Article(id=1213131711538451036, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1213131702797517129, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202307119, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1690560000000, receivedDateStr=2023-07-29, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1767162738928, onlineDateStr=2025-12-31, pubDate=1708790400000, pubDateStr=2024-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1767162738928, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-31, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1767162738928, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767162738928, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1213131702797517129, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2024', volume='53', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='198', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1767162736844, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767168616029, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1213156361978954089, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1213131702797517129, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1213156361978954090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1213131702797517129, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=59, endPage=67, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1213131713606243066, articleId=1213131711538451036, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=MPC optimization control of optical-storage coupling hydrogen production system based on weight calculation, columnId=1211002405299294959, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Thermal energy science research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Optimization control strategies for hydrogen production system coupled with photovoltaic and energy storage are studied, and a power allocation strategy based on model predictive control that considers multi-objective optimization problems with game relationships is proposed. Firstly, the architecture of the hydrogen production system coupled with photovoltaic and energy storage is constructdd, and the power balance equation that needs to be met during the operation of the hydrogen production system coupled with photovoltaic and energy storage is clarified. Secondly, a composite algorithm model is established by combining the self-adaptive multi-objective particle swarm optimization algorithm with the MPC algorithm, and three objective functions that consider both alkaline electrolyzer (AEL) and energy storage battery characteristics are provided, then the weight coefficients of the optimal control increment are calculated. Finally, the MPC controller model is constructed using the MATLAB-function module, and the calculated weight coefficients of the optimal control increment are applied to the MPC optimization process, thus the online power allocation for the hydrogen production system coupled with photovoltaic and energy storage is ultimately achieved. Through simulation analysis and comparison with two optimization control methods, it is proven that the proposed method in this paper improves the operational indicators of the energy storage system to a certain extent while reduces the fluctuation of AEL input power, it enhances the dynamic power balance ability of the hydrogen production system coupled with photovoltaic and energy storage.

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对光储耦合制氢系统优化控制策略进行研究,提出一种考虑存在博弈关系的多目标优化的模型预测控制(MPC)功率分配策略。首先,构建光储耦合制氢系统架构,明确光储耦合制氢系统运行时需要满足的功率平衡方程;其次,将自适应多目标粒子群优化算法和MPC算法相结合搭建复合算法模型,给出同时考虑碱性电解槽(AEL)和储能电池特性的3个目标函数,计算出最优控制增量权重系数;最后,利用MATLAB-function函数模块构建MPC控制器模型,将计算出的最优控制增量权重系数应用于MPC优化过程中,实现光储耦合制氢系统在线功率分配。与传统MPC优化控制方法进行仿真分析,验证了所提方法在一定程度提高了储能系统的运行指标,同时又降低了AEL输入功率的波动性,增强了光储耦合制氢系统的动态功率平衡能力。

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梁忠豪(1990),女,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为氢储能技术,
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李建林(1976),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为大规模储能技术,

