Article(id=1213131709479043556, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1213131702797517129, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202307140, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1690214400000, receivedDateStr=2023-07-25, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1767162738437, onlineDateStr=2025-12-31, pubDate=1708790400000, pubDateStr=2024-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1767162738437, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-31, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1767162738437, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767162738437, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1213131702797517129, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2024', volume='53', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='198', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1767162736844, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767168616029, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1213156361978954089, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1213131702797517129, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1213156361978954090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1213131702797517129, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=124, endPage=132, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1213131710431150596, articleId=1213131709479043556, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Flow calculation method of supercritical carbon dioxide centrifugal compressor based on streamline curvature method, columnId=1211002405299294959, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Thermal energy science research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The real gas characteristics of supercritical carbon dioxide (S-CO2) make it difficult to obtain stable convergence results in three-dimensional numerical simulation of S-CO2 centrifugal compressor, and the time cost of numerical calculation further increases the difficulty of compressor design optimization. To establish a flow calculation method suitable for S-CO2 centrifugal compressor, three-dimensional numerical simulation is carried out on the compressor to obtain the flow field information and corresponding loss distribution. Then, the one-dimensional loss model is superimposed in the conventional flow line curvature method, and the CO2 compression factor is calculated in segments along the flow line, thus to reflect the real gas compression process. Comparison between the calculation results and the three-dimensional numerical simulation results shows that, the distribution of meridian relative velocity field and enthalpy obtained by streamline curvature method are consistent with the computational Fluid dynamics (CFD) results. The temperature and pressure data at the blade outlet are close to the CFD results, with errors of 0.23% and 1.08%, respectively, and a difference of 1.5% in total static isentropic efficiency. The results indicate that the performance parameters of S-CO2 centrifugal compressor impeller can be obtained quickly and accurately by using streamline curvature method.

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超临界二氧化碳(S-CO2)的真实气体特性使得开展S-CO2离心压缩机的三维数值模拟难以获得稳定的收敛结果,同时,数值计算的时间成本进一步增加了压缩机设计优化的难度。对此,本文首先对压缩机开展三维数值模拟,得到流场信息及对应的损失分布,然后在传统流线曲率法中叠加一维损失模型,并沿流线分段计算CO2压缩因子,以此反映真实气体的压缩过程,建立适用于S-CO2离心压缩机的通流计算方法。将通流计算结果与三维数值模拟结果进行对比后发现:流线曲率法得到的子午面相对速度场分布和焓分布与计算流体动力学(computational fluid dynamics,CFD)结果基本一致;叶片出口温压数据与CFD结果接近,误差分别为0.23%和1.08%,总静等熵效率相差1.5%。结果表明,采用流线曲率法的通流计算可以快速获得较准确的S-CO2离心压缩机叶轮性能参数。

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孙恩慧(1991),男,博士,讲师,主要研究方向为超临界二氧化碳发电技术,
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戎毅(1995),男,硕士,工程师,主要研究方向为高超声速飞机热管理,

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journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213131709479043556, language=CN, label=图11, caption=CFD模拟结果与流线曲率法得到的温度压力变化, figureFileSmall=nzPquaoLgU656Ufc7fgdsg==, figureFileBig=GMZ3wuujwROaxYWwA3VKTw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1213131723085365328, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213131709479043556, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Selection of various loss models

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
损失类型损失模型选择参考文献
内部损失进口冲击损失hinc=0.5(U1Cu1)2/2Conrad[23]
叶片载荷损失hb1=0.05Df2U22Coppage[24]
尾迹混流损失hmix=0.02Df2U22(tanα2)0.5Micbeal[25]
表面摩擦损失hsf=2CfLbWav2/DhdJansen[26]
叶顶间隙损失htcl=0.6clCu2b2[0.5πρ1(d1s2d1h2)Ca1Zb2(d2d1s)/(ρ1+ρ2)]0.5Jensen[26]
外部损失轮盘摩擦损失hdf=fdf(ρ1+ρ2)d22U23/32qmDaily and Nece[27]
外部回流损失hrc=8×105sinh(3.5α23)Df2U22Oh[28]
外部泄漏损失hlk=mlkUlkU2/2mAungier[29]
), ArticleFig(id=1213131723227971671, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213131709479043556, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

