=0.65, 1.0, 1.5) and density ratio (DR=1.0, 1.5) on the cooling efficiency was analyzed. Moreover, the flow field with film cooling was compared using numerical calculation methods. The results show that, with the increase of the blowing ratio, the cooling efficiency of the single row holes decreases while that of the double-cross-row holes improved greatly, but the film coverage effect at the spanwise direction deteriorates. Increasing the density ratio will improve the cooling performance. However, the influence of double rows of film holes and blow ratio is much higher on the cooling effectiveness, compared with the density ratio. For the double rows of film holes cooling, the cooling jet forms a reverse kidney-shaped vortex downstream of the holes, which will prevent the jet blowing away from the cooling wall.

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采用高精度红外热像仪测量了平板气膜冷却效率，比较了双叉排孔和单排孔气膜冷却效率，分析了孔间的相互作用，以及吹风比（M=0.65、1.00、1.50）和密度比（DR=1.0，1.5）对气膜冷却效率的影响；同时还采用数值计算方法比较了气膜冷却下的流场。结果表明：单排气膜孔冷却效率随着吹风比的增加而降低，但是双叉排气膜孔冷却效率大大提高，且随着吹风比的增加而增加，但是在展向气膜覆盖效果变差；增加密度比可以提高气膜冷却效率，但是双叉排孔和吹风比的影响相对密度比更大；双叉排孔相比于单排孔，冷却气流在孔下游形成了反肾形涡，较好抑制了气膜吹离。

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温涛（1990），男，硕士，工程师，主要从事机器人智能制造系统方面的科研和教学工作，。
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林泽钦（1989），男，博士，主要从事燃气轮机方面的科研和教学工作，。

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林泽钦（1989），男，博士，主要从事燃气轮机方面的科研和教学工作，。

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林泽钦（1989），男，博士，主要从事燃气轮机方面的科研和教学工作，。

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双叉排气膜孔交互作用对气膜冷却效率影响
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林泽钦 1 , 温涛 2 , 王宇清 3
热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2024,53(2): 78-85
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热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2024, 53(2): 78-85
双叉排气膜孔交互作用对气膜冷却效率影响
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林泽钦1 , 温涛2 , 王宇清3
作者信息
  • 1.华中科技大学机械科学与工程学院，湖北　武汉　430074
  • 2.广东理工职业学院机器人学院，广东　中山　528400
  • 3.太原理工大学机械与运载工程学院，山西　太原　030024

    • 林泽钦（1989），男，博士，主要从事燃气轮机方面的科研和教学工作，。

通讯作者:

温涛（1990），男，硕士，工程师，主要从事机器人智能制造系统方面的科研和教学工作，。
Effect of double rows of film holes interaction on film cooling efficiency
Zeqin LIN1 , Tao WEN2 , Yuqing WANG3
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
  • 2.Electrical and Mechanical College, Guangdong Polytechnic Institute, Zhongshan 528400, China
  • 3.College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
出版时间: 2024-02-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202307117
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摘要
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采用高精度红外热像仪测量了平板气膜冷却效率，比较了双叉排孔和单排孔气膜冷却效率，分析了孔间的相互作用，以及吹风比（M=0.65、1.00、1.50）和密度比（DR=1.0，1.5）对气膜冷却效率的影响；同时还采用数值计算方法比较了气膜冷却下的流场。结果表明：单排气膜孔冷却效率随着吹风比的增加而降低，但是双叉排气膜孔冷却效率大大提高，且随着吹风比的增加而增加，但是在展向气膜覆盖效果变差；增加密度比可以提高气膜冷却效率，但是双叉排孔和吹风比的影响相对密度比更大；双叉排孔相比于单排孔，冷却气流在孔下游形成了反肾形涡，较好抑制了气膜吹离。

