Article(id=1213131705360241085, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1213131702797517129, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202307110, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1689177600000, receivedDateStr=2023-07-13, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1767162737454, onlineDateStr=2025-12-31, pubDate=1708790400000, pubDateStr=2024-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1767162737454, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-31, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1767162737454, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767162737454, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1213131702797517129, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2024', volume='53', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='198', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1767162736844, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767168616029, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1213156361978954089, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1213131702797517129, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1213156361978954090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1213131702797517129, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=114, endPage=123, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1213131705624482239, articleId=1213131705360241085, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Estimation method of actual heating heat index based on elastic network regression model, columnId=1211002405299294959, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Thermal energy science research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to meet the demand of estimating regional heat load for cogeneration enterprises, an estimation method using elastic network regression model is proposed. Firstly, the influencing factors of the actual heating heat index are analyzed to determine the input parameters of the model. Then, based on the actual operation data of 123 residential areas in Xi’an in the heating season from 2022 to 2023, the estimation model is established, and it is proved that the accuracy of the model is higher than that of Lasso regression and ridge regression models. Finally, part of the communities in Xi’an are selected to form a verification set to verify the elastic network regression model. The verification results show that, the elastic network regression model combines the advantages of Lasso regression and ridge regression, and has higher prediction accuracy than the conventional machine learning model. The MAE and goodness of fit of the model are 1.150 and 0.953, respectively, indicating that the method can accurately estimate the actual heating heat index with different parameters, and can meet the actual engineering needs of cogeneration enterprises.

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为满足热电联产企业估算区域热负荷的需求,提出一种使用弹性网络回归模型的估算方法。首先对实际采暖热指标的影响因素进行分析,确定模型的输入参数;然后以西安市123个小区2022—2023年采暖季的实际运行数据为基础建立估算模型,并证明该模型相较于Lasso回归和岭回归模型的拟合优度分别提高了3.88%和4.22%;最后从多角度选取西安市部分小区相关数据构成验证集对弹性网络回归模型进行验证。验证结果表明:弹性网络回归模型综合了Lasso回归和岭回归的优点,模型的均方根误差和拟合优度分别为1.150和0.953,相较于传统模型能在符合热负荷需求的同时降低4%的能源消耗。说明该方法能准确估算不同参数条件下的实际采暖热指标,可以满足热电联产企业的实际需求。

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黄嘉驷(1977),男,硕士,研究员,主要研究方向为火电机组供热、节能、灵活性技术研究与改造,
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康敬德(1999),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为智慧供热,

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journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213131705360241085, language=CN, label=图13, caption=某小区12月热指标估算结果对比, figureFileSmall=6OG10EHXotKomC91v7U+Kw==, figureFileBig=Y18FN0DZPfiVQM/h7n3Kew==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1213131722397503687, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213131705360241085, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Classification of influencing factors of heating heat index

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素类型因素名称
时域因素干球温度、空气湿度、太阳辐射、风速、
室内人员活动、照明功率、设备功率等
建筑因素建筑体系数、建筑形式、外围护结构、窗墙比、
玻璃分布形式、建筑高度、户平均面积等
其他因素室内人员类型、室内人员密度、建筑入住率等
), ArticleFig(id=1213131722485584076, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213131705360241085, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

采暖热指标的影响因素分类

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素类型因素名称
时域因素干球温度、空气湿度、太阳辐射、风速、
室内人员活动、照明功率、设备功率等
建筑因素建筑体系数、建筑形式、外围护结构、窗墙比、
玻璃分布形式、建筑高度、户平均面积等
其他因素室内人员类型、室内人员密度、建筑入住率等
), ArticleFig(id=1213131722623996113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213131705360241085, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Statistics of classified construction factors

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目玻璃分布形式建筑形式
南北分布四面分布塔式板式塔板结合
赋值1.00.50.11.00.5
), ArticleFig(id=1213131722741436633, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213131705360241085, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