各项损失模型选取

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
损失类型损失模型选择参考文献
内部损失进口冲击损失hinc=0.5(U1Cu1)2/2Conrad[23]
叶片载荷损失hb1=0.05Df2U22Coppage[24]
尾迹混流损失hmix=0.02Df2U22(tanα2)0.5Micbeal[25]
表面摩擦损失hsf=2CfLbWav2/DhdJansen[26]
叶顶间隙损失htcl=0.6clCu2b2[0.5πρ1(d1s2d1h2)Ca1Zb2(d2d1s)/(ρ1+ρ2)]0.5Jensen[26]
外部损失轮盘摩擦损失hdf=fdf(ρ1+ρ2)d22U23/32qmDaily and Nece[27]
外部回流损失hrc=8×105sinh(3.5α23)Df2U22Oh[28]
外部泄漏损失hlk=mlkUlkU2/2mAungier[29]
), ArticleFig(id=1213131723353800797, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213131709479043556, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

The losses calculated by one-dimensional loss model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
损失数值
冲击损失0.37
叶片载荷损失106.22
尾迹混合损失86.170 059
叶片表面摩擦损失378.323 58
叶顶间隙损失417.235 24
轮盘摩擦损失33.69
回流损失341.55
), ArticleFig(id=1213131723467047007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213131709479043556, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

一维损失模型计算的各项损失

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
损失数值
冲击损失0.37
叶片载荷损失106.22
尾迹混合损失86.170 059
叶片表面摩擦损失378.323 58
叶顶间隙损失417.235 24
轮盘摩擦损失33.69
回流损失341.55
), ArticleFig(id=1213131723563516008, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213131709479043556, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Comparison between streamline curvature method and CFD calculation of impeller performance

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
叶片出口温度/K叶片出口压力/MPa压比总静等熵效率/%
流线曲率法314.948.251.0750.3
CFD模拟315.658.341.1051.8
), ArticleFig(id=1213131723697733744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213131709479043556, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

流线曲率法与CFD计算叶轮性能对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
叶片出口温度/K叶片出口压力/MPa压比总静等熵效率/%
流线曲率法314.948.251.0750.3
CFD模拟315.658.341.1051.8
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基于流线曲率法的超临界二氧化碳离心压缩机通流计算方法
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戎毅 1 , 廖凯龙 2 , 孙恩慧 2 , 王立志 1
热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2024,53(2): 124-132
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热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2024, 53(2): 124-132
基于流线曲率法的超临界二氧化碳离心压缩机通流计算方法
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戎毅1 , 廖凯龙2, 孙恩慧2 , 王立志1
作者信息
  • 1.沈阳飞机设计研究所扬州协同创新研究院有限公司,江苏 扬州 225111
  • 2.低品位能源多相流与传热北京市重点实验室(华北电力大学),北京 102206
  • 戎毅(1995),男,硕士,工程师,主要研究方向为高超声速飞机热管理,

通讯作者:

孙恩慧(1991),男,博士,讲师,主要研究方向为超临界二氧化碳发电技术,
Flow calculation method of supercritical carbon dioxide centrifugal compressor based on streamline curvature method
Yi RONG1 , Kailong LIAO2, Enhui SUN2 , Lizhi WANG1
Affiliations
  • 1.Yangzhou Collaborative Innovation Research Institute of Shenyang Aircraft Design and Research Institute Co., Ltd., Yangzhou 225111, China
  • 2.Beijing Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow and Heat Transfer for Low Grade Energy Utilization (North China Electric Power University), Beijing 102206, China
出版时间: 2024-02-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202307140
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超临界二氧化碳(S-CO2)的真实气体特性使得开展S-CO2离心压缩机的三维数值模拟难以获得稳定的收敛结果,同时,数值计算的时间成本进一步增加了压缩机设计优化的难度。对此,本文首先对压缩机开展三维数值模拟,得到流场信息及对应的损失分布,然后在传统流线曲率法中叠加一维损失模型,并沿流线分段计算CO2压缩因子,以此反映真实气体的压缩过程,建立适用于S-CO2离心压缩机的通流计算方法。将通流计算结果与三维数值模拟结果进行对比后发现:流线曲率法得到的子午面相对速度场分布和焓分布与计算流体动力学(computational fluid dynamics,CFD)结果基本一致;叶片出口温压数据与CFD结果接近,误差分别为0.23%和1.08%,总静等熵效率相差1.5%。结果表明,采用流线曲率法的通流计算可以快速获得较准确的S-CO2离心压缩机叶轮性能参数。

