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At present, China’s thermal power plant steam/water pipeline design standard stipulates that the load variation coefficient of spring hangers should not exceed 25%. Accordingly, the designed proportion of the constant support hanger is too high, and the “illegal” transfer of the load will cause the pipe operation deviates from the design line, and the stress increases. This paper analyzes the relationship between the constant degree and the load variability factor of constant hanger. The optimization design case shows that, properly increasing the load variation coefficient of spring hangers in the design of steam/water pipelines can increase the proportion of spring hanger configuration and reduce the occurrence of abnormal pipeline expansion.

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目前,我国火力发电厂汽水管道设计标准规定,弹簧吊架荷载变化系数不应大于25%,据此设计的管道系统恒力吊架比例过高,其荷载“非法”转移会造成管道偏离设计线运行,应力升高。分析了恒力吊架恒定度与荷载变化系数的关系并给出了优化设计案例,研究结果表明,在汽水管道设计中适当增大弹簧吊架荷载变化系数,可增大弹簧吊架配置占比,减少管道膨胀异常现象的发生。

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康豫军(1964),男,正高级工程师,主要研究方向为管道支吊架优化设计与调整、管道振动分析、部件失效分析等,

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康豫军(1964),男,正高级工程师,主要研究方向为管道支吊架优化设计与调整、管道振动分析、部件失效分析等,

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康豫军(1964),男,正高级工程师,主要研究方向为管道支吊架优化设计与调整、管道振动分析、部件失效分析等,

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Cause analysis and treatment for sinking of high temperature reheat steam pipeline in a power plant[J]. Hunan Electric Power, 2020, 40(2): 33-36., articleTitle=Cause analysis and treatment for sinking of high temperature reheat steam pipeline in a power plant, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1213131713878868625, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213131710372430338, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1213131713883062930, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213131710372430338, companyId=1213131713878868625, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.Xi’an Thermal Power Research Institute Co., Ltd., Xi’an 710054, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1213131713891451539, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213131710372430338, companyId=1213131713878868625, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.西安热工研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710054)]), AuthorCompany(id=1213131713992114841, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213131710372430338, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1213131714000503451, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213131710372430338, companyId=1213131713992114841, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.Huadian International Power Co., Ltd. Fengjie Power Plant, Chongqing 404652, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1213131714008892060, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213131710372430338, companyId=1213131713992114841, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.华电国际电力股份有限公司奉节发电厂,重庆 404652)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1213131718706512815, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213131710372430338, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Displacement-load curve of constant force hanger, figureFileSmall=IlfkL/crrxJAP9SUH8i80Q==, figureFileBig=T5PkqyTlsw+838UCVYC3YA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1213131718907839426, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213131710372430338, language=CN, label=图1, caption=恒力吊架位移-荷载曲线, figureFileSmall=IlfkL/crrxJAP9SUH8i80Q==, figureFileBig=T5PkqyTlsw+838UCVYC3YA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1213131719151109073, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213131710372430338, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=The constant degree measurement curves of partial in-service constant force hangers, figureFileSmall=HDLsHu2/C6PxTQc/Lx6QLQ==, figureFileBig=vxGJ4+OQz7vmoCG7Idd7Kw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1213131719234995161, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213131710372430338, language=CN, label=图2, caption=部分在役恒力吊架恒定度测量曲线, figureFileSmall=HDLsHu2/C6PxTQc/Lx6QLQ==, figureFileBig=vxGJ4+OQz7vmoCG7Idd7Kw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1213131719381795810, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213131710372430338, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Schematic diagram of layout of high temperature reheat steam piping and supports and hangers before and after optimization (mm), figureFileSmall=C2tY4tlo2Vq630hXdmnaFQ==, figureFileBig=AlonWujChIhnA5GH9wRUlw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1213131719453098982, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213131710372430338, language=CN, label=图3, caption=原设计管道与优化设计后管道支吊架布置示意(mm), figureFileSmall=C2tY4tlo2Vq630hXdmnaFQ==, figureFileBig=AlonWujChIhnA5GH9wRUlw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1213131720665252843, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213131710372430338, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Loads of the supports and hangers before and after optimization, figureFileSmall=aWQ9MMmOIISSD+q7SunuGg==, figureFileBig=o9hJZPTiwLEpne2wxRsGuQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1213131720774304754, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213131710372430338, language=CN, label=图4, caption=优化设计前后支吊架荷载对比, figureFileSmall=aWQ9MMmOIISSD+q7SunuGg==, figureFileBig=o9hJZPTiwLEpne2wxRsGuQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1213131720921105398, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213131710372430338, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=The value of hot displacement in Z direction before and after optimization, figureFileSmall=92suA5DRzGxANZw9Syrdbg==, figureFileBig=qH+pA983UOVRPda/q6si+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1213131721017574396, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213131710372430338, language=CN, label=图5, caption=优化设计前后支吊架垂直热位移对比, figureFileSmall=92suA5DRzGxANZw9Syrdbg==, figureFileBig=qH+pA983UOVRPda/q6si+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1213131721143402503, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213131710372430338, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