涡轮叶片  /  气膜冷却  /  冷却效率  /  双叉排气膜孔  /  流动与传热

The cooling efficiency of flat film was measured using a high-precision infrared thermal imager, and the film cooling efficiency between double-cross-row holes and single row holes is compared. The interaction between film holes and the influence of blowing ratio (M=0.65, 1.0, 1.5) and density ratio (DR=1.0, 1.5) on the cooling efficiency was analyzed. Moreover, the flow field with film cooling was compared using numerical calculation methods. The results show that, with the increase of the blowing ratio, the cooling efficiency of the single row holes decreases while that of the double-cross-row holes improved greatly, but the film coverage effect at the spanwise direction deteriorates. Increasing the density ratio will improve the cooling performance. However, the influence of double rows of film holes and blow ratio is much higher on the cooling effectiveness, compared with the density ratio. For the double rows of film holes cooling, the cooling jet forms a reverse kidney-shaped vortex downstream of the holes, which will prevent the jet blowing away from the cooling wall.

turbine blade  /  film cooling  /  cooling efficiency  /  double rows of film holes  /  flow and heat transfer
林泽钦, 温涛, 王宇清. 双叉排气膜孔交互作用对气膜冷却效率影响. 热力发电, 2024 , 53 (2) : 78 -85 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202307117
Zeqin LIN, Tao WEN, Yuqing WANG. Effect of double rows of film holes interaction on film cooling efficiency[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2024 , 53 (2) : 78 -85 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202307117
正文
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为了提高涡轮效率，需要尽可能提高涡轮透平初温，目前该温度甚至已经达到了2 000 K左右，远远超过了涡轮叶片材料可承受的温度范围，因此亟需高效的叶片冷却技术[1]。气膜冷却是使用最广泛的叶片冷却技术之一[2]，它是一种外部冷却方法，冷却气体从叶片内部通过壁面的小孔喷出并覆盖在叶片外表面上，形成一层保护膜，起到阻隔高温燃气的作用。