离心压缩机  /  流线曲率法  /  损失模型  /  性能预测

The real gas characteristics of supercritical carbon dioxide (S-CO2) make it difficult to obtain stable convergence results in three-dimensional numerical simulation of S-CO2 centrifugal compressor, and the time cost of numerical calculation further increases the difficulty of compressor design optimization. To establish a flow calculation method suitable for S-CO2 centrifugal compressor, three-dimensional numerical simulation is carried out on the compressor to obtain the flow field information and corresponding loss distribution. Then, the one-dimensional loss model is superimposed in the conventional flow line curvature method, and the CO2 compression factor is calculated in segments along the flow line, thus to reflect the real gas compression process. Comparison between the calculation results and the three-dimensional numerical simulation results shows that, the distribution of meridian relative velocity field and enthalpy obtained by streamline curvature method are consistent with the computational Fluid dynamics (CFD) results. The temperature and pressure data at the blade outlet are close to the CFD results, with errors of 0.23% and 1.08%, respectively, and a difference of 1.5% in total static isentropic efficiency. The results indicate that the performance parameters of S-CO2 centrifugal compressor impeller can be obtained quickly and accurately by using streamline curvature method.

centrifugal compressor  /  streamline curvature method  /  loss model  /  performance prediction
戎毅, 廖凯龙, 孙恩慧, 王立志. 基于流线曲率法的超临界二氧化碳离心压缩机通流计算方法. 热力发电, 2024 , 53 (2) : 124 -132 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202307140