The relationship between the load variability factor of constant hanger, the constant degree and variability factor

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
系数k荷载偏差度/%恒定度/%荷载变化系数/%
1.05.02.565.0
0.55.05.0010.0
10.010.020.0
006.0012.8
010.0022.2
), ArticleFig(id=1213131721265037322, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213131710372430338, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

恒力吊架荷载偏差、恒定度与荷载变化系数的关系

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
系数k荷载偏差度/%恒定度/%荷载变化系数/%
1.05.02.565.0
0.55.05.0010.0
10.010.020.0
006.0012.8
010.0022.2
), ArticleFig(id=1213131721344729100, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213131710372430338, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

The test results of some constant support hangers

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号吊架型号标准荷载/N设计值与最大或最小值的偏差度/%恒定度/%荷载变化系数/%
11LHA3224 01323.713.423.5
402LHC4020 75639.624.655.1
23PHE4922 11939.631.254.7
208PE3721 75335.124.542.2
201PHE-5547 9399.79.118.4
2016PHE-6052 52813.011.222.0
2026PHE-5688 20517.217.635.0
BQ058ALSTON27 93711.48.115.6
BQ029ALSTON25 91710.86.712.8
BQ030ALSTON25 91715.811.822.5
), ArticleFig(id=1213131721428615185, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213131710372430338, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

部分恒力吊架性能测量结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号吊架型号标准荷载/N设计值与最大或最小值的偏差度/%恒定度/%荷载变化系数/%
11LHA3224 01323.713.423.5
402LHC4020 75639.624.655.1
23PHE4922 11939.631.254.7
208PE3721 75335.124.542.2
201PHE-5547 9399.79.118.4
2016PHE-6052 52813.011.222.0
2026PHE-5688 20517.217.635.0
BQ058ALSTON27 93711.48.115.6
BQ029ALSTON25 91710.86.712.8
BQ030ALSTON25 91715.811.822.5
), ArticleFig(id=1213131721516695575, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213131710372430338, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Comparison of maximum secondary stress before and after the optimized design of high-temperature reheated steam pipeline supports and hangers

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
管种/mm最大应力点位置(原设计/优化设计)原设计二次应力最大值/MPa优化设计二次应力最大值/MPa原设计、优化设计二次应力允许值/MPa二次应力变化/%
Ф686.0×24.5S1/S593.878.2234.6、232.8–16.7
Ф983.8×33.5S2/S691.3102.3233.2、233.212.0
Ф682.0×23.5S3/S7114.0138.4233.1、233.121.3
902三通点S4/S8166.2181.6218.8、219.09.3
), ArticleFig(id=1213131721608970269, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213131710372430338, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

高温再热蒸汽管道支吊架优化设计前后最大二次应力对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
管种/mm最大应力点位置(原设计/优化设计)原设计二次应力最大值/MPa优化设计二次应力最大值/MPa原设计、优化设计二次应力允许值/MPa二次应力变化/%
Ф686.0×24.5S1/S593.878.2234.6、232.8–16.7
Ф983.8×33.5S2/S691.3102.3233.2、233.212.0
Ф682.0×23.5S3/S7114.0138.4233.1、233.121.3
902三通点S4/S8166.2181.6218.8、219.09.3
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弹簧支吊架荷载变化系数的选取与汽水管道支吊架优化设计
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康豫军 1 , 安付立 1 , 吴晓俊 1 , 程勇明 1 , 孙克学 2 , 彭钰君 2
热力发电 | 发电技术论坛 2024,53(2): 192-198
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热力发电 | 发电技术论坛 2024, 53(2): 192-198
弹簧支吊架荷载变化系数的选取与汽水管道支吊架优化设计
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康豫军1 , 安付立1, 吴晓俊1, 程勇明1, 孙克学2, 彭钰君2
作者信息
  • 1.西安热工研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710054
  • 2.华电国际电力股份有限公司奉节发电厂,重庆 404652
  • 康豫军(1964),男,正高级工程师,主要研究方向为管道支吊架优化设计与调整、管道振动分析、部件失效分析等,