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label=Fig.10, caption=Comparison of DC link voltage fluctuations, figureFileSmall=dEnWe0lPzyUM9VZuSmGs1A==, figureFileBig=DIkUTyBBkimT1MeJ+Nc9pg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1213131725841027364, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213131711538451036, language=CN, label=图10, caption=直流母线电压波动对比, figureFileSmall=dEnWe0lPzyUM9VZuSmGs1A==, figureFileBig=DIkUTyBBkimT1MeJ+Nc9pg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1213131725950079273, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213131711538451036, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Main parameters of the system

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
设备项目数值
直流母线参考电压u/V400
碱性电解槽单槽额定电压uel/V2
额定电流Iel/A33
串联个数Nel150
额定功率Pel-E/kW14
额定产氢量/(m3.h–1)2
法拉第效率ηF1
光伏电池额定功率PV-E/kW22
开路电压uv/V64.2
短路电流ISC/A5.96
光伏组件并联个数Nb-P12
光伏组件串联个数Nb-S6
储能电池额定功率Pbat-E/kW12.8/12.8
额定电压ubat/V320
储能的充电效率ηcha/%90
储能的放电效率ηdis/%90
初始SOC/%72
额定容量Qn/(A·h)40
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系统主要参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
设备项目数值
直流母线参考电压u/V400
碱性电解槽单槽额定电压uel/V2
额定电流Iel/A33
串联个数Nel150
额定功率Pel-E/kW14
额定产氢量/(m3.h–1)2
法拉第效率ηF1
光伏电池额定功率PV-E/kW22
开路电压uv/V64.2
短路电流ISC/A5.96
光伏组件并联个数Nb-P12
光伏组件串联个数Nb-S6
储能电池额定功率Pbat-E/kW12.8/12.8
额定电压ubat/V320
储能的充电效率ηcha/%90
储能的放电效率ηdis/%90
初始SOC/%72
额定容量Qn/(A·h)40
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基于权重计算的光储耦合制氢系统模型预测优化控制
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李建林 1 , 梁忠豪 1 , 赵文鼎 1 , 梁策 1 , 袁晓冬 2
热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2024,53(2): 59-67
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热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2024, 53(2): 59-67
基于权重计算的光储耦合制氢系统模型预测优化控制
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李建林1 , 梁忠豪1 , 赵文鼎1, 梁策1, 袁晓冬2
作者信息
  • 1.北京未来电化学储能系统集成技术创新中心(北方工业大学),北京 100144
  • 2.国网江苏省电力有限公司电力科学研究院,江苏 南京 211103
  • 李建林(1976),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为大规模储能技术,

通讯作者:

梁忠豪(1990),女,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为氢储能技术,
MPC optimization control of optical-storage coupling hydrogen production system based on weight calculation
Jianlin LI1 , Zhonghao LIANG1 , Wending ZHAO1, Ce LIANG1, Xiaodong YUAN2
Affiliations
  • 1.Beijing Future Technology Innovation Centre for Electrochemical Energy Storage System Integration (North China University of Technology), Beijing 100144, China
  • 2.State Grid Jiangsu Electric Power Co., Ltd. Research Institute, Nanjing 211103, China
出版时间: 2024-02-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202307119
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对光储耦合制氢系统优化控制策略进行研究,提出一种考虑存在博弈关系的多目标优化的模型预测控制(MPC)功率分配策略。首先,构建光储耦合制氢系统架构,明确光储耦合制氢系统运行时需要满足的功率平衡方程;其次,将自适应多目标粒子群优化算法和MPC算法相结合搭建复合算法模型,给出同时考虑碱性电解槽(AEL)和储能电池特性的3个目标函数,计算出最优控制增量权重系数;最后,利用MATLAB-function函数模块构建MPC控制器模型,将计算出的最优控制增量权重系数应用于MPC优化过程中,实现光储耦合制氢系统在线功率分配。与传统MPC优化控制方法进行仿真分析,验证了所提方法在一定程度提高了储能系统的运行指标,同时又降低了AEL输入功率的波动性,增强了光储耦合制氢系统的动态功率平衡能力。

光伏制氢  /  储能系统  /  MPC  /  权重系数  /  功率分配

Optimization control strategies for hydrogen production system coupled with photovoltaic and energy storage are studied, and a power allocation strategy based on model predictive control that considers multi-objective optimization problems with game relationships is proposed. Firstly, the architecture of the hydrogen production system coupled with photovoltaic and energy storage is constructdd, and the power balance equation that needs to be met during the operation of the hydrogen production system coupled with photovoltaic and energy storage is clarified. Secondly, a composite algorithm model is established by combining the self-adaptive multi-objective particle swarm optimization algorithm with the MPC algorithm, and three objective functions that consider both alkaline electrolyzer (AEL) and energy storage battery characteristics are provided, then the weight coefficients of the optimal control increment are calculated. Finally, the MPC controller model is constructed using the MATLAB-function module, and the calculated weight coefficients of the optimal control increment are applied to the MPC optimization process, thus the online power allocation for the hydrogen production system coupled with photovoltaic and energy storage is ultimately achieved. Through simulation analysis and comparison with two optimization control methods, it is proven that the proposed method in this paper improves the operational indicators of the energy storage system to a certain extent while reduces the fluctuation of AEL input power, it enhances the dynamic power balance ability of the hydrogen production system coupled with photovoltaic and energy storage.