常见的气膜冷却结构是多个离散气膜孔等间距周期性排布成1列，且叶片表面往往是由多列气膜孔组成，尤其是在前缘位置[3]。大量气膜冷却研究是基于平板单个气膜孔型的几何优化和参数优化，包括孔型、孔间距、孔径和吹风比等[4-9]。基于平板多排气膜孔的研究最早由Han等人[10]进行。他们研究的是平板双叉排气膜孔结构的冷却效率，并比较了蒸汽和空气射流下的冷却效率。其中，气膜孔倾角为35°，孔间距P/D及孔排距S/D均为2.5。之后很多学者开展了双排气膜孔冷却研究[11-14]。张鸣远等[15]针对平板双叉排气膜孔冷却，研究了吹风比对射流贴壁性的影响。结果表明吹风比大于0.6时，前后排气膜孔的射流都先后发生脱壁现象，但后排射流在前排气膜作用下很快出现再附着现象。宋波等[16]实验研究了多斜孔的排布方式对气膜冷却效率的影响，结果表明采用叉排方式布置气膜孔可以提高气膜层的均匀性，从而提高气膜冷却效率。Jubran等人[17]测量了错排的简单圆孔和带复合角的圆孔的气膜冷却效率和换热系数，得出错排的孔比顺排的孔有更高的气膜冷却效率。王浪等[18]采用PSP技术研究不同吹风比和密度比下单排孔与2排孔的气膜冷却效果，得出对于圆孔的气膜冷却，在低吹风比时，第2排孔基本不受第一排孔影响；在高吹风比时，由于前排孔出气对主流的推举作用，后排孔更容易吹离，冷却效果变差。
由于工程应用中常需要预测多排喷射位置下游的气膜冷却效率，预测常采用数值仿真方法[19-23]或者采用经验公式计算。其中最经典的经验公式是Sellers的叠加定律[24]。Saumweber等人[14]测量了平板上双排和单排气膜孔（包括圆柱型气膜孔和扇形气膜孔）的冷却效率，还采用Sellers的叠加方法进行了实验数据的验证。针对叠加计算准确性，李彬等[25]实验研究了Sellers叠加计算方法在阵列气膜冷却方式中的应用。该叠加定理针对槽型气膜冷却准确性更高，对于离散气膜孔，更适用于顺排的多排气膜孔。朱惠人等[26]通过实验研究了双排叉排簸箕形气膜孔的气膜冷却效率，对比研究了单排孔与双排孔气膜冷却效率分布的特点及双排孔气膜冷却效率的叠加算法。结果表明较高吹风比下，应用传统的气膜冷却效率的叠加算法，即根据单排孔冷却效率计算的双排孔的冷却效率会产生很大偏差。
为了分析双叉排气膜孔之间的交互作用对气膜冷却效率的影响，本文采用高精度红外热像仪测量比较双叉排气膜孔和单排气膜孔的绝热气膜冷却效率受吹风比和密度比的影响，吹风比的范围为0.65、1.00、1.50和2.00；选择空气和二氧化碳作为射流，因此密度比分别为1.0和1.5；还采用数值计算方法分析了2种孔排下的流场结构，研究吹风比和密度比影响冷却效率的机理。
1　实验研究
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1.1　实验系统介绍
首先设计并搭建了进行平板气膜冷却实验平台，对绝热平板气膜冷却效率进行测量。实验系统示意如图1所示，主要由主流和射流2路气路组成。其中主流气路主要包括空气压缩机（空压机）、电加热器、整流段和实验段以及一些阀门和测量表。整流段中含有收缩段和扩张段以及中间的蜂窝网整流器。图2为实验系统实物。为了减少热损失，整个主流管道外包裹了保温层。
实验段为有机玻璃制成的矩形通道，通道的横截面为50 mm×80 mm，长500 mm。底面被冷却壁面为带气膜孔的平板，材料为树脂材料，采用3D打印制作，导热系数约为0.19 W/(m·K)，可近似视为绝热平板。为了测量绝热气膜的冷却效率，需要建立尽可能接近绝热的热边界条件。平板上的双叉排气膜孔为2排等间距气膜孔，每排孔的孔间距为3D。第1排气膜孔距离进口20 mm，有2个气膜孔；第2排气膜孔与前排气膜孔距离为3D，包含3个气膜孔；所有气膜孔的孔径D=5 mm。气膜孔轴与平板平面之间的夹角为30°。图3为带气膜孔平板实物照片。
绝热平板的表面温度采用高频高精度红外热像仪和热电偶测量。测量时红外热像仪固定在实验段正上方，透过氟化钡窗片正对气膜冷却壁面，红外热像仪通过流场中布置的热电偶进行温度校准。16根热电偶布置在平板表面的中线上测量紧邻壁面的气流温度。为最大限度降低对流场的影响，热电偶孔直径应尽可能小。选用直径仅为0.65 mm的T型热电偶，并且安装时与壁面表面齐平，以降低对流场的影响。同时记录红外图像和热电偶温度。实验中主流温度为333 K，速度为5 m/s，湍流度12%；射流温度为293 K，吹风比M=ρcUc/ρ∞U∞= 0.65、1.00、1.50，密度比DR=ρc/ρ∞=1.0、1.5。
1.2　实验结果分析
评价气膜冷却效率的参数采用绝热气膜冷却效率η：
η=Taw−T∞Tc−T∞
