Article(id=1213131707960705456, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1213131702797517129, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202307115, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1688918400000, receivedDateStr=2023-07-10, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1767162738075, onlineDateStr=2025-12-31, pubDate=1708790400000, pubDateStr=2024-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1767162738075, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-31, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1767162738075, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767162738075, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1213131702797517129, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2024', volume='53', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='198', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1767162736844, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767168616029, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1213156361978954089, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1213131702797517129, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1213156361978954090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1213131702797517129, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=48, endPage=58, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1213131708292055487, articleId=1213131707960705456, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Capacity configuration-operation scheduling optimization and economic analysis of the off grid wind and solar hydrogen alcohol integrated system, columnId=1213131705389597040, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Technical and economic review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To solve the difficult problems of renewable energy consumption, hydrogen energy storage and transportation, an off grid integrated system for wind, solar, hydrogen and ethanol is proposed. The system operates offline, utilizing wind and photovoltaic power generation to provide electrical energy. By using batteries and hydrogen storage tanks as energy storage and hydrogen storage equipment, electricity and hydrogen energy is stably supplied in a peak shaving and valley filling manner, ensuring the stable and continuous production of methanol in the electrolytic cell and methanol generation equipment. A mathematical model for solar energy hydrogen storage alcohol is constructed with the goal of maximizing the total system revenue, and the optimal equipment capacity and operation scheduling of the system is determined through mixed integer linear programming algorithm combined with real solar energy data analysis. The operating strategy and the system energy of the system on a typical day is analyzed, and finally the economic performance of the produced green methanol is investigated. The results indicate that, the system can switch operating states reasonably based on changes in external conditions, thus to achieve energy balance in the system. On the premise of meeting various constraints, the utilization rate of renewable energy is improved and the leveling cost of methanol production in the system is reduced. This study proposes a feasible technical route for the consumption of new energy and the utilization of hydrogen energy, and provides certain guidance for the construction of related demonstration projects.

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为解决可再生能源消纳及氢能源存储、运输难题,提出一种离网式风光氢醇一体化系统。该系统离网运行,利用风力和光伏发电提供电能;通过蓄电池和储氢罐作为储能和储氢设备,以削峰填谷的方式稳定供应电能和氢能,确保电解槽和甲醇生成设备的稳定连续生产甲醇。以系统总收益最大化为目标构建了风光储氢醇的数学模型,并通过混合整数线性规划算法,结合风光真实数据分析,确定系统最佳设备容量与运行调度。以典型日分析其运行策略及系统能量,最后对所制绿色甲醇经济性分析。结果表明:系统能够根据外界条件的变化,合理切换工作状态,实现系统能量平衡;在满足各项约束条件下,提高了可再生能源利用率,降低了系统制甲醇的平准化成本。此研究为新能源消纳与氢能源利用提出了一条可行技术路线,并可为相关示范项目建设提供指导。

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徐钢(1978),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为先进发电技术及氢能综合利用,
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张润之(2001),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为新能源及氢能综合利用,

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Economic indicators of key equipment

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设备投资成本运维成本/投资成本/%
光伏发电机组3 500元/kW1
风力发电机组2 000元/kW2
甲醇合成设备18 700元/kg2
电解槽2 200元/kW2
储氢罐1 750元/kg1
蓄电池单位功率价格2 000元/kW2
蓄电池单位容量价格640元/(kW·h)2
), ArticleFig(id=1213131726184956068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213131707960705456, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

关键设备经济指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
设备投资成本运维成本/投资成本/%
光伏发电机组3 500元/kW1
风力发电机组2 000元/kW2
甲醇合成设备18 700元/kg2
电解槽2 200元/kW2
储氢罐1 750元/kg1
蓄电池单位功率价格2 000元/kW2
蓄电池单位容量价格640元/(kW·h)2
), ArticleFig(id=1213131726373699754, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213131707960705456, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Technical parameters of key equipment