供热的建筑因素赋值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目玻璃分布形式建筑形式
南北分布四面分布塔式板式塔板结合
赋值1.00.50.11.00.5
), ArticleFig(id=1213131722858877151, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213131705360241085, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Descriptive statistics of construction factors requiring normalization

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别最大值最小值平均值
建筑高度/m1021571
建筑年代2020年1995年2009年
户平均面积/m220045103
), ArticleFig(id=1213131722967929059, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213131705360241085, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

归一化后建筑因素的统计结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别最大值最小值平均值
建筑高度/m1021571
建筑年代2020年1995年2009年
户平均面积/m220045103
), ArticleFig(id=1213131723076980965, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213131705360241085, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Statistics of variable coefficients for different methods

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量名弹性网络回归Lasso回归岭回归
(Intercept)–0.248 9–0.514 30.331 0
建筑年代–7.520 4–7.376 9–8.363 4
体积系数103.113 7104.814 3107.030 1
入住率–11.312 6–11.176 1–12.803 5
窗墙比82.623 083.290 780.766 2
建筑形式0.356 20.229 30.730 1
玻璃分布1.759 61.721 12.468 2
建筑高度002.347 3
户均面积00–2.987 6
), ArticleFig(id=1213131723181838569, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213131705360241085, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同回归方法的变量系数统计结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量名弹性网络回归Lasso回归岭回归
(Intercept)–0.248 9–0.514 30.331 0
建筑年代–7.520 4–7.376 9–8.363 4
体积系数103.113 7104.814 3107.030 1
入住率–11.312 6–11.176 1–12.803 5
窗墙比82.623 083.290 780.766 2
建筑形式0.356 20.229 30.730 1
玻璃分布1.759 61.721 12.468 2
建筑高度002.347 3
户均面积00–2.987 6
), ArticleFig(id=1213131723299279085, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213131705360241085, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

The division of five different training and validation sets

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
划分依据验证集构成训练集
新小区体积系数体积系数分别为0.154、0.186、0.195、0.206、0.287;建成年代2016年后;
窗墙比为0.3;室外温度为西安市20221215—20230215日均温
本文样本
窗墙比窗墙比分别为0.26、0.28、0.30、0.32、0.35;建成年代2016年后;
体积系数为0.186;室外温度为西安市20221215—20230215日均温
本文样本
旧小区体积系数体积系数分别为0.218、0.277、0.293、0.303、0.309;建成年代2000年前;
窗墙比为0.2;室外温度为西安市20221215—20230215日均温
本文样本
窗墙比窗墙比分别为0.18、0.2、0.22、0.24、0.25;建成年代2000年前;
体积系数为0.293;室外温度为西安市20221215—20230215日均温
本文样本
室外温度室外温度分别为西安市2022年11月均温、12月均温、2023年1月均温、2月均温、3月均温;
体积系数为0.186、窗墙比为0.3的某新小区;体积系数为0.293、窗墙比为0.2的某旧小区
本文样本
), ArticleFig(id=1213131723412525298, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1213131705360241085, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

5组不同训练集和验证集的划分

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
划分依据验证集构成训练集
新小区体积系数体积系数分别为0.154、0.186、0.195、0.206、0.287;建成年代2016年后;
窗墙比为0.3;室外温度为西安市20221215—20230215日均温
本文样本
窗墙比窗墙比分别为0.26、0.28、0.30、0.32、0.35;建成年代2016年后;
体积系数为0.186;室外温度为西安市20221215—20230215日均温
本文样本
旧小区体积系数体积系数分别为0.218、0.277、0.293、0.303、0.309;建成年代2000年前;
窗墙比为0.2;室外温度为西安市20221215—20230215日均温
本文样本
窗墙比窗墙比分别为0.18、0.2、0.22、0.24、0.25;建成年代2000年前;
体积系数为0.293;室外温度为西安市20221215—20230215日均温
本文样本
室外温度室外温度分别为西安市2022年11月均温、12月均温、2023年1月均温、2月均温、3月均温;
体积系数为0.186、窗墙比为0.3的某新小区;体积系数为0.293、窗墙比为0.2的某旧小区
本文样本
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基于弹性网络回归的实际采暖热指标估算方法
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康敬德 1 , 黄嘉驷 1 , 乔磊 1 , 李杰 2 , 孙鹏 2 , 贺凯 1 , 刘圣冠 1 , 尚海军 1 , 王钰泽 1 , 史耀辉 1 , 宋佳怡 3
热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2024,53(2): 114-123
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热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2024, 53(2): 114-123
基于弹性网络回归的实际采暖热指标估算方法
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康敬德1 , 黄嘉驷1 , 乔磊1, 李杰2, 孙鹏2, 贺凯1, 刘圣冠1, 尚海军1, 王钰泽1, 史耀辉1, 宋佳怡3
作者信息
  • 1.西安热工研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710054
  • 2.华能山东发电有限公司,山东 济南 250014
  • 3.西安交通大学人居环境与建筑工程学院,陕西 西安 710049
  • 康敬德(1999),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为智慧供热,