Yi RONG, Kailong LIAO, Enhui SUN, Lizhi WANG. Flow calculation method of supercritical carbon dioxide centrifugal compressor based on streamline curvature method[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2024 , 53 (2) : 124 -132 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202307140
作为超临界二氧化碳(S-CO2)布雷顿循环的核心部件,离心压缩机的效率和稳定运行对整个循环系统至关重要。当压缩机入口温度压力接近CO2临界温度压力时,CO2物性强烈的非线性变化特点使压缩功耗降低,这也是S-CO2布雷顿循环高效率的关键[1-2]。目前对S-CO2离心压缩机的研究主要集中于数值模拟,为了在数值模拟中引入S-CO2的实际气体效应,通常使用Span和Wagner[3]开发的多参数热状态方程生成CO2的真实气体物性(real gas property,RGP)表,并将其与数值模拟求解器耦合计算工质的热力学性质[4]。基于RGP表,Ameli[5]、Hosangadi[6]、Pecnik[7]等人对美国桑迪亚国家实验室[8](Sandia National Laboratories,SNL)的小型S-CO2离心压缩机进行了一系列三维计算流体动力学(computational fluid dynamics,CFD)模拟。Ameli等人[5]指出,随着表格分辨率的提高,数值模拟变得不稳定。因此,他们采用了非定常数值策略来进行CFD模拟[9],并通过减少时间步长来控制模拟的稳定性。在针对S-CO2实验验证研究中,Lettieri等人[10]、Hosangadi等人[11]的Laval喷管实验也指出,随着入口条件接近临界点,实现数值精确解的难度增加。众多CFD研究证明,正是临界点附近的非线性变化导致了数值计算的不稳定性和振荡,并导致收敛困难。为了控制数值稳定性,不同研究者采用了各种方法,如使用较小的库朗数(Courant Friedrichs Lewy number,CFL)、细化网格解和减少时间步长。尽管这些措施在一定程度上提高了数值稳定性,但它们往往会带来更多的时间成本,也使得采用CFD方法优化S-CO2压缩机设计变得困难。
现代离心压缩机设计中常采用通流计算快速得到压缩机性能预测结果,以此来缩短设计周期。通流计算按照计算方法的不同可分为流线曲率法、流函数法、有限元法及基于CFD的时间推进法等。
20世纪50年代初,吴仲华[12]提出三元解法的通用理论,将复杂的三维流动计算降维,转化为2个相对流面的求解问题[12],然后对该方法做进一步简化,在离心压缩机中使用回转面和子午面代替S1、S2流面,通过求解沿子午流线建立的速度梯度方程得到速度场分布。这种方法被称为流线曲率法。相比于其他方法,流线曲率法因其方便考虑流动损失,便于结合工程经验,具备跨音速计算能力以及易于编程等特点在工程领域中得到大量应用;但该方法不能准确捕捉激波,因此虽然可跨音速计算但仍存在不足,需要额外的损失模型来考虑激波产生的影响。流线曲率法虽然在激波捕捉方面存在不足,但考虑到S-CO2离心压缩机工作在临界点附近,为防止叶轮进口发生冷凝相变,其内部气流马赫数并不会很高。
这种方法起源于Howel[13-14]和Ainley、Mathieson[15]为叶轮机械开发的平均线方法。美国Novak[16]和Smith[17]、英国Rolls-Royce公司的Silvester和Hetherington[18],以及国家燃气轮机公司(National Gas Turbine Enterprise,NGTE)开发的流线型曲率法改进了这种方法,通过计算周向子午面上的流量来进行求解,但解决方案仍局限于管道区域。然而,Marsh[19]在他的矩阵通流计算方法中,采用有限差分技术替代流线曲率法来求解方程,通过引入径向流面的概念调整流线曲率。之后大量研究者使用流线曲率方法开发了轴流透平流场分析的计算机代码,如Denton[20]、Jennions[21]和Barbosa[22]。Denton[20]在研究中发现经验关联模型的准确程度很大程度上决定了流线曲率法的计算精度。因此,前人通过深入的理论研究以及大量的实验数据分析,得到了适用于不同载荷压气机的预测模型。