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
设备项目数值
甲醇合成设备甲醇转化效率/%98.00
甲醇单位产量电耗/(kW·h·kg–1)0.20
功率范围/%30.00~100.00
电解槽单位产量电耗/(kW·h·kg–1)49.00
功率范围/%20.00~100.00
储氢罐容量配置范围/t0~30
充放效率/%98.00
自损率/%0.01
蓄电池容量配置范围/(MW·h)1~100
充放效率/%95.00
自损率/%0.10
), ArticleFig(id=1213131726524694702, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213131707960705456, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

关键设备技术参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
设备项目数值
甲醇合成设备甲醇转化效率/%98.00
甲醇单位产量电耗/(kW·h·kg–1)0.20
功率范围/%30.00~100.00
电解槽单位产量电耗/(kW·h·kg–1)49.00
功率范围/%20.00~100.00
储氢罐容量配置范围/t0~30
充放效率/%98.00
自损率/%0.01
蓄电池容量配置范围/(MW·h)1~100
充放效率/%95.00
自损率/%0.10
), ArticleFig(id=1213131726608580785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213131707960705456, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

The optimization results of capacity for each device

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项目数值
光伏容量/MW50.00
风电容量/MW50.00
电解槽容量/MW35.58
甲醇设备容量/(t·d–1)72.40
储氢罐容量/t5.73
蓄电池容量/(MW·h)7.16
蓄电池功率/MW3.95
), ArticleFig(id=1213131726696661172, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213131707960705456, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

各设备容量优化结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数值
光伏容量/MW50.00
风电容量/MW50.00
电解槽容量/MW35.58
甲醇设备容量/(t·d–1)72.40
储氢罐容量/t5.73
蓄电池容量/(MW·h)7.16
蓄电池功率/MW3.95
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离网式风光氢醇一体化系统容量配置运行调度优化及经济性分析
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张润之 1 , 周家辉 1 , 梁士兴 1 , 徐钢 1 , 王颖 2 , 崔建卫 2
热力发电 | 技术经济综述 2024,53(2): 48-58
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热力发电 | 技术经济综述 2024, 53(2): 48-58
离网式风光氢醇一体化系统容量配置运行调度优化及经济性分析
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张润之1 , 周家辉1, 梁士兴1, 徐钢1 , 王颖2, 崔建卫2
作者信息
  • 1.华北电力大学能源动力与机械工程学院,北京 102206
  • 2.北方工程设计研究院有限公司,河北 石家庄 050011
  • 张润之(2001),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为新能源及氢能综合利用,

通讯作者:

徐钢(1978),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为先进发电技术及氢能综合利用,
Capacity configuration-operation scheduling optimization and economic analysis of the off grid wind and solar hydrogen alcohol integrated system
Runzhi ZHANG1 , Jiahui ZHOU1, Shixing LIANG1, Gang XU1 , Ying WANG2, Jianwei CUI2
Affiliations
  • 1.The College of Energy Power and Mechanical Engineering , North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
  • 2.Northern Engineering Design and Research Institute Company Limited, Shijiazhuang 050011, China
出版时间: 2024-02-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202307115
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为解决可再生能源消纳及氢能源存储、运输难题,提出一种离网式风光氢醇一体化系统。该系统离网运行,利用风力和光伏发电提供电能;通过蓄电池和储氢罐作为储能和储氢设备,以削峰填谷的方式稳定供应电能和氢能,确保电解槽和甲醇生成设备的稳定连续生产甲醇。以系统总收益最大化为目标构建了风光储氢醇的数学模型,并通过混合整数线性规划算法,结合风光真实数据分析,确定系统最佳设备容量与运行调度。以典型日分析其运行策略及系统能量,最后对所制绿色甲醇经济性分析。结果表明:系统能够根据外界条件的变化,合理切换工作状态,实现系统能量平衡;在满足各项约束条件下,提高了可再生能源利用率,降低了系统制甲醇的平准化成本。此研究为新能源消纳与氢能源利用提出了一条可行技术路线,并可为相关示范项目建设提供指导。