通讯作者:

黄嘉驷(1977),男,硕士,研究员,主要研究方向为火电机组供热、节能、灵活性技术研究与改造,
Estimation method of actual heating heat index based on elastic network regression model
Jingde KANG1 , Jiasi HUANG1 , Lei QIAO1, Jie LI2, Peng SUN2, Kai HE1, Shengguan LIU1, Haijun SHANG1, Yuze WANG1, Yaohui SHI1, Jiayi SONG3
Affiliations
  • 1.Xi’an Thermal Power Research Institute Co., Ltd., Xi’an 710054, China
  • 2.Shandong Fadian Company of Huaneng Group Co. Ltd., Jinan 250014, China
  • 3.School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
出版时间: 2024-02-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202307110
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为满足热电联产企业估算区域热负荷的需求,提出一种使用弹性网络回归模型的估算方法。首先对实际采暖热指标的影响因素进行分析,确定模型的输入参数;然后以西安市123个小区2022—2023年采暖季的实际运行数据为基础建立估算模型,并证明该模型相较于Lasso回归和岭回归模型的拟合优度分别提高了3.88%和4.22%;最后从多角度选取西安市部分小区相关数据构成验证集对弹性网络回归模型进行验证。验证结果表明:弹性网络回归模型综合了Lasso回归和岭回归的优点,模型的均方根误差和拟合优度分别为1.150和0.953,相较于传统模型能在符合热负荷需求的同时降低4%的能源消耗。说明该方法能准确估算不同参数条件下的实际采暖热指标,可以满足热电联产企业的实际需求。

热电联产  /  实际采暖热指标  /  弹性网络回归模型  /  热负荷估算

In order to meet the demand of estimating regional heat load for cogeneration enterprises, an estimation method using elastic network regression model is proposed. Firstly, the influencing factors of the actual heating heat index are analyzed to determine the input parameters of the model. Then, based on the actual operation data of 123 residential areas in Xi’an in the heating season from 2022 to 2023, the estimation model is established, and it is proved that the accuracy of the model is higher than that of Lasso regression and ridge regression models. Finally, part of the communities in Xi’an are selected to form a verification set to verify the elastic network regression model. The verification results show that, the elastic network regression model combines the advantages of Lasso regression and ridge regression, and has higher prediction accuracy than the conventional machine learning model. The MAE and goodness of fit of the model are 1.150 and 0.953, respectively, indicating that the method can accurately estimate the actual heating heat index with different parameters, and can meet the actual engineering needs of cogeneration enterprises.