与空气压缩过程不同,CO2在超临界区域的压缩因子会随着温度和压力的变化而变化,因此传统空气压缩机通流计算方法并不适用,此外,为了获得准确的S-CO2压缩机性能参数,通流计算方法还需要考虑到CO2在超临界状态下的物性变化特点。
本文基于通流计算过程中流线曲率法常用的速度梯度控制方程,在计算中引入真实的超临界状态下CO2物性数据进行求解,同时选用损失模型计算叶轮内部损失,并将其分布在相应位置,通过与Sandia实验室叶轮的数值模拟结果对比来验证通流计算准确性。结果表明,考虑叶轮内部损失及S-CO2物性特点建立的S-CO2离心压缩机叶轮通流计算方法能够快速准确地得到叶轮性能预测结果,支撑后续开展进一步的优化设计。
基于流线曲率法的离心压缩机通流计算能够快速可靠地得到设计结果对实际流场的影响,在流体机械设计过程中是很重要的组成部分。在使用流线曲率法计算时,首先确定压缩机的三维叶片造型,然后选取叶片的中心面作为平均相对流面。平均相对流面上的相对速度场可代表流道内部沿周向的相对速度平均值。沿子午面上的坐标曲线q的速度梯度方程如下:
dwdq=Aw+B+cw
其中:
A=(cos2βcosαrcsin2βr)drdqcos2βcosαrcdzdq+sinαsinβcosβdφdq
B=(sinαcosβdwmdq2ωsinβ)drdq+  cosαcosβdwmdmdzdq+  rcosβ(dwudm+2ωsinα)dφdq
c=di1stdqωdλ1dqTdsdq
式(1)—式(4)中的变量如图1所示。
由式(1)可得到叶轮子午面上的相对速度分布,然后还需要进行密度校核,即速度场需要满足连续性方程。
G=z0qρgwcosβcos(ψα){2πrztφ}dq
式中:G为通过q线的流量;z为叶片数;ψz轴与q线法向夹角;α为子午流线切线与z轴间的夹角;tφ为叶片的计算厚度。若计算流量不满足给定条件,需要重新调整速度场直到满足给定的流量。
求解过程如图2所示。
在计算得到子午面上各节点处的焓值后,就可通过式(6)—式(7)得到各点的密度值。
ρρ1st=(TT1st)1kT1=(hh1st)1kT1
kT1kT=Rcp[Z+T(ZT)p]
式中:T1sth1stρ1st分别为入口的滞止参数;kT为绝热指数。在空气压缩机中,空气的绝热指数在流动过程中几乎不会发生变化,一般取定值1.4;而在S-CO2离心压缩机中,S-CO2在超临界区定压比热容cp的突变使绝热指数一直随工质的温度压力变化,不能取定值。且考虑到实际气体效应,kT是随温度压力变化而变化的。式(7)为实际气体温度绝热指数的计算式,已知压缩系数Zp、T的关系和气体定压比热容就能计算kT。为保证物性计算的准确性,本文计算中用到的物性参数由温度压力查找真实物性得到。
图3为流体密度计算过程示意。如图3所示,将子午流线上i点到i+1点过程中的绝热指数视为定值,在计算各节点的密度值时,以上一节点的密度和焓值查询真实物性得到绝热指数,以此带入式(7)计算下一节点的密度。通过将流线分为数个绝热指数不变的过程得到压缩机内CO2绝热指数的近似变化,从而得到更为精确的流场计算结果。
参考Sandia实验室用叶轮建立三维模型进行数值模拟计算。将BladeGen中生成的压缩机三维模型导入ANSYS TurboGrid软件中生成结构化网格。在网格生成设置中,方法选择全局尺寸因子法,在靠近壁面区域加密网格保证y+满足湍流模型要求。为保证数值计算的稳定性,压缩机入口温度设定总温为310 K(稍高于实验值),总压为7.69 MPa,设计工况出口质量流量为3.53 kg/s。采用冻结转子法处理旋转域与静止域之间的交界面,壁面设置绝热无滑移条件,湍流模型使用SST模型。将数值模拟中采用的CO2物性表格温度、压力范围调整为280~400 K、4~20 MPa,分辨率为500×500。在该分辨率下,RGP表格中的温度和压力步长分别为0.24 K、0.032 MPa。步长足够小可以避免RGP表分辨率过低带来的计算误差。
通流计算中离心压缩机模型与子午面的计算节点划分如图4所示。计算中,只计算有叶区域,将模型沿叶高方向划分为7条子午流线,每条子午流线沿流线方向划分17个计算节点,其中q线大致与子午流线垂直。