风力发电  /  光伏发电  /  氢能  /  绿色甲醇  /  离网运行  /  容量配置

To solve the difficult problems of renewable energy consumption, hydrogen energy storage and transportation, an off grid integrated system for wind, solar, hydrogen and ethanol is proposed. The system operates offline, utilizing wind and photovoltaic power generation to provide electrical energy. By using batteries and hydrogen storage tanks as energy storage and hydrogen storage equipment, electricity and hydrogen energy is stably supplied in a peak shaving and valley filling manner, ensuring the stable and continuous production of methanol in the electrolytic cell and methanol generation equipment. A mathematical model for solar energy hydrogen storage alcohol is constructed with the goal of maximizing the total system revenue, and the optimal equipment capacity and operation scheduling of the system is determined through mixed integer linear programming algorithm combined with real solar energy data analysis. The operating strategy and the system energy of the system on a typical day is analyzed, and finally the economic performance of the produced green methanol is investigated. The results indicate that, the system can switch operating states reasonably based on changes in external conditions, thus to achieve energy balance in the system. On the premise of meeting various constraints, the utilization rate of renewable energy is improved and the leveling cost of methanol production in the system is reduced. This study proposes a feasible technical route for the consumption of new energy and the utilization of hydrogen energy, and provides certain guidance for the construction of related demonstration projects.