cogeneration  /  actual heating heat index  /  elastic network regression model  /  heat load estimation
康敬德, 黄嘉驷, 乔磊, 李杰, 孙鹏, 贺凯, 刘圣冠, 尚海军, 王钰泽, 史耀辉, 宋佳怡. 基于弹性网络回归的实际采暖热指标估算方法. 热力发电, 2024 , 53 (2) : 114 -123 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202307110
Jingde KANG, Jiasi HUANG, Lei QIAO, Jie LI, Peng SUN, Kai HE, Shengguan LIU, Haijun SHANG, Yuze WANG, Yaohui SHI, Jiayi SONG. Estimation method of actual heating heat index based on elastic network regression model[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2024 , 53 (2) : 114 -123 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202307110
为了落实国家能源结构调整,实现节能减排和“双碳”目标,我国新建电厂普遍采用了热电联产的生产方式[1-3]。据相关文献显示[4-5],全国热电联产机组装机约5.6亿kW,占煤电总装机的比重已提升至52%。而热电联产机组的高效稳定运行与热负荷的估算联系紧密,因此对城市新建区域热负荷的估算至关重要。
针对城市供暖热负荷的估算研究,国内外学者提出了以历史负荷变化为核心的数据驱动方法[6-8]、以软件建模方法为核心的物理驱动方法[9-11]等多种方法。但在热电联产的热负荷估算领域,往往由于供热面积大、采暖建筑种类复杂及缺少历史运行数据等原因导致上述方法不能较精确地得到应用,目前仍主要采用以经验得到采暖热指标再乘以面积估算热负荷的方法[12-13]。因此,开展实际采暖热指标的准确估算研究是确定热电联产机组热负荷的重要途径。付强[14]等通过研究天津市民用建筑采暖季的用热数据,分析了设计采暖热指标和实际采暖热指标之间的差异。孙纪康[15]从供热企业践行节能减排的角度,分析了准确选取实际采暖热指标的必要性。李磊[16]通过分析合肥市集中供热小区的实际情况,认为用热习惯、围护结构等因素都会影响实际采暖热指标,在运行中应考虑不同因素进行详细分析。此外还有许多学者对采暖热指标的影响因素进行了研究,如孙鱼铭[17]、李皓月[18]等详细计算了入住率对采暖热指标的影响,王卿[19]分析了地理环境对采暖热指标的影响,周颖[20]等针对外围护结构提出了一种修正实际采暖热指标的方法。
上述研究对实际采暖热指标的某一具体影响因素进行了详尽的研究,但仍未形成一种综合考虑各因素的实际采暖热指标的估算方法。本文将在前人工作和实际工程数据的基础上,提出一种对热电联产企业供热机组负荷设计有参考价值的实际采暖热指标估算方法。
为计算实际采暖热指标,需要详细分析采暖热指标的影响因素。参照建筑采暖设计通行分析方法及文献[21-23],将影响热指标的主要因素分为时域因素、建筑因素和其他因素3类,具体细分类型见表1
由于热电联产企业的供热对象主要是居住建筑,其运行供热负荷通常由供暖季平均采暖热指标决定,所以气候温度、太阳辐射、人员行为、设备功率等时域因素及其他因素中的室内人员类型和人员密度基本不影响实际采暖热指标。本文以2022—2023年采暖季西安市部分小区的供暖运行情况为例进行实际采暖热指标的估算,当地理环境或其他因素导致气候条件改变时可参考公式(1)来修正。
qs=qs,gtntwtn,xtw,x
式中:qs为实际采暖热指标,W/m2qs,g为采用本文方法估算出的实际采暖热指标,估算方法将在文章第3节详细说明,W/m2tn为室内采暖设计温度,℃;tw为室外平均温度,℃;tn,x为西安市室内采暖设计温度,本文取18 ℃;tw,x为2022—2023年采暖季西安市室外平均温度,℃。
