Article(id=1213131703900619087, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1213131702797517129, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202306114, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1687795200000, receivedDateStr=2023-06-27, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1767162737106, onlineDateStr=2025-12-31, pubDate=1708790400000, pubDateStr=2024-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1767162737106, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-31, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1767162737106, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767162737106, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1213131702797517129, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2024', volume='53', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='198', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1767162736844, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767168616029, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1213156361978954089, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1213131702797517129, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1213156361978954090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1213131702797517129, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=93, endPage=100, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1213131704169054545, articleId=1213131703900619087, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Numerical study of thermal-hydraulic characteristics in pipe of floating nuclear reactor under pulsating flow, columnId=1211002405299294959, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Thermal energy science research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Under oceanic conditions, the coolant in the loop of a floating nuclear reactor (FNR) experiences periodic fluctuations, which affects the system’s thermal and hydraulic characteristics. A combination of theoretical derivation and numerical simulation is employed to investigate the velocity and temperature distribution characteristics within a pipe under pulsating flow conditions. Moreover, the influence of different numerical simulation boundary conditions on the velocity and temperature distribution in a circular tube under pulsating flow is compared. The results show that, under high-frequency pulsating flow conditions, laminar flow inside the pipe will experience backflow near the wall, and the wall effect will increase with the pulsation frequency. Using pulsating velocity inlet and pressure outlet as numerical simulation boundary conditions fails to predict this backflow phenomenon. However, employing fluctuating pressure inlet and flow outlet effectively captures the backflow occurrence in high-frequency