wind power generation  /  photovoltaic power generation  /  hydrogen energy  /  green methanol  /  island operation  /  capacity configuration
张润之, 周家辉, 梁士兴, 徐钢, 王颖, 崔建卫. 离网式风光氢醇一体化系统容量配置运行调度优化及经济性分析. 热力发电, 2024 , 53 (2) : 48 -58 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202307115
Runzhi ZHANG, Jiahui ZHOU, Shixing LIANG, Gang XU, Ying WANG, Jianwei CUI. Capacity configuration-operation scheduling optimization and economic analysis of the off grid wind and solar hydrogen alcohol integrated system[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2024 , 53 (2) : 48 -58 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202307115
截至2022年底,全球可再生能源发电总装机容量达33.72亿kW[1],新增装机量达2.95亿kW,同比涨幅达9.6%。其中,以光伏、风电为主的新能源新增装机占比达到83%,呈现主导地位。2022年,亚洲、北美以及欧洲可再生能源装机总量迅速提高,其中,亚洲装机量占比超过50%,总量达到1.75亿kW,可再生能源装机量同比涨幅高达12%。中国可再生能源装机增量达到1.41亿kW,是引领区域乃至全球可再生能源装机增长的主要动力。随着我国可再生能源特别是光伏、风力发电的装机比例持续增长,如何减缓可再生能源对电网的冲击力,消纳可再生能源,已成为亟待解决的难题。
近年来,我国能源低碳转型步伐加快,中国能源安全保障面临新的挑战。由于氢能及其衍生物能够储存可再生能源,因此有望解决可再生能源弃风、弃光严重等各种问题。国际氢能委员会预测,到2050年,氢能源将占总能源消耗量的20%左右,氢能产业将为全球每年减少约60×108 t的CO2排放量[2]。鉴于氢能的运输、储存方面存在不便捷性,由氢合成的绿色燃料能源引起了学者的广泛关注,并逐渐成为解决新能源消纳问题、能源转型问题的主力军,其中包括绿色甲醇、绿氨等绿色能源。
这其中,甲醇被认为是一种良好的绿色能源载体[3],在化学和能源领域均有重要应用。在传统化学领域,油漆、溶剂、合成纤维等都是甲醇的终端产品;在能源领域,甲醇是清洁的燃烧燃料,与传统化石燃料相比,二氧化碳排放量更低,规模效应下经济性与燃油车相当。甲醇、氢和锂电池相比具有更高的体积比能量密度,常温常压下为液体,储运成本低且安全性高。目前,已经有国内外专家学者展开了对新能源发电制绿色甲醇的系统的可行性研究。朱超等[4]对二氧化碳加氢制甲醇技术进行了经济性分析。郭嘉懿等[5]对二氧化碳加氢制甲醇技术的研究进展进行了详细综述。Nizami Muhammad等[6]对光伏发电制氢制甲醇进行了研究和分析。未来如何将太阳能、风能等新能源转化成氢能或其他新的绿色燃料是一个重要课题。
我国内蒙地区太阳光照强、风力大,风光资源丰富,是新能源发展的优势地区。截至2023年4月底,内蒙古累计并网新能源装机规模超过6 700万kW,新能源发电量连续2年突破千亿kW·h,超过总发电量的20%,新能源发电发展迅速[7]。但新能源的崛起也给电网带来了巨大冲击,其消纳问题是个难题。本文以我国内蒙地区为背景,提出了一个以离网为基础情景的风光储氢互补合成绿色甲醇系统,并建立了离网式风光氢醇一体化系统的容量设计—运行调度两阶段优化模型,以系统收益最高为主要目标,对新型系统中各设备容量、运行调度等进行了优化设计;在解决上述问题的同时兼顾经济性,对新型系统内各设备的运行策略进行合理规划,以提高系统运行的灵活性与稳定性;最后对新型系统进行了能量分析、设备敏感性分析,以及考虑售氧和购碳价格影响的经济性分析。
本文构建的离网式风光氢醇一体化系统流程如图1所示。
太阳辐射强度对光伏发电量影响较大,考虑到光伏输出功率和太阳能辐射强度的关系,构建光伏系统设备的模型,其表达式为[8-9]