photovoltaic hydrogen production  /  energy storage system  /  MPC  /  weight coefficient  /  power distribution
李建林, 梁忠豪, 赵文鼎, 梁策, 袁晓冬. 基于权重计算的光储耦合制氢系统模型预测优化控制. 热力发电, 2024 , 53 (2) : 59 -67 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202307119
Jianlin LI, Zhonghao LIANG, Wending ZHAO, Ce LIANG, Xiaodong YUAN. MPC optimization control of optical-storage coupling hydrogen production system based on weight calculation[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2024 , 53 (2) : 59 -67 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202307119
光储耦合制氢系统(简称“制氢系统”)的推广应用不仅缓解了可再生能源并网消纳阻塞,而且还有助于解决氢能的低碳、低成本生产问题[1-2]。在制氢系统中主要制氢设备为碱性电解槽(alkaline electrolyzer,AEL)。目前,AEL由于设备电压低、单独功率较高和成本低等优势已经达到商业化运行水平,但是AEL动态响应偏慢并且与波动电源适配性差[3-4]。因此,制氢系统中利用储能电池来平滑光伏出力,提高AEL与波动电源的适配性和运行寿命。然而,储能电池平抑波动的能力与储能电池运行寿命、死区时间和电池损耗等也有一定的关系。综上所述,对制氢系统进行优化控制,将各设备功率合理分配,兼顾存在博弈关系的多个目标,关键参数是储能电池出力能力、储能电池进入死区时间和AEL功率波动率。寻求多目标最优值,这样既能实现在一定程度上提升AEL平滑制氢的能力、制氢效率和光伏利用率,延长AEL的运行寿命,又兼顾储能电池的平抑能力、运行寿命和电池损耗,也是制氢系统亟待解决的难点问题。
在电氢耦合系统优化控制策略方面,文献[5]考虑分时电价因素,以储能经济性最大、能量损耗最小以及电网功率波动最小为目标,基于多目标粒子群优化算法提出一种电热氢多元储能优化调度方法,但仅考虑储能电池的自身特性和经济性,并未考虑制氢设备的特性;文献[6]针对风氢耦合系统,以平滑上网功率、提高风电消纳能力为目标,提出系统12种运行模式下的优化控制方法,但其中并未考虑电解槽和储能系统的最优运行问题。相比传统优化控制方法,模型预测控制(model predictive control,MPC)对于解决多目标、多变量、多约束系统控制问题具有一定的优越性,可以实现在线动态调控[7]。文献[8]针对直流微网混合储能系统,搭建了考虑各种约束条件下的MPC能量管理策略,并给出系统脱离约束情况下算法无解时的解决方案。文献[9]针对风光储氢微网系统,提出一种基于MPC的在线功率优化方法,搭建了系统线性离散状态空间模型,仿真得出MPC权重矩阵的选取一定程度上影响其跟踪强度和预测结果,但并未给出权重系数具体计算方法。综上所述,目前针对电氢耦合系统优化控制的研究仍存在以下问题:1)在设计和选择电氢耦合系统优化控制方法时,并未兼顾各子系统的运行特性、损耗等;2)MPC作为优化控制方法时变量的权重系数直接给定,缺少理论依据和计算方法。
为解决以上问题,本文对制氢系统在线功率优化分配展开研究,提出一种考虑多目标最优的MPC优化控制方法,包含:1)搭建一种MPC优化控制权重系数的复合计算方法,即自适应多目标粒子群优化(adaptive multi-objective particle swarm optimization,AMOPSO)算法和MPC算法相结合的复合算法,其中兼顾储能电池出力能力评价系数、储能电池进入死区时间和AEL功率波动率多目标之间的博弈关系,基于此,求得MPC优化控制最优权重系数;2)利用MATLAB-function函数模块构建MPC控制器,将计算出的最优控制增量的权重系数应用于MPC控制器中,实现制氢系统在线功率分配。最后进行仿真分析,验证所提方案的适用性。
光储耦合制氢系统由光伏电池、AEL、储氢罐、储能电池、负荷及电网构成[10-11],如图1所示。通过考虑多目标最优计算出MPC控制器控制增量的权重系数,进而通过MPC控制器得出储能电池充/放功率和AEL阵列需求功率,进而根据式(1)计算出电网供电功率,最终实现在线调控分配。直流母线电压由电网维持稳定,光伏电池为制氢系统的主要能量来源。