Selection of load variation factor of spring hanger and optimization design of steam/water pipe support and hanger
Yujun KANG1 , Fuli AN1, Xiaojun WU1, Yongming CHENG1, Kexue SUN2, Yujun PENG2
Affiliations
  • 1.Xi’an Thermal Power Research Institute Co., Ltd., Xi’an 710054, China
  • 2.Huadian International Power Co., Ltd. Fengjie Power Plant, Chongqing 404652, China
出版时间: 2024-02-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202306105
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目前,我国火力发电厂汽水管道设计标准规定,弹簧吊架荷载变化系数不应大于25%,据此设计的管道系统恒力吊架比例过高,其荷载“非法”转移会造成管道偏离设计线运行,应力升高。分析了恒力吊架恒定度与荷载变化系数的关系并给出了优化设计案例,研究结果表明,在汽水管道设计中适当增大弹簧吊架荷载变化系数,可增大弹簧吊架配置占比,减少管道膨胀异常现象的发生。

弹簧吊架  /  荷载变化系数  /  恒力吊架  /  恒定度  /  管道支吊架优化设计

At present, China’s thermal power plant steam/water pipeline design standard stipulates that the load variation coefficient of spring hangers should not exceed 25%. Accordingly, the designed proportion of the constant support hanger is too high, and the “illegal” transfer of the load will cause the pipe operation deviates from the design line, and the stress increases. This paper analyzes the relationship between the constant degree and the load variability factor of constant hanger. The optimization design case shows that, properly increasing the load variation coefficient of spring hangers in the design of steam/water pipelines can increase the proportion of spring hanger configuration and reduce the occurrence of abnormal pipeline expansion.