PPV,t={EPV,NGCGN[1+γ(TCTN)]    GCGNEPV,N                                    GCGN
式中:PPV,t代表光伏电池的实际功率;EPV,N代表光伏发电设备的装机容量;GC代表实际光照强度;GN代表额定光照强度;γ为功率温度系数;TC代表电池的表面温度;TN代表电池的额定温度。
风力发电系统t时刻的功率输出特性PPV,t由风力发电设备的额定功率Pr,W和风速v共同决定[10],其表达式为:
PWT,t={0,v[0,vci][vco,+)v3vci3vR3vci3Pr,W,v[vci,vR]Pr,W,v[vR,vco]
式中:vcivRvco分别为风机的切入风速、额定风速和切出风速。
电解槽是电解水制氢的关键设备,其内部化学反应式为:
{2H2O+2eH2+2OH4OH4eO2+2H2O
表达式为:
{EEL,t=KH2MH2,EL,tMO2,EL,t=8MH2,EL,t
式中:EEL,tt时刻电解槽的耗电功率;KH2为电解槽产氢的电耗系数;MH2,EL,tt时刻电解槽的产氢量;MO2,EL,tt时刻电解槽的产氧量。
根据电解槽运行特性,在由启动状态向工作状态增负荷调节时需要约1 h;在工作状态向停机状态减负荷时可以实现秒级快速调节。因此对电解槽进行3种状态划分[11],分别为停机状态、启动状态、工作状态。引入3个二进制0—1变量分别表示电解槽所处状态。
电解槽处于停机状态时不需要电负荷制造氢气,其状态与运行约束为:
St={1{St=1Wt1=1PEL,t=0EEL,t=00
式中:Stt时刻电解槽停机状态变量,其为1时表示t时刻处于停机状态,为0时处于非停机状态;St-1t–1时刻电解槽停机状态变量,其为1时电解槽t–1时刻处于停机状态,其为0时处于非停机状态;Wt–1t–1时刻电解槽工作状态变量;PELt为t时刻电解槽有效制氢功率。
电解槽处于启动状态时,上一时刻应为停机状态,由于启动过程前期电能主要用于加热电解液,因此引入电能损失系数来表示该过程的能量损失,其状态与运行约束为:
Lt={1{Lt=1St1=1PEL,t=EEL,tβIEEL,maxLtβEL,minEEL,maxEEL,tEEL,max0
式中:Ltt时刻电解槽启动状态变量,其为1时表示t时刻处于启动状态,为0时处于非启动状态;St–1t–1时刻电解槽启动状态变量,其为1时电解槽t–1时刻处于启动状态,其为0时处于非启动状态;βI为电解槽启动状态时的电能损失系数;EEL,max为电解槽的额定功率。
电解槽处于工作状态时,上一时刻不能为停机状态,为保障设备安全运行,输入电解槽功率还应大于最低工作负荷,其状态与运行约束为:
Wt={1{Wt=1St1=0PEL,t=EEL,tβEL,minEEL,maxEEL,tEEL,max0
式中:Wtt时刻电解槽工作状态变量,其为1时表示t时刻处于工作状态,为0时处于非工作状态;βEL,min为电解槽的运行最低负荷率。
为保证电解槽在同一时刻只是停机状态、启动状态、工作状态的1种,还需满足电解槽状态单一性约束:
{St+Lt+Wt=1t{t1,,tn}
电解槽功率约束为:
βEL,minEEL,maxEEL,tβEL,maxEEL,max
式中:EEL,t为电解槽t时刻输出功率;EEL,max为电解槽设备容量;βEL,min为电解槽负荷率下限值;βEL,max为电解槽负荷率上限值。
在催化剂的作用下,二氧化碳和氢气通过甲醇合成设备反应生成绿色甲醇。其表达式为[12]
{PCH3OH,t=λCH3OH,tMCH3OH,tMCH3OH,t=ηEC0.187 5MH2,CH3OHtMCH3OHt=ηEC1.375MCO2,CH3OHt
式中:PCH3OH,t为甲醇合成设备t时刻有效制醇功率;λCH3OH,t为甲醇设备耗电系数;MCH3OH,t为甲醇合成设备t时刻所产生的绿色甲醇质量;MH2,CH3OH,t为甲醇合成设备消耗的氢气质量;MCO2,CH3OH,t为甲醇生产设备消耗的二氧化碳质量;ηEC为设备转化率,本文取0.98。
新型系统主要目的在于连续生产甲醇,甲醇设备出力约束为:
βCH3OH,minECH3OH,maxMCH3OH,tβCH3OH,maxECH3OH,max
式中:ECH3OH,max为甲醇合成设备容量;βCH3OH,min为甲醇合成设备产量下限值;βCH3OH,max为甲醇合成设备产量上限值。
储氢罐为储存氢气的关键设备,其表达式为:
MH2,t=MH2,t1(1σ)+(MH2,C,tηH2,CMH2,D,tηH2,D)