pulsating flow. Concurrently, the temperature within the pipe fluctuates under pulsating flow conditions, and the amplitude of temperature fluctuations gradually decreases when the pulsation frequency increases. Numerical simulation can well simulate the temperature distribution in the pipe under pulsating flow conditions, with an error of less than 2%.The research results can provide reference for non-stationary numerical simulation methods.

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受海洋条件影响,浮动核反应堆(FNR)回路冷却剂会发生周期性流量波动现象,影响系统热工水力特性。通过理论推导和数值模拟相结合的方式,研究了脉动流条件下管内速度与温度分布特性,并对比了不同数值模拟边界条件对脉动流条件下圆管内速度和温度分布的影响。结果表明:高频脉动流条件下,管内层流在壁面附近会出现回流现象,并且壁面效应会随着脉动频率的增大而增大,使用脉动速度入口和压力出口作为数值模拟边界条件无法预测出这一回流现象,而使用波动的压力入口和流量出口可以捕捉高频脉动流的回流现象;脉动流条件下,管内温度波动幅度随脉动频率的增大而逐渐减小;数值模拟较好地模拟脉动流条件下管内的温度,误差小于2%,为使用数值模拟方法准确预测脉动流流场与温度场提供参考。

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姚尧(1989),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为核电厂热工水力技术,

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姚尧(1989),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为核电厂热工水力技术,

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非稳态流动下浮动核反应堆管内热工水力特性数值研究
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姚尧 1 , 李超 2 , 祁沛垚 1 , 张瑞祥 1 , 叶林 2 , 常重喜 2 , 马喜强 2
热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2024,53(2): 93-100
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热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2024, 53(2): 93-100
非稳态流动下浮动核反应堆管内热工水力特性数值研究
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姚尧1 , 李超2, 祁沛垚1, 张瑞祥1, 叶林2, 常重喜2, 马喜强2
作者信息
  • 1.西安热工研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710054
  • 2.华能山东石岛湾核电有限公司,山东 威海 264312
  • 姚尧(1989),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为核电厂热工水力技术,

Numerical study of thermal-hydraulic characteristics in pipe of floating nuclear reactor under pulsating flow
Yao YAO1 , Chao LI2, Peiyao QI1, Ruixiang ZHANG1, Lin YE2, Chongxi CHANG2, Xiqiang MA2
Affiliations
  • 1.Xi’an Thermal Power Research Institute Co., Ltd., Xi’an 710054, China
  • 2.Huaneng Shandong Shidao Bay Nuclear Power Co., Ltd., Weihai 264312, China
出版时间: 2024-02-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202306114
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受海洋条件影响,浮动核反应堆(FNR)回路冷却剂会发生周期性流量波动现象,影响系统热工水力特性。通过理论推导和数值模拟相结合的方式,研究了脉动流条件下管内速度与温度分布特性,并对比了不同数值模拟边界条件对脉动流条件下圆管内速度和温度分布的影响。结果表明:高频脉动流条件下,管内层流在壁面附近会出现回流现象,并且壁面效应会随着脉动频率的增大而增大,使用脉动速度入口和压力出口作为数值模拟边界条件无法预测出这一回流现象,而使用波动的压力入口和流量出口可以捕捉高频脉动流的回流现象;脉动流条件下,管内温度波动幅度随脉动频率的增大而逐渐减小;数值模拟较好地模拟脉动流条件下管内的温度,误差小于2%,为使用数值模拟方法准确预测脉动流流场与温度场提供参考。

脉动流  /  数值模拟  /  速度分布  /  温度分布  /  浮动核反应堆