variable spring hangers  /  variability factor  /  constant support hangers  /  constant degree  /  optimization design of pipe support and hanger
康豫军, 安付立, 吴晓俊, 程勇明, 孙克学, 彭钰君. 弹簧支吊架荷载变化系数的选取与汽水管道支吊架优化设计. 热力发电, 2024 , 53 (2) : 192 -198 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202306105
Yujun KANG, Fuli AN, Xiaojun WU, Yongming CHENG, Kexue SUN, Yujun PENG. Selection of load variation factor of spring hanger and optimization design of steam/water pipe support and hanger[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2024 , 53 (2) : 192 -198 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202306105
《火力发电厂汽水管道设计规范》(DL/T 5054—2016)[1]、《发电厂汽水管道应力计算技术规程》(DL/T 5366—2014)[2]计划将“管道由冷态到运行工况,弹簧荷载变化系数不应大于25%”修编为“管道由冷态到运行工况,弹簧荷载变化系数不宜大于25%”。
在大量计算分析和在役管道恒力弹簧支吊架(恒力吊架)性能测量统计的基础上,“不应”修改为“不宜”将为提高管道设计水平提供新的思路。
本文对恒力吊架恒定度与荷载变化系数的关系、变力弹簧支吊架(弹簧吊架)荷载变化系数的含义及在管道设计中适当增大弹簧吊架荷载变化系数的优点予以分析说明,研究成果可为汽水管道设计提供有益的借鉴和参考。
国标恒力吊架恒定度主要受载荷轴、主轴、弹簧拉杆轴等摩擦力矩及部件几何尺寸精度等的影响,恒定度是恒力吊架质量控制的关键,四连杆恒力吊架各转动轴应使用低摩擦系数的滑动轴承。对大量在役恒力吊架恒定度测量表明,国标恒力吊架恒定度大多在8%~20%[3-4],进口恒力吊架在4%~10%,多数不满足GB/T 17116.1[5]、NB/T 47038[6]中规定不大于6%的要求。图1为恒力吊架位移-荷载曲线形成的迟滞回线示意。热位移向下的恒力吊架由冷态的A点到热态的B点,其荷载变化相当于有一定刚度的弹簧吊架,为分析方便,本文引入恒力吊架荷载变化系数ξc概念。弹簧吊架、恒力吊架荷载变化系数均指热位移引起的支吊架实际荷载变化与设计荷载的比值,但恒力吊架荷载变化并不包含在管道系统设计计算中,因此,应分析这种荷载变化对管道设计和运行的影响。
以向下位移恒力吊架为例(上位移分析类似),根据GB/T 17116.1—2018,恒力吊架恒定度及荷载偏差度λc计算公式为式(1)和式(2),荷载变化系数ξc计算公式为式(3):
Δ=WmaxWminWmax+Wmin×100%,  Δ60%
λc=|WbWWb|,  λc2%
ξc=WmaxWminWb
式中:Wmax为恒力吊架运行荷载;Wmin为恒力吊架安装荷载;Wb为恒力吊架设计荷载;W为恒力吊架拔销荷载,拔销荷载在图1迟滞回线上的某点,通常在AB点之间。
图2为某电厂部分在役机组的恒力吊架性能测量结果。由图2可知,在役恒力吊架标准荷载在WmaxWmin之间。
恒力吊架设计荷载为:
Wb=Wmin+kWmaxWmin,  k=01
式中:k为迟滞回线相对于恒力吊架标准荷载的位置,标准荷载在WmaxWmin之间。
恒力吊架荷载偏差度为:
λc=|WbWminWb|=kWmaxWminWmin+kWmaxWmin
恒力吊架荷载变化系数为:
ξc=WmaxWminWb=WmaxWminWmin+kWmaxWmin
k分别为1.0、0.5、0为例,根据式(4)、式(5)和式(6)计算恒力吊架荷载变化系数,具体见表1。由表1可见,恒力吊架荷载变化系数约为恒定度的2倍左右。
表2为作者工作团队对部分在役机组的恒力吊架性能测量结果。表2统计表明,恒定度在8%~20%的恒力吊架比例很高[7-9],荷载变化系数(即冷态到热态荷载转移率)高达20%~45%,这种恒力吊架的配置比例越高累积影响越大,因此应适当减少恒力吊架的配置比例,这样可以尽可能减小恒力吊架荷载转移总量。
由以上分析可知:
1)GB/T 17116.1附录B.3.5规定“恒力吊架最小最大荷载均应在工作荷载的94%~106%”,这意味着最大荷载变化系数为12%,恒力吊架的设计荷载宜在最大、最小值的中间,即k≈0.5。另外,在役机组主给水管道入口联箱附近的恒力吊架宜调整为k≈1,即使热态恒力吊架荷载接近设计荷载,冷态恒力吊架为最小荷载,与管内无水工况相匹配,可通过调整载荷调节螺栓实现。
2)荷载变化系数约为恒定度的2倍左右 (表1表2),对于恒力吊架占比较高的管道,超过12%的荷载转移量对管道应力和热膨胀将产生明显影响,实测的在役国标恒力吊架恒定度大多都超过了6%[3-4,7]
如果汽水管道为理想化的全恒力吊架设计,则冷热态管道质量均由各吊点恒定荷载承担,管道为无质量线而自由膨胀,其二次应力较低,但总体热膨胀量大,要求恒力吊架接近绝对恒力,管道与厂房梁和柱之间要留有足够的膨胀空间。实际情况是恒力吊架质量远达不到设计要求,且布置困难、造价和维护成本高。
恒力吊架恒定度较大时,荷载转移到刚性吊架、弹簧吊架及汽缸等固定端,为了保持管道的几何尺寸,管道热态线必将发生变化,垂直管段上端向锅炉中心方向倾斜,管道某些区域有一定量的“下沉”,导致部分恒力吊架上位移不足或下位移指针卡在下极限位[7-9]。对于恒力吊架占比大的管道,恒力吊架恒度超标、荷载转移多是管道明显偏离冷、热态设计线的重要原因[10],不利于管道的长期安全运行。