式中:MH2,tt时刻储氢罐内部储氢量;σ为耗散率;ηH2,CηH2,D分别为储氢罐的充气效率和放气效率;Mt,H2,CMt,H2,D分别为t时刻储氢罐的充气量和放气量。
储氢罐约束为:
{0MH2,C,tEH2,maxIH2,C,t0MH2,D,tEH2maxIH2,D,tIH2,C,t+IH2,D,t10.2EH2,maxMH2,t0.9EH2,maxMH2,0=MH2,T
式中:EH2,max为储氢罐设备容量;MH2,0MH2,T分别为储氢罐设备的初状态时刻氢量与末状态时刻氢量;IH2,C,tIH2,D,t分别为储氢罐设备在时段t内的充/放电状态标记位,0为停运,1为运行。
蓄电池起到削峰填谷的作用,其表达式为[13-14]
SOCES,t=SOCES,t1(1σ)+(SOCES,C,tηES,CSOCES,D,tηES,D)
式中:SOCES,tt时刻蓄电池的蓄电量;σ为电池的自损效率;ηES,CηES,D分别为蓄电池的充电效率和放电效率;SOCES,C,tSOCES,D,t分别为t时刻蓄电池的充电量和放电量。
蓄电池充放电状态及功率、容量约束,其表达式为[15-16]
{0SOCES,C,tESOC,maxIES,C,t0SOCES,D,tESOC,maxIES,D,tIES,C,t+IES,D,t10.2ESOC,maxSOCES,t0.9ESOC,maxPSOC,minPSOCPSOC,maxSOCES,0=SOCES,T
式中:ESOC, max为蓄电池的设备容量;IES, C, tIES, D, t分别为蓄电池在时段t内的充/放电状态标记位,0为停运,1为运行;PSOC为蓄电池储能额定功率;PSOC, min为蓄电池储能功率下限;PSOC, max为蓄电池储能功率上限。
为兼顾系统低碳运行和产出甲醇成本的经济性,本文以离网式风光氢醇一体化系统总收益最大为目标函数,以甲醇的平准化成本为主要分析目标。系统的成本主要来自设备的投资成本、运维成本、原料成本及土建人工成本[17]。总收益SD及总成本FD表达式为:
{SD=CCH3OHCinvCO&MCCO2FD=Cinv+CO&M+CCO2
式中:CCH3OHCO&MCinvCCO2分别为甲醇收益、运行维修成本、投资成本和二氧化碳成本。
甲醇收益CCH3OH表达式为:
CCH3OH=t=0TcCH3OHMCH3OH,t
式中:CCH3OH为甲醇售出价格。
投资成本表达式为:
Cinv=i=1N[kinv,iEi,maxηi(1+ηi)L(1+ηi)L1]
式中:Ei,max为PV、WT、EL、CH3OH、H2、SOC等设备的容量;N为设备总数;kinv,i为单位容量投资成本;ηi为贴现率,本文取5%;L为系统规划年限,本文取20年。
运行维修成本表达式为:
CO&M=i=1NCinv,i×wi
式中:Cinv,i为PV、WT、EL、CH3OH、H2、SOC等设备的年运维成本;wi分别为各设备运维成本于投资成本的占比。
二氧化碳成本为购买合成绿色甲醇所需的二氧化碳的成本,其表达式为:
CCO2=t=0TcCO2,tMCO2,t
式中:cCO2,tt时刻捕获的二氧化碳价格;MCO2,tt时刻合成甲醇所需的二氧化碳量。
1)各设备容量约束
Di,minEi,maxDi,max
式中:Ei,max为各设备容量;Di,maxDi,min分别为各个设备容量约束上下限值。
2)电平衡约束
PPV,t+PWT,t+SOCES,D,t=PEL,t+SOCES,C,t+PCH3OH,t+Ploss,t
式中:Ploss,tt时刻系统弃电量。
3)氢平衡约束
MH2,EL,t+MH2,D,t=MH2,C,t+MCH3OH,t
4)弃电率约束
年度弃电量应小于风光发电总量的一定比例,其表达式为:
t=0TPloss,tεt=0T(PPV,t+PWT,t)
式中:ε为最大允许弃电率,本文取10%。
图2为本文所提出的离网式风光氢醇一体化系统的容量配置和运行调度两阶段优化模型示意。
在容量配置阶段,基于案例电厂的真实出力数据,以新型系统收益最大为目标,确定容量配置方案,然后将各设备的容量配置结果作为调度阶段的设备边界条件。在运行调度阶段,基于各设备容量边界条件及系统约束,对各设备的逐时运行方式进行优化调度。新型系统模型的调度阶段嵌套在设计阶段中,2个阶段相互耦合、相互制约。本文基于混合整数线性规划算法,使用MATLAB环境下的YALMIP工具箱对优化模型进行求解。