Under oceanic conditions, the coolant in the loop of a floating nuclear reactor (FNR) experiences periodic fluctuations, which affects the system’s thermal and hydraulic characteristics. A combination of theoretical derivation and numerical simulation is employed to investigate the velocity and temperature distribution characteristics within a pipe under pulsating flow conditions. Moreover, the influence of different numerical simulation boundary conditions on the velocity and temperature distribution in a circular tube under pulsating flow is compared. The results show that, under high-frequency pulsating flow conditions, laminar flow inside the pipe will experience backflow near the wall, and the wall effect will increase with the pulsation frequency. Using pulsating velocity inlet and pressure outlet as numerical simulation boundary conditions fails to predict this backflow phenomenon. However, employing fluctuating pressure inlet and flow outlet effectively captures the backflow occurrence in high-frequency pulsating flow. Concurrently, the temperature within the pipe fluctuates under pulsating flow conditions, and the amplitude of temperature fluctuations gradually decreases when the pulsation frequency increases. Numerical simulation can well simulate the temperature distribution in the pipe under pulsating flow conditions, with an error of less than 2%.The research results can provide reference for non-stationary numerical simulation methods.

pulsating flow  /  numerical simulation  /  velocity distribution  /  temperature distribution  /  floating nuclear reactor
姚尧, 李超, 祁沛垚, 张瑞祥, 叶林, 常重喜, 马喜强. 非稳态流动下浮动核反应堆管内热工水力特性数值研究. 热力发电, 2024 , 53 (2) : 93 -100 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202306114
Yao YAO, Chao LI, Peiyao QI, Ruixiang ZHANG, Lin YE, Chongxi CHANG, Xiqiang MA. Numerical study of thermal-hydraulic characteristics in pipe of floating nuclear reactor under pulsating flow[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2024 , 53 (2) : 93 -100 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202306114
核能是未来能源领域的重要发展方向,“十四五”政府工作报告提出“确保安全的前提下积极有序发展核电”。核安全是核能发展的前提和基础,确保核反应堆在各种工况下的安全对于核电发展具有重要意义。当陆基反应堆在事故条件下以及海基压水堆受海洋环境影响下,堆芯冷却剂流量处于瞬态波动状态[1],冷却剂带走燃料组件热量的能力决定了燃料组件的破坏阈值,直接影响反应堆的安全运行。当堆芯冷却剂流量瞬态波动至低流量时,冷却剂不足以带走堆芯内部热量,可能会使堆芯过热熔化,造成严重堆芯损坏事故[2-3]。因此,研究流量波动条件下,通道内热工水力特性对确保反应堆安全运行具有重要意义。
脉动流条件下通道内热工水力特性和稳态条件下存在不同,Richardson[4]和Uchida[5]等人分别从实验和理论方面证明了往复流中速度环状效应的存在,即脉动流条件下管内最大速度不在管道中心,而是在管道壁面附近出现峰值。Muto等人[6]对脉动流和往复流的研究发现,当无量纲频率小于5时,速度场的最大振幅接近于管道中心,无量纲频率大于5时,速度场的最大振幅接近于管壁。Telionis等人[7]通过理论计算得出,当流体脉动频率较大时速度环状效应显著,而在频率较低的工况下,流体呈现流速单一方向稳定流动的抛物线形状分布形式。
为了提升对通道内非稳态条件下通道内流动传热现象认识,数值模拟也被用于流量波动研究。Wissink等人[8]基于直接数值模拟(direct numerical simulation,DNS)研究了脉动流壁面附近相干结构对传热的作用,发现了条纹结构可强化流动换热。Hattori等人[9]通过DNS对热边界层中的流向-展向截面的温度脉动进行了研究,指出脉动流湍流热边界层中同样存在着大尺度高低温条纹。Seddighi等人[10]使用DNS对槽道内的匀加速流动进行了研究,结果表明加速度条件下流体转捩会呈现预转捩、转捩、完全湍流3个阶段,并且转捩现象与压力梯度有关。DNS求解的数值格式以及边界条件的设置会对涡结构造成影响[11],同时DNS所需计算资源极大,目前只应用于低流速和简单结构的模拟,工程应用价值较低[12]