过于追求管道较低的二次应力及设计简便性很可能在管道上配置大量恒力吊架,该思路限制了技术人员设计出热膨胀稳定性好、应力合格、造价和维护成本低的优良管道支吊架系统。
ASME B31.1(Power Piping)建议弹簧荷载变化不超过25%[11],多年来我国标准规定弹簧荷载变化系数不应大于25%。20世纪80年代《火力发电厂汽水管道设计技术规定》(DLGJ 23—1981)建议弹簧荷载变化系数不超过35%[12],由力学原理可知,管道静力分析已计入弹簧附加力的影响[13],强调较小的弹簧荷载变化率没有必要,也限制了管系设计的灵活性、经济性和热膨胀的准确性。苏联火电、核电常规岛汽水管道有全弹簧支吊架设计的案例,其弹簧荷载变化系数大于50%。
管道设计时弹簧热位移及荷载变化依据结构力学本构方程与管道热膨胀相匹配,应力合格即可,限制弹簧荷载变化并无结构力学依据。由于弹簧吊架结构简单,没有杠杆、转轴等装置,弹簧荷载偏差小、质量稳定,弹簧依靠其形变和荷载适配管道热膨胀,其荷载变化系数并无负面含义。由于管道力学计算未考虑恒力吊架荷载变化,管道实际热膨胀与设计存在偏差,对长期安全运行不利。对膨胀量大的管道,设计人员在管道应力分析时可选择弹簧荷载变化系数大于25%,并结合其他技术手段可明显减少恒力吊架配置,优化设计出更好的管道支吊架系统。
管道设计主要需要考虑管道应力、管道端点对设备的推力力矩、合理分配支吊架荷载和热位移等。管道优化设计方法可考虑如下几方面:
1)大机组机-炉跨距和垂直高差较大,总体热膨胀量大,在汽水管道初步设计过程中,如果发现恒力吊架占比较大,可适当增大弹簧荷载变化系数,如弹簧荷载变化系数取35%(35%可对应2个长弹簧)或更大;
2)总体热膨胀量较大时可考虑适当增加弯管数量并合理布置刚性支吊架,将整个管系分为若干管段区域,将较大的膨胀量分散到更多区域,以减小每个区域的总膨胀量;
3)在火电厂四大管道设计时应考虑滑动支架、导向支架、限位板的摩擦力及管道实际质量[14-16]等,对于非约束方向热位移稍大的刚性推拉杆,宜将推拉杆与管道一并计算,可真实反映刚性推拉杆对管道热位移的作用;
4)端点推力力矩超标时,可通过管系应力分析,设置相应方向的限位(或给定位移限位)装置、调整附近支吊架荷载等方法调整推力力矩。
设计单位通过综合细致地优化设计,可大幅减少恒力吊架配置比例,设计出优良的管道支吊架系统,并以此为范本为经验不足的技术人员提供设计参考。
以某超临界660 MW机组高温再热蒸汽管道为例,优化设计如下:29号恒力吊架改为刚性吊架,5号、6号刚性吊架换到原11号、20号吊架位置,弹簧吊架的弹簧荷载变化系数由原来的25%变为35%,16号恒力吊架的载荷由112.796 kN赋值为100.000 kN。高温再热蒸汽管道支吊架优化设计前后最大二次应力见表3。由表3的计算结果可知,各管种热胀二次应力范围有小幅升、降,均在合格范围内。
支吊架优化设计前后最大二次应力点位置分别见图3中的S1—S8位置。图4为优化设计前后支吊架荷载,图5为优化设计前后支吊架垂直热位移。由于该管道是热态吊零,由图4图5可知:优化设计后仅29号恒力吊架改为刚性吊架处荷载明显增大,其他吊架荷载基本无变化;热位移绝对值大幅减小,达到了减少恒力吊架配置数量、提高管道热膨胀准确性和稳定性的目的。
综上可知,在管道布置不变的情况下,本算例将弹簧荷载变化系数由原来的25%变为35%,并调整个别刚性吊架的位置,即可将原管道9组恒力吊架变更为弹簧吊架,弹簧吊架的占比由原设计的42.9%优化为设计后的68.6%,实现了配置更多弹簧吊架的设计理念。
1)计算和实测数据表明,在役国标恒力吊架恒定度大多在8%~20%,荷载变化系数是恒定度的2倍左右,恒力吊架恒定度超标的比例很高,管系中恒力吊架配置比例越高累积荷载转移越大,对管道应力和热膨胀产生显著的不利影响。恒定度是恒力吊架质量控制的关键,国标恒力吊架(四连杆恒力吊架)各转动轴应使用低摩擦系数的滑动轴承。
2)管道设计时弹簧位移-荷载变化由结构力学本构方程决定,与管道热膨胀相匹配,弹簧荷载变化系数并无负面含义,管系应力合格即可,限制弹簧荷载变化系数并无结构力学依据。恒力吊架荷载变化在管道计算中并未考虑,恒力吊架占比较高时其荷载转移对管道的热膨胀和应力影响显著。
3)受国外标准影响,我国标准中弹簧吊架荷载转移系数长期限制在25%内,对大机组管道热膨胀的准确性、稳定性不利。管道优化设计,需考虑刚性吊架和弯管布置,将较大的膨胀量分散到更多区域,可将弹簧吊架荷载变化系数放宽到35%或更大,以减少恒力吊架配置比例,提高结构简单、荷载偏差小、性能稳定的弹簧吊架的占比。
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2024年第53卷第2期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202306105
  • 接收时间:2023-06-21
  • 首发时间:2025-12-31
  • 出版时间:2024-02-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-06-21
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    1.西安热工研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710054
    2.华电国际电力股份有限公司奉节发电厂,重庆 404652
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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