为探究不同设备容量配置及运行策略对系统经济性的影响规律,将所提离网式系统的规划和运行两阶段优化模型应用于内蒙古自治区某地区风光同场电厂。在兼顾模型求解效率和数据随机变化特征的前提下,选取2021年内蒙古自治区某地1月、4月、7月、10月,共120个典型日逐小时的风速、太阳辐射、温度数据输入模型,计算得到该地区风、光装机容量均为50 MW的风光同场电厂出力数据如图3所示。
风机、光伏组件、甲醇设备及储能设备等组件的经济指标和技术参数见表1表2[18-20]
本文通过对实际风光数据的统计分析,在系统离网运行和甲醇连续生产的基础上以系统收益最大为目标,对离网式风光氢醇一体化系统进行优化。所得各设备容量优化结果见表3
表3优化结果表明,在案例风光条件及离网运行条件下,总装机容量为100 MW的风光电站需配置35.58 MW的电解槽,可满足72 t/d的综合甲醇装置在20%负荷以上连续生产。优化后电解槽和甲醇合成设备的工作时间分别为4 937、5 952 h。绿色甲醇合成设备的容量约为16.7 MW,其中电解槽和甲醇合成设备的最优容量分别占总装机容量的35.58%和16.70%。储氢罐最优容量为5.73 t,折合电量222.00 MW·h,可以满足绿色甲醇合成设备16 h以上的氢气需求。而蓄电池最佳额定容量为7.16 MW·h,最佳额定功率为3.95 MW,可以满足系统中多余电量的储存和电力贫乏时的补给。
系统的运行调度优化以分析典型场景30天的运行为例,选取冬季1月份和夏季7月份各5个典型日共120 h,分析其电平衡调度、氢平衡调度及电解槽调度,结果如图4图9所示。
冬季风光资源分布情况为太阳辐射相对较弱,风量持续且充裕,易造成风光出力叠加,难以消纳。系统采用的策略为:强风、强光情况下,电解槽、制甲醇设备高负荷运行,充分利用风光资源制备氢气制造甲醇,消纳电力,多余氢气进入储氢罐储存,富余的电一部分由蓄电池储存,超量部分进行弃电;有风、弱光情况下,风光发电优先满足电解槽及甲醇设备最低运行负荷耗电,电力不足则蓄电池放电,氢气不足则储氢罐放氢,保证系统稳定运行;弱风、弱光情况下,电力过少,不足以维持电解槽最低负荷运行,则电解槽停机,风光发电及蓄电池电量用以维持甲醇设备最低负荷运行,保证甲醇的连续稳定生产。
夏季风光资源分布情况为风量薄弱且不连续,但太阳辐射很强,因此一定程度上风光出力可以实现互补,但仍有许多低风光时段。系统的运行策略为:强风、强光时,将电量全部用于制备氢气以合成甲醇,但会在保证甲醇最低生产速率的基础上适当减缓甲醇的制备速度,将多余的氢气存入储氢罐进行存储,以备不时之需;在弱风、强光时,风光发电优先满足电解槽制氢,保证制氢量充足;若长时间无风、无光,电解槽则停机中止制备氢气,为保证甲醇的稳定生产则利用储氢罐储存的氢气合成甲醇;等到风光资源充足,再快速启动电解槽继续制备氢气,保证甲醇的稳定连续生产。
该系统全年能量流动如图10所示。由图10可见:全年风力发电、光伏发电总量为198 516 MW·h,系统主要将电能电解水制造氢气用于合成绿色甲醇;制氢用电量为177 067 MW·h,占比89.20%,弃电量为17 339 MW·h,占比约8.73%,说明系统具有良好的消纳可再生能源的能力。受技术条件限制,系统在电解槽与甲醇合成中存在较大的能量损失,分别占系统总发电量的17.85%与13.54%。
为评价系统经济性,定义LCoM为联合系统全生命周期总成本的现值与联合系统全生命周期折现总发电量的比值。离网式风光氢醇一体化系统制甲醇的平准化成本计算方法为[21-22]
LCoM=n=0L365FDT(1+ηi)nn=0L365t=0TMCH3OH,tT(1+ηi)n
式中:LCoM为甲醇平准化成本,元/t;T为仿真时长,h。
经过上述计算得到绿色甲醇平准化成本为3 568元/t。绿色甲醇成本主要包括各设备成本、运行维护成本和原料成本,图11为绿色甲醇成本构成。由图11可知,绿色甲醇成本构成中发电设备成本折合占比最大,表明离网式制甲醇的高成本与电解水制氢所需大量电力相关。随着科技的不断进步,光伏、风力发电设备成本呈现快速下降趋势,绿色甲醇在未来市场的竞争力也会进一步提高[23]
风光氢醇一体化系统的成本中主要为系统设备投资,其主要对光伏组件、电解槽、甲醇生产装置和储氢装置的成本敏感。以各个组件基础成本的50%为调节范围,图12显示了光伏组件、电解槽、甲醇生产装置和储氢罐成本对具有最佳容量配置的离网系统所制绿色甲醇平准化成本的单因素影响,其单目标灵敏度分析结果可通过改变1个因素和其他固定因素获得。