表1中建筑因素中的建筑体系数指建筑外表面积与建筑体积之比,该值的大小影响了建筑通过外围护结构的热耗散量。建筑形式可分为塔式、板式和塔板结合式3种结构,代表了建筑结构的通透性,越通透的建筑结构在冬季的冷风渗透量越大。户平均面积同样对建筑的通透性有一定影响。建筑外围护结构直接影响了建筑的保温性能,是采暖热指标的重要参考因素,由于节能建筑设计的要求,建筑的外保温性能与年代呈强相关性[24],因此该影响因素可以用建筑建成年份来代替。窗墙比和玻璃分布形式影响了建筑从太阳辐射得到热量和建筑对外传热多少。随着垂直高度的增加,风速越来越大,空气越来越干燥,所以高层建筑与低层建筑的传热情况会有所不同,因此建筑高度也是影响因素之一。设计采暖热指标考虑的是全户供暖的情况,但实际入住率通常不能达到100%,此时将会存在户间传热现象,从而使采暖热指标随着入住率降低而增大,所以入住率对实际采暖热指标具有不可忽视的影响。
通过上述分析可知,实际采暖热指标的影响因素众多且存在一定的共线性,为了提高估算结果的准确性和减少变量过多造成的过拟合现象,需要使用一种能主动筛选变量的估算方法。
Lasso回归方法是一种常用的数据降维方法,无论是连续还是离散的自变量均能得到有效处理。该方法通过引入1个正则化L1范数的惩罚项来使残差平方和RSS降到最低水平,在此过程中将完成变量选择,消除模型共线性。RSS表达式为:
δRSS=i=1m(yiβ0j=1dxijβj)2
式中:m为数据样本数量;d为目标量的影响因素数量;yi为目标量y的第i个值;xij为第i个影响因素所对应的第j个变量;βj为每个目标量影响因素的回归系数。
由此确定Lasso回归的目标函数为:
β=argmin{i=1m(yij=1dxijβj)2}+λj=1d|βj|
式中:λ为惩罚项系数。
但由于Lasso回归有将变量系数压缩至0的特性,在处理分散度较大的变量时效果较差,对此可采用岭回归来弥补。
岭回归通过引入一个正则化L2范数的惩罚项来降低δRSS水平。其目标函数为:
β=argmin{i=1m(yij=1dxijβj)2}+λj=1dβj2
与Lasso回归相比岭回归虽然也对变量系数进行了缩减,但不会把系数削减至0。这就使得岭回归对变量的选择性不足,得出的模型不易于解释。
为了综合Lasso回归与岭回归的优点,Zou和Hastie在2005年提出弹性网络回归算法[25],其优化目标函数为:
β=argmin{i=1m(yij=1dxijβj)2}+λ1j=1d|βj|+λ2j=1dβj2
式中:λ1为Lasso回归惩罚项系数;λ2为岭回归惩罚项系数。
此时引入λ=λ1+λ2α=λ1λ1+λ2,则式(5)可改写为:
β=argmin{i=1m(yij=1dxijβj)2}+    λj=1d(α|βj|+(1α)βj2)
由此可得弹性网络算法的目标函数是岭回归目标函数和Lasso回归目标函数的凸线性组合。即当α=0时,弹性网络回归变为岭回归;当α=1时,弹性网络回归变为Lasso回归。即弹性网络回归是岭回归和Lasso回归的动态组合,既综合了岭回归和Lasso回归的优点也在一定程度上削减了二者的缺点,从而使得回归得到的结果更合理可靠。
为了验证估算结果的准确性,本文选取绝对误差(mean absolute error,δMAE)、均方根误差(root mean square error,δRMSE)、平均绝对百分比误差(mean absolute percentage error,δMAPE)和拟合优度R-squared进行验证,对应计算公式分别为:
δMAE=i=1n|yiyi,est|n
δRMSE=i=1n(yiyi,est)2n
δMAPE=i=1n|yiyi,est|yin
δR-squared=1i=1n(yiyi,est)2i=1n(yiymean)2
式中:n为样本数量;yi为采暖热指标的真实值,W/m2yi,est为采暖热指标的估算值,W/m2ymeanyi的平均值,W/m2
本文选用西安市某供热企业2022年12月15日至2023年2月15日的供热数据,包含了123个小区的实际采暖热指标和入住率,其他对热指标有影响的建筑因素由查阅资料和实地测量共同得出。对于分类性质的建筑因素,本文采用了赋值处理的方法,赋值大小依据CJJ/T34—2022和文献[24],详细的赋值见表2