制氢系统满足功率平衡关系为:
Pgrid(t)+PV(t)Pload(t)=Pel(t)Pbat(t)
式中:Pgrid(t)为t时刻电网提供功率或光伏并网功率,Pgrid(t)>0表示电网提供功率,Pgrid(t)<0表示光伏并网功率;PV(t)为t时刻光伏电池输出功率;Pbat(t)为t时刻储能电池的充/放电功率,Pbat(t)>0表示储能电池放电,Pbat(t)<0表示储能电池充电;Pel(t)为t时刻AEL输入功率;Pload(t)为t时刻负荷功率。
储能电池主要用于平抑AEL输入功率的波动,因此不考虑储能电池向电网售电情况,另外,在不影响后续分析的前提下,做如下假设[12]
1)储能电池不出现自放电现象;
2)储能电池荷电状态(state of charge,SOC)表示储能电池组整体荷电状态;
3)储氢罐氢容量比例(hydrogen capacity ratio,HCR)表示储氢罐整体储氢状态;
4)不考虑启停、负荷变化过程中AEL的温度波动,即将电解槽温度记为常数。
建立多目标优化模型,建立以储能电池出力能力评价系数、储能电池进入死区时间和AEL功率波动均值最小为目标函数,以权重系数为决策变量的AMOPSO-MPC复合算法(简称“复合算法”)。另外,为避免本节中所用MPC算法与第3节所述MPC控制器关键参数混淆,特定义若干关键参数:1)复合算法计算1次,记其中MPC算法优化计算时的预测步数为N1,总时长为T1,2步之间的间隔时间为∆t,每步中的预测时域为Np,控制时域为Np–1;2)记MPC控制器采样周期为T,每个周期内计算1次,每次计算的预测时域为Np,控制时域为Np–1。
储能电池出力能力评价系数计算式[13]为:
Cbat=1N1t=1N1(SOC(t)50%)2
式中:SOC(t)为t时刻储能电池的荷电状态,SOC(t)=50%时表示储能电池具备最大充/放电能力。Cbat越小,表明储能电池的荷电状态越接近50%,储能电池在下一时刻吞吐电量的能力越大,深充深放的程度越低。
SOC(t)需满足式(3)的约束条件,SOC,minSOC,max分别表示储能电池荷电状态下限和上限。
SOCminSOC(t)SOC,max
储能死区指储能电池无法吞吐能量的荷电状态范围,储能电池由于荷电状态越限而无法吞吐能量的时间为“死区时间”。进入死区时,储能电池在一定程度上不再具备对电解槽功率波动的平抑能力。储能电池进入死区时间TD计算公式为:
{TD=t=1N1[f(x1)f(x2)]Δtf(x)={0x11x1x1=SOC,minSOC(t),x2=SOC(t)SOC,maxSOC(t+1)=SOC(t)ΔtQnubatPbat(t)
式中:Qn为储能电池的额定容量;ubat为储能电池电压。TD越小表示储能电池进入死区时间越短,储能电池平抑波动能力越强。
Pbat(t)需满足约束条件:
Pbat-EPbat(t)Pbat-E
式中:Pbat-E为储能电池额定功率。
AEL输入功率在总时长T1内的波动均值∆Pel-mean计算公式为:
ΔPel-mean=t=0N11|Pel(t+1)Pel(t)|/T1
式中:∆Pel-mean越小,表示储能平抑AEL功率波动的综合平均水平越高,更有利于AEL高效运行并延长AEL使用寿命,并且AEL运行成本越低。
AEL输入功率波动约束以及储氢罐储氢状态约束为:
{|Pel(t+Δt)Pel(t)|δelPel-EΔtHCR,minHCR(t)HCR,max
式中:δel为AEL输入功率单位时间内波动限值比例,取5%;Pel-E为AEL额定功率;HCR,minHCR,max分别为储氢罐储氢容量比例的下限和上限。
在AMOPSO算法优化模型中,记搜索空间为二维,粒子种群规模为N,各解均对应空间中的粒子,即权重系数,随算法更新迭代过程各粒子在搜索空间不断飞行向最优解靠近。本文所提AMOPSO算法中引入混沌运动思想,对当前种群的最优粒子进行混沌寻优操作,充分发挥混沌运动的随机性优势,在一定程度上克服了粒子群算法的初始种群生成缺乏多样性、算法易陷入局部最优的缺点[14-15]。另外,由于惯性权重影响粒子群算法性能,若其值较大,有利于全局寻优,不利于局部寻优;其值较小,有利于局部寻优,不利于全局寻优[16]。因此,本文所提AMOPSO算法采用线性递减权值(linearly decreasing weight,LDW)策略将惯性权重设定为动态值来提高算法的寻优能力。综上,AMOPSO算法优化模型[17]为:
{vid(f+1)=wvid(f)+c1drand1(Pbest,idxid(f))+c2drand2(Gbest,idxid(f))xid(f+1)=xid(f)+rvid(f+1)w(t)=(winiwend)×(Gkg)/Gk+wendw=wini(winiwend)×f/F