流线曲率通流计算通常有无黏绝热的假设。为得到更接近实际的性能预测结果,需要引入一维损失模型来计算压缩机内部损失并将其代入通流计算。目前,使用较多的性能预测模型是建立在叶栅和实际叶轮机械的实验数据归纳出的关系式的基础上,另外也有研究人员采用三维雷诺平均N-S方程来模拟压气机性能,但该方法计算非常繁琐,计算十分耗时且设计成本较高,数据显示其结果与实验数据还存在一定差距。因此,本文采用经验损失模型来进行压气机一维设计结果的性能评估。
叶轮损失主要分为内部损失和外部损失:内部损失主要由叶片前缘冲击损失、叶片载荷损失、尾迹混合损失、叶片摩擦损失和叶顶间隙损失组成;而叶轮的外部损失主要由轮盘摩擦损失、泄漏损失及回流损失组成。一维预测模型对内部损失和外部损失都有相应的经验计算关系式,而数值模拟大多做了简化处理,未考虑轮盘后部密封等结构,未涉及叶轮外部损失。本文选用的损失模型见表1表1Df为扩压因子。为达到增压目的,压气机内的叶片通道需要具有一定的扩张角及扩压度,其Df则是用来衡量通道扩压程度的物理量,计算式为:
Df=1W2W1s+0.75hthW2[Zπ(1d1sd2)+2d1sd2]W1s
hth=Cu2u2Cu2u1u22
式中:W为工质流过叶轮的进出口主流平均速度;Lb为实际经过的流动长度;Dhb为通道平均水利半径;Cf为用以表示流动速度变化及叶片进口至出口主流通流面积变化的通流损失系数。
Jansen通过对比实验数据与公式计算结果,推荐在空气压气机中该通流损失系数的取值为0.006,因为在该值下的预测结果与实验结果最为接近,而对于S-CO2离心压气机,该值则需要进一步调整。
W¯=(2W2+W1s+W1h)/4
Lb=π4(d2d1s+d1h2b2+2Lz)cosβ1s+cosβ1h2+cosβ2
Dhd=d20.5(d1sd2+d1hd2)(cosβ1s+cosβ1h2)Zπ+(d1s+d1hd1sd1h)(cosβ1s+cosβ1h2)+  d2cosβ2Zπ+d2cosβ2b2
外部泄漏损失中的mlkUlk分别为泄漏质量和泄漏速度,m为扩压段平均气流角,按照文献[29]提供的计算方法计算。由于CO2与空气物理性质的差异,取压缩机进出口平均温度压力得到CO2动力黏度约为常温常压下空气的2倍,因此,在模型中将摩擦系数调整为0.011。
首先对损失模型进行验证,选取Sandia实验用压气机模型,应用基于上述损失模型的性能预测方法对其进行性能计算,并将计算结果与实验结果进行对比,结果如图5所示。
图5可以看出,应用损失模型计算得到的效率值与实验值有一定偏差:在设计流量下,损失模型得到的效率与实验值较为接近;在小流量工况下,损失模型得到的效率偏高;而在大流量工况下,损失模型得到的效率偏低。
在流线曲率法中,方程的推导和求解都是在假设流体流动无黏性、稳定且绝热的基础上进行的,然而实际流体的流动过程不是绝热过程。将一维损失模型计算得到的各项损失分布在子午面上代入计算,考虑流动过程中各项损失带来的焓降,以更准确地反应真实流动过程。一维损失模型计算的各项损失见表2
计算中,将叶片载荷损失、表面摩擦损失和轮盘摩擦损失在流道内均匀加载,而冲击损失只在叶片前缘部分加载,叶顶间隙损失只在叶顶间隙处加载,尾迹混合损失也只在叶片出口位置加载。具体各项损失总和分布如图6所示。
首先对Sandia实验室的压缩机模型在转速为55 000 r/min时的变工况性能进行模拟验证,并与实验值对比,结果如图7所示。图7中:红色线为去除开关阀门时测得的不稳定数据后,对实验数据拟合得到的性能曲线;黑色线为数值模拟得到的性能曲线。由图7可以看出,在相同流量系数下数值模拟的总静等熵效率更高,但总趋势与实验结果相近,说明数值模拟可以较准确地反映压缩机性能。
使用Sandia实验室的压缩机模型进行流线曲率法计算程序的验证,压缩机工况选择55 000 r/min,入口温度为310 K,压力为7.69 MPa,质量流量为2.2 kg/s。将压缩机的叶片三维参数输入通流计算程序,划分计算节点后计算得到子午面相对速度场。图8a)图8b)分别为流线曲率法与CFD模拟得到的子午面相对速度场。
图8可以看出,流线曲率法得到的速度场分布在轮毂处的低速区与CFD结果保持一致,但是在叶顶处与CFD结果相差较多。CFD结果在流道中部叶顶区域有明显的低速区域,这是由于叶顶间隙的泄漏流侵入主流导致的,而流线曲率法的计算中无法考虑叶顶泄漏流带来的传质问题,无法得到接近真实的结果。此外,由于叶顶泄漏流带来的低速流体扰动一直持续到叶轮尾部出口,导致出口处的流场分布不均,这在流线曲率法中也未体现。