为使各建筑因素处于同一范围,从而提升估算模型的精度,需要对相关因素进行归一化处理。归一化计算公式见式(11),相关因素的统计见表3
x=xmin(x)max(x)min(x)
为了使模型估算结果更加可靠,首先对数据的可靠性进行验证,剔除可能的异常数据。本文根据拉伊达准则,结合采暖热指标的实际特点和物理意义,选取2σ作为异常数据的判断依据,异常数据预处理流程如图1所示。
经过数据预处理,筛选剔除了原始数据中异常的17个小区的数据,筛选后的实际采暖热指标分布如图2所示。由图2可见,筛选后的数据很好地吻合了正态分布。
本文使用K折交叉验证寻找合适的惩罚项系数λK折交叉验证类似于增加训练样本的数量,使模型能在有限的数据里进行更多次训练,提高估算模型的鲁棒性;还能从多个方向学习训练样本,避免学习模型陷入局部最优;此外合适的K值也能有效避免模型过拟合。一般K值的取值范围是[2,10],本文采用的是10折交叉验证,其原理如图3所示。
式(6)说明弹性网络回归模型是Lasso回归与岭回归模型的动态结合,α值决定了其偏向Lasso回归和岭回归程度,α的取值一般在(0.5, 1.0)之间。为了得到最优的回归模型,本文遍历了该取值范围内权重系数α每改变0.01时模型的训练结果,最终得到α=0.6时,模型的均方根误差最小估算结果最优。为了展示弹性网络回归模型相较于其他2种模型的优越性。本文从筛选的数据中随机选取了15个样本作为验证集,其余样本作为训练集,分别采用Lasso回归和岭回归模型估算结果作为弹性网络回归模型估算结果的对比验证,弹性网络回归模型流程如图4所示。不同模型的交叉验证曲线和系数路径分别如图5图7所示。从图5图7可以发现,使用Lasso回归时标准偏差曲线的下降速率最快,但是其最终得到结果的均方根误差要大于弹性网络回归模型的结果。岭回归模型对变量的筛选性较弱,在变量较多的情况下出现了过拟合的情况,导致其结果的均方根误差比其他2种方法都要更大。弹性网络回归、Lasso回归和岭回归模型最终得到的变量选择和变量系数统计结果见表4
表4可以发现,弹性网络回归和Lasso回归最终都剔除了建筑高度和户均面积这2个变量,其原因是这2个变量与体积系数有较强的共线性,从而提高了模型的精度。其余6个变量中体积系数和窗墙比对实际采暖热指标的影响最大,系数为正意味着建筑的体积系数和窗墙比越大建筑的采暖热指标越大;对热指标影响次大的2个变量是建筑年代和入住率,系数为负意味着建筑越新、入住率越高建筑的采暖热指标越小,这都较好地诠释了采暖热指标的实际物理意义。建筑形式和玻璃分布这2种变量对热指标虽有影响但相较其余4种变量要小得多。
使用从样本数据中随机选取的15个数据作为模型估算结果的验证数据,不同回归模型估算结果与真实值的对比结果如图8所示。不同回归模型对应的评价指标如图9所示。
图9可得:弹性网络回归模型的拟合优度相较于Lasso回归和岭回归模型分别提高了3.88%和4.22%;其平均绝对百分比误差、均方根误差、绝对误差与Lasso回归模型相比分别降低了23.57%、27.09%和22.87%;与岭回归模型相比分别降低了27.49%、33.12%和28.14%。证明弹性网络回归模型有更好地估算效果。
一个有效的估算模型应该在目标小区的建筑因素或环境温度发生较大改变时仍有良好的估算精度。
通过对表4的分析得出,体积系数和窗墙比是对实际采暖热指标影响最大的因素,同时也是在实际工程中小区间主要不同的建筑因素。因此,为了证明本文估算模型的普适性和稳定性,在西安市其他小区分别以体积系数、窗墙比、小区新旧程度和室外温度为依据每组选取5个小区共30个样本作为验证集,本文筛选后的106个小区样本作为训练集,具体划分见表5
经划分后的数据验证集能有效证明弹性网络回归模型在面对不同建筑和环境时是否准确。同时为了说明本文模型更适用于实际采暖热指标的估算,使用经典BP神经网络模型和多元线性回归模型作为对照,同样采用本文样本为训练集。各组验证集对应各模型预测结果分别如图10图12所示。划分后的数据验证集涵盖了13~46 W/m2的实际采暖热指标范围,并从多个角度对弹性网络回归模型的估算结果进行验证。