式中:位置向量xid=[xi1,xi2],vid=[vi1,vi2],i=1,2,…,NN为初始种群中的粒子数;f为当前迭代次数;F为最大迭代次数;c1c2≥0为加速因子,通常取值c1=c2=2;drand1drand2为在[0,1]内均匀分布随机常数;r为约束因子,通常取值为1;Pbest,i为粒子i在决策空间中的局部最优解;Gbest,i为引导粒子i不断向最优解进化飞行的全局最优解;w为惯性权重,其值为非负;wini为初始惯性权重;wend为迭代至最大进化代数时的惯性权值。
AMOPSO-MPC复合算法(图2)外层算法为AMOPSO算法,内层算法为MPC算法。复合算法通过MATLAB编程实现,属于一种离线优化计算方法。模型求解结果为一组Pareto最优解,通过拥挤距离排序法选取MPC控制器最优权重系数。本文所用拥挤距离排序法为:在二维空间中,拥挤距离表示Pareto最优解中每个解与周围解的密集程度,具体是指在一个解m周围包含解m本身但不包括其他解的长方形(以最近邻解作为顶点的长方形)的长,长越小表示该解m周围越拥挤,即拥挤距离越小,Pareto最优解中边界的2个解拥挤距离为无穷大。计算出所有解的拥挤距离之后,拥挤距离最小的解为最优解,即本文所求MPC控制器最优权重系数。MPC算法与MPC控制器的状态方程和代价函数相同,具体见第3节。
储氢罐容量HCR计算公式为:
dHCRdt=RTstoηFPelVstozFuelpsto_max
式中:Pel为电解槽总输入功率;uel为电解槽单槽电压;R为气体常数;Tsto为储氢罐温度;Vsto为储氢罐体积;psto_max为储氢罐压力上限值;psto储氢罐压力;ηF为法拉第效率;z为每次反应电子转移数;F为法拉第常数。
储能电池荷电状态SOC计算公式为:
dSOCdt=PbatQnubat
式中:Pbat为电池功率,Pbat>0表示储能电池放电,Pbat<0表示储能电池充电。
MPC控制器采样周期为T,功率差P=Pel-Pbat,对光储耦合制氢系统模型进行离散化处理,计算公式为:
{HCR(k+1)=HCR(k)+RTstoηFTVstozFuelpsto_maxPel(k)SOC(k+1)=SOC(k)TQnubatPbat(k)PΔ(k+1)=Pel(k)Pbat(k)
设状态变量x(k)=[HCR(k) SOC(k) P(k)]T,控制变量u(k)=[Pel(k) Pbat(k)]T,输出变量y(k)=x(k),被控输出变量yc(k)=Cx(k)。将式(11)转为MPC矩阵形式,即式(12)[18]所示:
{x(k+1)=Ax(k)+Bu(k)y(k)=x(k)yc(k)=Cx(k)
式中:k为当前采样时刻;A为状态矩阵;B为控制矩阵;C为输出矩阵。其中,
A=[100010000]B=[α100α211]C=[001]α1=RTstoηFTVstozFuelpsto_maxα2=TQnubat
构建制氢系统MPC代价函数:
J=i=1NpβΔy(k+i|k)2+i=1Np1Δu(k+i|k)TRΔu(k+i|k)
其中,
{Δy(k+i|k)=yc(k+i|k)yref(k+i|k)R=diag[λ1λ2]
式中:Np为预测时域;Np-1为控制时域;R为控制增量的权重矩阵;λ1、λ2均为控制增量的权重因子;β为输出误差的权重因子;设yref(k+j|k)=PV(k)–Pload(k)作为输出变量的参考值,使得每时刻尽可能减小制氢系统与电网的交互功率。
将代价函数最小值求解转化为二次规划问题,最终将代价函数化简为式(16)形式:
J=12U(k)THU(k)+fTU(k)
式中:H为与系数矩阵及权重系数有关的常数矩阵;f为与系数矩阵、初始状态及权重系数有关的常数矩阵;u(k)为控制变量矩阵,代价函数中自变量由控制增量转化为控制量。
制氢系统MPC运行约束条件为:
Pel_minPel(k+i|k)Pel_max
参照青海大学太阳能综合利用工程示范基地中所用AEL电解槽设备参数,取Pel-min=50%Pel-EPel-max=110%Pel-E,另外,式(3)、式(5)、式(7)同为MPC运行约束。
MPC算法中,设N1=10,T1=1 s,∆t=0.1 s,预测时域Np=5,控制时域Np–1=4;MPC控制器(求解步骤如图3所示)采样周期为T=0.1 s,预测时域Np=5,控制时域Np–1=4;储能电池荷电状态的上限SOC,max和下限SOC,min分别为80%和20%[19]。储氢罐储氢状态的上限HCR,max和下限HCR,min分别为90%和20%[20]。其他系统主要参数见表1[21-24]