Scotti[13]和Gorji[14]等人使用脉动流实验数据对比了DNS和非稳态雷诺时均(URANS)湍流模型计算结果指出,对于低、中频率的非稳态流动,URANS模型计算出的壁面切应力以及速度分布与和DNS数据吻合的很好,而高频脉动流模拟结果存在一定的误差。Anotai等人[15]通过数值模拟方法对槽道内不同雷诺数区间旋涡时空变化开展了分析,并总结了不同脉动流参数对旋涡演变规律指出,旋涡脱落在低雷诺数时受脉动频率和振幅影响,高雷诺数时仅受脉动振幅影响。
本文首先理论推导了层流条件下不同相位圆管内的速度与温度分布;并且对非稳态流动入口边界条件与仿真软件中用户自定义函数(user defined function,UDF)的设置进行了介绍;使用URANS算法模拟了脉动流条件下圆管内的速度分布,通过比较模拟值与理论推导速度、温度分布结果,验证瞬态数值模拟方法正确性。
对于充分发展的不可压缩黏性流体在半径r的圆管内呈正弦波流动,流动具有如下特点:1)其流向速度u远大于径向速度v;2)当流动充分发展时u沿流向不在变化,仅与半径r和时间t有关,即u=u(r, t)。因此,将N-S方程简化如下:
ut=1ρpx+v(2ut2+1rur)
式中:p=p(x,r,t)为通道内压力脉动波;ρ为流体密度;v为流体运动黏性系数。
若认为圆管横截面压力分布均匀,且由于流体不可压缩,因此整个通道内压力梯度随时间的变化可以表示为:
px=(px)s(1+A*cos(ωt))
式中:(px)s表示稳定工况时流体的压力梯度;A*表示压力脉动振幅。
该N-S方程边界条件为:
{r=0ur=0r=Ru=0
为方便研究引入无量纲参数:
r*=rRω*=ωR2vt*=vtR2u*=uum
式中:um=R2A08μ为截面平均速度;u*(r*t*)=us*(r*)+ut*(r*t*),脉动流可以认为是往复流动项与稳态流动项的叠加;usut分别为稳态和脉动速度分量。
通过将无量纲参数代入式(3)得:
{2us*r*2+1r*us*r*+8=0r*=0us*r*=0r*=1us*=1
{2ut*r*2+1r*ut*r*+8A*cos(ω*t*)=0r*=0ut*r*=0r*=1ut*=1
可以发现微分方程组(5)表示圆管稳定Hagen-Poiseuille流动,微分方程组(6)为管内余弦压力变化下的往复流动[16],脉动流速度分布表达式为:
u*(r*,t*)=2(1r*2)+16A*n=1[λn(0)2cos(ω*t*)+ω*sin(ω*t*)]λn(0)J1(λn(0))(ω*2+λn(0)4)J0(λn(0)r*)
式中:Jn为第1类n阶贝塞尔函数;λn(0)为第1类0阶贝塞尔函数本征值。本文选择无穷级数前30项累加和作为近似解计算速度分布。
从速度表达式(7)看出,影响脉动流速度分布的主要因素为脉动周期、振幅以及流体物性。图1为不同脉动流周期管内速度分布。
图1可见:当脉动周期T=100.0 s时,管内速度分布几乎与稳态时一致;但随着脉动流周期的逐渐减小,管壁面与管中心处变化趋势不同。在较高频脉动流中管壁附近出现了回流现象(图1a)图1b)),而在管中心流体出现了类似于“冻结”现象,即整个区域像震荡“活塞”一样随流量变化增加或减小,并且脉动频率越高“冻结”区域越大,回流区越靠近管壁面。对比脉动流周期为1.0 s,振幅为0.500和0.900时圆管内不同时刻的速度分布发现:在这2种工况下(图1b)图1c)),回流现象都发生在0.500T~T区域内,且随着振幅的增加,从0.500 T增加到0.900 T,回流现象变得更加明显,而当振幅为0.1时(图1e)),几乎观察不到回流现象。这可能是因为较大的振幅导致流速快速变化,从而更容易引起回流。
上文通过理论推导给出了脉动流条件下圆管速度分布,结果表明脉动流会改变圆管内速度分布。下文将对相同工况下圆管内脉动流进行数值模拟,将模拟与解析得到的速度分布进行对比,验证瞬态数值模拟的正确性。
目前,对于脉动流问题数值模拟边界条件设置分为2种方案[17-18],具体如图2所示。一种是以周期脉动压力波为入口条件,其表达式为:
p=pm+pasin(2πft)=pm[1+Apsin(2πft)]
式中:pm为压力中值,Pa;pa为压力峰值,Pa;Ap=pa/pm为压力振幅;f为脉动频率,Hz。
出口边界条件采用周期性波动的速度边界条件:
u(t)=um+uasin(2πft)=um[1+Ausin(2πft)]
式中:um为速度中值,m/s;ua为压力峰值,m/s;Au=um/ua为速度振幅。
这种边界条件符合实验真实情况,在本研究中脉动流的产生是通过变频器控制泵转速,产生不同驱动压力从而使回路产生脉动流。然而,使用压力入口和速度出口作为边界条件收敛较为困难,每一时间步长内需要耗费更多的计算资源。
另一种方法对计算模型的边界条件进行了简化,采用周期性波动速度(即式(9))作为入口边界条件,出口边界设置压力出口。虽然这种设置有一定简化,但却极大地提高了计算收敛性。
这2种设置均采用无滑移壁面边界条件。加热工况壁面设置为壁面定热流密度,由于实验仅涉及单相水工况,因此流体物性使用UDF将IAPWS-IF97公式中常规水区加载入数值仿真中。
仿真软件设置正弦波动边界条件采用UDF方式,整个计算过程中使用二阶隐式瞬态求解,对速度迭代采用过程含有相邻矫正PISO算法。为提高精度,使用二阶迎风格式对方程进行离散。当每步网络内计算残差小于10–5时,认为该时间步长内计算收敛。瞬态计算的初值使用初始时刻对应流速下稳态值,由于从稳态到瞬态计算过程中,脉动流存在充分发展的过程,因此选取第6个周期以后的结果为研究对象。为了便于分析,对于瞬态数值提取图3中相位数据与理论和实验进行对比,其分别对应脉动流周期中的0、0.125 T、0.250 T、0.375 T、0.500 T、0.625 T、0.750 T、0.875 T
圆管数值仿真几何模型如图4所示,圆管半径为5 mm,圆管长度为1 000 mm,确保管内速度充分发展。为提高计算效率使用二维旋转对称模型进行计算。圆管采用ICEM进行结构化网络划分,为验证网格无关性,划分不同网格数量物理模型,将计算得到稳态速度分布与理论解进行对比,最后选择了网格数为75 682的模型进行瞬态研究。数值模拟共取3组工况进行计算,分为T=0.2、1.0、4.0 s,3组工况的振幅都为0.5,对应入口平均速度为0.1 m/s。
首先,使用简化边界条件,即入口采用周期性波动速度作为边界条件,出口为压力出口;通过时间步长无关性验证,选择1/1 000 T的时间步长进行计算。图5为不同工况典型相位脉动流数值模拟与理论解对比。