式中：Taw为绝热壁面温度；T∞为主流的进口总温；Tc为冷却射流的进口总温。
1.2.1　绝热气膜冷却效率受吹风比的影响
图4为单排气膜孔冷却、密度比DR=1.0时3种吹风比下平板的绝热气膜冷却效率η的云图。图4中，横坐标X/D和纵坐标Y/D分别为气膜平板流向坐标X、展向坐标Y与气膜孔直径D的比值。由图4可见：在单排气膜孔冷却作用下，在孔出口处有较高的冷却效率，但是在下游位置随着射流的抬高并与主流发生掺混和侧向耗散，冷却效率迅速下降，中间孔下游的气膜冷却效率较旁边两孔的下游冷却效率值较高；增大吹风比，气膜冷却效率整体在减小，说明吹风比最佳值为0.65；继续增大吹风比到1.50时，可以看到在X/D>10的位置展向冷却效率明显增加，说明射流在出口处脱离壁面而在这个位置重新附着在壁面上。
图5为双叉排气膜孔冷却、密度比DR=1.0时4种吹风比下平板的绝热气膜冷却效率云图。
从图5可以看到，该双叉排结构的前后排射流孔展向交错排列。冷却效率在气膜孔出口附近最高，然后沿着下游流动方向逐渐降低。双叉排气膜孔的气膜冷却效率随着吹风比的增加而增加。当吹风比从0.65增加到1.00时，气膜在下游覆盖距离增加。当吹风比M增加到2.00时，中心孔下游即中心线上的冷却效率最高，气膜覆盖的距离最长；而两侧边缘的气膜孔下游的冷却效率明显减小，这是由于圆柱型气膜孔后射流流场中有明显的外卷肾型对涡结构，射流的三维性强。小吹风比时前后排射流间的对涡相互作用较弱，但是随着吹风比增大，肾型对涡范围扩大，前后排气膜间作用强烈，后排气膜的贴壁性在前排射流作用下将明显改变。
与单排气膜孔冷却相比，双叉排气膜孔冷却在高吹风比下的冷却效率明显高于单排气膜孔，这说明由于气膜的叠加效应，第1排的射流将迫使第2排射流靠近壁面，双排孔相邻孔二次射流间的相互作用和融合，主流更不易从射流之间或下部通过，从而增强了对壁面的保护作用，因此大大提高了气膜冷却效率。
图6a)和图6b)分别为单排和双叉排气膜孔冷却时、不同吹风比下壁面中心线上绝热冷却气膜效率沿流向分布曲线。
由图6可以看出，单排孔气膜冷却时，η的值迅速下降，至X/D=15以后开始略微上升，到X/D=20以后重新开始下降。这是由于冷气射流从气膜孔中射出后由于其较大的纵向速度分量，从而具有更大的主流穿透力；射流首先会抬升飞离壁面，而后在主流的作用下，随着流动的推进在下游再一次附着在壁面，从而使得冷却效率曲线表现出先降低而后升高的趋势。在X/D<15的位置，冷却效率随着吹风比的增加而降低；但是在X/D>15之后的下游，3种吹风比下冷却效率几乎重合。双叉排气膜孔冷却时，在气膜孔下游，随着距离的增加，气膜冷却效率迅速下降，在X/D=15的位置时下降速度开始变得缓慢。从0.65增大到2.00时，气膜孔下游的绝热气膜冷却效率随着吹风比的增加而提高。在紧邻气膜孔的位置X/D<5，当吹风比增加至2.00时，冷却效率出现明显的下降。
1.2.2　绝热气膜冷却效率受密度比的影响
为了分析射流与主流密度比对双叉排和单排气膜冷却效率的影响，冷却射流采用空气和二氧化碳2种气体作为冷却介质，因此密度比DR分别为1.0和1.5。图7为密度比DR=1.5时3种不同吹风比下单排气膜孔下游气膜冷却效率云图。对比图7和图4可知，高密度比冷却下的气膜冷却效果更好。此外，由图7还可以看出，冷却效率也随吹风比的增加而降低，最佳吹风比为0.65，且在最佳吹风比0.65时，高密度比下气膜展向覆盖效果更好。
图8为DR=1.5时4种不同吹风比下双叉排壁面气膜孔下游气膜冷却效率云图。由图8可见，随着吹风比的增加，气膜孔附近的冷却效率降低，但是下游的气膜覆盖距离提高，且展向覆盖效果降低。可以发现，在双叉排气膜孔冷却下，密度比对气膜冷却效率的影响较弱，即DR=1.5的结果与DR=1.0的结果差别不大，说明双叉排孔结构降低了密度比对气膜冷却效率的影响。但是另一方面，吹风比对冷却效率的影响要大于密度比。
2　CFD数值研究
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2.1　数值计算方法
采用ANSYS FLUENT计算了双叉排气膜孔冷却下的流场结构。计算模型与实验模型保持一致，结果如图9所示。采用分块网格技术进行网格划分，对射流孔使用O型网格，并在壁面附近网格进行了边界层加密，保证壁面附近y+<1。经过网格无关性验证，最终确认网格数量为1 910 184。计算域网格划分如图10所示。