在MATLAB/Simulink仿真平台中搭建光储耦合制氢系统仿真模型,并选用传统优化控制策略与本文所提基于多目标博弈优化MPC的光储耦合制氢系统优化控制(图4)策略进行对比分析,其中传统优化控制策略为:利用AMOPSO算法,以储能电池的充/放电功率Pbat和电解槽的输入功率Pel为决策变量,以储能电池出力能力评价系数、储能电池进入死区时间、AEL功率波动均值为目标函数进行功率优化分配。本文所提控制策略为:利用复合算法计算出MPC控制器的最优权重系数,实现制氢系统MPC在线优化控制。
以上控制过程中,系统维持电解槽两端电压不变,优化计算出电解槽的功率Pel之后,转化为电解槽电流数据,对电解槽进行电流控制,电解槽DC/DC控制策略采用功率外环、电流内环的双环控制。另外,光伏DC/DC控制策略、负荷DC/DC控制策略均采用单环电流PI控制,储能电池DC/DC控制策略采用功率外环、电流内环的双环控制,电网AC/DC控制策略采用电压外环、电流内环的双环控制[25]
图5图6分别为2种控制方法下的电解槽输入功率及两端电压波动分布。
图5可以看出,相较于传统优化控制策略,本文所提控制策略很大程度上减小了电解槽输入功率的波动幅值以及波动频率,其中幅值最大波动率由55%~110%降至78%~102%。由图6可以看出,2种优化控制策略对维持电解槽两端电压稳定具有很好的效果,特别是本文所提优化控制策略。
图7图9分别为储能电池功率、电压及SOC波动对比。
图7图8可以看出,相较于传统优化控制策略,本文所提控制策略的使用,一定程度上减小了储能电池充/放功率的最大、最小幅值差,其中储能电池充/放功率的最大幅值由–8.0~12.5 kW降至–7.0~11.5 kW,储能电池电压的幅值最大波动由319.0~328.0 V降至319.0~326.5 V。另外,一个时间段内的充放电次数明显减少,进而减少储能在1个周期内的吞吐能量总值。同时,储能电池的电压波动维持在可承受范围以内。由图9可以看出,相比传统优化控制策略,本文所提控制策略下储能电池SOC变化相对平缓。
图10为直流母线电压波动对比。由图10可以看出,本文所提控制策略下和传统优化控制策略下直流母线电压均能很好地维持在400.0 V,并且本文所提控制策略下直流母线电压波动较为平缓,表明本文所提控制策略不仅可以优化电解槽的输入功率和储能电池的输出功率,并且可以优化整个系统运行性能。
为实现制氢系统合理化功率分配以及在线优化控制,本文兼顾AEL和储能电池的运行特性,提出了考虑多目标博弈的MPC优化控制方法,通过理论分析与仿真验证得出以下结论:
1)提出AMOPSO-MPC复合算法,其中考虑多目标博弈关系,计算出对应最优控制增量的权重系数;
2)借助MATLAB-function函数模块构建MPC控制器,将计算出的最优控制增量的权重系数应用于MPC控制器中,实现制氢系统在线功率分配。使得电解槽输入功率的幅值最大波动率由55%~ 110%降低至78%~102%,储能电池充/放功率的最大幅值由-8.0~12.5 kW降低至-7.0~11.5 kW,储能电池电压的幅值最大波动由319.0~328.0 V降低至319.0~326.5 V,储能电池在一个时间段内的充放次数也在一定程度上有所减少,避免储能电池进入死区。
  • 国家电网公司总部科技项目(5400-202318247A-1-1-ZN)
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2024年第53卷第2期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202307119
  • 接收时间:2023-07-29
  • 首发时间:2025-12-31
  • 出版时间:2024-02-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-07-29
基金
Science and Technology Project of State Grid(5400-202318247A-1-1-ZN)
国家电网公司总部科技项目(5400-202318247A-1-1-ZN)
作者信息
    1.北京未来电化学储能系统集成技术创新中心(北方工业大学),北京 100144
    2.国网江苏省电力有限公司电力科学研究院,江苏 南京 211103

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梁忠豪(1990),女,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为氢储能技术,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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