图10图12可以看出,弹性网络回归模型的估算结果要优于传统算法,在实际采暖热指标较大或较小时优势更为明显。原因可能是传统算法没有对变量进行筛选,从而出现了过拟合现象。进一步分析得到本文模型估算结果与真实值的均方根误差为1.15,拟合优度为0.953,说明弹性网络回归模型在不同条件参数下,都能准确估算小区的实际采暖热指标。
为了直观展示本文模型在实际工程中的应用效果,选择西安市2020年新建成的某小区作为实验对象。小区总采暖面积为142 538 m2,2022—2023年采暖季实际用热面积为106 996 m2;小区内共有6栋同类的高层住宅,其体积系数为0.178,窗墙比为0.3。使用3.2节处理后的数据作为训练集,该小区12月逐日热指标作为验证集。采取经Lasso变量选择后的BP神经网络模型和经典BP神经网络模型与本文模型对比验证,结果如图13所示。
图13可以看出,弹性网络回归模型的估算结果与真实值偏差最小,平均误差仅为1.43 W/m2。经过Lasso变量选择改进的BP神经网络模型比原模型估算准确度也有明显提高,说明减小变量共线性是提高模型精确性的主要方式之一。进一步分析换热站分别采用3种估算方式时12月总热量消耗,其中弹性网络回归模型为8 270.64 GJ;Lasso筛选变量后的BP神经网络模型为8 144.55 GJ;BP神经网络模型为8 628.87 GJ;而真实值为8 227.67 GJ。可以发现Lasso筛选变量后的BP神经网络模型估算结果虽然耗热量最小但不能完全满足实际供热需求;本文算法估算结果在满足了供热需求的前提下比传统算法减少了4.2%的能源消耗。
1)本文通过对西安市123个小区2022—2023年采暖季实际供暖数据的处理分析,建立了一种基于弹性网络回归模型的实际采暖热指标估算方法。该方法可帮助热电联产企业估算新接区域的所需热负荷,当气候条件发生较大改变时可采用本文修正公式修正估算结果。
2)本文算法比Lasso回归和岭回归2种相近算法的拟合优度提高了4%,均方根误差降低了20%以上。同时得出建筑的体积系数、窗墙比是实际采暖热指标的主要影响因素。利用基于这2种参数划分后的数据集进行验证发现本文模型比传统机器学习模型在不同条件下均具有更高的准确性。
3)本文使用西安某小区2022年12月的供热数据进行实例验证,结果表明本文模型拟合优度为0.953,均方根误差为0.15。相较于传统算法不仅能满足居民实际用热需求,还减少了约4.2%的能源消耗。能够为热电联产企业估算区域热负荷,制定城市供热发展规化和节能降耗的实际工程需要提供依据。
  • 中国华能集团有限公司总部科技项目(HNKJ21-H60)
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202307110
  • 接收时间:2023-07-13
  • 首发时间:2025-12-31
  • 出版时间:2024-02-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-07-13
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Science and Technology Project of China Huaneng Group Co., Ltd.(HNKJ21-H60)
中国华能集团有限公司总部科技项目(HNKJ21-H60)
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    1.西安热工研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710054
    2.华能山东发电有限公司,山东 济南 250014
    3.西安交通大学人居环境与建筑工程学院,陕西 西安 710049

通讯作者:

黄嘉驷(1977),男,硕士,研究员,主要研究方向为火电机组供热、节能、灵活性技术研究与改造,
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/rlfd/CN/10.19666/j.rlfd.202307110
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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