计算的主流进口为速度进口边界条件，湍流强度为12%。主流出口为压力出口。射流为速度进口边界条件，具体数值与实验工况保持一致。湍流模型选择了SST k-ω模型，选择压力速度耦合的SIMPLE算法，压力项、动量方程、能量方程由二阶迎风差分格式进行离散。
2.2　数值计算结果验证
选用吹风比为0.65的计算结果与实验数据进行比较。图11a)和图11b)分为单排和双叉排气膜孔下游中线上气膜冷却效率实验结果与数值计算结果的对比。
总体来看，二者吻合较好，数值计算结果比实验值略高。另外实验结果表明，在X/D=15~25的区域发生了射流的再附着，但是数值计算结果没有捕捉到射流附着壁面的过程。这可能是由于：数值计算的边界条件中壁面为光滑壁面，且主流进口边界条件为均匀流速而不是充分发展的速度边界层，因此壁面附近的主流速度偏高，射流很难穿透主流附着在壁面上；而在真实流动中，主流进口为充分发展的速度边界层，壁面边界层内速度较低且由于壁面阻力等原因越来越低，射流将附着在壁面上从而提高了该处的冷却效率。
2.3　数值结果分析
为了分析实验结果，研究了单排孔气膜冷却效率下游的流场结构，选取距离气膜孔下游X/D=1.5和X/D=4.0的截面位置分析其温度场和流场。2个选定截面位置示意如图12所示。
图13为单排气膜孔冷却下X/D=1.5截面上温度场和流线。图13采用无量纲温度着色。由图13可以看到：在射流出口位置形成了2个对称的反向旋转涡对；在3种吹风比下，随着吹风比的增加，射流逐渐脱离壁面，距离壁面越来越高，因此气膜的覆盖效果逐渐减弱，冷却效率将随着吹风比的增加而降低。
图14为双叉排气膜孔冷却下X/D=1.5截面上的流场和温度场。可以看到，前排2个气膜孔的射流在下游位置也形成了2个肾形涡，这2个涡压迫后排气膜孔射流贴在壁面，阻止其吹离壁面。因此双排孔相比于单排孔，冷却气流在孔下游形成了反肾形涡，较好抑制了气膜吹离。随着吹风比的增加，这种抑制作用逐渐增强，因此气膜冷却效率随着吹风比的增加而增加。图15为X/D=4截面上的无量纲温度场。对比图15和图14可以看到，当射流流动至下游位置逐渐抬高并脱离壁面，在前排气膜孔的压迫下，后排冷却射流的贴壁性仍然较好。
图16为双叉排孔冷却时M=2.0时平板壁面无量纲温度和极限流线。可以看到，由于前排气膜孔的阻挡，主流在气膜孔两侧发生弯曲，并形成肾形涡对，因此第2排边缘气膜孔射流上游的主流流动方向向外侧弯曲，使得气膜孔下游外侧的冷却效率大大降低。
3　结论
收起
1）单排气膜孔冷却效率随着吹风比的增加而降低，但是双叉排气膜孔冷却效率大大提高，且随着吹风比的增加而增加，但是在展向气膜覆盖效果变差。
2）增加密度比可以提高气膜冷却效率，但是双叉排孔影响相对密度比更大。另外在高吹风比下，2种密度比在单排和双叉排孔冷却下都差别较小，说明吹风比对冷却效率的影响也大于密度比。
3）双叉排孔相比于单排孔，冷却气流在孔下游形成了反肾形涡，较好抑制了气膜吹离。
基金
收起
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2018YFE0206900)
文献
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2024年第53卷第2期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202307117
  • 接收时间：2023-07-04
  • 首发时间：2025-12-31
  • 出版时间：2024-02-25
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  • 收稿日期：2023-07-04
基金
National Key Research and Development Program(2018YFE0206900)
国家重点研发计划项目(2018YFE0206900)
作者信息
    1.华中科技大学机械科学与工程学院，湖北　武汉　430074
    2.广东理工职业学院机器人学院，广东　中山　528400
    3.太原理工大学机械与运载工程学院，山西　太原　030024

通讯作者:

温涛（1990），男，硕士，工程师，主要从事机器人智能制造系统方面的科研和教学工作，。
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
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