图9为流线曲率法和CFD模拟得到的子午面总焓分布。
图9可见,与速度场类似,子午面上总焓总体分布一致,但是由于叶顶间隙泄漏流的影响,在流道中部叶顶位置一直延续到流道尾部,CFD结果与流线曲率法计算结果有较为明显的差异。在叶片载荷的影响下,叶片压力边的高能流体通过叶顶间隙流入叶片吸力边汇入主流,使得CFD结果中叶顶附近的焓值升高,而流线曲率法没有体现。
图10为流线曲率法与CFD模拟得到的子午面密度分布。由图10可见,同样,在叶顶附近无法得到较好的预测结果,叶根处从叶片入口到出口的密度预测仍较为准确。
表3为2种方法计算得到的叶片出口参数及总静等熵效率对比。由表3可知,流线曲率法预测得到的叶片出口温度压力与CFD方法的结果接近,误差分别为0.23%和1.08%,总静等熵效率相差1.5%。由于流线曲率法的计算过程建立在无线叶片数的假设上,只计算2个叶片之间的平均流面上的相对速度分布,并不能很好地得到速度沿周向的分布。因此,针对叶轮出口速度场的准确预测同样还需要借助滑移因子模型,此处使用经式(13)与式(14)改进后的模型。
ζ=(NNdesign)0.5(QdesignQ)0.25NNdesign
σ=ζσ
在此基础上得到的流线曲率法对离心压缩机性能预测与CFD的结果相差不大。而在子午面流场方面的计算与CFD结果也基本一致,可以较好地反应内部流场的变化,对离心压气机的设计有一定的参考价值。
图11为CFD模拟和流线曲率法计算得到的叶轮入口到出口CO2的温度和压力变化。从图11可以看到,数值模拟得到的入口温度压力比流线曲率法计算结果低,出口温度压力更高。这可能是流线曲率法计算中未考虑叶轮前后无叶区的原因。整体温度压力变化趋势基本一致。
本文采用流线曲率法建立叶轮子午面上的相对速度微分方程,并使用Sandia实验室的压缩机模型进行验证分析,在计算过程中使用损失模型计算叶轮内部的损失,并将其加载在子午面上代入计算。在使用流线曲率法求解子午面速度场时,对每条流线上的密度进行分段计算,同时考虑压缩过程的绝热指数变化。得到如下结论:
1)引入一维损失模型计算叶轮内部损失的流线曲率法可以得到更符合实际情况的叶轮子午面的速度场及焓分布。对于S-CO2的特殊物性变化,在计算中考虑沿流线方向上绝热指数变化可以有效反映CO2物性的实际压缩过程。
2)流线曲率法得到的子午面相对速度场分布和焓分布与CFD结果基本一致,但在叶顶部分由于实际叶轮存在叶顶间隙,周向泄漏流的扰动无法通过流线曲率法得到。
3)压缩机性能计算中得到的叶片出口温度压力与CFD方法的结果接近,误差分别为0.23%和1.08%,总静等熵效率相差1.5%。因此,考虑叶轮内部损失及S-CO2物性特点建立的S-CO2离心压缩机叶轮通流计算方法能够快速得到叶轮三维设计的性能预测结果,对后续的设计优化流程有一定参考价值。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52206010)
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202307140
  • 接收时间:2023-07-25
  • 首发时间:2025-12-31
  • 出版时间:2024-02-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-07-25
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National Natural Science Foundation of China(52206010)
国家自然科学基金项目(52206010)
作者信息
    1.沈阳飞机设计研究所扬州协同创新研究院有限公司,江苏 扬州 225111
    2.低品位能源多相流与传热北京市重点实验室(华北电力大学),北京 102206

通讯作者:

孙恩慧(1991),男,博士,讲师,主要研究方向为超临界二氧化碳发电技术,
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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