图5可以看出,瞬态数值模拟可以精确捕捉大部分工况下圆管内的速度分布,误差小于2%。然而,对于频率较高脉动流的减速相位,理论解中管壁面会出现回流现象,而数值模拟在管壁附近速度正好是理论值的相反数。
使用和真实物理模型一致的边界条件,即式(1)中入口为以周期性波动压力波为边界条件,出口为周期波动流量出口为边界条件,数值计算中时间步长与所用网格同上。图6T=0.2、1.0 s工况中脉动流0.750 T相位模拟值与理论值对比。
图6可以看出,和速度入口边界条件不同,压力入口边界条件不但可以精确计算管中心出速度,也可以捕捉到不同周期管壁面附近回流现象,没有出现回流修正。
关于2种边界条件导致的不同现象,与以下几点相关:1)物理机制,压力和速度是2个与流体动力学密切相关但又有本质区别的参数,当强制脉动压力时,压力波会驱使流体发生流动,从而可能导致不稳定性和回流现象,而直接强制速度时,实际上已经为系统定义了一个明确的流向;2)在给定速度作为入口条件时,流体进入的初始状态是已知的,而在给定压力作为入口条件时,流场可能需要更长的时间或更长的距离来发展成一个完全发展的流动状态,这可能在一些情况下导致回流;3)非线性效应,在某些流体动力学问题中,流体的非线性效应可能在不同的边界条件下导致不同的结果。例如,压力的脉动可能会导致更大的非线性效应,从而导致回流现象。
因此,对脉动流数值模拟是否使用简化边界条件进行计算需要结合实际情况。当管壁附近出现回流时,需要使用压力入口边界条件进行计算;而对于没有回流的脉动流,简化边界条件也可以计算精确且收敛较快。回流的发生与脉动流的平均流速、周期及振幅等参数紧密关联。预测或判定管壁附近是否会出现回流较复杂,这是未来研究需要详细探讨的问题。目前,提供了一些预测或判定回流定性的分析和指导:周期越小,振幅越大,回流的可能性就越大。基于此,建议首先使用不简化的边界条件进行模拟,如果在某个特定工况下没有出现回流,那么在周期更长、振幅更小的其他工况下可以考虑使用简化的边界条件进行模拟。
验证非稳态算法对于加热管道内温度分布的预测能力。求解脉动流条件下管内流体温度分布,需要添加能量方程进行推导,圆管内充分发展的脉动流能量方程为:
{Tt+uTx=α1rr(rTr)r=0Tr=0r=r0λTr=qn
式中:α=kρcp为热扩散系数;k为流体导热系数;cp为定压比热容。
引入下列无量纲参数:
Θ=TTinqwR/k,Rem=2um,taRν,X=4xRemPrR
将无量纲参数代入式(9)得无量纲控制方程:
{PrΘt*+2u*ΘX=r*r*(r*Θr*)r*=0Θr*=0r*=1Θr*=1
同理,仿照脉动速度中的求解,将无量纲温度分解为稳态项Θs(r*, X)和瞬态项Θt(r*, X)。其中,稳态项与时间无关,瞬态项和距离入口段位置无关,因此该方程就转换成稳态条件圆管内温度分布[19]以及往复流管内温度分布问题。因此,可得定热流密度脉动流条件下圆管内温度分布:
Θ=X+R2R+472464γn=1[(λn(1)2E1n+ω*PrE2n)cos(ωt*)(λn(1)2E2nω*PrE1n)sin(ωt*)]ω*2Pr2+λn(1)+J0(λ11(1)r*)J0(λn(1))
E1n=m=1λm(0)2ω*2+λm(0)4λm(0)2λn(1)2E2n=m=1ω*ω*2+λm(0)4λm(0)2λn(1)2
换热数值仿真几何模型同样使用与流动仿真相同的几何结构(图4),取距管入口900 mm处流体沿径向温度分布模拟结果与理论结果对比,以验证数值模拟算法正确性。CFD计算平均流速0.06 m/s,振幅0.5,脉动周期T=10.0、100.0 s 2组工况进行仿真计算。壁面为定热流密度边界条件qw=6 000 W/m2,入口流体温度T=298 K。上文分析周期为10.0、100.0 s脉动流并不存在回流现象,为了便于收敛选择周期波动速度和压力出口作为入口、出口边界条件。图7为不同工况典型相位脉动流管内流体温度分布数值模拟与理论结果对比。
图7可以看出,脉动周期越大,流体温度波动越大。这是因为流体存在一定热惯性,热流需要逐渐从加热壁面传导至流体主流区,脉动频率越快,温度波动越小。对比数值模拟与理论结果可以看出,数值模拟可以较精确捕捉到圆管内流体温度变化,虽模拟值略大于理论值,但误差在2%以内。
本文通过理论推导和数值模拟相结合的方式,研究了脉动流条件下管内速度与温度分布特性,详细分析了不同的数值模拟边界条件对脉动流的影响。
1)高频脉动流条件下,管内层流在壁面附近会出现回流现象,并且壁面效应会随着脉动频率的增大而增大。
2)对于通道内处于非稳态流量波动工况下 的数值模拟可以采用2种边界条件进行模拟计算。①入口采用周期性波动速度,出口采用压力出口作为边界条件;②入口采用周期性波动压力,出口采用周期性波动流量作为边界条件。使用第1种边界无法预测出回流现象,而使用第2种边界条件可以捕捉高频脉动流的回流现象。这对于非稳态流动的数值模拟方法选择提供了重要参考。
3)脉动流条件下,管内温度也会随之发生波动,温度波动幅度随脉动频率的增大而逐渐减小。数值模拟可以较好地模拟脉动流条件下管内的温度,误差小于2%。
  • 陕西省自然科学基金项目(2023-JC-QN-0611)
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202306114
  • 接收时间:2023-06-27
  • 首发时间:2025-12-31
  • 出版时间:2024-02-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-06-27
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Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province(2023-JC-QN-0611)
陕西省自然科学基金项目(2023-JC-QN-0611)
作者信息
    1.西安热工研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710054
    2.华能山东石岛湾核电有限公司,山东 威海 264312
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Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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