图12可见:当一种设备成本降低时,系统投资成本也降低,甲醇成本随之降低;新型系统甲醇成本对风光设备成本最敏感,其次是电解槽成本;当风光设备成本降低50%时,绿色甲醇的平准化成本为2 558元/t。在上述情景下,储氢罐和甲醇设备对总收益的影响较小,成本最多降低335元/t。随着科学技术的发展,上述组件的成本在未来都会下降,风光设备和电解槽2个主要影响投资成本的组件在未来具有很大的成本降低潜力,当设备成本降低50%时,相当于甲醇价格接近2 600元/t的收益,但是这样的成本降低幅度在近期内不易实现。因此,为降低甲醇平准化成本,使其具有一定的经济效益,不仅需要降低部件成本,还需要借助碳交易、碳税等外部政策[24]
氧气作为电解水制氢的副产品可以进行出售,其收益部分可视为绿色甲醇成本的降低;二氧化碳作为甲醇合成的重要原料,其购买成本也占据绿色甲醇成本重要的一部分。因此,以无售氧和氧气售价为250、500元/t的3种情况为基础情景,当二氧化碳价格范围为100~800元/t时对离网系统所制的绿色甲醇成本进行分析,结果如图13所示。从图13可以看出:随着售氧价格的提高,绿色甲醇成本不断降低;随着二氧化碳价格的提高,绿色甲醇成本不断升高。当售氧价格为500元/t,二氧化碳价格为100元/t时,离网系统所制绿色甲醇成本低至2 414元/t,已低于传统甲醇价格波动范围(2 500~3 500元/t)[25]下限,足以盈利;当无售氧,且二氧化碳价格为250元/t时,所制绿色甲醇成本高于3 500元/t,超出传统甲醇价格波动范围,不具有经济效益。国际石油价格波动范围为0.18~0.27元/MJ,折合至甲醇价格约为3 600~5 400元/t。当考虑售氧价格为250元/t,购二氧化碳价格为720元/t时,甲醇价格与石油价格波动区间下限相同,为3 600元/t,因此绿色甲醇与石油相比具备良好的经济效益与发展前景。随着技术的发展,绿色甲醇的成本将会进一步降低,在未来能源市场上将具备更好的竞争力。
本文依据离网式风光氢醇一体化系统,考虑了设备最佳容量配置与运行优化,进行了综合技术经济分析,建立了以新型系统收益最大为目标函数的优化模型,并通过典型日分析系统的运行优化调度,针对各影响因素进行敏感性分析,对现实情况有一定的指导意义。
1)本文对内蒙地区提出离网式风光氢醇一体化系统,通过电解槽和甲醇生成设备等稳定生产甲醇,配置蓄电池等作为储能设备进行电力的削峰填谷,提升系统的经济性的同时消纳了大量的可再生能源,对解决可再生能源消纳问题和缓解电网调节压力问题具有一定意义。
2)提出了离网背景下的风光氢醇一体化系统的容量配置优化和运行优化调度。优化后系统能够根据外界条件变化,合理切换工作状态,实现系统能量平衡。在满足各项约束条件下,可再生能源制甲醇的过程中能量利用率可提高至59.29%,降低了系统制甲醇的平准化成本。
3)风光设备的甲醇平准化成本占比最大,占比48.4%;甲醇成本对风光设备的价格最为敏感,当风光设备成本降低50%时,绿色甲醇的平准化成本为2 558元/t,降低了28.3%。在氧气下游市场明朗,国家碳税政策不断完善的情况下,绿色甲醇成本将进一步降低,达到甚至低于传统甲醇价格,相较于石油,绿色甲醇也具有更好的经济效益与发展前景。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52090064)
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202307115
  • 接收时间:2023-07-10
  • 首发时间:2025-12-31
  • 出版时间:2024-02-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-07-10
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(52090064)
国家自然科学基金项目(52090064)
作者信息
    1.华北电力大学能源动力与机械工程学院,北京 102206
    2.北方工程设计研究院有限公司,河北 石家庄 050011

通讯作者:

徐钢(1978),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为先进发电技术及氢能综合利用,
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Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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